(I)

:
:
@ff
-----------------1
1.
2.
3.
1)
2)
4.

1.
2.
3.
1)
2)
3)

1.
2.
3.

I.
1.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
2.
3.
4.
II.

A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1)
2)
3)

D.
III.
A.
I.
1.
2.
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1.
2.
1)
2)
3.
1)
2)
3)
B.
I.
1.
1)
2)
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4)
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--
2.
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2)
3.
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3)
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4

1.

1)
2)
3)
2.
3.
4.

1.
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3)
2.
1)
2)
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2)
3)
4.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
5.
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1)
2)
3)
B.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
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9)
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1.
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8.

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1.
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1.
2.
3.
4.

III.

1.
2.
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2)
3.
4.

IV.

1.
2.
3.
4.

V.

1.
2.
3.
4.

VI.
VII.

1.
2.
3.
1)
2)
4.
5.

VIII.
1.
2.
1)
2)
3.
4.
1)
2)
3)
5.
6. ,
6

1.
2.
3.
4.
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2)
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4)
5)
6)
5.
1)
2)

I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
A.
B.
C.

II.
1. ()
2.
III.
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

11.
12.
A.
B.
13.
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14.
15.
A.
B.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
2.
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II.

1.
2.
3.
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6.
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III.
1.
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--
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1.
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1.
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3.
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6)
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3.
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1.
2.
3.
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5.

III)
1.
2.
IV.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

I.
A.
I)
(I)
(II)
(III)
(IV)
(V)
(V^2^)
(V^23^)
(V^25^)
(VI)
(VII)
(VIII)
(IX)
(X)
(XI)
(XII)
II)
A)
B)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
B.
1.
2.
I)
1.
2.
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1.
2.
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) 4
A)

1.
2.
B)
(I)
1.
2.
(II)
1.
2.
II)
)
1.
2.
III)
(I)
) 3
A)
1.
2.
B)
C)
1.
2. , ,
3.
D)
1.
2.
E)
(II)
)
1.
2.
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1.
2.
3.
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1.
2.
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IV.
1.
2.
9
I.
1.
2.
3.
II.
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IV.
A.
1.

2.
3.
B.

1.
2.
3.
4.

V.
1.
2.
3.
@ff
@ff

(anatomy) (biology)
, (morphology), (physiology)
.
1.
(gross or macroscopic
anatomy) (microscopic anatomy) ,
(histology),
(cytology) .
,
, (developmental anatomy)
(embryology) .
(comparative anatomy),
(experimental embryology),
(physical anthropology) .
, (electron
microscopy), (molecular biology)

,
.
, .
.
(1) (system)
(systemic anatomy), (2) (region)

(regional or topographic anatomy), (3)

(applied anatomy),
(surgical anatomy) x-(X-ray or radiographic anatomy)
,
, , (kinesiology) .
.
2.

. Hippocrates(460--377 B.C.)

.
Aristoteles(384--320 B.C.)

. 300
(Alexandria) Herophilos( 300 B.C.) Erasistratos( 297--250

B.C.) .
Galenus(130--201) .
,
. Galenus 16
.

, 15 Leonardo da Vinci(1452--1519)
.
16 Andreas Vesalius(1514--1564)
De corporis humani fabrica libri septem(1543) Galenus
.
Gabriele Falloppio(1523--1562) Bartolommeo Eustachio(1524--1574) A.P.
Gasserius(1505--1577) .
17 William Harvey(1578--1657)
, Janssen

Marcello Malpighi(1628--1684) Antonj van Leeuwenhoek(1632--1723),
Jan Swammerdam(1637--1680), Robert Hooke(1635--1703; "cellula"
) .
18 Giovanni Battista Morgagni(1682--1771) ,
Kaspar Friedrich Wolff(1733--1794) , Francois Xavier
Bichat(1771--1802) , George Cuvier(1769--1832) Richard
Owen(1804--1892) Carl Gegenbaur(1826--1903)
.
19
, Jacob Henle(1809--1885) Albrecht von K lliker(1817--1905) William
Bowman(1816--1892) . 19

,
(phylogeny) Jean Lamarck(1744--1829) Johann Friedrich
Meckel(1781--1833) Charles Darwin(1809--1882) Alfred Russel Wallace(1823--1913)
Thomas Huxley(1825--1895) .
20 Wilhelm Roux(1850--1924).
F. Martius(1850--1923) , Gregor Johann
Mendel(1822--1884) (genetics)
.
3.
Latin .
, , Latin
. 1895 (Basel)
, Basler Nomina Anatomica(B.N.A.) .
B.N.A. 1935 Jena .
Jena Nomina Anatomica(I.N.A).
, B.N.A.
.
1950 (Oxford)
, 1955 (Paris) P.N.A. .
P.N.A. ,
.
,
.
.
(anatomical position)
( 1--1).
1)
.( 1--2).
(sagittalis, sagittal), (sagittal plane):
, (median
plane) . (sagittal suture)

.
(frontalis, frontal), (frontal plane):
, . (coronal
suture) (coronal plane) .
(horizontalis, horizontal), (horizontal or transverse plane):

, .
(medialis, medial), (lateralis, lateral): ,

.
(radialis, radial) (ulnaris, ulnar), (tibia
lis,
tibial) (fibularis, fibular) .
(internus, internal), (externus external):
() , () . (profundus, deep)
(superficialis, superficial) . ,

.
(anterior), (posterior): ,
(ventral), (dorsal) . (v
olar
or palmar), (sole) (plantar) ,
(dorsal) .
(superior), (inferior): , , ,

(cranialis, cranial) (caudalis, cauda) .

(proximalis, proximal) (distalis, distal):
(trunk) , .
2)
a) ,
(corpus, body): .
(caput, head): .

(capitulum) .
(collum, neck): .
(apex):
(basis, base): , (facies, surface):
,

(margo, margin, edge or border): .
( paries, wall):
(lobus, lobe): . lamina

.
(hilus, porta): , , ,

.
b)
(condylus, condyle): .
(epicondylus, epicondyle) .
(malleolus): , .
(tuber): . tuberculum,
tubercle .
(spina, spine): .
(crista, crest): .
(processus, process): .
(plica, fold):

.
(linea, line): .

(mamilla): , papilla .
(protuberantia, protuberance): .
prominentia, prominence; eminentia, eminence .
(trochanert): ().
(tuberositas, tuberosity): ,

.
(pecten): .
(ramus): , ,
(branch) .
c) , ,
(cavum, cavity): .
(canalis, canal): , (canaliculus) . dut
us,
duct .
(foramen, hole): . porus, pore
.
(sulcus, groove): .
(meatus): .
(sinus): , .
(1) ,
(2) , .
(3) , .
(4) .
(cellula, cell): .
(impressio, impression or depression): .
(fissura, fissure): .
(hiatus): .
(fossa, pit or depression): . fovea ,
(foveola, fossula) .
(vestibulum, vestibule): , ,
.
(incisura, notch): .
d)
(angulus, angle): , (cornu, horn)
.
(arcus, arch): .
(ansa, loop): .
(linea, line): ,
.
(squama): .
(circulus, circle; anulus, ring): , .
(ala, wing): .
(plexus): .
4.
, , ,
, (somite) .
(vertebrae) (vertebral column)
. (chorda dorsalis),
,
. (vertebral body) .
.
(skin),
,
.
, (hair)
.
(head), (neck), (trunk)
(extremities) , (tail)

 . (thorax), (abdomen) (pelvis) .

(, nucha), , (dorsum),
(clunes) . ( 1--3).
(coelom) , .
, , .
,
.
,
, , .
, ,
. , .
.
,
, ,
, .
.
. ,
, .

, .
.
, .
@ff
2
1.
(development) .
(prenatal) (intrauterine)
(postnatal) .
, (differentiation) .
,
(histogenesis), (organogenesis) . (growth)

, .
, .
(cell division) ,

. (life cycle) ,
(life cycle) .
, (tymus)
.

.
, 3 1 .
, ,
2--1 .
-----------------( 2--1)
: ,
* (prenatal period)
(embryonic period), 2
(fetal period), 3 --
* (postnatal period)
(newborn), 4
(infancy; ), 1
* (childhood)
(early; ), 1--6
(late), 6 --
* (adolescence), --
------------------

2.

(zygote) . 10
, 280 266
. 3 (trimester) ,
(embryonic period) (fetal period) . 2
, ,
,
.
,

.
Haase . ,
5 cm .
Boyd( 2--1) .
.
3 2 , 3 3
gm .
3.
, 2--1 .

,
.
.

. / 1/4
1/8 ( 2--2). , ,
.
1)
2--2 .
3kg(M:3.21kg, F:3.17kg), 3 2 , 1 3 , 3 4 , 5
5 , 7 6 , 9 7 , 12 10 , 20 .
50cm
(M:50.36cm, F:50.01cm), 12--15 1.5 , 5 2
, 15 3 , 3.5 .
M:33.02cm, F:33.05cm ( 33cm), 1
45cm--46cm, 6 55cm, 12--13 2 .
34cm(M:34.57cm, F:34.22cm), 1 44--45cm, 6 50cm, 12
52cm .
: 8 (1967--1975 )
.
-----------------( 2--2)
()
:, (cm), (kg), (cm), (cm)
51.1, 3.34, 33.8, 34.7
1(1--2)
57.4, 5.21, 38.9, 38.3
2(2--3)
60.8, 6.21, 41.0, 40.0
3(3--4)
62.9, 6.87, 42.2, 40.8
4(4--5)
64.7, 7.42, 42.9, 41.7
5(5--6)
66.1, 7.72, 43.5, 42.5
6(6--7)
68.0, 8.09, 44.1, 43.2

7(7--8)
69.3, 8.31, 44.5, 43.7
8(8--9)
70.8, 8.61, 45.0, 44.3
9(9--10)
71.5, 8.77, 45.4, 44.5
10(10--11)
72.9, 9.13, 45.8, 45.2
11(11--12)
75.3, 9.33, 46.2, 45.6
12(12--15)
75.8, 9.58, 46.4, 45.7
15(15--18)
78.5, 10.11, 47.3, 46.4
18(18--21)
80.4, 10.55, 48.2, 47.0
21(21--24)
82.4, 10.80, 48.6, 47.2
2(2--2 1/2)
85.5, 11.84, 49.2, 47.6
2 1/2(2 1/2--3)
88.5, 12.55, 50.0, 48.2
3(3--3 1/2)
91.9, 13.25, 50.9, 48.5
3 1/2(3 1/2--4)
94.1, 13.91, 51.5, 48.9
4(4--4 1/2)
97.9, 14.85, 52.4, 49.3
4 1/2(4 1/2--5)
101.5, 15.68, 52.9, 50.0
5(5--5 1/2)
105.0, 16.71, 54.0, 50.0
5 1/2(5 1/2--6)
107.7, 17.67, 54.2, 50.0
6(6--6 1/2)
110.6, 18.49, 55.5, 50.3
6 1/2(6 1/2--7)
112.9, 18.86, 56.1, 50.3
7(7--8)
117.7, 20.64, 57.8, 50.7
8(8--9)
122.6, 22.69, 59.8, 51.1
9(9--10)
127.3, 24.86, 61.5, 51.3
10(10--11)
131.9, 27.39, 63.4, 51.7
11(11--12)
136.0, 29.68, 65.0, 52.0
12(12--13)
140.0, 32.21, 66.8, 52.2
13(13--14)
147.5, 37.39, 70.1, 52.6
14(14--15)
153.6, 42.05, 73.1, 53.0
15(15--16)
158.2, 46.13, 76.4, 53.6
16(16--17)
164.1, 52.50, 82.0, 54.6
17(17--18)
166.4, 55.78, 84.9, 55.2

18(18--19)
167.3, 57.12, 86.2, 55.4
19(19--20)
168.1, 57.99, 87.1, 56.0
20(20--21)
168.7, 59.27, 88.2, 56.1
()
:, (cm), (kg), (cm), (cm)
50.8, 3.27, 33.6, 34.4
1(1--2)
56.7, 5.07, 38.3, 38.0
2(2--3)
59.8, 5.85, 40.3, 39.2
3(3--4)
61.6, 6.45, 41.1, 40.1
4(4--5)
63.5, 6.92, 41.9, 40.9
5(5--6)
64.9, 7.26, 42.4, 41.5
6(6--7)
66.7, 7.55, 42.8, 42.3
7(7--8)
68.1, 7.89, 43.5, 43.0
8(8--9)
69.2, 8.09, 43.9, 43.2
9(9--10)
70.6, 8.32, 44.2, 43.7
10(10--11)
72.3, 8.64, 45.2, 44.4
11(11--12)
73.4, 8.89, 45.4, 44.7
12(12--15)
74.8, 9.08, 45.7, 44.5
15(15--18)
76.8, 9.69, 46.5, 45.6
18(18--21)
79.6, 10.19, 46.8, 46.2
21(21--24)
81.1, 10.42, 47.3, 46.4
2(2--2 1/2)
84.6, 11.51, 48.4, 46.9
2 1/2(2 1/2--3)
87.2, 12.02, 49.1, 47.3
3(3--3 1/2)
90.2, 12.83, 49.8, 48.1
3 1/2(3 1/2--4)
92.5, 13.44, 50.3, 48.5
4(4--4 1/2)
97.1, 14.32, 51.3, 48.5
4 1/2(4 1/2--5)
99.6, 15.12, 51.7, 49.0
5(5--5 1/2)
103.7, 16.13, 52.4, 49.0
5 1/2(5 1/2--6)
105.6, 17.23, 53.3, 49.2
6(6--6 1/2)
109.2, 17.88, 54.0, 49.5
6 1/2(6 1/2--7)
112.1, 18.34, 54.9, 49.8

7(7--8)
116.9, 19.98, 56.3, 50.0
8(8--9)
121.6, 21.99, 58.0, 50.4
9(9--10)
126.5, 24.16, 59.8, 50.8
10(10--11)
131.8, 27.01, 61.9, 51.3
11(11--12)
137.5, 30.47, 64.1, 51.7
12(12--13)
142.0, 33.62, 66.2, 52.2
13(13--14)
148.1, 38.69, 69.1, 52.7
14(14--15)
152.0, 43.54, 72.1, 53.4
15(15--16)
154.0, 46.74, 74.5, 53.7
16(16--17)
155.6, 49.12, 76.2, 53.9
17(17--18)
156.3, 50.59, 77.6, 54.1
18(18--19)
156.6, 50.80, 77.6, 54.3
19(19--20)
157.0, 51.23, 79.3, 54.3
20(20--21)
157.1, 52.03, 79.4, 54.4
-----------------2)
,
1(primary sexual character) (
).
2(secondary sexual
character) . .
(
10--12cm, 5--10mg ). ,
, .
, .
41.8% , 18.2% ,
35.8%,
28.2% (Bischoff).
. .
( Adam's apple) .
, .
.
, .
.
3)
, 4 ( 2--3).
(general type):,
, .
(genital type):,
.
(lymphoid type):, ,

.
(neural type): .
.
@ff

 3 (Osteology)
,
.

. .

1.
(, bone)
(skeleton) , (skeletal system) .
, , ,
.
,
.
206 , ( 3--1).
* (skeleton of trunk) (axial skeleton)(vertebral
column):26
(skull):22
(hyoid bone):1
((ribs sternum):25
:74
* (skeleton of extremities) (appendicular skeleton)
(bones of upper extremities):64
(bones of lower extremities):62
:126
* (auditory ossicles) (tympanic ossicles):6:206
(patella) (sesamoid bone)
.
2.
(long bone), (short bone), (flat bone),
(irregular bone) (pneumatic bone) .
.
, (bone marrow) ,
(tubular bone) .
(diaphysis) (epiphysis) ( 3--2).
(epiphysial cartilaginous
plate or disc) . (Line
epiphysialis, epiphysial line) .
(compact substance) ,
(medullary cavity) .
(cortical substance) ,
(spongy substance) .
.
, (canal system) .
Havers, ,
. Havers ,
( 3--3).
(bone lacunae) Havers ,
(canaliculi) Havers . Havers
, Havers(lamellae) ,
Havers (Osteon) . Havers
(interstitial lamellae) , ,

Volkmann
Havers . Havers .
,
.
, ,

.
,
(Diploe) ( 3--4).
, , ,
.
,
,
, , , , , .

( 3--5).
, .
(red bone marrow) ,
, (yellow bone
marrow) ,
.
. (gelatinous bone marrow)
,
.
(Periosteum) .
,
.
.

(Sharpy ) .
.
(epiphysis) (articular surface) ,

(hyaline cartilage) (articular cartilage) .

, .
,
.
3.
,
(intracartilaginous bone formation or ossification)
(intramembranous bone formation or ossification) .
(ostelblast)
.
(: ),
(substitution bone)
, (: ).
,
(ossification point, center or zone) ,

.
(appositional
development)( 3--6).
@ff

I. (Ossa trunci, bones of trunk)

, (Vertebrae), (Sternum)
(Costae, ribs) .
(Columna vertebralis, vertebral column)
(thorax) .
1. ( 3--7)
,
33 .

 (Os sacrum)
(Os coccygis) .
, , (movable)
(true vertebrae) ,
(fixed vertebrae) (false vertebrae) .
(Corpus vertebrae, vertebral body), (Arcus vertebrae, vertebral
arch) , (Foramen vertebrale) .

(Canalis vertebralis, vertebral canal) , .

, , ,

( 3--8, 9) ,
, (Pediculus arcus vertebrae, vertebral
pedicle) (Lamina arcus vertebrae, vertebral
laminae) . , (Incisura vertebralis
superior, superior vertebral notch) (Incisura vertebralis interior, i
nferior
vertebral notch) (Foramen intervertebrale,
intervertebral foramen) .

3, 7 , , ,

(Processus articularis superior, superior articular processes)
(Processus articularis inferior, inferior articular processes)
,
.
(Processus transversus, transverse processes)

.
(Processus spinosus, spinous process)
. ( 3--9).
1) (Vertebrae cervicales, cervical vertebrae) ( 3--10, 11) 7

, 1 2
.
, ,
. ,
,
, , . ,
. ,
, .
(Tuberculum anterius) ( )
(Tuberculum posterius) . (Foramen
transversarium, transverse foramen) , , .
6 (Tuberculum
caroticum) . (Sulcus nervi spinalis)
, .
,
.
, 2
, 7 .
(Vertebra prominens) ,
.
(Atlas, vertebra cervicalis I) ( 3--12, 13) 1 ,
, (nodding movement) , 2
(Dens) . 2
,
(Arcus anterior, anterior arch), (Arcus posterior, postericr arch),
(Massa lateralis, lateral mass) 3 .

(Tuberculum anterius, anterior tubercle) ,

(Fovea dentis) .

, (Tuberculum posterius, posterior tubercle) .

(Sulcus arteriae vertebralis, groove f
or
vertebral artery) . . ,

.
(Fovea articularis superior, superior articular facet)
, , (Condylus
occipitalis, occipital condyle) . (Fovea
articularis inferior, inferior articular facet)
.
2 , , ,
( 3--12, 13)
(Axis, vertebra cervicalis II, Epistropheus) ( 3--14, 15)
(Dens, odontoid process)
. ,
.
(Lig transversum atlantis) . ,
.
2) (Vertebrae thoracicae, thoracic vertebrae) ( 3--16, 17, 18)
.
, . ,

,
. , ,
(Fovea costalis superioret inferior, superior and inferior costal demi-f
acet)
. 2--9 , ,
. 1
1 , . 10
, 11, 12
. 11, 12 11, 12
. , .
, 8
.
1--10 (Fovea costalis
trans-versalis, transverse costal fovea) (Tuberculum costae, cost
al
tubercle) , 11
. 8
, 12 .
.
3) (Vertebrae lumbales, lumbar vertebrae) ( 3--19, 20)
5 , . ,
,
, .
. , .
, .
, (homologue)
(Processus costarius, costal process) .

(Processus accessorius, accessory process),

(Processus
mamillaris, mammillary process) .
,
. ,
.

:(lumbar puncture):
, 3--4
4--6cm (subarachnoid space) .
1 , ,
, , .
-----------------( 3--1)
:, ,
*
: ,
: ,
: , . ,
*
:
: .
:, .
*
: (2 ). 1, 7 :
.
:,
*
:, . .
: .
: .
*
:, , .
: , : ,
. .
-----------------4) (Os sacrum) ( 3--21, 22, 23, 24)
5 ,
. , (Basis ossi
s
sacri, base of sacrum) , .

(Apex ossis sacri) . (Canalis

sacralis, sacral canal) . (Facies
pelvina) 4 (Lineae transversae) ,
5
. 4 (Foramina sacrali
a
pelvina, ventral sacral foramina) , ,
. (M. piriformis) .
1 (Promontorium,
promontory) , .
(Facies dorsalis) 3

. (Crista sacralis mediana, middle sacral

crest) . (Crista sacrali
s
intermedia, intermediate sacral crest), ,

(Cornu sacrale, sacral cornua)

(Histus sacralis) . 4
, .
(Crista sacralis lateralis, lateral sacral crest) ,

. 5 .
.
, (Facies auriculatis, auricular surface) ,

(M.iliacus) . (Tuberositas sacralis, sacral

tuberosity) , (Ligg. sacroiliaca dorsalia)
.
.
, , .
.
5) (Os coccygis, coccyx)
3--6 ( 4--5 ) , . 1
(Facies terminalis superior)

(Cornu coccygeum, coccygeal cornu)

. . 2
, .
9 .
6) (vertebral column as a whole) ( 3--7)

(intervertebraldisc) ,

72--75cm.
a) : 4 (Curvatura, curvature)
, (cervical curvature), (thoracic curvature),
(lumbar curvature) (sacrococcygeal curvature;
) .
, .
,

1(primary curvature) , ( 3--4
) ( 9 ), ( 12--18 )
2 (secondary or compensatory curvature) .

( 62--63) (promontory) .
(lateral curvature) ,

.
.
, , ,
. (Kyphosis),
(Lordosis), (Scoliosis) .
b) : ,
,
. . .
(Foramen magnum) ,
. ,
.
c) : , 3 .
: . 2
,
, .
: . ,
.
: , .
d) : ,
(spina bifida) .
, , ,
. 5 , 1
5, 1 , .
2. (Sternum) ( 3--25, 26, 27)
,
14--16cm, 3--9 .

 (Manubrium sterni), (Corpus sterni) (Processus

xiphoideus, xiphoid process) 3 .
, 3 .
(Incisura jugularis, jugular notch), ,
(Incisura clavicularis, clavicular notch) .
, 1 (Incisura costalis, costal
notch), 2 (
). (Synchondrosis sternalis)
, . ,
(Angulus sterni, sternal angle) . 2
.
,
. , 3
. 4 , 2
. 7 .

. 2
, .
(M.sternccleidcmastoideus) (M.pectoralis
major), (M.sternohyoideus), (M.sternothyroideus)
, , (M.transversus
thoracis) , (M.rectus abdominis)

.
(sternal puncture)
.
3. (Costae, ribs) ( 3--28)
, , . 12
, .
, (rib
) , (Cartilago costalis, costal cartilage)

.
12 7 (Costae
verae, true ribs or vertebrosternal ribs) , 5
(Costae spuriae, false ribs) .
3 (Arcus costalis,
costal arch) (vertebrochondral ribs), 2

, (floating ribs or
vertebral ribs) .
3 . (Caput costae)
2--10 ,
(Crista capitis costae) 2
. ,
(Tuberculum costae, costal tubercle) , .
, 11, 12 .
(Corpus costae) ,
. ,
(Angulus costae, costal angle) , .
(Sulcus costae, costal groove) ,
.
.
1) (Cartilago costalis, costal cartilage)
, 1 7
8--10
(Arcus costalis, costal arch)
.
11, 12 .

2)
1, 2 11, 12 4 . 1

, .

.
(M.scalenus anterior) (Tuberculum m.scaleni anteriori
s,
scalene tubercle) , (Sulc
us
v.subclaviae, groove for subclavian vein), (Sulcus
a.subclaviae, groove for subclavian artery) ,
. 2 1 (M.serratus anterior)
(Tuberositas m.serrati anterioris, serrate tuberosity) .
11, 12 ,

, , , .
3)
7 (cervical rib)

, 1 (lumbar rib) .
@ff
4. (Thorax) ( 3--29, 30)
12 , 12 1 ,
. .
, ,
. (Cavum thoracis,
thoracic cavity), (Apertura thoracis superior, superior
opening), (Aertura thoracis inferior, inferior opening)

. , 1 7 1
, , 2
5cm, 10cm .
, 12 , 12, 11

, ,
70 (Angulus infrasternalis, infrasternal angle)
. 11 .
,
.
, ,
(Sulcus pulmonalis, pulmonary groove) , .

(Spatium intercostale, intercostal space) ,

11 , 7, 8
. ,
, .
.

, .
, .
,
( 4--15)
: .
,
.
.
(pigeon breast), ,
(funnel breast) , (pulmonary emphysema)

 (barrel chest) .
, ,
, 3 ( 2
),
.
II. (Ossa cranii)
15 23 (Cranium, skull) ,
, (, ,
) .
(Cranium cerebrale, cranial bone or brain case)
, , (Cranium viscerale)
( 3--31, 32)
* 6, 8.
(Os occipitale, occipital bone)
(Os sphenoidale, sphenoid bone)
(Os temporale, temporal bone)
(Os parietale, parietal bone)
(Os frontale, frontal bone)
(Os ethmoidale, ethmoid bone)
* (Ossa faciei) 9, 15 .
(Concha nasalis inferior, inferior nasal concha or inferior turbinate)
:2
(Os lacrimale, lacrimal bone):2
(Os nasale, nasal bone):2
(Vomer):1
(Os zygomaticum, zygomatic or malar bone):2
(Os palatinum, palatine or palate bone):2
(Maxilla, upper jaw):2
(Mandibula, mandible or lower jaw):1
(Os hyorideum, hyoid bone):1
:15
(suture) .
,
. , , , ,
. (Ossicula auditus,
auditory ossicle), (Malleus), (Incus), (Stapes) ,
.
) ,
. .
A. (Ossa cerebralia)
1. (Os occipitale, occipital bone) ( 3--33, 34)
, . , ,
. (Foramen magnum)
.
(Squama occipitalis), (Pars lateralis),
(Pars basilaris) . (Condylus occipitalis, occi
pital
condyle) .
(Protuberantia occipitalis externa, external occipital protuberance)

. (Crista
occipitalis externa, external occipital crest) , (Ligamentum
nuchae) . 3 ,
(Linea nuchae suprema, supreme nuchal line), (Linea nuchae
superior, superior nuchal line) (Linea nuchae inferior, inferior nu
chal
line) . . ,
(Protuberantia occipitalis interna) ,

(Eminentia cruciformis, cruciate eminence) ,

.
(Canalis hypoglossi, hypoglossal canal)

. (Canalis condylaris) ,
(Fossa condylaris) .
2. (Os sphenoidale, sphenoid bone) ( 3--35, 36, 37)
, (Corpus,
body), (Ala minor, small wing), (Ala major, great wing) 2
(Processus pterygoideus, pterygoid processes) 4 .
, , .
(Sinus sphenoidalis, sphenoidal sinus)
. (Turk's saddle) , (Sella
turcica) . (Fossa hypophysialis,
hypohyseal fossa) , .
(Tuberculum sellae) , ,
(Dorsum sellae) ,
(Clivus) (Pons) .

(Processus clinoideus medius et posterior, middle and

posterior clinoid processes) . (Sulcus
caroticus, carotid groove) .
,
(Canalis opticus, optic canal) .

, (Sulcus chiasmatis,
chiasmatic groove) .
, (Processus clinoideus anterior, anter
ior
clinoid process) . (orbit) ,
(Fissura orbitalis superior, superior orbital fissure) ,

, .
,
. ,
, , , .
3 .
(Foramen rotundum), 2 ,
(Foramen ovale) 3 ,
(Foramen spinosum) (middle meningeal artery) .
, .
(Crista infratemporalis) .
,
, (Fissura pterygoidea, pterygoid fissure),

(Fossa pterygoidea, pterygoid fossa) .

(Lamina medialis, medial plate) ,
(Hamulus pterygoideus) , ,
(Sulcus hamuli pterygoidei) .
(Processus vaginalis) .
(Fossa scaphoidea) ,
(Sulcus tubae auditivae) .
(Lamina lateralis, lateral plate)
.
(Canalis pterygoideus, pterygoid or Vidian canal)
, .
3. (Os temporale, temporal bone) ( 3--38, 39, 40, 42)
, ,

 , , ,
.
(Pars squamosa), (Pars petrosa) (Pars
tympanica) .
,
(Linea temporalis, temporal line) .
(Meatus acusticus externus, external acoustuic meatus)
(Porus acusticus externus) , (Cavu
m,
tympani tympanic cavity) .
(Processus zygomaticus, zygomatic process)
(Arcus zygomaticus zygomatic arch) .
(Fossa mandibularis, mandibular fossa)
(Processus condylaris, condyle of mandible)
(temporomandibular joint) .

, (Tuberculum articulare, articular tubrecle) .

(Sulci arteriosi)
(Fissura petrosquamosa) .
,
(Pars mastoidea, mastoid portion)
(Pyramis) . (internal ear) .
, ,
(Processus mastoideus, mastoid process) .

(Incisura mastoidea, mastoid notch) , (Sulcus

a.occipitalis) . S(Sulcus sinus sigmoidei)
, . (Foramen
mastoideum) .
, (middle ear) (Cellulae mastoideae,
mastoid cells or sinuses) .
(mastoiditis)
.
, , .
(Sulcus sinus petrosi superioris), ,
(Foramen lacerum), (Impressio trigemini),
(Hiatus canalis n.petrosi majoris et minoris hiatus of facial ca
nal)
(Sulcus n.petrosi majoris et minoris),
(Tegmen tympani), (superior semicircular canal)
(Eminentia arcuata) . (Porus
acusticus internus, internal acoustic pore) (Meatus acusticus inter
nus,
internal acoustic meatus) ,
.
(Canalis facialis, facial canal)

( 3--41).
, (Fossa jugularis, jugular
fossa) , (Canaliculus mastoideus)
(Fissura tympanomastoidea) .
(Canalis caroticus, carotid canal) ,

.
,
(Anulus tympanicus, tympanic ring) ,
(Sulcus tympanicus, tympanic groove) .
,
(Canalis musculotubarius) .
(auditory tube) ,

(Semicanalis tubae auditivae) (Semicanalis musculi tensori

s
tympani) .
(Processus styloideus,
styloid process) . ,

. (Foramen
stylomastoideum, stylomastoid foramen) ,
.
4. (Os parietale, parietal bone) ( 3--43, 44)
4 4 ,
. ,
(Foramen parietale) ,
,
, (Sulcus sinus sagittalis
superioris) . (Foveolae granulares)
.
5. (Os frontale, frontal bone) ( 3--45, 46, 47)

,
(Sutura frontalis sive metopica, frontal or metopic suture) .
(Squama frontalis), (Pars orbitalis) (Pars nasalis)
3
, .
, (Arcus
superciliaris, superciliary arch), (Glabella) .

(Sinus frontalis)
. (Fossa glandulae lacrimalis, lacrimal
fossa) (lacrimal gland) .
(Fovea trochlearis) (M.obliquus superior)

( 5--23)
6. (Os ethmoidale, ethmoid bone) ( 3--48, 49)
, . (Lamina
cribrosa, cribriform plate), (Lamina perpendicularis, perpendicular plate)
2
(Labyrinthus, ethmoidalis) 3 .
(roof) , ,
(olfactory nerve) . (Crista gal
li,
cock's comb) (Falx cerebri) .
,
(nasal septum) . .
,
, 10 , (Cellulae
ethomoidales, ethmoidal cells or sinuses) , 2

. ,
(Lamina orbitalis, orbital plate) .
, 2 .
(Concha nasalis superior, superior nasal concha or
turbinate) . (Concha
nasalis suprema) .
B. (Ossa faciei, facial bones)
1. (Concha nasalis inferior, inferior nasal concha) ( 3--50)

 ,

.
, , , .
, .
2. (Os lacrimale, lacrimal bone) ( 3--51, 52)
.
, , .
(Sulcus lacrimalis, lacrimal groove)
(Fossa sacci lacrimalis, lacrimal fossa) , (Lacrimal sac)

, (Canalis nasolacrimalis, nasolacrima

l
canal) .
3. (Os nasale, nasal bone) ( 3--53, 54)
.
4. (Vomer)
, ,
. ,
.
5. (, Os zygomaticum, zygomatic or malar bone) ( 3--56, 57)
,
. , 3 , .

, .
6. (Os palatinum, palatine or palate bone) ( 3--58, 59)
, (osseous or hard palate)
, L .
(Lamina horizontalis), (Lamina perpendicularis)
, . 3
, (Proc.pyramidalis), (Proc.orbitalis),
(Proc.sphenoidalis) .
7. (Mazilla) ( 3--60, 61, 62)
, , ,

. (Corpus) 4 , , ,
(Processus frontalis, zygomaticus, palatinus et alveolaris) .

(Sinus maxillaris, antrum of Highmore) ,

( 74, 76, 77).
(Foramen infraorbitale, infraorbital foramen) ,
,
. (Fossa canina) ,
(Incisura nasalis, nasal notch) ,
(Apertura piriformis) .
(Foramina alveolaria) , .
, (Sulcus infraorbitalis,
infraorbita groove) (Canalis infraorbitalis)
, .
,
.
, 3/4
.
(Canalis incisivus) (Foramen

incisivum) .
, ,
(Arcus alveolaris, alveolar arch) .
(Alveoli dentales) . ,

, 8 .
(Septa interalveolaria) 2--3
(Septa interradicularia) .
,
(cleft palate) ,
(hare-lip) .
8. (Mandibula, mandible) ( 3--63, 64, 65)
,
.
1--2 .
(Corpus mandibulae, body of mandible)
(Ramus mandibulae, ramus of mandible) .
(Protuberantia mentalis, metal
protuberance) , (Tuberculum
mentale, mental tubercle) . (Mentum) .
. (Foramen mentale,
mental foramen) , , .
(Spina mentalis, mental
spine) , .
(Fovea submandibularis, submandibular fossa) ,

.
(Linea mylohyoidea,
mylohyoid line) ,
(Sulcus mylohyoideus)
. , , , ,
.

, (Angulus mandibulae, mandibular angle) .
, 140
110--120 , 130--140
. (Tuberositas masseterica),
(Tuberositas pterygoidea) ,
.
1 (Foramen mandibulae,
mandibular foramen) (Canalis mandibulae,
mandibular canal) . , .
(Incisura
mandibulae, mandibular notch) 2 ,
(Proc.coronoideus, coronoid process) , ,
(Caput mandibulae) .
(Collum mandibulae) , (Fovea pterygoidea,
pterygoid fovea) .
9. (Os hyoideum, hyoid bone) ( 3--66)
U ,
(Lig.stylohyoideum)
(laryngeal prominence, Adam's apple) .
, .

, .
C. (Skull as a whole)
,

(Calvaria, skull cap) (Basis cranii, base of skull) .

,
1,431.5+-12.53cc ,
,
, (erect posture)

.
1. (Fonticuli cranii, fontanelles) ( 3--67, 68)

.
,
,
. 4, 6 .
(Fonticulus anterior, anterior or bregmatic fontanelle)

2 ,
18 2 .
(Fonticulus posterior, posterior or occipital fontanelle)

, 2 , 2
.
(Fonticulus sphenoidalis, anterolateral or sphenoid fontanelle)

, , , . 3
.
(Fonticulus mastoideus, posterolateral or mastoid fontanelle)

, ,
1 1 .
(hydrocephalus), (rickets)

(cretinism) .
2. ( 3--31)
, .
(Orbita, orbit), ,

, (Apertura piriformis, piriform or

external nasal aperture) .
(Arcus alveolaris, alveolar arch) ,

.
(Tuber frontale, frontal
eminence), (Arcus superciliaris, supercil
iary
arch) , .
,
(Arcus zygomaticus, zygomatic arch) .
3. ( 3--69)
(Calvaria)
, (Pericranium) , ,
, .
(Vertex), (Frons), (Occiput) .
3 (sutures) , 2
(Sutura coronalis, coronal suture),
(Sutura sagittalis, sagittal suture) 2
(Sutura lambdoid suture) ,
(Bregma, I.N.A.), (Lambda) .

 (Foramen parietale) .
4. ( 3--70)
. ,
(Protuberantia occipitalis externa, external occipital protuberance)
,
. (Inion) ,
.
(Linea nuchae superior) ,

. ,

.
5. ( 3--32)
, , , ,
. .
(Porus acusticus externus) .
(Spina supra meatum) , (suprameatal
triangle) .
(Proc.mastoideus, mastoid process)
(Proc.zygomaticus) .
(Arcus zygomaticus) .
(Fossa mandibularis) , .
(Tuberculum articulare, articular tubercle) .
(Fossa temporalis) ,
, (Fossa infratemporalis).
6. ( 3--71)
, .
,
(Palatum osseum, osseous palate)
, ( 3/4 ) ( 1/4 )
.
. .

(Choanae) .
(Foramen magnum), .
(Condylus occipitalis) ,
(nodding motion) .
(Canalis hypoglossi) .

(Crista occipitalis externa) ,
(Protuberantia occipitalis externa),

.
(pharynx)
(Tuberculum pharyngeum, pharyngeal tybercle) ,
, (Foramen lacerum)
. (Choanae) ,
(Processus alveolaris) (Processus
pterygoideus) (Fossa pterygoidea) .
(Foramen ovale)
(Foramen spinosum) . (Sulcus
tubae auditivae) (Canlais musculotubarius) .
,
(Foramen jugulare) .
, (Fissura petrotympanica)
, ,
(Processus styloideus) ,

 (Foramen stylomastoideum) .
7. ( 3--72)
, .
,
1,300--1,500cc.
(Fossae cranii, cranial
fossae) , , ,

3 , .
(Fossa cranii anterior, anterior cranial fossa) 3

, .
(Lamina crbrosa),
(Crista galli) .
(Fossa cranii media, middle cranial fossa)
,
,
.
.
.
(Canalis opticus, optic canal)
(Fissura orbitalis superior, superior orbital fissure)


(Foramen rotundum) (Foramen ovale)

(Foramen spinosum) (Canalis
caroticus, carotid canal)
(Foramen lacerum)
.
(pterygoid canal) ,
.
(Fossa cranii posterior, posterior cranial fossa) 3

.
.
(Porus et meatus acusticus internus, internal scoustic pole an
d
meatus) (), (innerear) ,
( ),
, (Foramen jugular
e,
jugular foramen) , , (Canalis
hypoglossi, hypoglossal canal) (Foramen magnum)
, , .
(Protuberantia occipitalis interna) .
,
.
.
, , ( ),
.
.
.
8.

.
1) (Orbita, orbital cavity) ( 3--73, 77)
,

 . (Aditus orbitae)
39.2(M)--37.7(F)mm, 34.6(M)--33.8(F)mm,
48.1(M)--49.9(F)mm. , .
, .
, , , , ,
,
. ,
.
, . 2 ,
, , ,
,
, , , .
2) (Cavum nasi, nasal cavity) ( 3--74, 75, 76)
, (Apertura piriformis)
, (Choanae) ,
(Septum nasi) . , ,
, , ,

, (Canalis
incisivus)
. , , , ,
,
, , .
3 , 4
(Conchae, turbinates) 4 , , ,
, (Meatus nasi inferior, medius, superior et suprema) .
(Meatus nasi communis) (Meatus nasopharyngeus)
.
. (paranasal sinuses)
.
, , , ,
, .
.
3) (Fossa temporalis, temporal fossa), (Fossa infratemporalis,
infratemporal fossa) (Fossa pterygopalatina, pterygopalatine fossa)
(
3--78)
,
,
.
, ,
, , ,
.
,
.
, , ,
, , , , .
D. (Craniometry)
1)
.
, .
, .
, .
, . .
.
2)
.
a) (horizontal line Frankfurt ):
,

.
b) (maximum length of skull):
(174.7+-0.65mm)
c) (maximum width of skull):
(139.4+-0.44mm)
d) (height of skull):
(136.8+-0.58mm)
e) (horizontal circumference):Frankfurt (505.3+1.51mm)
f) (height of face): (Nasion)
(Gnathion) .
g) (profile angle):Nasion (
) ,
(83.0+-0.27). .
3) (indicis of skull)
, .
a) = / * 100
(Hyperdolichocephalie):69.9
(Dolichocephalie):
70.7--74.9(14%)
(Mesocephalie):
75.0--79.9(38%)
(Brachycephalie):
80.8--84.9(34%)
(Hyperbrachycephalie):85.0(14%)
b) = / * 100
(Chamaecephalie):69.9
(Orthocephalie):
70.0--74.9(12%)
(Hypsicephalie):
75.0(88%)
c)
(Hyperprognathie):
69.9
(Prognathie):
70.0--79.9(10.2%)
(Mesognathie):
80.0--84.9(57.1%)
(Orthognathie):
85.0--92.9(57.1%)
(Hyperorthognathie):
93.0
4)
1431.0+-12.53cc
5)
731.2+-11.10g(M),
659.5+-10.15g(F)
92+-1.10g(M),
83.2+-1.32g(F)
6)
.
,
, 2 .
,

.
III.
,
, .

 ,
,
,
,

.
1. (Ossa membri superioris, bones of upper limb)
.
(Cingulum membri superioris, shoulder or pectoral girdle)(Clabicula,
clavicle):2
(Scapula):2
(Skeleton membri superioris liberi, free bones of upper limb)
(Os
brachii)
(Humerus):2
(Ossa antebrachii)
(Radius):2
(Ulna):2
(Ossa manus)
(Ossa carpi, carpal bones):16
(Ossa metacarpalia, metacarpal bones):10
(Ossa digitorum manus, phalanges):28
:64
I. (Cingulum membri superioris)
, .
, .
1. (Clavicula, clavicle) ( 3--79)
, 1 , 13.0--14.5cm,
S .
2/3 , 1/3 .
(Manubrium sterni), (Acromion) .
, (Extremitas sternalis, sternal
extremity) 1
(Impressio ligamenti costoclavicularis, costal uberosity) ,
(Extremitas acromialis, acromial extremity)
(Tuberculum conoideum, conoid tubercle)
(Linea trapezoidea, trapezoid line) . ,
, , .
2. (Scapula, shoulder blade) ( 3--80, 81, 82)
, 9--10cm ,
2--8 . 2 , 3, 3 2 . ,

(Fossa
subscapularis, subscapular fossa) , .
(Facies dorsalis, dorsal surface), 1/3
, (Spina scapulae, scapular
spine) , (Fossa supraspinata, supraspinato
us
fossa) (Fossa infraspinata, infraspinatous fossa) ,
.
(Acromion) , .
.
(Incisura scapulae, scapular notch) ,
. , (Angulus superior, superior
angle) , (Angulus inferior, inferior angle) .
,

, . (Axilla) , ,
. (Angulus lateralis, lateral angle) (Cavita
s
glenoidalis, glenoid cavity) (Processus coracoideus, coracoid process)

. ,

(Tuberculum supraglenoidale et infraglenoidale)

.
(Collum scapulae) .
,
, .
II. (Humerus) ( 3--83)
27.0--29.5cm , 150--160
. (Extremitas
proximalis) ( 1/3 ) ,
(Caput humeri) .
(Collum anatomicum, anatomical neck).
2 ,
(Tuberculum majus, greater tubercle) , ,

. (Tuberculum minus, lesser tubercle) ,

. (Sulcus intertubercularis,
intertubercular groove) , .
(Collum chirurgicum, surgical
neck) , .
(Crista tuberculi majoris et minoris, ce
rst
of greater and lesser tubercle) , ,
.
(Corpus humeri): ,
.
(Tuberositas deltoidea, deltoid tuberlsity)
.
(Sulcus n.radialis)
. ,
.
(Extremitas distalis) ,
(Condylus humeri, humeral condyle)
(Capitulum humeri) ,
(Trochlea humeri) .

(Fossa coronoidea, coronoid fossa) ,
(Fossa radialis, radial fossa) .
(Fossa olecrani, olecranon
fossa) . , (Epicondylus mediali
s,
medial epicondyle) (Epicondylus lateralis, lateral epicondyle)
,
. , .
(Sulcus n.ulnaris) .
2. ( 3--84)
.
1) (Ulna)
22--24cm ,
, , .
(Incisura trochlearis,

trochlear notch) .
(Olecranon) , ,
.
(Proc. coronoideus, coronoid process)
(Tuberositas ulnae, ulnar tuberosity) .

(Incisura radialis, radial

notch) , .
(Corpus ulnae) .
3 3 ,
(Margo interossea, interosseous border) ,
(Membrana interossea antebrachii, antebrachial
interosseous membrane) . (Crista
musculi supinatoris) . ,
.
(Extremitas distalis) (Caput ulnae),

, (Circumferentia articularis)
. , (Proc. styloideus,
styloid process) .
2) (Radius)
, , 20--22cm ,
, .
(Extremitas proximalis) (Caput radii)
, .
(Circumferentia articularis) .
(Collum radii) .
(Tuberositas radii, radial tuberosity) .
, , 3 3
. , .
.
(Incisura ulnaris, ulnar notch) ,
(Facies articularis carpea)
. (Proc. styloideus, styloid process)

, .

. 1/3
Colle .

(pronation) (supination) .
: , , 3 4 .
3. ( 3--85, 86)
, 3 .
1) (Ossa carpi, carpal bones)
8 , 4 2 .
(gliding
movement). .

(Os scaphoideum, scaphoid or navicular bone):

(Tuberculum ossis scaphoidei) .

(Os lunatum, lunate bone):
(Os triquetrum, triangular bone): .
(Os pisiforme, pisiform bone): .

(Os trapezium, trapezium bone): ,

(Tuberculum ossis trapezii) .

(Os trapezoideum, trapezoid bone): .

(Os capitatum, capitate bone): .
.
(Os hamatum, hamate bone): (Hamulus ossis hamati)
.
.
1/3 ,
. .
, .
2) (Ossa metacarpalia, metacarpal bones) ( 3--87)
5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 . 1
, 3 , 2, 4, 5
. (Basis, base), (Corpus, body) (Caput, head)

3 .
, 1 , 2 , 3
, 4, 5 . 3
(Processus styloideus, styloid process) .
,
. .
3) (Ossa digitorum manus, phalanges) ( 3--87)
3 2 . () ()
(Phalanx proximalis, proximal phalanx), (Phalanx media, middle
phalanx) (Phalanx distalis, distal phalanx) ,
. , , 3 .
, .
,
, .

.

, (Tuberositas phalangis distalis, phalangeal tuberosi
ty)
.
: .

, : 1
: 3
, : 5
: 6
: 8
: 8--12
B. (Ossa membri inferioris, bones of lower limb)
,
, .
(Cingulum membri inferioris, pelvic girdle)(Os coxae, hip bone):2
(Skeleton membri inferioris liberi, free bones of lower extremities)
(Os femoris)
(Femur, thigh bone):2
(Patella, knee cap):2
(Ossa cruris, crural bones)
(Tibia, shin bone):2
(Fibula, calf bone):2
(Ossa pedis)
(Ossa tarsi, tarsal bones):14
(Ossa metatarsalia, metatarsal bones):10
(Ossa digitorum pedis, phalanges):28
:62
, ,


, .

.
I. (Cingulum membri inferioris)
.
1. (Os coxae, hip bone) ( 3--88, 89)
, 3 ,
(Os ilium), (Os ischii, ischium) (Os pubis, pubis)
, 16--17 .
3 5cm
(Acetabulum) , .
(Incisura
acetabuli, acetabular notch) . (Foss
a
acetabuli, caetabular fossa) , .

(Facies lunata, lunate surface) .

(Foramen obturatum,
obturator foramen) ,
(Canalis obturatorius, obturator canal) .
1) (Os ilium, ilium)
2/5 (Corpus ossis ilii)
(Ala ossis ilii, wing) ,
(Linea arcuata, arcuate line), (Linea glutea inferio
r,
inferior gluteal line) . (Fossa il
iaca,
iliac fossa) , .
, (Facies auricularis, auricular surface) ,
.
(interosseous and posterior sacroiliac ligament
s)
(Tuberositas iliaca, iliac tuberosity) .

, .
, 3
. , , (Linea glutea anterior, posterior et
inferior) , , ,
. , S
(Crista iliaca, iliac crest) . 3 ,

(Labium externum, external lip), (Labium internum, internal li

p),
(Linea intermedia, intermediate line) ,

(Spina iliaca anterior superior) (Spina iliaca post

erior
superior) .
(Spina iliaca anterior inferior et posterior inferior) .

.
, , , ,
, , .
,
. ,
.

2) (Os ischii, ischium)

, 2/5
.
(Corpus ossis ischii) (Spina ischiadica, ischial
spine) , (Lig. sacrospinale) .
(Incisura ischiadica major) ,
(Incisura ischiadica minor) . (Foram
en
ischiadicum majus) , ,
, (Lig. sacrotuberale) (Foramen
ischiadicum minus) , .
(Ramus ossis ischii) (Tuber ischiadicum, ischial
tubercsity) , .

.
3) (Os pubis, pubis)
1/5 (Corpus ossis pubis)
(Ramus superior et inferior ossis pubis) .
(Eminentia iliopectinea, iliopectineal eminence).

,
(Tuberculum pubicum, pubic tubercle)
, . (Pecten ossis
pubis) .
(Crista obturatoria, obturator crest) .
(Tuberculum obturatorium anterius)
. (Tuberculum
obturatorium posterius) . (Sulcus
obturatorius, obturator groove)
.
,
,
(Symphysis pubica) .
, .
4) (Pelvis)

. (Promontorium, promontory)
(Linea terminalis, terminal line)
.
a) (Pelvis major, greater pelvis or false pelvis)
,
.
b) (Pelvis minor, lesser pelvis or true pelvis) ,

, (Cavum pelvis, pelvic cavity) S, ,

, , , ,
. , (Apertura pelvis minoris superio
r,
inlet) , , (Apertura pelvis minori
s
inferior, outlet) , ,
.
(Angulus subpubicus, subpubic angle) , .

(Arcus pubis, pubic arch) .
c) : .

( 3--90)
----------------( 3--2) )


:.
: .

: .
: .

:.
:.

:.
:.

: , .
: , .

:.
:.

:(oval)
:(heart-shaped)

: .
: .

:(63.3--77.5)
:(54.0--58.5)
d) : ,
, .
, ( 3--91, 92)
i) :3 ( 3--91)
) (Conjugata vera) (anteroposterior diameter):

.
(10.0--11.8cm(), 11--13cm(Greenhill), 11cm(Gray)).
) (Diameter transversa, transverse diameter):

(12.0--12.5cm(), 13cm(Greenhill), 13.5cm(Gray))

( 12.0--12.5cm)
) (Diameter obliqua, oblique diameter):

(12.0--12.6cm(), 12.0--12.5cm(Greenhill),
12.5cm(Gray)).
ii) :2 .
) : (9.6--11.6cm(),
9.5--12.0cm(Greenhill), 9.0--11.5cm(Gray)).
) : (10.5--11.0cm(Greenhill), 11.0cm(Gray)).
(Conjugata diagonalis, diagonal diameter),
(11.5--12.2cm(),
12.5cm(Greenhill) .
iii) (Axis pelvis):
, .
.
iv) (Inclinatio pelvis):
, 50--60 15
.
,
.
/ * 100 , 90 ,
90--95 , 95 .

 3--93
phatypelloid
(), android(), gynecoid(), anthropoid()

.
II. (Skeleton membri inferioris liberi)1. (Femur) ( 3--94)
, 38.2--41.5cm,
, 10--20 .
(Caput femoris) ,
2/3 . (Fovea capitis
femoris) . (Collum femoris)

. 120--130 .
,
. , (Trochanter major)
,
.
(trochanterica, Fossa trochanteric fossa)

. (Trochanter minor, lesse

r
trochanter) .
(Crista intertrochanterica, intertrochanteric crest)

. (Linea intertrochanterica,
intertrochanteric line) .
(Corpus femoris) .
(Tuberositas glutea, gluteal tuberosity)
, 3 (Trochanter tertius, third trochanter)

. (Linea pectinea, pectineal line)

. X , (Linea aspera, rough

line) (Labium mediale, medial lip) (Labium laterale, latera
l
lip) . , ,
, , ,
.
.
(Condylus medialis
et lateralis, medial and lateral condyles) .
,
.
(Epicondylus medealis) (Epicondylus lateralis)

. (Tuberculum adductorium,
adductor tubercle) ,
. (Fossa intercondylaris, intercondylar fossa)
, (Linea intercondylaris, intercondylar line)
.
(Patella, knee cap) ( 3--95)
(tendon of M.quadriceps femoris) (Ossa
sesamoidea, sesamoid bones), .
, .
(Basis patellae) , (Apex patellae)
,
(Lig. patellae) .
.
,

 .
2. (Ossa cruris, crural bones) ( 3--96, 97, 98)
.
1) (Tibia, shin bone) ( 3--96, 97, 98)
30--33cm ,
. .
(Condylus medialis et
lateralis, medial and lateral condyles) ,
(Facies articularis superior)
.
(Eminentia intercondylaris,
intercondylar eminence) (Tuberculum
intercondylare mediale et laterale, medial and lateral intercondylar tubercles)

. (Area
intercondylaris anterior et posterior, anterior and posterior intercondylar foss
a or
area) , .
(Facies articularis fibularis) .

, (Tuberositas tibiae, tuberosity of tibia)

.
, ,

S . 3 3 .
.
.
.
, (Linea m. solei)
. ,
.
,
(Facies articularis inferior) .

(Malleolus medialis, medial malleolus) ,

, (Facies articularis malleolaris) .

(Trochlea tali) .
(Incisura fibularis, fibular notch) .

(Sulcus malleolaris)

.
2) (Fibula, calf or splint bone)
30--33cm
. .
(Caput fibulae) , .
(Apex capitis fibulae) ,
(Facies articularis capitis fibulae)
. , ,
.
, 3 1 3 . ,
(Margo anterior, posterior et interosseus) ,
,
(Crista medialis, medial crest) .
,
,
. .
(Malleolus lateralis, lateral malleolus)

,
(Facies articularis malleolaris)
. (Fossa malleoli lateralis)
, (Sulcus
malleoli fibulae) .
(pulley)
, (splint) .
3. ( 3--99, 100)
, .
,
. 1/3
S 1/3 2/3 , 2/3 ,
1/3 .
1) (Ossa tarsi, tarsal bones)
(Tarsus) 7 (Talus, ankle bone), (Calcaneus,
heel bone), (Os naviculare, navicular bone), (Os cuneiforme
mediale, medial cuneiform bone), (Os cuneiforme intermedium,
intermediate cuneiform bone), (Os cuneiforme laterale, lateral cuneifo
rm
bone), (Os cuboideum, cuboid bone) .
a) (Talus, ankle bone) ( 3--101)
, ,
. (Caput tali)
(Collum tali) (Corpus tali) .
.
, ,
(Trochlea tali) , .
3 (Facies
articularis calcanea anterior, media et posterior) .

(Sulcus tali) (Sinus tarsi) ,
.
(Processus posterior et lateralis tali) ,
(Sulcus tendinis m. flexoris hallucis longi) 2

, (Tuberculum laterale) (Tuberculum mediale)

, , (Os trigonum) .
b) (Calcaneus)
,
. , .
, (Tuber calcanei,
calcaneal tuberosity) (Tendo calcaneus, Achilles' tendon)
. (Processus medialis et lateralis tuberis
calcanei) . (Sustentaculum tali)
, ,
.
(Facies articularis cuboidea)
. 3 ,

, (Sulcus calcanei, calcaneal groove)

.
(Sulcus tendinis m. peronei longi)

, (Trochlea peronealis)
.
c) (Os naviculare, navicular bone)
.

 , 3 3
, . (Tuberositas ossis
navicularis, navcular tuberosity) .

.
d) (Os cuneiforme mediale, intermedium et laterale)
( 3--102)
3 .
, ,
. . 3
, 1, 2, 3 ,
, .
e) (Os cuboideum, cuboid bone) ( 3--102)
, , 4, 5
, .
,
(Tuberositas ossis cuboidei, cuboidal tuberosity) .
, 5 2
, (transverse
tarsal or mid-tarsal joints) Chopart .
2) (Ossa metatarsalia, metatarsal bones)
5 , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 .

, ,
, .
1 5 .
1 1(Tuberositas ossis metatarsalis
I) , 5
5(Tuberositas ossis metatarsalis V)

.
2 , .

, .
1 .
3) (Ossa digitorum pedis, phalanges)
, 3 2.
1 , 2 3 .
. (Phalanx proximalis),
(Phalanx media), (Phalanx distalis) ,
.
, . (Tuberositas
phalangis distalis, phalangeal tuberosity)
.
4) (Arches of foot) ( 3--103)
.
(Iongitudinal arches) ,
4, 5 , 3 1, 2,
3 . .

, ,
. (transverse arch) .

. (interosseous, plant
ar
and dorsal ligaments) .
(flat foot) . , ,

 : .
, 6,
1 2, 2, 3, 4, 5 .
, .
,
1 .
(plantar ligaments) 15--20%
. stress 4 .
3--104 .
@ff
4 (Syndesmology, Ligaments and Joints)

,
, (arthrology) .
1.
,
3 . 3
.
1) (Junctura fibrosa, Synarthrosis, fibrous joint)
(immovable joint) ( 4--1)
,
, 3 .
a) (Syndesmosis): (Ligamentum)
, (:). (elastic
fibers) (: ).
b) (Sutura, suture): .
( 4--1, 6).
i) (Sutura, serrata): ,

(:, . )
ii) (Sutura squamosa):

(: )
iii) (Sutura plana): (:

)
c) (Gomphosis):
(: ).
2) (Junctura cartilaginea, Amphiarthrosis, cartilaginous joint)

(slightly movable joint) ( 4--2)

2 .
a) (Synchondrosis): ,
.
b) (Symphysis): ,
. (Synostosis) .
3) (Junctura synovialis, Diarthrosis, synovial articulation)
(freely movable joints) ( 4--3, 4)
, (Cavum articulare, articular cavity)

, .
2. ( 4--4)
,
(Caput articulare), (Fossa articularis) .
,
(Facies articularis, articular surface)

(Cartilago articularis, articular cartilage) ,

. (:).
(Capsula
articularti, articular capsule) , (Cavum
articulare, joint cavity) ,

(Synovia) .
:
(, , ) .
.
, (fibrous
membrane) ,
(synovial membrane) , .
(Plica synovialis, synovial fringe)
, (fat pad) ,
(Villi synovialis, synovial villi) .

(Bursa synovialis, synovial bursa) .

(Ligamenta accessoria, accessory ligaments) .
(Labrum glenoidale, glenoidal
labrum) (:,
)

, 2 (Discus
articularis, articular disc) (:),

(Meniscus articularis, articular meniscus)

(:)
:
.
.
, , ,
. (Ligamentum,
ligament)
.
(Ligamenta intracapsularia,
intracapsular ligaments) .
: , .
,

, .
3.
, .
a)
) (Articulatio simplex, simple articulation): (:
,
)
) (Articulatio composita, compound articulation):
(:, ).
b)
) 1(uniaxial joint): (:
).
) 2(biaxial joint):2 (:).
) (polyaxial joint):
(:, ).
c) ( 4--5)
.

i) (Ginglymus, hinge joint):

,
(:). (90 )
(Articulatio cochlearis, cochlear joint)
(:).
ii) (Articulatio trochoidea, trochoid or pivot joint) :

1(:
).
iii) (Articulatio condylaris, condyloid joint) (Articulat
io
ellipsoidea, ellipsoid joint): ,
2.
(:, ).
iv) (Articulatio sellaris, saddle joint):
( ) 2(:
).
v) (Articulatio spheroidea, spheroid or ball-and-socket joint,
Enarthrosis): ,

, (:).
vi) (Articulatio cotylica, cotyloid or mortar joint):

3/4
(:).
vii) (Articulatio plana, plane or gliding joint, Arthrodia):

,
, (gliding movement) (:).
4.
4 .
a) (gliding movement):
(:, ).
b) (angular movement): (flexion),
(extension), (abduction), (adduction) .
, .
,
. , 2
.
c) (circumduction):
, , , , .

.
d) (rotation): . ,
, .
@ff

1.
,
, ,
.
1) (Suturae cranii) ( 4--6)
.
a) (Sutura sagittalis, sagittal suture): ,
. (Sutura frontalis
sive metopica, frontal or metopic suture) 6% .
b) (Sutura coronalis, coronal suture):

 T .
c) (Sutura lambdoidea, lambdoid suture):

.
d) (Sutura Squamosa, squamous suture):
.
,
.
e) (Sutura palatna mediana): ,
.
f) (Sutura palatina transversa):

.
2) (Articulatio temporomandibularis, jaw joint) ( 4--7, 8)
.

, 2 ,
.
3 .
a) (Lig. laterale): .
b) (Lig. sphenomandibulare): ,
.
c) (Lig. stylomandibulare):
. .
,
(dislocation) .
3 .
(1) ,
, .
(2)
.
(3)
.
.
,
, .
.
.
3)
(Lig.
stylohyoideum) .
2.
,

.
1) (Articulatio atlantooccipitalis, atlantooccipital joint) (
4--9)
1 () ,
(nodding movement) .
(Membrana
atlantooccipitalis anterior et posterior) ,
.
2) (Articulatio atlantoaxialis, atlantoaxial joint) ( 4--10)

3 .
(Articulatio atlantoaxialis mediana)

.
(Articulatio

atlantoaxialis lateralis) , .
(Lig. transversum atlantis)
.
2 ,
(Ligcruciforme atlantis, cruciate ligament of atlas) .

. ,
,
.
30, 90 .
.
) (Membrana tectoria, tectorial membrane):

(Clivus) 2 ,
.
) (Ligg. alaria, alar ligaments): ,

. (check
ligament) .
) (Lig. apicis dentis):
.
.
) (Lig. nuchae) .
3.
,
. .

.
1) (Disci intervertebrales, intervertebral discs) ( 4--11)
, (Anulus fibrosus),
(Nucleus pulposus) .
, , (Chorda
dorsalis) ,

. .
.
1/4 , (shock absorbers) .
2) (Juncturae zygapophyseales, P.N.A.; Articulatio intervertebralis)
,
.
3)
, , .
a) (Lig. longitudinale anterius): 1
.
b) (Lig. longitudinale posterius): 2
.
. stress
.
c) (Lig. flavum): .
d) (Lig. intertransversarium):, .
e) (Lig. interspinale): .
f) (Lig. supraspinale):
.
) (Lig. nuchae):
, .
, .
4.
, 12 12 .

 ,
.
1) (Articulationes costovertebrales, costovertebral joints) ( 4--1
2)
2 .
a) (Articulatio capitis costae):

. ,

(Lig. capitis costae radiatum) ( 4--12)
b) (Articulatio costotransversaria):

11, 12 . ,
.
) (Lig. costoransversarium laterale)
) (Lig. costoransversarium superius)
) (Lig. costoransversarium laterale)
) (Lig. lumbocostale)
2) (Articulationes sternocostales) ( 4--13, 14)
2--7 . 1
,
, 2
.
.
) (Ligg. sternocostale intraarticulare)
) (Ligg. sternocostale radiata)
) (Membrana sterni)
) (Lig. costoxiphoidea)
3)
2 (Membrana intercostalis, intercosta
l
membrane) .
(Membrana intercostalis externa) 3--11
. (Membrana intercostalis interna)
. ,
.
4) (Synchondrosis sternales)
(Synchondrosis manubriosternalis) (Synchondrosis
xiphosternalis) , ,
, (P.N.A.
)
5) (Articulationes interchondrales)
8--10 ,
.
6) (Articulationes costochondrales, P.N.A.)
.
7) ( 4--15)
,
.
(inspiration) , .
(1) , (2) ,
, (3)
. ,
(expiration) (elastic
recoil) .
.

.
5.

 .
A. (Juncturae cinguli membri superioris)
, .
1)
.
) (Lig. coracoacromiale, coracoacromial ligament):
,
.
, 2(secondary socket) .
) (Lig. transversum scapulae):
. , ,
.
2) (Articulatio sternoclavicularis, sternoclavicular joint) ( 4--1
6, 17)
,
2
. .

.
.
) (Lig. sternoclaviculare anterius et posterius):

.
) (Lig. costoclaviculare): 1

) (Lig. interclaviculare):
.

.
3) (Articulatio acromioclavicularis, acromioclavicular joint)
,
.
, . .
) (Lig. acromioclaviculare, acromioclavicular ligament):

) (Lig. acromioclaviculare, coracoclavicular ligament):

(Lig. trapezoideum, trapezoid ligament)
(Lig. conoideum, conoid ligament) ,
.
B. (Juncturae membri superioris liberi)
1) (Articulatio humeri, shoulder joint) ( 4--18, 19, 20)

. 1/3
.
, , .
.
(M. supraspinatus), (M. infraspinatus) (M. teres
minor) , (M. subscapularis) ,
(Lig. coracoacromialis), (Lig. coracohumerale),
(M. deltoideus) .
, .
.
. .
) (Lig. coracohumeralia, coracohumeral ligament):
,
.

) (Ligg. glenohumeralia, glenohumeral ligaments):

.
: , , ,
.
85--115, 90,
90 .
. 5--20 .
2) (Articulatio cubiti, elbow joint) ( 4--21, 22)

, 3
.
a) (Articulatio humeroulnaris, humeroulnar joint):

, .
b) (Articulatio humeroradialis, humeroradial joint):
,
.
c) (Articulatio radioulnaris proximalis, proximal radioulnar
joint): .
.
.
) (Lig. collaterale ulnare, ulnar collateral ligament):

) (Lig. collaterale radiale, radial collateral ligament):

,
.
) (Lig. anulare radii, radial anular ligament):
,
( 4--23) :
150 ,
40 . 5--21 .
3) (Juncturae radioulnares, radio-ulnar joints)
, ,
.
a) (Articulatio radioulnaris proximalis, superior radioulnar
joint): .
b) (Articulatio radioulnaris distalis, inferior radioulnar joint):

.
. .
c) (Membrana interossea antebrachii, antebrachial interosseous
membrane) ( 4--24): .
, .
(Chorda
obliqua) , (Hiatus interosseus)
.
: .
,
180 . 120--140
.
.
.
, .
4) (Articulatio radiocarpea, radiocarpal or wrist joint) ( 4-25)

, , ,
.
.

 , , ,
.
:2 . 35,
25 27 ,
.
5--24 .
(Articulationes intercarpeae, intercarpal join
ts)
, (Articulatio
mediocarpea, midcarpal joint)
, . .
.
) (Lig. radiocarpeum dorsale):

) (Lig. radiocarpeum palmare):

) (Lig. ulnocarpeum palmare):

) (Lig. collaterale carpi ulnare):

) (Lig. collaterale carpi radiale):

.
) (Lig. carpi radiatum, radiate carpal ligament):

.
) (Ligg. intercarpea dorsalia):

) (Ligg. intercarpea palmaria): .
) (Ligg. intercarpea interossea):
.
) (Articulatio ossis pisiformos, pisiform joint):

,
.
) (Lig. pisohamatum):
) (Lig. pisometacarpeum): 5
5) (Articulationes carpometacarpeae, carpometacarpal joints) (
4--25)
2--5 ,
. , 2,
3 , . 4, 5
.
) (Ligg. carpometacarpea dorsalia)
) (Ligg. carpometacarpea palmaria):

6) (Articulatio carpometacarpea pollicis, carpometacarpal j
oint
of thumb)
1 ,
.
,
.
: 35--40, 45--50 .
5--27 .
7) (Articulationes intermetacarpeae, intermetacarpal joints)
2--5
. , .
) (Ligg. metacarpea dorsalia)

) (Ligg. metacarpea palmaria)

) (Ligg. metacarpea interossea)
8) (Articulationes metacarpophalangeae, metacarpophalangeal joint

s)

, ,
.
.
,
90, 2 4 45, 50,
60 . ,
. 5--26 .

) (Ligg. collateralia):
) (Ligg. palmaria):

) (Lig. metacarpeum transversum profundum): 1

9) (Articulationes interphalangeae manus)
9 ,
. 80 .
(Ligg. collateralia) . 5--26
.
@ff
6.
.
A. (Juncturae cinguli membri inferioris)
.
.
1) ( 4--26)
3, , ,
.
3--4 .
a) (Lig. inguinale, inguinal or Poupart's ligament):
, (M.obliquus externus abdominis)
. ,
.
b) (Membrana obturatoria, obturator membrane):
.
c) (Lig. iliolumbale): 4--5 ,
.
d) (Lig. sacrotuberale, sacrotuberous ligament):
,
.
e) (Lig. sacrospinale, sacrospinous ligament):

3 .
(Foramen ischiadicum majus),
(Foramen ischiadicum minus)
, , , , ,
.
2) (Articulatio sacroiliaca, sacroiliac joint)
.
, .
.
) (Ligg. sacroiliaca ventralia):

) (Ligg. sacroiliaca interossea):



) (Ligg. sacroiliaca dorsalia): 2--4

.
3) (Symphysis pybica) ( 4--27)
,
(Discus interpubicus)
.
(Lig. pubicum superius),
(Lig. arcuatum pubis) .
.
B. (Juncturae membri inferioris liberi)
1) (Articulatio coxae, hip joint) ( 4--28, 29, 30, 31, 32)
.
2/3 .
.
(Labrum acetabulare, acetabular
labrum) , (Lig. transversum acetabuli,
acetabular transverse ligament)
.
, ,
.
.
(Lig. capitis femoris) ,
.
.
a) (Zona orbicularis):
, 2 .
b) (Lig. iliofemorale, iliofemoral ligament or Y-ligament):

. 2 ,
Y ,
.
c) (Lig. ischiofemorale, ischiofemoral ligament):
,
, .
d) (Lig. pubofemorale, pubofemoral ligament):
, , ,
.
. ,
, ,
, (iliopectineal
bursa) .
: , , 100--130,
. 90,
20--30, 40--50 . 5--32
.
2) (Articulatio genus, knee joint) ( 4--33, 34, 35, 36, 37)
,
.
,
2 .
(Meniscus lateralis, lateral meniscus) (Meniscus medialis, me
dial
meniscus) . ,
. , ,
, .

 (Lig. transversum genus) .

2 , (Lig.
cruciatum anterius, anterior cruciate ligament) (Lig. cruciatum
posterius, posterior cruciate ligament) .
(Ligg. cruciata genu) .

,
.
,
, .
, 4 ,
. 4
(Lig. patellae) .
, ,
(, Corpus adiposum
infrapatellare, infrapatellar fat pad) .
2 ,
(alar fold) .
(infrapatellar fold) .

. ,
housemaid's knee .
.
) (Lig. collaterale fibulare):

) (Lig. collaterale tibiale): ,

) (Lig. popliteum obliquum): ,

) (Lig. popliteum arcuatum): ,

(retinaculum) .
) (Retinaculum patellae mediale et laterale):
.
: , 170
.
locking or screwing home movement ,
.
10 .
5--36 .
174 ,
O(O-bein),
X(X-bein) ( 4--38).
3) (Junctura tibiofibularis, tibiofibular articulation)
,
.
a) (Articulatio tibiofibularis, tibiofibular joint or superior tibiofi
bular
joint):
, (Lig. capitis fibulae anterius et
posterius) .
b) (Membrana interossea cruris):
, .
,
.
c) (Syndesmosis tibiofibularis, inferior tibiofibular joint):

 (Lig. tibiofibularis anterius et posterius)

.

.
4) (Articulatio talocruralis, ankle joint) ( 4--39,
40, 41)
,
, .
.
.
.
) (Lig. deltoideum, deltoid ligament):
.
, , .
) (Lig. talofibulare anterius)
) (Lig. talofibulare posterius)
) (Lig. calcaneofibulare)
: , .
30 .
, .
5--38
5) (Articulationes intertarseae) ( 4--43)
.
a) (Articulatio subtalaris, Articulatio talocalcanearis):

.
.
.
) (Lig. talocalcaneum anterius, B.N.A.)
) (Lig. talocalcaneum posterius, B.N.A.)
) (Lig. talocalcaneum leterale)
) (Lig. talocalcaneum mediale)
) (Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum)
b) (Articulatio talocalcaneonavicularis):, , 3

. ,
. (Lig.
talonaviculare) .
c) (Articulatio calcaneocuboidea):
.
. .
) 2 (Lig. bifurcatum): 2

(Lig. calcaneonaviculare) (Lig.

calcaneocuboideum) .
) (Lig. plantare longum, long plantar ligament):
.
, ,
. (
4--42).
) (Lig. cacaneocuboideum, plantare):
,
.
d) (Articulatio tarsi transversa): ,

,
Chopart ( 4--43).
2 (Lig.
calcaneonaviculare plantare) .

, ,
, , .
.
spring ligament .
(flat foot) .
e) (Articulatio cuneonavicularis):
.
.
(Ligg. cuneonavicularia dorsalia) (Ligg.
cuneonavicularia plantaria) .
6) (Articulationes tarsometatarseae) ( 4--43)
1 1 ,
. 2--5 2,
3, 4, 5 .
, Lisfranc , ,
2 .
, .
7) (Articulationes intermetatarseae)
,
.
8) (Articulationes metatarsophalangeae)
.
(Ligg. collateralia), (Ligg. plantaria)

(Lig. metatarseum transversum profundum) .

(M.flexor hallucis longus) .
9) (Articulationes interphalangeae pedis)
,
. .
5--38 .
@ff
5 (Myology;muscular system)

.
(muscular tissue) ,
.
1.
3, (1) (voluntary, stria
ted
or skeletal muscle), (2) (involuntary, non-striated or smooth
muscle), (3) (cardeac muscle) .

(cross striation) ,
.
.
(hollow organs)
, , , , .
, ,
.
(mesoderm),
(:, , , ,
) (ectoderm).
2.
.
(myofibrils)
(sarcoplasm) (sarcolemma)

 (nucleus) .
5--17
3cm , 10--100()
. 1
(muscle bundle) , 2 ,
.
(endomysium), 1
(perimysium) ,
(epimysium) ( 5--18).
, .
,
(red fiber), (white fiber) .
(tendon) ,

(aponeurosis) .
3.
.
(venter, muscle belly), , .

(Origo, origin) , (fixed point)

, .
(Insertio, insertion) (mobile
point) , .
5--19
, (fusiform), (penniform), (bipenniform) .
, , , (intermediate tendon)

(intersectiones tendineae)
.
(:).
(serrate muscle) .
4.

.
, .

.
) (flexion): 0 ,
(flexor) .
) (extension): , 180
(extensor) .
180
(over-extension) , , .
) (adduction): ,
(adductor) .
) (abduction): , (abductor) .
, 2 .
) (rotation): ,
(rotator) .
(pronation)
,
(supination) ,
(pronator), (supinator) . (inner
rotation), (outer rotation) .
(sphinctor), (dilatator), (levator), (depresso
r),
(tensor) . (1 ), 2

 .
(lever) ,
5--20 .
, F (fulcrum), L (load), 1 ,

.
2 .
3 ,
.
.
(synergist) ,
2
(antagonist) . ,
. .
,
.
5.
.
1) (Fascia)
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
. (Fascia superficialis) (Fasci
a
profunda) , ,
.
(Septum intermusculare)
.
.
(Fascia subcutanea) ,
. (Fasci
a
penis), (Fascia clitoridis) .
(Fascia bulbi)
(Capsula bulbi) .
2) (Vagina tendinis, tendon sheath)
,
. 2 ,
, ( 5--21)
3) (Bursa synovialis, synovial bursa) ( 5--22)
,
. , , ,
,
(Bursa synovialis subcutanea, submuscularis, subfascialis, subtendinea)

.
4) (Trochlea)

, (:
) ( 5--23).
5) (Os sesamoideum, sesamoid bone)
,
. .
6. ( 5--24)

 ,
, .
.
(innervation) .
,
.
, (motor
end-plate) .

(motor unit)
. , 150 ,
, .
(muscle spindle)
(tendon opindle) ( 5--18)
, ,
.
,
, .
7.
,
. .
8.
,
,
.
Eisler 327 2
,
47 2
.
:25 1 , :16, :112, :52
1
, :8, :52, :62 .
75 , .
@ff

(myotomes) .
2 , .
:
:) :, , , ,
)
I. (Mm. dorsi)
, , ,
.
1. (Mm. dorsi superficiales) ( 5--2, 25)
, .
( ), .
2 , ,
. 5--1 .
---------------- 5--1
:(M. trapezius)
) : . , ,

, ,
, .

) : , , ,
.
) :
) : ,
. .
,
.
:(M. latissimus dorsi)
) : , . 5--8

, , 3--4 .
) :
) :
) : , .
:(Mm. rhomboidei), (M. rhomboideus minor), (M.
rhomboideus major)
) : .
(, 4 () .
.
) : 2/3
) :
) : .
:(M. levator scapulae)
) : , , 1--4

) : 1/3
) :
) : .
----------------*
,
() .
2. (Mm. dorsi profundi) ( 5--3)
,
.
.
1)
,
.
----------------- 5--2
:(M. serratus posterior superior)
) : 5 -- 2
) : 2--5
) : 1--4
) : 2--5 .
:(M. serratus posterior inferior)
) : , 12 , 1--2
.
) : 9--12
) : 9--12
) : 9--12 .
2) (Mm. dorsi proprii) ( 5--25, 26, 27)
,
. ,

, , .
,
.

 .
a) :(M. erector spinae)--, ,
b) :
) (Mm. transversospinales)--, ,
) (Mm. interspinales)
) (Mm. intertransversarii)

(Mm. dorsi longi) .
, . 5--3 .
---------------- 5--3 ( )
:(M. iliocostalis):, ,
) : , ,
.
) : 3--7
) :
:(M. longissimus):, ,
) :
.
) :, ,
) :
:(M. spinalis , , )
) : 4--11
) : , 2--8
) :
* :,
.
.
3 (M. erector spinae)
.
(M. sacrospinalis) .
----------------, ,

(Mm. dorsi brevis) ( 5--4)

----------------- 5--4
:
:(M. semispinalis):, ,
) : 6
) : 2 -- 6
) :Th #1--Th #11
) : ,
.
:(Mm. multifidi)
) : , 4

) :
) :C #3--S #3
) : .
:(Mm. rotatores)
--, ,
) : .
) : 1
) :Th #1--Th #11
) : .
:(Mm. interspinales
--, ,
) , : , ,

 .
) :C #1--C #7
) : .
:(Mm. intertransversarii)
--, ,
) , : .

.
) :C #1--C #8
: .
-----------------3.
) (Fascia dorsalis superficialis):
,
.
, .
) (Fascia nuchae): .
,
,
(Lignuchae) . ,
,
,

, .
) (Fascia thoracolumbalis): ,
, .
,
. .
II. (Mm. capitis)
(facial muscles) (muscles of mastication)
.
(M. cutaneus, cutaneous muscle),
, (muscles of
expression, mimic muscles) .

(Platysma) .
, ,
3 .
1. ( 5--1, 5, 28, 29)
, ,
,
.
. ,
. 5--5 .
----------------- 5--5
*
:(Epicranium or M. epicranius)
(M. occipitofrontalis
) (Venter frontalis)
: .
:(Galea aponeurotica) .
, .
: .
) (Venter occipitalis)
: .
: .

: .
:(M. temporoparietalis)
: .
:
: .
*
:(Mm. auriculares
) (M. auricularis superior)
) (M. auricularis anterior)
) (M. auricularis posterior)
, , : .
*
:(M. orbicularis oculi)
, :, , .
,
,
.
.
: , ,
.
:(M. corrugator supercilii)
, : .
: .
:(M. depressor supercilii)
, : (supercilium) .
: .
*
:(M. procerus)
(M. nasalis)
(M. depressor septi)
, , :

.
*
:
, : ,

.
: , .
.
:(M. buccinator)
, : . ,
, .
: , trumpeter
.
:(M. transversus menti)
(M. mentalis)
, : ,
, .
. .
: .
:(M. depressor labii inferioris)
, : ,
.
: .
:(M. depressor anguli oris):
, :
.
: .
:(M. risorius)

, :, .
: .
:(M. zygomaticus major), (M. zygomaticus minor)
, : , 2
: , .
:() (M. levator anguli oris)
, :
: .
:, (M. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi)
, :
: .
:, (M. levator labii superioris)
, : ,

: .
-----------------* : .

.
2. ( 5--30)
, , ,
4 .
. 3 .
5--6 .
----------------- 5--6
:(M. masseter)
: 2/3 ,
2/3
:
: . , ,
, ,
.
:(M. temporalis)
:
:
:(M. pterygoideus lateralis)
: .
:
:(M. pterygoideus medialis)
:
:
(, , ):
,
. (M. digastricus)
(M. mylohyoideus), (M. geniohyoideus) .
-----------------* : .
, (Corpus adiposum buccae)
.
.
3. ( 5--31)
, , , , ,
, P.N.A.
. ,
, (Mm. suboccipitales) .
5--7 .
------------------

 5--7
:(M. obliquus capitis inferior)
: .
:
:(M. obliquus capitis superior)
: .
:
:(M. rectus capitis posterior major)
: .
: 1/3
:(M. rectus capitis posterior minor)
: .
: 1/3
:(M. rectus capitis lateralis)
: .
:
(, , , , ):
(, , , , ):
,
, .
, (suboccipital
triangle) , .
(M. splenius capitis)
:, 3 -- 6 .
: , 3 1--3
:
:
.
:(M. longus capitis)
: 3--6
:
:
: .
:(M. rectus capitis anterior)
: ,
:
:
: .
-----------------4.
) (Galea aponeurotica):

, , .

.
) (Fascia temporalis): ,
2
. .
) (Fascia masseterica): ,
(Fascia buccopharyngea):
, .
.
.
.
III. (Mm. colli) ( 5--35)
, ,
. ,
,

 .
1. (Mm. colli superficiales) ( 5--1, 5, 6)
.
,
, .
(cervical triangle) ( 5--32):
(anterior cervical triangle) (posterior cervical triangle)
,
.
,
4 .
) (inferior carotid or muscular triangle): , ,
,
.
----------------- 5--8
:(Platysma)
, : , .
2--3 .
:
: , ,
.
:(M. sternocleido-mastoideus)
: .
:
:
: , ,

. .
-----------------) (superior carotid or carotid triangle):
, , (Ansa cervicalis) .
) (submandibular or digastric triangle):, ,
.
) (suprahyoid triangle): .
,
2 .
) (occipital triangle):, , ,

.
) (subclavian triangle):, .
2. (Mm. hyoidei) ( 5--33)
,
.
,
.
1) (Mm. suprahyoidei, suprahyoid muscles) ( 5--33)
, (floor of mouth) .
,
. 4 ,
.
----------------- 5--9
:(M. digastricus)
, : 1
. , .
: ,
: , .

:(M. stylohyoideus)
:
:
:
: .
(M. mylohyoideus)
:
.
:
:
: . .
:(M. geniohyoideus)
:
:
:
: . .
-----------------:
. , 2
,

, .
: ,
.
2) (Mm. infrahyoidei) ( 5--33)
4 ,
, , , .
( ) ,
(extrinsic
muscles of tongue) .
,
.
----------------- 5--10
:(M. sternohyoideus)
:,
:
:
:
:(M. omohyoideus)
, : , ,
, ,
.
:
: .
:(M. sternothyroideus)
: , 1
:
:
:
:(M. thyiohyoideus)
:
:
:
: . .
3. (Mm. colli profundi) ( 5--34)
,
. .
.

 ,
.
(P.N.A. )
------------------ 5--11
:(M. scalenus anterior)
: 3--6
: 1
:
:
. (deep
inspiration) .
.
:(M. scalenus medius)
:
: 1 2, 3
:C #2--C #8
:
:(M. scalenus posterior)
: 5--7
: 2
:
:
:(M. scalenus minimus)
: 6--7
: 1
:C #5--C #6
:
:(M. longus colli)
: -- 3 ,
, .
: 2--4 , , 5--6
:C #3--C #8
: ,
.
-----------------* 1 ,

, .
4.
3 ,
(Fascia cervicalis) .
) (Lamina superficialis):
,
, .
) (Lamina profundus):(Lamina pretrachealis) , ,
,
, .
) (Lamina prevertebralis):,

. , (Mediastinum)
.
. (Spatium prevertebrale) ,
.
IV. (Mm. thoracis)
,
.
, .

 .
1. (Mm. thoracis superficiales) ( 5--1)
.
,
, , , .
, , 4 .
----------------- 5--12
:(M. pectoralis major)
: ,
: 2/3
: 5--7
: .
:
.
:
: . ,
.
:(M. pectoralis minor)
: 2--5
:
:
: .
.
:(M. subclavius)
: 1
:
:
: .
:(M. serratus anterior)
: , 8--10 1--8 .
:
:
:, .
.
-----------------2. (Mm. thoracis profundi) ( 5--4)

. ,
.
------------------ 5--13
:(Mm. levatores costarum)
: 12 7 -- 11
:
:
: .
:(Mm. intercostales externi)
, : , ,
,
. .
:
: ,
, ,
.
:(Mm. intercostales interni)
, : .
, .

:
:
:(M. subcostalis)
, : , 1--2
.
:
:
:(M. transversus thoracis)
: ,
: 3--6
:
: .
, , , , .
,
. .
2 , ,
.
, ,
.
, , ,
.
. , .
3. (Diaphragma) ( 5--7)
, ,
1--3(4)() , 7--12 (),
() ,
(dome) , .
3 , (Centrum tendineum, central
tendon) . , .
, .
(lumbocostal triangle),
(sternocostal triangle) .
,
(Diaphragmatic hernia) .
, .
, .
) (Hiatus aorticus, aortic hiatus):
, , , .
) (Foramen venae cavae, vena caval foramen):
, , .
) (Hiatus esophageus, esophageal hiatus): ,
.
) : , ,
, , .
,
. ,
.
.
4.
) (Fascia pectoralis): ,

, , .
) (Fascia clavipectoralis): ,

. (Fascia cora-coclavicularis)

, ,

 , (Axilla) ,
.
) (Fascia endothoracica): ,

.
V. (Mm. abdominis)
12
, , .
.
1. (Mm. abdominis anteriores) ( 5--1)
,
.
.
----------------- 5--14
:(M. rectus abdominis)
) :, 5--7 3--4
4--5 .
) : ,
) :
) : , , .
.
:(M. pyramidalis)
) : ,
) :
) :
) : .
----------------- (Vagina m. recti abdominis, sheath of the
rectus) (sheath) .
, .

, (Linea alba) . (Anulus
umbi-licalis) , , (Urachus
) .
2. (Mm. abdominis laterales) ( 5--1, 4)
, 3
. , , .
----------------- 5--15
:(M. obliquus externus abd-ominis)
) : , 7--8

6--12 5 , 3
.
) : ,
.
) :
) : .
,
.
:(M. obliquus internus abdo-minis)
) : , , ,
.
) : 3 ,
.
) :, , ,

) :
:(M. cremaster)
) : ,
.
) : ,
) :
) : , .
:(M. transversus abdominis)
) : 7--12 , , ,

) : .
) :, ,
) :
.
-----------------, , (aponeurosis) .

, (Linea alba)
.
,
, .

(Linea arcuata), (Linea semicircularis or Dougls' lin

e)
.
.
(Linea semilunaris, Spigel's line)
.
(Lig.inguinale, inguinal or Poupart's ligament), (Anulus inguina
lis,
inguinal ring), (Canalis inguinalis, inguinal canal) ( 5--37, 38,
39): ,
.
.
. . 4cm
, (Funiculus spermaticus, spermatic cord)
,
.
, ,
.

, ,

(Lig.lacunare, lacunar or Gimbernat's ligament) .

(Lig.reflexum, reflected or Colles' ligament)

. ,
.
, ,
, , ,
.
(Lig. interfoveolare, interfoveolar or
Hesselbach's ligament)
. , ,
.
. ,
, .
,

 ( 7--127)
3. (Mm. abdominis posteriores) ( 5--40)
.
----------------- 5--16
:(M. quadratus lumborum)
) : , 3--4 ,

) : 12 , 3--4
) :
) : 12 ,

. 12 .
-----------------4.
, , .
a) (Fascia subcutanea):
.
) (Lig. fundiforme penis):
, .
) ()(Lig. suspensorium penis sive clitoridis):
, .
.
b) (fascia superficialis): ,

, .
c) (Fascia transversalis): ,

. , ,

.
(Trigonum lumbale, Petit's triangle): 12

, .
.
.
VI.
(M. coccygeus), (M. sacrococcygeus ventralis),
(M. sacrococcygeus dorsalis)
.
VII. (Mm. membri superioris, muscles of upper limb)

. , , ,
( 5--43)
1. (Mm. membri superioris)
, .
, , , , ,
6 .
----------------- 5--17
:(M. deltoideus)
) :, 1/3 , .
) :
) :
) :

 .
:(M. supraspinatus)
) : .
) :
) :
) : , ,
.
:(M. infraspinatus)
) : , .
) :
) :
) : .
:(M. teres minor)
) : , 1/2 , .
) : , ,
) :
) : .
:(M. teres major)
) : .
) :
) :
) : , .
:(M. subscapularis)
) : .
) :
) :
) : , .
-----------------2. (Mm. brachii) ( 5--1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11)
(flexors) (extensors) ,
.
, ,
( 5--44)
.
, , , ,
.
----------------- 5--19

:(M. biceps brachii)

) : 2 . ,
.
) : , ,
(Aponeurosis m. bicipitsis brachii) .
) :
) : .
.
:(M. coracobrachialis)
) : ,

.
) :
) :
) :
:(M. brachialis)
) : . ,

) :,
) :

) :
:(M. triceps brachii)
) : , 3 .
,
.

) :3
) :
) : .
:(M. anconeus)
) :, ,
) :
) :
) : .
-----------------3. (Mm. antebrachii) ( 5--1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11)
(flexores) (extensors) ,
, ( 5--45)
1)
.
.
.
, , , , ,

, , .
----------------- 5--22

:(M. pronator teres)

) :2 ,

) :
) :
) : , .
:(M. flexor carpi radialis)
) :
) : 2--3
) :
) : , .
:(M. palmaris longus)
) :
.
) : (palmar aponeurosis)
) :
) : .
:(M. flexor carpi ulnaris)
) :2 , ,

) : 5
) :C #8--Th #1
) : , .
:(M. flexor digitorum superficialis)
) :2 , .
,
.
) :4 , 2--5 2 ,
.
) C #7--Th #1
) : 2--5 .


:(M. flexor digitorum profundus)
) : 4
.
) : 2--5
) : ,
) : 2--5 .
:(M. flexor pollicis longus)
) : ,
.
) :
) :
) : .
:(M. pronator quadratus)
) : , .
) :
) :
) : .
2)

. .
. , ,
, , , , ,
,
, .
----------------- 5--23

:(M. brachioradialis)
) :3 ,
) :
) :
) :
.
:(M. extensor carpi radialis longus)
) : , ,
2 .
) : 2
) :
) : .
:(M. extensor carpi radialis brevis)
) : , , .
) : 3
) :
) : .
:()(M. extensor digitorum)
) : , ,
4 .
) : 2--5 3
, .
) :
) : 2--5 .
:(M. extensor digiti minimi)
) : , 5 .
) : 5 2 .
) :
) : 5
:(M. extensor carpi ulnaris)
) : , ,
6 .

) : 5
) :
) : , .

:(M. supinator)
) :
) :
) :
) : (supination)
:(M. abductor pollicis longus)
) :2 , ,

1 .
) : 1 ,
) :
) : .
:(M. extensor pollicis brevis)
) :
) :
) :
) : .
:(M. extensor pollicis longus)
) : 3
.
) :
::
) : .
:(M. extensor indicis)
) :
4 .
) : 2 .
) :
) : .
----------------- .
,
, ,
.
.
II--IV () , II--V
. I
,
, (anatomical snuff-box) .
4. (Mm. manus) ( 5--1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 50)
.
.
, 3
. 3 ,
.
.
.
) :, , ,
) :, , ,
) :, (, )
----------------- 5--25

:(M. abductor pollicis brevis)

) :

) : 1 ,
) :
) : .
:(M. flexor pollicis brevis)
) : ,
) : 1
) :
:
:
) : .
:(M. opponens pollicis)
) : ,
) : 1
) :
) : .
:(M. adductor pollicis)
) : 3 ,

2--3
) : 1
) :
) : .

:(M. palmaris brevis)

) : , .

) :
) :
) : .
:(M. abductor digiti minimi)
) :
) :
) :
) :
:(M. flexor digiti minimi brevis)
) :
) :
) :
) :
:(M. opponens digiti minimi)
) : 2
) : 5
) :
) : , .

:(Mm. lumbricales)
) :4 , 1 1
, 2--4 2 4
) : 2--5
.
) : 1, 2 , 3, 4
) : 2--5 .
:(Mm. interossei), (Mm. interossei palmares)
) :3 2 , 4, 5
) : 2 4, 5

) :
) :
. 3
, .

:(Mm. interossei dorsales)

) :4 2 1--5
) : 2 , 2 3 , 4

) :
) :
-----------------5. ,
) : , , ,
.
) (Fascia sxillaris): ,

, , ,
. , , ,
,
(Langer's arch) .
) (Fascia brachii):
(Septum
intermusculare brachii mediale et laterale) .

,
, .
) (Fascia antebrachii): ,
(Aponeurosis m. bicipitis brachii or Lacertus fib osus, I.N.A)
. (Lig. carpi
commune) .
) (Retinaculum extensorum, extensor retinaculum)
(Retinaculum flexorum, flexor retinaculum):
. ,
, 6
. ( 5--51)
) (Fascia dorsalis manus): ,
. .
) (Aponeurosis dorsalis): , , ,

,
. 3 ,
. 3
( 5--49)
) (Aponeurosis palmaris):
.
4 , 2--5 .
.
, , , ( 5--48, 52)
) (Vaginae fibrosae digitorum manus):
, .
) (Vaginae synoviales tendinum digitorum manus):

.
.

( 5--53)
) (Bursae et Vaginae synoviales):
,
. ,
.
VIII. (Mm. membri inferioris)

.
, , .
, , .
( 5--54)
1. (Mm. coxae)
,

. .
.
) :, , ,
) :, , , , , , ,
,
----------------- 5--28

:(M. iliopsoas)
) , : 3 .
) :
) : ,
. .
:(M. iliacus)
) :
) :
) :
) :
:(M. psoas major)
) : 12 1--4,
1--5 12
) :
) :
) :
:(M. psoas minor)
) : 12 1
) : .
) :
) :

:(M. gluteus maximus)

) : ,

) : (iliotibial band)
) :
) : (
) .
:(M. gluteus medius)
) : ,
) :
) :
) :
, .
.
:(M. gluteus minimus)
) :
) :
) :
) :
:(M. tensor fasciae latae)
) :

) : 1/3 .
) :
) : .
.
:(M. piriformis)
) : 2--4
. .
) :
) :
) : .
.
:(M. obturato-rius internus)
) : ,
.
) :
) :
) : .
:(M. gemellus superior), (M. gemellus inferior)
) : .
.
) , , :
:(M. quadratus-femoris)
) :
, .
) :
) , :
-----------------* : .
2. (Mm. femoris) ( 5--1, 2, 12, 13, 14, 15)
(extensors), (adductors),

(flexors) 3 ( 5--56)
1) ( 5--12, 13)
, :, , , ,
.
----------------- 5--29
:(M. sartorius)
) : ,
.
) : ,
) :
) : ,
,
:(M. quadriceps femoris)
) , : 4
) :
) : .
. .
:(M. rectus femoris)
) : ,
.
) : .
.
) :
) :
:(M. vastus lateralis)
) :
.

) , , :
:(M. vastus intermedius)
) : .
.
) :
) :
) :
:(M. vastus medialis)
) :
.
) , , :
:(M. articularis genus)
) : .
) :
) :
) : .
-----------------2)

.
, , , , , .
----------------- 5--30
:(M. pectineus)
) : .
.
) :
) :,
) : , .
:(M. gracilis)
) : , . .
) :
) :
) : .

.
:(M. adductor longus)
) :
) : 1/3
) :
) : , .
:(M. adductor brevis)
) :
.
) : . 1/3
) :
) :
:(M. adductor magnus)
) : ,
.
) : .
) :
) : , ,
.
:(M. obturatorius externus)
) :
.
) :
) :
) : , .

----------------- ,
(femoral or Scarpa's triangle) ,
.
(Fossa iliopectinea) , ,
.
, (adductor or
Hunter's canal) .
(Hiatus
tendineus) .
3. ( 5--14, 15)
, hamstring muscle . ,
, ,
.
----------------- 5--31
:(M. biceps femoris)
) : , ,

) : . ,

) : ,
) : .
.
:(M. semitendino-sus)
) :
.
) : ,
(Pes anserinus) . media
l
hamstrings .
)
) : .
.
:(M. semimembranosus)
) : .
) , , :
-----------------(Pes anserinus):,
, .
,
,
,
. (tripod muscle)
,

( 5--57, 58)
(Tractus iliotibialis, iliotibial band):
,
,
.
(Fossa poplitea, popliteal fossa): ,
, , ,
, ,
, , .
4. (Mm. cruris, muscles of leg) ( 5--1, 2, 12, 13, 14, 15)
(extensors), () (fibular muscl
es)

 (flexors) 3 ( 5--59)
1) ( 5--12, 13)
, .
, , , 3 .
----------------- 5--33
:(M. tibialis anterior)
) : ,
.
) : 1
) :
) : .
.
:(M. extensor hallucis longus)
) :
, .
) : 1 ,

) :
) : .
.
:(M. extensor digitorum longus)
) : , ,

.
) :4 2--5
) :
) : 2--5 .
.
: 3 (M. peroneus tertius)
) :
.
) : 5
) :
) : .
-----------------2) ( 5--12)
,
. .
----------------- 5--34
:(M. peroneus longus)
) :, ,
.
) : 5
1, 2
) :
) : ,
. (plantar arch) .
:(M. peroneus brevis)
) :
.
) : 5
) , :
-----------------3) ( 5--14, 15)
, , , ,
. .
( ), , ,
, , .

----------------- 5--35

:(M. triceps surae)

) , : .
) :
) : ,
. .
:(M. gastrocnemius)
) :2 , ,
.
) : (Achilles'tendon)
) :
) :
:(M. soleus)
) :, 1/3, ,
.
) , , :
:(M. plantaris)
) : , ,
.
) :
) :
) : .

:(M. popliteus)
) : , ,
.
) :
) :
) : .
:(M. flexor hallucis longus)
) : 2/3
, .
) :
) :
) : , 2--5
.
:(M. flexor digitorum longus)
) : ,
.
) : 4 .

) :
) 2--5 .
.
:(M. tibialis posterior)
) : , ,

.
) :
, 2, 3
) :
) : .
. .
-----------------* , .
,
.

5. (Mm. pedis) ( 5--60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65)

.
2 , ,
, .
) : ,
,
2 .
) :
:, ,
:, ,
:, , , , ,
4
.
1:, ,
2:,
3:, ,
4:
----------------- 5--37

:(M. extensor hallucis brevis)

) : .
) :
) :
) :
:(M. extensor digitorum brevis)
) : ,

3 .
) : 2--4
) :
) : 2--5 .

:(M. abductor hallucis)

) : ,
) : 1
) :
) : , .
:(M. flexor hallucis brevis)
) :, , , 2 .
) : , 1

) :,
) : .
:(M. adductor hallucis)
) : , , 2, 3, ,
3--5
) : 1 ,
) :
) : .

:(M. abductor digiti minimi)

) :
) : 5
) :
) :
:(M. flexor digiti minimi brevis)
) : 5 .
.

) :
) :
) : .
:(M. opponens digiti minimi)
) :
) : 5
) :
) : .

:(M. flexor digitorum brevis)

) : 4
2--5 .
) : 2 2--5
) :
) : 2--5 .
:(M. quadratus plantae)
) : , 2
.
) :
) :
) : .
:(Mm. lumbricales)
) :4 4 , 1 2

, 2--4 2 .
) : 2--5 ,
) : 1 ,
) : 2--5 .
:(Mm. interossei), (Mm. interossei plantares)
) :3 3--5 .
) : 3--5 ,
) :
) : 2
.
. .
:(Mm. interossei dorsales)
) :4 , 2 1--5
) : 1 2 , 2--4 2--4

) , :
-----------------6. ,
) (Fascia lata): ,
, . ,
, .
(Tractus iliotibialis) ,
.
, (Hiatus saphenus) ,
, , , ,

.
) (Fascia iliaca): ,
2 . (Lacuna
musculorum) , (Lacuna
vasorum), , .

(Anulus femoralis), ,
.
.

) (Fascia cruris): ,
, 3
. , , ,

.
) (Retinaculum musculorum extensorum superius), (Lig.
transversum cruris): , .
, ,
( 5--66)
) (Retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius),
(Lig. cruciforme): ,
Y .
) (Retinaculum musculorum flexorum), (Lig.
laciniatum):
, , 3 .
) (Retinaculum musculorum peroneorum superius et
inferius): ,
.
) (Fascia dorsalis pedis): 2 ,
, .
) (Aponeuroris plantaris):
, . .
, ,
3 . 5
.
( 5--68)
) , : ( 5--68)
) , .

.
@ff
6 (Angiology, vascular system)

1. ( 6--1)

,
,
(canal system) . (vascular system)
(circulatory system) , ,
, .
, ,

, .

. , ,
.
2. ( 6--1, 2)
, , 4 .
, , , ,
,
,
, , , .
(systemic circulation) (Circulus sanguinis major, greater
circulation) ,

.
,

 ,
.
, , ,
(V. portae, portal vein)

. (portal
circulation) .
3.
,
,
.
(anastomosis) ,
(communicating branch) ,
, , ,
1mm . ,
( 6--3), (Plexus
arteriosus) . (Vas collaterale)
( 6--4), (Rete mirabile)

(: )
( 6--5)
(end-arteries)
, , , , ,
,
, , , .
2 (Vena comitans) ,
(Vena cutanea, cutaneous vein) .
, .
(Sinus venosus) , 2
.
(Vena emissaria, emissary vein) .
(arterio-venous
nastomosis), ( 6--6)
(Valvula venosa, venous valves)
( 6--7)


. , 2 ,
. .

.
.
, .
. , , , , ,
. ,
.
.
. ,



.

. ,
.
, .
.

.

 (collateral circulation) .

.

, .

(functional end-artery) (: , )
4. ( 6--8, 9)
, 3 . (Tunica intima)
, , (Endothelium)
. (Tunica media) ,
. (Tunica externa)
, .
3 .
.
1) (Arteria, artery)
) (Arteriole): 0.5mm--20() ,
(Lamina elastica interna) ,
.
.
) : 1cm--0.5mm .
.
. (Lamina
elastica externa) . .
) : , 1cm ,
, .
(fenestrated membrane) .
() ,
.
2) (Vena, vein)

. 3 .
( 1cm ) ,
, . , ,
, . ,
,
. .
.
,
,

. ,
, .
3) (Vas capillare, blood capillary)

( 6--10).
, .
4) (Vasa vasorum; )


. ( 1mm )
.
, .
5)
.
6) (Vagina vasorum)
,
.

5. (Liquor sanguinis, blood)

,
7--8% .
(blood poasma)
(fibrin) (blood coagulation)

.
1) (blood plasma)
, . , ,
, .
55% , 45% . 1.030 ,
1.060 .
,
, (immune bodies) (antitoxines)
. .
2) (formed elements of blood) ( 6--11)
, .
a) (erythrocytes): ,

, ,
. 7.74(), 1.9() ,
1^356 146 134 134^ 540 +- 80 , 480
+- 60 . 1--2()
(megalocytes or macrocytes) (microcytes) ,

.
b) (leukocytes)
. , .
1:600 , 1^356 146 134 134^
8,000(6,000--10,000),
15,000--18,000 .
.
(agranulocytes) (granulocytes) .
(lymphocytes) (monocytes) ,
(neutrophil leucocytes),
(eosinophil leucocytes), (basophil leucocytes)
,
(polymorphous nucleus)
(polymorphonuclear leucocytes) .
(differential count) .
57--67%
1--3%
1%
25--33%
3--7%
.
c) (thrombocytes, blood platelets):

, .
(megakaryocytes) . 1^356
146 134 134^ 15--45 , .
@ff

I. (Cor, heart)
1. ( 6--12, 13, 14)
. ,
(hollow organ) (middle mediastinum)
(pericardium) .

 : 12cm, 8--9cm,
6cm , 280--340gm, 230--280gm .
(Basis cordis, base) ,
. (Apex cordis, apex) ,
, (Incisura apicis cordis) . (Axis cordi
s)
, 5
. (Facies diaphragmatica),
, (Facies sternocostalis),
.
(Sulcus coronarius, coronary
groove) , ,
, .
, .
(Septum interatriale) , (Septu
m
interventriculare) ,
(Septum atrioventriculare)
.
(Pars muscularis),
(Pars membranacea) , ,
.
.
,
2--3 . (Auricula,
auricle) .

,
, .
.
2. (Ostia, orifice) (Valves)
, ,
, 2 .
, ,
(Ostia arteriosa, arterial orifices) , (Ostium trunci pulm
onalis,
pulmonary orifice) (Ostium aortae, aortic orifice) .
(Ostia atrioventricularia, atrioventricular orifice)
,
.

( 6--18). (Valvae atrioventriculares,
atrioventricular valves) , ,
.
(Valva
tricuspidalis, tricuspid valve) ,

(Valva bicuspidalis, bicuspid valve) (Valva mitralis, mitr

al
valve) .
, (Chordae
tendinae) (Mm. papillares, papillary muscles) .
(Valva trunci pulmonalis), (Valva
aortae) , (Valvulae semilunares, semilunar valves)
, 3
. , (Noduli valvularum
semilunarium) , (Lunulae valvularum
semuilunarium) .

 (Bulbus aortae, aortic bulb)

(Bulbus trunci pulmonalis, pulmonary bulb) ,
(Sinus aortae, aortic sinus) (Sinus trunci pulmonalis,
pulmonary sinus) .
3.
1) (Atrium dextrum, right atrium) ( 6--16)
. 2mm ,
57cc . (Autrcula dextra, right auricle)
, (Mm.
pectinati) . (Ostium venae cavae
superioris) , (Ostium venae cavae inferioris)
,
(Sinus coronarius) . (Septum
interatriale) , (Fossa ovalis) ,
(Foramen ovale) ,
(Limbus fossae ovalis) .

(Crista terminalis) ,
(Sulcus terminalis) ,
(Sinus venarum cavarum) .
(Valvulae venae cavae
inferioris) , (Valvulae sinus coronarii,
coronary valves) .
3--4 , (Foramina
venarum minimarum) .
2) (Ventriculus dexter, right ventricle) ( 6--16)
, 1/3
85cc .
(Conus arteriosus) , 3
(Valva trunci pulmonalis) .
(Ostium atrioventriculare dextrum)
(Valva atrioventricularis dextra) (Valva tricuspidalis)
,
1--2 .
,
(Crista supraventricularis) .
(Trabeculae carneae) ,
20 3 (papillary nuscles) ,
.
(Trabecula septomarginalis) ,
, moderator band .
3) (Atrium sinistrum, left atrium) ( 6--17)
, .
(Auricula sinistra) , 2

.
(Valvula foraminis
ovalis) (Falx septi) .
4) (Ventriculus sinister, left ventricle) ( 6--17)
, .
, 3 .
3 (Valva
aortae, aortic valve) ( 6--18). (Ostium
atrioventriculare sinistrum) (Valva atrioventricularis sinistra)

.
2 , .
5) ( 6--19)
2/3 , 1/3 .

 .
) : 3 3
.
) : 5 , 8--10cm
.
) : 3 .
) : 3 .
) : 5 3
.
) : , 3 4
.
, .
,
, (4
4 ). ,
.
4.
3 .
1) (Epicardium)
, (serous
membrane).
2) (Endocardium)

, .
3) (Myocardium)
, .
(atrioventricular bundle) ,
(Anuli fibrosi, fibrous rings) .
(skeleton of
heart) . .
,
(Trigonum fibrosa) . ,
.
5. (Conducting system of heart) ( 6--20)
,

.
, , .
1) (Nodus sinuatrialis, sinuatrial or S-A node, Keith-Flack node)

, .
(pacemaker) .
2) (Nodus atrioventricularis, atrioventricular or A-V node, Tawara's
node)
,
.
.
3) (Fasciculus atrioventricularis, atrioventricular bundle, His' bundle)
.

2 (crus) ,
.
4) Purkinje
Purkinje ,
.
,
.
.

6. (Pcricardium) ( 6--21)
, 2 .
(Pericardium serosum), (Mesothelium)
, (visceral layer) (Epicardium)

( 6--14, 21).

(parietal pericardium) (Pericardium
fibrosum, fibrous pericardium) .
(Cavum pericardii, pericardial cavity) , ,

(pericardial fluid) .
. 2
3cm , ,
, (Sinus transversus
pericardii) .
(Sinus obliquus pericardii) ,
. ,
, (Ligg.
sternopericardiaca, sternopericardial ligaments) 5--6
, ,
, .
7.
.
.
,
. ,
.
8. ( 6--22, 23, 24)
A.
.
1) (A. cornaria sinistra, left coronary artery)
2 . , (Ramus
interventricularis anterior) , (Ramus
circumflexus, marginal branch)

.
2) (A. coronaria dextra, right coronary artery)

(Ramus interventricularis posterior)

. ,
.
(end artery) (thrombosis)
.
B.
.
.
1) (V. cordis magna, great cardiac vein)
,
. (Sinus coronarius, coronary
sinus) ,

,
.
2) (V. cordis parva, small cardiac vein)

 .
3) (V. cordis media, middle cardiac vein)
.
4) (Vv. cordis anteriores, anterior cardiac veins)
3--4, .
5) (Vv. cordis minimae, smallest cardiac veins)
3--4 ,
.
6) (V. plsterior ventriculi sinistri, posterior vein of left ventric
le)
,
.
7) (V. obliqua atrii sinistri, oblique vein of left atrium, Marsha
ll)
(ligaments of left vena
cava) , .
C.
,
, .
II. (Circulus sanguinis minor, lesser circulation)
(pulmonary circulation) .

,
, ( 6--25, 26)

1. () (Truncus pulmonalis, pulmonary artery or trunk)

,
4
.
(Sinus trunci pumonalis) .
1) (A. pulmonalis dextra)
2--3
3
.
2) (A. pulmonalis sinistra)
2
.
3) (Lig. arteriosum)

, (Ductus
arteriosus) .
,
.
2. (Venae pulmonales, pulmonary veins)
2 ,
.
1) (V. pulmonalis dextra, right pulmonary vein)

.
2) (V. pulmonalis sinistra, left pulmonary vein)
, .

.
III. (Circulus sanguinis major)
(systemic circulation) ,
,

 .
,
1. (Arteriae, arteries)
1. (Aorta) ( 6--27)
, (Aorta) .
2--3cm
(), 2
4
() , (),
4 2 , .
.
.

2. (Aorta ascendens, ascending aorta) ( 6--27)
, 2
(Truncus brachiocephalicus, brachiocephalic trunk)
(innominate artery) . (Bulbus aorta
e)
(Sinus aortae) .
.
(A. coronaria sinistra et dextra)
( ).
3. (Arcus aortae, aortic arch) ( 6--27)
, 4
. ,
. ,

.
4--5cm
.

. , 2 .
.

4. (A. carotis communis, common carotid artery) ( 6--27)
.
.
.
, ,
, ,
(Vagina carotica, carotid sheath) .

.
1cm
(Sinus caroticus, carotid sinus) ,

(Glomus caroticum, carotid body) .

(presso-receptor), (chemo-receptor).
5. (A. carotis externa, external carotid artery) ( 6--29)
.
2 .
.
(1)
(2)
(3)

(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
1) (A. thyroidea superior thyroid artery)

.
2) (A. pharyngea ascendens, ascending pharyngeal artery)

, .
3) (A. lingualis, lingual artery)

.
4) (A.facialis, facial artery)

,
, .
( )
(1) (A. palatina ascendens)
(2) (A. submentalis)
(3) (A. labialis inferior)
(4) (A. labialis superior)
(5) (A. angularis)
5) (A. occipitalis, occipital artery)

, .
6) (A. Auricularis posterior, posterior auricular artery)
,
, .
7) (A. temporalis superficialis, superficial temporal artery)
2 ,
,
, , .
8) ()(A. maxillaris, internal maxillary artery) ( 6--30)
2 ,
,
, .
.
a) (A. tympanica anterior): .
b) (A. alveolaris inferior):
,
. (A. mentalis)

.
c) (A. meningea media, middle meningeal artery)
(foramen spinosum) ,
. (epidural
hemorrhage) .
d) (A. masseterica): ,

(Aa. temperales profundae), (Rr. pterygoidei) .

e) (A. buccalis):

.
f) (A. alveolaris superior posterior):

2--3 .
g) (A. infraorbitalis):

 , ,
. 2--3 (Aa. alveolares
superiores anteriores) .
h) (A. palatina descendens):
, . 2--3
(Aa. palatinae minores)
, (A. palatina major)
.
i) (A. sphenopalatina):
.
6. (A. carotis interna, internal carotid artery) ( 6--31)
, , .
, ,
.
.

(Sinus cavernosus, cavernous
sinus) ,
.
.
,
.
, .
.
( )
) ,
(Rami caroticotympanici), .
1) (A. aphthalmica, ophthalmic artery) ( 6--32)

,
, , .
( )
a) (A. centralis retinae):
.
b) (A. supraorbitalis):
.
c) (A. frontalis):
.
.
2) (Aa. cerebri, cerebral arteries) ( 6--33)
a) (A. cerebri anterior, anterior cerebral artery):

, ,
.
b) (A. communicans anterior, anterior communicating artery):

c) (A. cerebri media, middle cerebral artery):
,
.
.
d) (A. communicans posterior, posterior communicating artery):
,
.
e) (Circulus arteriosus cerebri, arterial circle of Willis) ( 6-33,
34): ,
. , , , ,
,
.


.
7. (A. subclavia, subclavian artery) ( 6--27, 36)
, , , .
, .
1
,
.
( )
1) (A. vertebralis, vertebral artery) ( 6--31, 33)
6 5
6
.
(Pons) (A. basilaris, basilar artery)

, (Aa. cerebri posteriores, posterior

cerebral arteries) . ,
. (A. spinalis anterior et posterior, anterior and poste
rior
spinal arteries) .
2) (A. thoracica interna, internal thoracic artery) ( 6--39)

, 1cm ,
6--7 (A. musculophrenica) (A.
epigastrica superior) . , ,

(Rami intercostales anteriores, anterior intercostal branches)

.
.


. .
3) (Truncus thyrocervicalis, thyrocervical trunk)

.
a) (A. thyroidea inferior):

, , , , (A.
laryngea inferior) (N. recurrens) .
b) (A. suprascapularis):

, .
c) (A. transversa colli):
(R. superficialis; A. cervicalis
superficialis) , (R. profundus;
A. scapularis descendens)
.
4) (Truncus costocervicalis, costocervical trunk): 1

(A. intercostalis suprema) 1--2

, (A. cervicalis profunda)
.
8. (A. axillaris, axillary artery) ( 6--36)
, 1
.
.
, , , , 4 ,
, , . ,

, , .
(A. circumflexa humeri posterior, posterior humeral circumf
lex
artery) .
.
.
( )
*
1) (A. thoracoacromialis)
, ,
.
2) (A. thoracica lateralis)

.
*
(A. subscapularis) ,
(A. thoracodorsalis)
, (A.
circumflexa scapulae) .
*
(A. circumflexa humeri anterior et posterior)

, , .
9. (A. brachialis, brachial artery) ( 6--36)
, ,

,
.
, .
( )
1) (A. profunda brachii)
,
(A. collateralis radiali
s)
, .
2) (A. collateralis ulnaris superior)
,
.
3) (A. collateralis ulnaris inferior)
.
4) (Rete articulare cubiti)
.
3 .
10. (A. radialis, radial artery) ( 6--36)
2 ,
. .

2/3 ,

.
(anatomical snuff box) 1 2
.
* : 1
, .
( )
1) (A. recurrens radialis)
.

2) (R. carpeus dorsalis et palmaris)

.
3) (A. princeps pollicis)

() .
4) (R. palmaris superficialis)
(Arcus palmaris
superficialis) .
5) (R. palmaris profundus)

.
11. (A. ulnaris, ulnar artery) ( 6--36)

, , ,

,
.
( )
1) (A. recurrens ulnaris)
.
2) (A. interossea communis)

.
a) (A. interossea posterior):

,
(A. interossea recurrens) .
b) (A. interossea anterior):

,
.
(A. mediana) .
(Arcus palmaris superficialis)
,
( 6--37) 3
(Aa. digitales palmares communes) 2
(Aa. digitales palmares propriae) 2--5

.
(Arcus palmaris profundus) ,
( 6--37) 3
(Aa. metacarpeae palmares) (R.
perforans) ,
.
(Rete carpi dorsale):
. 3
(Aa. metacarpeae dorsales)
2 (Aa. digitales dorsales) 2--5

. .
12.(Aorts thoracica, thoracic aorta) ( 6--38)
, 4 12
.
.
.
A. (Rami viscerales, visceral branches)
1) (Rami pericardiaci, pericardial branches)
.

2) (Rami bronchiales, bronchial arteries)

.
3) (Rami oesophagei, esophageal arteries) .
4) (Rami mediastinales, mediastinal branches) .
B. (Rami parietales, parietal branches)
1) ()(Aa. intercostales posteriores, posterior intercostal) ( 6-39)
,
3--11 , .
,
. .
2) (A. subcoatalis, subcostal artery)
12 .
3) (A. phrenica superior, superior phrenic artery)
.
13. (Aorta abdominalis, abdominal) ( 6--40)
4
. .
, , , , ,
( ) .
, ,
(terminal branches) .
, , , ( )

, ().
.

. 3
, .
.
,
.

.
A. (Rr. viscerales, visceral branches)
* ( 6--41)
(, )
3 , ,
.
1) (Truncus celiacus, celiac artery)
, , , ,

7--20mm ( 1.25cm) , 3( 3
(celiac tripod) ) .
a) (A. gastrica sinistra):

.
b) (A. hepatica communis): 3 . (A.
gastrica dextra) ,
. (A. hepatica propria)
,
. . (A. gastroduodenalis)
(Aa. pancreaticoduodenales superiores)
,
(A. gastroepiploica dextra) .
c) (A. lienalis):

. (A. gastroepiploica sinistra)

.
((Aa. gastricae breves)) .
.
2) (A. mesenterica superior, superior mesenteric artery)
, 1 ,
. ,
3--4 , ,
. (A. pancreaticoduodenalis
inferior) . 12--15
(Aa. intestinales) (Aa. jejunales) (Aa. ilei),
(A. ileocolica) (A. colica dextra et media)

, (A. appendicularis)

.
3) (A. mesenterica inferior mesenteric artery)
3--4cm , , S
, , . (A.
colicasinisstra), S (Aa. sigmoideae) (A. rectalis
superior) .

, 2--4
. ,
,
.
*
, , ( ) ,
.
4) (A. suprarenalis media, middle suprarenal artery)
.
.
5) (A. renalis, renal artery)
1--2
2--3 , (R. suprarenalis
inferior) . .
6) (A. testicularis, testicular artery: (A. ovarica, o
varian
artery)) ( 6--42)
,
.
,
(Lig. latum uteri)

, .
,
.
B.
1) (A. phrenica inferior, inferior phrenic artery)
(A. suprarenali

s
superior) .
2) (Aa. lumbales, lumbar arteries)
4 , 1--4 ,
.
3) (A. sacralis mediana, middle sacral artery)
, 5
. .
(Glomus cossygeum) ,

(arteriovenous shunt) .
14. (A. iliaca communis, common iliac artery)
4
.
( 6--27).
15. (A. iliaca interna, internal iliac or hypogastric artery) (
6--27).
, , ,
. ,
.
A. (Rami vixcerales)
.
1) (A. umbilicalis, umbilical artery)
, .
, (Lig.
umbilicale laterale, lateral umbilical ligament)
.
2) (A. vesicalis inferior, inferior vesical artery)
, , ,
.
3) (A. ductus deferentis) ()
.
4) (A. uterina) () ( 6--42, 7--141)
.
, , . .
5) (A. rectalis media, middle rectal artery)
, ,
.
6) (A. pudenda interna, internal pudendal artery)

() (Fascia
obturatoria) ((A. rectal
is
inferior)), , , , ,
, , , , .
B. (Rami parietales)
1) (A. iliolumbalis, iliolumbar artery)
.
2) (A. obturatoria, obturator artery)
,
,
.
3) (A. obturatoria, obturator artery)
,
, ,
.
, (A. epigastrica inferior)

, (Corona mortis) ,
( 6--43).
4) (A. glutea superior et inferor, superior and inferior gluteal
artery)
,
.
16. (A. iliaca externa, external iliac artery) ( 6--44)


.
( )
1) (A. epigastrica inferior, inferior epigastic artery)

.
. ,
, .
2) (A. circumflexa ilium profunda, deep iliac circumflex artery)
.
17. (A. femoralis, femoral artery) ( 6--44)

.
.
, ,
( 5--55)
( )
1) (A. epigastrica superficialis, superficial epigastric artery)
(A. circumflexa ilium superficialis, superficial iliac circumflex
artery)
, ,
.
(Aa. pudendae externae, external pundendal pundendal arteries)
, , , .
2) (A. profunda femoris, deep femoral artery)
3--5cm
, .
a) (A. circumflexa femoris medialis, medial femoral circumflex
artery):
, .
b) (A. circumflexa femoris lateralis, lateral femoral circumfl
ex
artery):
, .
c) (Aa. perforantes, perforating arteries):3--4

, .
3) (A.genus descendens, descending genicular artety)
.
18. (A. poplitea, popliteal artery) ( 6--44)

. (A. genus superior mediali
s
et lateralis), (A. genus media), (A. genus inferior mediali
s et
lateralis) , (Rete articula
re
genus) , .

(Rete patellae) .
19. (A. tibialis anterior, anterior tibial artery)

, ( 6--44)
( )
1) (A. recurrens tibialis anterior et posterior)
.
2) (A. malleolaris anterior lateralis), (A. malleolaris an

terior
medialis)
(Rete malleolare mediale et laterale) .
3) (A. dorsalis pedis)
(A. tarsea lateralis)
(Aa. tarseae mediales), (A. arcuata)
(Aa. metatarseae dorsales), (Aa. digitales dorsales)
(Rete dorsalis pedis(B.N.A.)) , ,
1
(Ramus plantaris profundus) .
.
20. (A. tibialis posterior, posterior tibial artery)
2 ,

( 6--44)
( )
1) (A. peronea, peroneal artery)
3cm
(Rete malleolare mediale et laterale)

(Rete calcaneum) .
,
,
. .
2) (A. plamtaris medialis, medial plantar artery) ( 6--45)
, 1
.
3) (A. plantaris lateralis, lateral plantar artery) ( 6--45)
5 ,
(Arcus plantaris, plantar arch) ,
(Aa. metatarseae plantares)
(Aa. digitales plantares propriae)
.
2. (Venae, veins)
3 , (1)
, (2) ,
.
.
.
,
(deep vein) (superficial vein) .
, ,
, (V. comitans) .
.
,
(cutaneous vein) ,

, .
(variateon) .

, ,
.

.
2mm , ,
, , , ,
, .

I.
(P 257--258 ).
II. (V. cava superior, superior vena cava) ( 6--46)
, , , ,

1
,
3 .
, . 2cm ,
.
1. (Vv. brachiocephalicae, brachiocephalic veins) ( 6--46, 47, 48)
,
. ( 6--7cm)
, (3.5--4.0cm) .
( )
1)(V. thyroidea inferior)
, , ,
.
2)(V. vertebralis), (V. thoracica interna), (V.
intercoxtalis suprema)
.
2. (V. jugularis interna, internal jugular vein) ( 6--46, 47, 48)
, .
, ,

.
.

, (Bulbus venae jugularis superior et
inferior) .
( )
*
1) (V. thyroidea superior)
.
2) (V. lingualis)
.
3) (V. facialis)
, (V. angularis)

.
4) (V. retromandibularis)
.
,
.
* (V. temporalis superficialis):

.
* (Plexus peterygoideus):
(Vv. maxillares) ,
, , .

.
3. ( 6--35, 47, 48)
,
. ,
.
1) (V. emissaria, emissary vein)

 ,
. , , , , , ,

.
2) (Vv. diploicae, diploic veins)
( (diploe)
) .
. , , .
3) (Vv. meningeae, meningeal veins)
.
.
4) (Sinus durae matris) ( 6--48, 50, 51)
2 ,
, .
(Vv. cerebri, veins of brain)

.

.

. .

a) (Sinus sagittalis superior, superior sagittal sinus):

, ,
( ) .

,
.
(Granulationes arachnoideales, arachnoid granulations, Pacchionian
bodies) .
b) (Sinus sagittalis inferior, inferior sagittal sinus):

.
c) (Sinus rectus, straight sinus):
(V. crrebri magna) ,
.
d) (Sinus transversus, transverse sinus): ,
(Confluens sinuum, confluens of sinuses)
,
.
. S (Sinus sigmoideus,
sigmoid sinus) , .
.
e) (Sinus occipitalis, occipital sinus):
.

f) (Sinus cavernosus, cavernous sinus):

, ,
. ,
(V. ophthalmica superior)
.
(Sinus intercavernosus) ( 6--48, 49)
g) (Sinus petrosus superior, superior petrosal sinus):
, S
.
h) (Sinus petrosus inferior, inferior petrosal sinus):

,
.

i) (Plexus basilaris, basilar plexus):(Clivus)

.
j) (Vv. cerebri)
.
(V.
cerebri magna(Galen)) .
(Vv. cerebelli superiores et inferiores) ,

(Vv. cerebri superiores et inferiores), (V.

cerebri media superficialis), (Vv. cerebri internae) ,

, ,
.
,
.

, .
. ,

, .
6--35(P 270) .
4. (V. subclavia, subclavian vein) ( 6--46, 48, 54)

.
.
( )
1) (V. jugularis externa, external jugular vern) ( 6--46, 47, 48)
,
.
. (platysma)
.
( )
.
a) (V. auricularis posterior)
b) (V. occipitalis)
c) (V. jugularis anterior):
,
. , (Arcus venosus
juguli) . ,
(V. mediana colli) .
d) (V. suprascapularis)
e) (Vv. transversae colli)
2) (V. scapularis dorsalis)
(P.N.A.)
5. ( 6--46, 52)
.
1)
,
(V. axillaris), (V. brachialis), (V.
radialis) (V. ulnaris) .
2) ( 6--52)
.
3 .
a) (V. cephalica):

.
b) (V. basilica):
.
c) (V. mediana antebrachii):
,
(V. mediana cubiti) .
6. ( 6--46, 54, 55)
.
,

. , .
1) (V. azygos) ( 6--54, 55, 56)
1--2 ,
3 4
.
2) (V. hemiazygos)
4--5
9 . 2--5
(V. hemiazygos accessoria) 8
. .

,
.

.
.
7. ( 6--56)
.
1) (Plexus venosi vertebrales externi)
,
.
2) (Plexus venosi vertebrales interni)
,
. (Sinus
vertebrales longitudinales dextra et sinistra, B.N.A)
(Vv. basivertebrales) .
3) (Vv. spinales externae anteriores et posteriores)
(Vv.
spinales internae) (V. intervertebralis)

.
Batson
.

.
III.(V. cava inferior, inferior vena cava) ( 6--46)
, ,

5


. .
(:) , ,

.
.
1.

1) (Vv. lumbales)
4 , .
(V.lumbalis ascendens) ,
.
2)(Vv. phrenicae inferiores)
.
2.
1) (Vv. suprarenales)
, .
2) (Vv. renales)
, ,
.
.
3) (V. testicularis) (V. ovarica)
, ,

. (Plexus pampiniformis)
.
4) (Vv. hepaticae)

.
5) (V. portae) ( 6--57)

, (sinusoid)

.
,
,
.
2 , 3 ,
(V. lienalis, lienal vein), (V. mesenterica superior, superior
mesenteric vein), (V. mesenterica inferior, inferior mesenteric vei
n)
.
, .
.
3. (V. iliaca communis, common iliac veiv) ( 6--46)
,
, .
(V. sacralis mediana) (V.
iliolumbalis) .
.
, .
4. (V. iliaca interna, internal iliac vein) ( 6--46)
,
, .
( )
A.
.
1) (Vv. gluteae superiores)
2) (Vv. gluteae inferiores)
3) (Vv. obturatoriae)
4) (Vv. sacrales laterales):
(Plexus venosus sacralis) .
B.

 .
1) (Plexus venosus rectalis): (V. rectalis media)
(V. rectalis inferior) ,
, , ( ) .

.
(hemorrhoid) .
2) (Plexus venosus vesicalis)
3) (Plexus pudendalis, B.N.A.)
, ,
(V. dorsalis penis profunda,
P.N.A.) (V. dorsalis clitoridis profunda, P.N.A), (V
v.
profundae penis) (Vv. profundae clitoridis), ()(Vv.
scrotales (sive ladiales) postriores) .
4) (Plexus venosus uterinus), (Plexus venosus vaginalis)
, (Vv. uterinae)
.
5. (Vv. iliaca externa, external iliac vein) ( 6--46)
.
.
, .
, .
.
1) (V. epigastrica inferior) ( 6--58)

.
(V. thoracoepigastrica)
, Medusa (Caput
medusae) .
2) (V. cireumflexa ilium profunda)

6.
.
1)
, .
(V. tibialis anterior) (V. tibialis posterio
r)
.
2) ( 6--59)
, .
a) (V. saphena magna):(Arcus venosus dorsalis pedis)
(Malleolus medialis)

, .
b) (V. saphena parva): (Malleolus
lateral) ,
.
(Varicose) .
IV.
.
(1) .
, .
(2) .
(3) , 2 1:50, 1:120,
1:160 .
(4) .

(5) ,
.
(6) ,
.
1. ( 6--61)
(V.
umbilicalis) .
(Ductus venosus, venous duct) ,
, .

. (Foramen ovale)
, .
.
, (Ductus arteriosus, arterial duct)

. (Aa.
umbilicales) , .
2.
. ,
(1) (Fossa ovalis) .

(blue baby) .
(2) (Ligamentum arteriosum) .
(3) (Ligg. umbilicalia
lateralia) .
(4) (Lig. teres hepatis) ,

(Ligamentum venosum) .
V. (Systema lymphaticum, lymphatic system)
1.
. (tissue fluid)
, ,
.
(Vasa capillaria lymphatica, lymph
capillaries) (lymph) , (Vasa lymphatic
a,
lymph vessels) . .
(lymphoid tissue) .
(spleen), (thymus) , (tonsil), ,
(solitary or aggregated
lymph nodule or follicle; :Peyer) ) (adenoid tissue) .

(chyle or lacteal) (chyle

vessel) . .

.
( 6--62)
(Valvula lymphatica) ,
(Plexus lymphaticus) ,
. (:) .

(Nodus lymphaticus, lymph node) ,

,
(Ductus lymphaticus dexter, right lymphatic duct)

( 6--64)

 , , , , , ,
.
2. (Nodus lymphaticus, lymph node) ( 6--63)
, , ,
,
(reticuloendothelial cells) (scavenger cells)

.
(metastasis) ,
.
( 2--30mm),
, , , , ,
( 6--64)
,
(hilus) . (Vasa
afferentia) (Vasa efferentia) 2--3 (

1 ) . (Capsul
a,
capsule) , (trabeculae)
.
(reticular tissue)
(adenoid tissue) . (cortex) 2
(Folliculus lymphaticus, secendary knot or follicle) ,

(ger minal center) .

. (medulla) ,
(medullary cord) .
(lymphatic sinus) ,
(cortical sinus) (medullary sinus) .
, , .
(hemolymphonodes) .
. .
.
3. ( 6--64)
,
.
2 .
, .
1) (Ductus thoracicus, thoracic duct)
2 (Cisterna chyli) (
) 3 .
(Trunci lumbales dexter et sinister, right and left lumbar trunks)
(Truncus intestinalis, intestnial trunk)

.
. 4--5
,
,
((left venous angle)) .
(Truncus jugularis sinister) (Truncus
subclavius sinister) (Truncus bronchomediastinalis sinist
er)
. 3--5mm, 38--45mm
,
.

 .
2) (Ductus lymphaticus dexter, right lymphatic duct)
(Truncus jugularis dexter), (Truncus subclavius
dexter), (Truncus bronchomediastinalis dexter)
, , (right venous
angle) .
,
, 2 .
.
2 .
3) (Pharynx), (Tonsilla, tonsil)

(Lymphonodi cervicales profundi superiores), (tonsillar
node) . ( 6--65)
4) (Upper extremity) (Mamma)
. , ,

.
(Lymphonodi sternales, sternal nodes) ,
(Lymphonodi
infraclaviculares, subclavicular nodes) ( 6--66)
5) (Lung)
(Lymphonodi
bronchopulmonales, bronchopulmonary nodes; )
(Truncus bronchomediastinalis dexter et sinister, right and
lsft
bronchomediastinal trunks) , ,
,
, . , ,
( 6--67)
6) , (Gastrointestinal tract)
,
(mesentery) (omentum) (Trunci
intestinales, intestinal trunk) .
7) (Testis) (Ovary) (Uterus)
,
, (Lymphonodi lumbales, lumbar nodes)
. .

7--141 .
8) (External genitalia) (Lower extremity)
(Lymphonodi inguinales, inguinal
lymph nodes) .
4. (, Lien, spleen) ( 6--68,69)

. ,
, ,
. , .

, 8--11 ,
100--120mm, 60--80mm , ,
.
, , ,
. (Hilus
lienis, hilus) , ( 6--68)
:
, .
(Trabeculae lienis) , .
(Pulpa lienis, splenic pulp) , ,

(white pulp) (red pulp) .

, 0.2--0.7mm (splenic
corpuscles; Malpighi )
( 6--69). ,
(Sinus lienis, splenic sinus)
, , haemosiderin,
(splenocytes) .

, .
@ff
7 (Splanchnologia, Splanchnology)

1.
(viscera) (Organa, organ). , ,
.
.
4 .
(1) (Systema digestorium, digestive system)
(2) (Systema respiratorium, respiratory system)
(3) (Systema urogenitale, urogenital system)
(4) (Glandulae sine ductivus, endocrine organs or glands)
2 ,
,
.
2. (Hollow organs) ( 7--7)
, , , , ,
, , , , , ,
,
, , .
, , , ,

4 .
1) (Tunica mucosa, mucous membrane)

, (Plicae mucosae, mucous folding), (Fossae)
(Foveolae) .
, , .
.
a) (Epithelium): , , , , ,
, ( 7--8)
(Glandula, gland) ,
(Ductus excretorius, excretory duct) ,
.
b) (Lamina propria mucosae): ,
(basement membrane)
(Papillae) (Villi) .
,
, , , ,

, (Folliculi lymphatici, lymphatic

follicles) .
c) (Lamina muscularis mucosae):
.
. .

2) (Tela submucosa):
(Plicae mucosae) .
, , , , (Plex
us
submucosus, Meissner's plexus) .
3) (Tunica muscularis, muscular layer):
(, , , ).
2--3 , , .
.
, , (Plexus myentericus, Auerbach's plexus)
.
4) (Tunica serosa, serous membrane) (Tunica adventitia)
:, , ,

, ,
,
.
, ,
(Lamina parietalis),
(Lamina visceralis) , (serous
cavity) ( 7--9)

, (serous
fluid) .
, , .

, , ,

.
, (Mesenterium, mesentery) .
50--100() ,
. , , 3 ,

,
. ,
, .
(Lig. serosum) . , , 3 .
3
(Coelom) .

.
.
: ,
. , .
(Tunica fibrosa) .
3. (Organa parenchymatosa) ( 7--10)
(Parenchyma)
(Capsula)
(Stroma; ) ( 7--10)
, (Lobus, lobe) (Lobulu
s,
lobule) , .
, , , , , , , .
,
, .
, (goblet cell)
. .
, , .
3 , , 3

( 7--11)
(exocrine glands),
.
(endocrine glands) ,
.
@ff

I. (Systema digestorium, digestive system)

,

( 7--12)
:
:, ,
:
:,
:, ,
, ,
, .
1. (Cavum oris, oral cavity, mouth) ( 7--13, 14, 32)

, .
,
.
(Os) , (Rima oris)
(, Labia oris, lips), (Labium superius et inferius) .
(Commissura labiorum),
(Angulus oris) .
(Philtrum) . (Sulcus
nasolabialis) (Sulcus mentolabialis)
. ,
(Rubor labiorum, Lippenrot) , ( 7--13)

( 7--14)
1) (Vestibulum oris) ( 7--14, 15)

. (, Bucca) .
(Corpus adiposum buccae) . 2
.
.

, (Frenulum labii superioris) (Frenulum lab
ii
inferiors) .
, (Raphe pterygomandibularis)
.
. (
, Gingiva, gum) .
2) (Cavum oris proprium, oral cavity proper) ( 7--14, 15)
,
,
. .
a) (Palatum, palate): , 2/3 (Palatum
durum, hard palate) ,
. 1/3 (Palatum molle, soft palate) ,
. (Velum
palatinum) ,
.
b) (Tunica mucosa oris):

, .
, (Raphe palati) ,
(Papilla incisiva) ,
(Uvula) ( 7--14)
3--4 (Plicae palatinae transversae) .
,
.
(Foveola palatina) , ( 7--16)
,
.
(Frenulum linguae) , (Caruncula
sublingualis) .

(Plica sublingualis) (
7--15)
3) ,

. ,
.
,
.
,
. (Glandulae labiales, labial glands)
(Glandulae buccales, buccal glands) , .

(M. orbicularis oris),

(M. buccinator) .
.
, .
,
.
.
4)
, ( ) .
A) (Glandulae oris sive salivales)
, .
,
, 3, , , . ,
, .
, ,

, . (serous
glands), (mucous glands) (mixed glands) ,
. ,
(salivary
corpuscles) .
a) ( 7--17, 18, 19)
(1) (Glandula parotis, parotid gland) ( 7--17): 3--3.5cm,

4--5cm, 2--2.5cm, 14--28gm ,

.
.
,
. .
(Ductus parotideus, parotid duct) 5--6cm ,

1cm ,
2
(Papilla parotidea) .
. (Glandula parotis

accessoria) , .
.

, .
(2) (Glandula submandibularis, submandibular gland) ( 7--18):
, 2.5--3.5cm, 1.5cm
. .
,
. (Ductus submandibularis, submandibular
duct) 5--6cm ,
.

(Lunula, crescent or demilune)
.
(3) (Glandula sublingualis, sublingual gland) ( 7--18):
,
. ,
3--4cm, 1cm, 1--2gm .
,
.
(Ductus sublingualis major)
, (Ductus sublinguales minores)
.
,
.
3 .
, ,
.
.
( 7--19)
b)
.
(1) (Glandulae labiales): .
(2) (Glandulae buccales): .
(3) (Glandulae molares): 2

(4) (Glandulae palatinae): ,

.
(5) (Glandulae linguales, lingual glands):

.
i) (Glandula lingualis anterior or Blandin or Nuhn's gland):

.
ii) (Glandulae linguales posteriores):
.
iii) (Glandulae linguales laterales, von Ebner's gland):(Papil
lae
vallatae) (Papillae foliatae)

, (taste buds)
.
B) (Dentes, teeth) ( 7--20, 21, 22)
, 1
, (Arcus dentalis superior) (Arcus
dentalis inferior) .
a) ( 7--22)
(Corona dentis), (Apex radici
s

dentis), (Radix dentis),

(Collum dentis) ,
(Cavum dentis) .
(Canalis radicis dentis) ,
.
(Pulpa dentis) ( 7--22)
, , .
.
(1) (Dentinum, dentin): , .
, .

.
(2) (Enamelum,. enamel):
.
.
3--5() (Prismata adamantina)
.
(3) (Cementum, cement):
. , .

, Sharpey
(lacunae) Havers
.
(Periodontium) .
.
. (
,
Gingiva) .
(4) (Pulpa dentis): .
1 ,
(odontoblasts) , ,

2--3
.
b) ( 7--23)
. 6--8
(Dentes decidui, deciduous teeth) (milk teeth) , 20
. 7 (Dentes permanentes,
permanent teeth) , 32 .
(dental
formula) .
.
:
i) 1(6--8 )
ii) 2(7--12 )
iii) 1 (12--16 )
iv) (15--20 )
v) (20--30 )
:
i) 1 (6--7 )
ii) 1(7--8 )
iii) 2(8--9 )
iv) 1(9--11 )
v) (11--13 )
vi) 2(11--15 )
vii) 2 (13--16 )
viii) 3 (17--40 )
.
(1) (Dentes incisivi, incisors):
.

 .
(2) (Dentes canini, canine teeth):
.
. eye teeth, stomach
teeth .
(3) (Dentes premolares, premolars or bicuspid teeth):
, (Tubercula
coronae dentis) .
. 2
.
(4) (Dentes molares, molar teeth): ( 1 ),
. 4
1 5 . 2 ,
3
1
. 3 (Dentes serotinus, wisdom
tooth) , 2--3 .

. 1
2 , 2 4 , 1 4--5 , 2
5 . 3 , 2
.
C) (Lingua, tongue)
A) ( 7--24)
7cm, 4.5cm, 2.2cm
,
,
.
.
(Corpus linguae), (Apex linguae),

(Radix linguae) , . (Dorsum

linguae) , (Sulcus medianus linguae) ,

V (Sulcus terminalis) .
(Foramen cecum linguae) .
(Ductus thyroglossus) .
, (Frenulum
linguae) .
(Caruncula sublingualis) .
(Plica fimbriata) ,
.
b) ( 7--25, 26)
, .
,
.
(1) (Papillae linguales) ( 7--25, 26): 4 ,

. 2
.
i) (Papillae filiformes):(0.7--3.0mm)
(2).
.
ii) (Papillae fungiformes): (0.5--1.5m
m)
. .
2 ,
. (taste
buds) . 2 (
7--26)

iii) (Papillae vallatae): 8--15

.
( 1.0--2.0mm, 0.5--1.0mm),
.
Ebner ,
.
iv) (Papillae foliatae): ( 7--26)
( 2--5mm), (Regio foliata) .
,
. ,
(2) (Tonsilla lingualis, lingual tonsil):
,
(Folliculi linguales) , ,
.
.
c)
, (Aponeurosis
linguae) .
(Septum linguae) .
d) (Mm. linguae) ( 7--27, 28)
.

.
(1) (extrinsic tongue muscles) ( 7--27)
i) (M. genioglossus): ,
, .
, .
ii) (M. hyoglossus): , ,
.
iii) (M. chondroglossus):
.
.
iv) (M. styloglossus):
.
(2) (intrinsic tongue muscles) ( 7--28)
i) (M. longitudinalis superior):

.
ii) (M. longitudinalis inferior):

.
iii) (M. transversus linguae):
.
iv) (M. verticalis linguae): ,
.
:
.
, . 3
. ,

. .
2. (Fauces) ( 7--30)
1)
(Velum
palatinum) , ,
(Uvula) .
(Arcus palatoglossus, glossopalatine arch) (Arcus
palatopharyngeus, pharyngopalatine arch) .

. (Sinus tonsillaris) ,
,
(Fossa supratonsillaris) , 2(branchial
pouch) ( 7--24)
.
2) (Mm, palati et faucium)
5 .
) (M. levator veli palatini)
) (M. tensor veli palatini)
) (M. uvulae)
) (M. palatoglossus)
) (M. palatopharyngeus)
. ,

.

.
3) (Tonsilla palatina, palatine tonsil) ( 7--31, 34)

.
(, Fossulae tonsillares).
,
(Cryptae tonsillares) ,
.
,
(salivary corpuscles) .
3. (pharynx) ( 7--32, 33, 36)

, (Cavum pharyngis) .
, 6 ,
12cm .
.
1)
(Pars nasalis), (Pars oralis), (Pars laryngea) 3
,
.
a) (Pars nasalis, Epipharynx, nasal part):
(Fornix pharyngis) .
(Tonsilla pharyngea)
(, Tonsilla tubaria).

(Bursa pharyngea) .
(adenoids) ,
. (Ostium pharyngeum
tubae auditivae, pharyngeal orifice) , 3
.
(Torus tubarius) , .
(Plica salpingopalatina) .
(Torus levatorius) .
(Plica salpingopharyngea)
. (Recessus pharyngeus)
.

.
(Tonsilla, tonsil) .

.

.

 . 7--31
. , ,
3 .
, (tonsillar ring of
Waldeyer) ( 7--34)

.
,
.
.
b) (Pars oralis, Mesopharynx oral part): 2 ,
(Arcus
palato-pharyngeus),
.
c) (Pars laryngea, Hypopharynx, laryngeal part):
, , ,

(Recessus piriformis) ,
.
6 .
2)
, 3 .
(1) :
. .
,
. (Glandulae
pharyngeae) .
2cm
(Fascia pharyngobasilaris) .
(2) : . 6 ,
2 .
i) :
) (M. constrictor pharyngis superior): (M.
cephalopharyngeus)
) (M. constrictor pharyngis medius): (M.
hyopharyngeus)
) (M. constrictor pharyngis inferior): (M.
laryngopharyngeus)
3 ,
(Raphe pharyngis)
, 3
.
, .
ii)
) (M. stylopharyngeus)
) (M. palatopharyngeus)
) (M. salpingopharyngeus)
, . .
(3) : , 3 (Fascia
pharyngis) (Fascia buccopharyngea) .
. ,
.
4. (Esophagus) ( 7--37, 38)
1)
23--25cm ,
. 6 ,
,
11
. .

 , 3 .
( 7--36):

.
.

, .

. , 3
.
1) 6 , 2) 4--5
, 3) 11 .
.
(incisor) 15cm, 25cm, 40cm
.
2) ( 7--39)
, .
(1) :

.
,
.
.
,
.
.
(Glandulae esophageae) , , ,

. ,
.
(2) :
.
.
(M. bronchoesophageus), (M. pleuroesophageus)
.
(3) :
, .
5. (Ventriculus, Gaster, stomach)

. ,
(Chymus, chyme) ,
.
1) ( 7--12, 40, 41, 42)
11 (Cardia) ,
1 (Pylorus)
.
2 2 (Curvatura ventriculi minor),

(Curvatura ventriculi major) . (Omentum

minus) (Omentum majus) , .
.
(Cardia): , (Antrum
cardiacum) .
(Corpus ventriculi, body of stomach): ,
.
(Fundus ventriculi, fundus): ,
, .
(Pars pylorica, pyloric portion):
, (Antrum

pyloricum) .
(Pylorus):
(Ostium pyloricum) .
(M. sphincter pylori) , B.N.A
(Valvula pylori) .

,
.
14cm, 35cm,
3.5cm , 1l ,
.
X-
, siphon , .
, ,
( 7--41, 42)
.
.
: ( 5/6) (Regio epigastrica) (Regio
hypochondrica sinistra) , .
5 ,
10 , 3
. 11 7
1 .
:
.
, .

, , ,
(Bursa omentalis) .
2) ( 7--43, 44, 45, 46, 51)
, , .
(1) : (Plica
mucosae) ,
.
3--4
(gastric canal; X- gastric relief )
, .
2--3mm , (Areae gastricae) .
(Foveolae gastricae) .
(Plicae villosae)
. ,
(Valvulae pylori;B.N.A.) .

,
.
(gastric glands) .
.
.
. 3 .
i) (Glandulae gastricae propriae): (fundic glands)
. , ,

. 2, 3
. (pepsinogen) (chie
f
cell), (mucous neck cell),
(parietal cell) , serotonin (enterochromaf
fin
cell) .
ii) (Glandulae phloricae, pyloric gland):

,
.
.

, .
iii) (cardiac gland): ,
.
(2) : 3 .
(Stratum longitudinale, longitudinal layer) ,

,
.
(Stratum circulare, circular layer) 3
, (M. sphincter pylori)
(Ostium pyloricum)
. (Fibrae obliquae, oblique fibers)
, .
(3) : ,
. .

.
6. (Intestinum tenue, small intestine or bowel)
1) ( 7--2, 5, 12)
, 6.5--7.5m ,
. (chyme)
, ,
(mesentery) 2 .
, ,
.
.
,
.
2 .
A) (Duodenum)
C , 4--6cm, 25--30cm , 12
(12 24--25cm
).
,
, .
, 3 , 3 ,
.
(Pars superior, superior part): 1
5cm ,
(Flexura duodeni superior)
.
(Pars descendens, descending part): 2 (7--10cm)
, , 3--4

(Flexura duodeni inferior)

.
(Pars inferior, inferior part): . (Pars
horizontalis;P.N.A. 5--7.5cm)
2 (Flexura duodenojejunalis)
. ,
.
, (M.
suspensorus duodeni)
.

 (Plicae
circulares) . ,
(Plica longitudinalis duodeni) ,
(Papilla duodeni major)
. 2--3cm
(Papilla duodeni minor) .
B) (Intestinum tenue mesenteriale), (Jejunum) (Ileum)
(Mesenterium, mesentery) ,
( 2) ()
. 2 ,
, 15cm . (Radix
mesenterii) .
6--7m ,
. ,
, .
(Jejunum) (Ileum) . 2/5,
3/5 .
,
. , 2.7cm,
2.5cm . (Plicae
cir-culares) .

.
(Folliculi lymphatici aggregati,; Peyer
)
.
Peyer , .
50-80cm Meckel
(Diverticulum ilei, Meckel's deverticle) , (Duc
tus
vitellointestinalis, omphaloenteric duct) .
2) ( 7--47, 48, 49, 50, 51)
, , 3 .
(1) :

, (Villi intestinales) .

, , ,
.
. , ,
. ,
(microvilli) .
.
(central lacteal of the villus) .
,
(Folliculi lymphatici solitarii) .

8*5--100*20mm
. ( 20--30 )
( ),

(abdominal tonsil) .
(Glandullae intestinales,
Lieberkuhn's gland) (Cryptae intestinales) .
Paneth serotonin
(argentaffin cell)
(enterochromaffin cell) .
.
, 2 .

 .
(Glandulae duodenales, duodenal or Brunner's gland)

, .
. , .
(2) : ,
.
(3) : ,
.
7. (Intestinum crassum, large intestine)
1) ( 7--2, 3, 4 12)
, ,
.
, ( 1.6--1.7m) ( 7.5c
m
).
.
, , 3 .
A) (Cecum) ( 7--52)
, (Mesocecum) ,
, 5--6cm .
(Appendix vermiformis; ) .
6.5cm(2--20cm), 0.5--1cm ,
, ,

. , (Ostium appendicis
vermiformis) (Valvula processus vermiformis; P.N.A.
) . , (Folliculi
lymphatici aggregati appendicis vermiformis) .
, Richter-Monro (
) 4.5--5cm( 2 )
, McBurney .

, .

.
(Ostium ileocecale) , (Valva ileocecalis, Bauhin
's
valve) . , (Frenulum valvae
ileocecalis) .
.
,
,
.
B) (Colon)
( 20cm), ( 50cm), (

25cm), S ( 45cm) .
(1) (Colon ascendens, ascending colon):
, , (Flexura coli
dextra) .
.
(2) (Colon transversum, transverse colon):
,
,
(Flexura coli sinistra)
.
,
, ,

. .
(3) (Colon descendens, descending colon):
S .
.
(4) S (Colon sigmoideum, sigmoid colon): ,
, S
(promontory) .
S ,
, .
, .
3 (Tenia coli) .
, , (Tenia
omentalis) , (Omentum) .

(Tenia mesocolica) . (Tenia libera)

. 3
, (Plicae semilunares coli),
(Haustra coli) .
3 .
,
(Appendices epiploicae) .
C) (Rectum)
S (Anus) , 20cm .
, , .
, .
(Flexura sacralis)
,
(Flexura perinealis) .
, .
( 2cm) ,
(Ampulla recti, rectal ampulla)
.
, (Zona hemorrhoidalis) ,
.
5--8 , (Columnae anales) .
(Sinus
anales) ,
3 ,
(Plicae transversales recti) .
, Kohlrausch , 3 .
2) ( 7--51, 53, 54)
(1) : ,
. .
(goblet cells) , .

,
. ,

. ,
, .

Paneth .

,
. ( 7--55)
(2) : 2 ,
.
(M. sphincter ani internus) ,
, (M. sphincter ani

externus) .
3
. ,
.
(3) : ,
, , (Adventitia)
.
, ,

. (apocrine gland)
(sweat gland) (Glandulae circumanales) .

,
,

. ,
(central lacteals)
.
,
, ,
.
(myogenic movement)
(Plexus entericus) .
, .
(unmyelinated nerve fiber), (Plexus
subserosus) , (Plexus submucosus)
(Plexus myentericus) .
8. (Hepar, liver)
1) ( 7--1, 2, 3, 4, 56, 57, 58, 59)

.
, ,
. , ,
, .
heparin . ,

20cm, 15cm, 7cm , 1.2kg .

, , .
1/18
1/36 . , ,
, 1.050 .
, .
. 9--10 ,

2--3cm .
.
4 .
7--10
3 .
(Lobus dexter, right lobe) (Lobus sinister,
left lobe; 1/6) (
), (Lig. falciforme hepatis),
(Fissura ligamenti venosi) (Fissura ligamenti teretis)
.
(Facies diaphragmatica),
, 5 .
.
, .

 (Pars affixa, B.N.A)

(Area nuda) , 15cm
(Sulcus venae cavae) .
2--3cm . .
(Facies visceralis)
. ,
H .
.
:--, , .
:--
--
:--
--
(Porta hepatis) (A. hepatica), (V. portae)

(Ductus hepatici) .
3 (hepatic triad): .
, ()(Capsula fibrosa
perivascularis, fibrous or Glisson's capsule) .
, .
( ),
, (Fillura lig. teretis)

(Lig. teres hepatis)

.
(Fissura lig. venosi) ,
.
(Fossa vesicae
felleae), .
(Sulcus venae cavae)
.
, (Lobus quadratus, quadrate lobe)
, (Lobus caudatus, caudate lobe)
.
(Processus papillaris) , (Process
us
caudatus) .
.
(Tuber omentale) .
( 7--55, 56)
(Impressio colica): .
(Impressio colica): ,
.
(Impressio renalis) (Impressio suprarenalis):
.
(Impressio gastrica): .
(Impressio esophagea): ,
.
(Margo
inferior) . ,
, .

(Incisura ligamenti teretis)

.
: 5 .
i) (Lig. falciforme hepatis)
ii) (Lig. coronarium hepatis)
iii) (Lig. triangulare dextrum)
iv) (Lig. triangulare sinistrum)
v) (Lig. teres hepatis)

i)--iv) ( ), v)
.
(Lig. hepatogastricum),
(Lig. hepatoduodenale) ( ).
: .
i) , ,
ii) ,
iii) .
(Tunica fibrosa):
. ,
(Tunica serosa) .
: , ,
.
3 (hepatic triad)
(Segmentum anterius et
posterius), (Segmentum mediale et laterale)
4
, 7--60 .
2) ( 7--61, 62, 63, 64)
,
,
.
(Lobuli hepatis) .
,
1mm, 2mm .
Glisson () (; )
.
, 3 ( 7--58, 59)
(1) : .
:(A. hepatica), 2

(A. interlobularis)
(V. interlobularis) (Ductulus interlobulari
s,
interlobular bile duct) .
: , , , ,
2 (V.
interlobularis) (hepatic cell cords)
(V. centralis) .

(lattice fibers) .

, .

Kupffer (stellate cell or Kupffer's cell) ( 7--64)

, (V.
sublobularis) , 2--3 (Vv. hepaticae)
.
(2) (hepatic cell):

, .
(hepatic cell cords or trabeculae) .
, 15--35() .
1--2 (nucleolus)
. , , ,

.
(3) (bile duct): (bile juice) ,

()(bile canalicules)


2 .
.
(Ductuli interlobularis)
, , (Ductuli
biliferi) (Ductus hepaticus)
(Ductus hepaticus communis) .
.
3) ( 7--65)
(1) (excretory apparatus of liver): (Ductus hepaticus
communis; 3cm) (Ductus cysticus; 3--4cm)
(Ductus choledochus; 7cm)

(Papilla duodeni major) .
(2) (Vesica fellea, gallbladder):(Fel, Bilis, bile juice)

1/20--1/30 ,
7--10cm, 2.5cm, 30--35cc .
,
. 8--9
4--5cm .
,
. (Fundus vesicae felleae), (Corpus vesicae felleae) (Coll
um
vesicae felleae) 3 . , , ,
.
(3) :
.
,
(Plica spiralis) , .
,
,
(Glandulae mucosae biliosae) .
, ,
(Ampulla hepatopancreatica) (M.
sphincter ampullae hepatopancreaticae, M. sphincter ampullae, Oddi's sphincter)

. .
9. (Pancreas)
, (Bauchspeicheldruse)
, belly sweetbread .
, (pancreatic juice) (),

()
1) ( 7--5, 66)
.
, 14--16cm , 3--5cm,
80--90gm , , , .
(Caput pancreatis) ,

, (Processus uncinatus, Winslow's

process) . (Incisura pancreatis)

, , .
(Corpus pancreatis)
(Cauda pancreatis) , .
3 . ,
,
. ,

 ,
,
(Tuber omentale) . .
1--2 .
2/3 .
.
. (Lig. gastrocolicum)
.
) (Ductus pancreaticus, pancreatic duct proper)
,
.
(Ductus pancreaticus accessorius, accessory pancreatic duct)
, .
) (Pancreas accessorium): .
.
2
,
. 2 .
2) ( 7--67)
, .
.
. .
: , .
, , eosin
, (zymogen granules) .
, .

.
, (centro-acinous
cells) (canaliculi) .
, .
,
(amylopsin, steapsin, trypsin ), , .
: 100--200() Langerhans (Langerhan's
island) .
, ,
100(20--200) . .
.
. ,
.
, ,
:
(A. pancreaticoduodenalis puperior; , Truncus celiacus)
(A. hepaticae ), (A. pancreaticoduodenalis inferior
;
(A. mesenterica superior) ), (A. lienalis) (Rr.
pancreatici).
:(Vv. pancreaticae), (Vv. pancreaticoduode-nales)
.
:(Lymphonodi pancreaticoduodenales),
(Lymphonodi mesocolici), (Lymphonodi gastrici sinistri).
(N. splanchnicus major)
(Plexus hepaticus) (Plexus mesentericus
superior) .
10. (Peritoneum) ( 7--68, 69, 70, 71)
1)
(Cavum abdominis) (Cavum pelvis)
, (Peritoneum
parietale) (Peritoneum viscerale) .

 , (Cavum peritonei)
, (Liquor peritonei)
.

.

.

2
(Mesenterium, mesentery) (Mesenterium commune) .
.
, , , , , S , , ,

,
, (intraperitoneal organs) . , ,
, , , , , ,

(half-intraperitoneal organs) .
, , , , ,
(retroperitoneal organs) ( 7--70).
, .
,
,
.
7--68, 69 .
.
2) ( 7--71)
(Mesenterium dorsale)
(Mesenterium ventrale)
, .

, 2
. .
) .
) .
) ,
,
.
) , , , , S
.
) 2 .

.
,
(Mesogastrium ventrale(
)), (Mesogastrium dorsale), (Mesenterium),
(Meso-colon), (Mesorectum) , ,
.
3)
( 7--67, 68)
a)
3 .
(1) (Plica umbilicalis mediana):
(Lig. umbilicale medianum, Chorda urachii) .
(2) (Plica umbilicalis medialis):
, (Lig. umbilicale laterale)

.
(3) (Plica umbilicalis lateralis):, ,


.
(Fossa
supravesicalis),
(Fossa inguinalis medialis),
(Fossa inguinalis lateralis;
) , .

(Plica ductus deferentis) ,

(Plica lig. teretis uteri) .

b)

,

.
(1) (Mesogastrium ventrale; I.N.A)
i) (Lig. falciforme hepatis; (Meso-hepatium
ventrale)): ,
, 2 .
, (Lig. ter
es
hepatis) .
ii) (Lig. coronarium hepatis):

, 15cm (Area nuda, bare area)

, (Lig. triangulare
sinistrum) (Lig. tria-ngulare dextrum) .
iii) (Omentum minus, lesser omentum):
90
, .

,
, (Bursa omentalis) .
2 , ,

. .
(Lig.
hepatoduodenale) , (Glisson's sheath) ,
, .
,
(Lig. gastrophrenicum) .
(2) (Mesogastrium dorsale): 2

,
, .
i) (Omentum majus, greater omentum) ( 7--1, 72):
, ,
, 4 .
2 2 .
.
, ,

.
,
.
(spontaneous cure)
(abdominal policemen) .

, ,

 .
ii) (Lig. gastrocolicum)
iii) (Lig. gastrolienale)
iv) (Lig. gastrophrenicum) .
(3) (Mesenterium, mesentery proper): ,
.
2 15--16cm , (Radix
mesenterii) ( 7--73)
. 6--7m ,
20cm . 2 ,
(Lamina mesenterii propria; B.N.A) .
.
(4) (Mesoappendix):
.
(5) (Mesocolon):
((Mesenterium dorsale commune)) ,
,
(Mesocolon transversum), S (Mesocolon sigmoideum) 2
, S .
(6) (Mesorectum, B.N.A):
2--3 .
.
) (Recessus peritonei) ( 7--74)
,
.
(1) (Bursa omentalis, omental bursa, lesser sac):
, ,
. (Foramen epiploicum,
Winslow's foramen) , .
, .
(Vestibulum bursae
ome-ntalis) , ,
. (Recessus omentalis
superior), (Recessus omentalis
inferior), (Recessus lienalis) .

, , .
(Plicae gastropancreaticae) .
(2) (Recessus duodenalis superior et inferior):

,
(Plica duodenalis superior et inferior) .
(3) (Recessus ileocecalis superior et inferior):

, (Plicae
cecales vasculares) (Plica ileocecalis) .
(4) (Recessus retrocecalis):
. .
(5) (Sulci paracolici): .
(6) S (Recessus intersigmoideus):S .
c) ( 7--75, 76)
,
, .
(1) (Plica vesicalis transversa):
.
(2) (Plica rectovesicalis):

, (Excavatio
rectovesicalis) .
(3) (Plica rectouterina):


, Douglas. .
(Excavatio vesicouterina) .
. Douglas. , 5--6cm ,
.
(4) (Lig. suspensorium ovarii): .
(5) (Lig. latum uteri):
, ,
(Lig. ovarii proprium), (Lig. teres uteri) .

,
.
(Mesosalpinx), (Mesometrium),
(Mesovarium) .
(Parametrium), , ,

(Paracolpium; I.N.A), (Paracystium

;
I.N.A), (Paraproctium; I.N.A) . ,

.

, (Spatium retropubicum) ,
(Spatium retroperitoneale)
.
4)
,
, .
,
. ,
, ,
. (milk spots) ,
.
, , , .
II. (Systema respiratorium, respiratory system)
(Apparatus respiratorius, organs of respiration) ,

,
( 7--77)
2 , ,
,
, , .
,
, , .
, ( 7--36)
,
.
, , .
, .
1. (Nasus externus, external nose) ( 7--13)
, , ,
.
(Radix nasi), (Dorsum nsi), (Apex nasi) (Al
a
nasi) , (Nares) .
(Pars mobilis septi nasi) .

, , , .

(Cartilagines nasi, cartilages of nose)

.
i) (Cartilago nasi lateralis, lateral cartilage)
ii) (Cartilago alaris major, greater alar cartilage):
,
, (Crus mediale et laterale) .
iii) (Cartilagines alares minores, lesser alar cartilages)
iv) (Cartilagines nasales accessoriae)
v) (Cartilago vomeronasalis):(Organum vomeronasalis)
.
2. (Cavum nasi, nasal cavity) ( 7--33, 78, 79)
, ,
. ,
.
.
,
.
, (Pars
membranacea), (Pars cartilaginea; ),
(Pars ossea) .
( 7--78) , ,
, , .

, (Processus posterior) . .
(Vestibulum nasi, vestibule) ,
, (Vibrissae) .
, (Limen nasi) .
(Cavum nasi proprium, nasal cavity proper) .
,
.
:, .
( 7--78, 79): 3 ,
. (Concha nasalis superior,
superior nasal concha), (Concha nasalis media, middle nasal concha),
(Concha nasalis inferior, inferior nasal concha) ,

(Meatus nasi superior, superior nasal meatus), (Meatus nas

i
media, middle nasal meatus), (Meatus nasi inferior, inferior nasal meatus)

. (Concha nasalis suprema,

supreme nasal concha) .
(Meatus nasi communis) ,
(Meatus nasopharyngeus) .
(Recessus
sphenoethmoidalis, sphenoethmoidal recess) .
( 7--79) (Bulla
ethmoidalis) , (Hiatus semilunaris) ,
(Infundibulum ethmoidale)
. , (Ductus nasolacrimalis, nasolacrimal duct)
.
3) (Tunica mucosa nasi, mucous layer)
.
.
a) (Regio respiratoria, respiratory region):
, , ,
. (ciliated epithelium) ,

 (goblet cell) ,
(tubuloalveolar gland) , (Glandulae nasales, nasal
glands) , .
.

, (Plexus cavernosus concharum) ,
( Kiesselbach's. ).

, .

.
b) (Regio olfactoria, olfactory region): ,
10 ( 500) .
.
(olfactory mucosa) .
,
3 .
4) (Sinus paranasales, paranasal sinuses) ( 3--74, 7--78, 79)
, ,
. ,

.
a) (Sinus ethmoidalis, ethmoidal sinus):
,
(Cellulae) . , .
b) (Sinus sphenoidalis, sphenoidal sinus):
.
c) (Sinus frontalis, frontal sinus):
.
d) (Sinus maxillaris, maxillary sinus, Antrum of Highmore):
, , .
. 2
.
, (Hiatus semilunaris)

(accessory opening) .
, .

, .
, .
3. (Larynx) ( 7--32, 80)
, .
(Cavum laryngis, laryngeal cavity) , (Cartilagin
es
laryngis, laryngeal cartilages) . ,

(Mm. laryngis) . (Aditus laryngis) ,

.
,
, (
7--35)
,

.
.
.
. .
.
1)

 , .
4--6 , , .
, .

.
,
(Rima glottidis) .
,
2--3 , 1--2 .
. .

M 44mm, F 36mm
M 43mm, F 41mm
M 36mm, F 26mm
M 136mm, F 112mm ,
M 41mm, F 33mm,
21mm .
2)
a) (Cartilagines laryngis, laryngeal cartilages) ( 7--81)
9 , 3 3 ,
(skeleton of larynx) .
(1) (Cartilago thyroidea, thyroid cartilage):
,
, . ,
(Lamina sinistra) (Lamina dextra)
. (Incisura
thyroidea superior) , (Incisura thyroidea inferio
r)
.
,
(Cornu superius) (Cornu inferius) , (Lig.
thyrohyoideum) ,
.
(intrathyroid cartilage)
, .
, .

(M 8.5cm, F 6.5cm)
.
(superior laryngeal artery)
(Foramen thyroideum) .
(2) (Cartilago cricoidea, cricoid cartilage): ,
. ( (signet
ring)) , .

(Arcus cartilaginis cricoideae), (Lam

ina
cartilaginis cricoideae) , .

,
.
(3) (Cartilago arytenoidea, arytenoid cartilage):

, ,
. , ,
.
, (Processus muscularis)
(Processus vocalis, vocal process) . ,

 . (Apex cartilaginis arytenoideae)

, .
(4) (Cartilago corniculata, corniculate cartilage):

.
(5) (Cartilago cuneiformis, cuneiform cartilage):

, .
(6) (Cartilago epiglottica, epiglottic cartilage):

, , ,
(Petiolus epiglottidis) .
.
(Cartilago sesamoidea): ,

. (Cartilago
+triticea) .
, , , ,

.
.
b) (Articulationes et ligamenta laryngis articulations and
ligaments of larynx) ( 7--81, 82, 83)
, ,
.
(Articulatio cricothyroidea, cricothyroid joint):
, (Capsula articularis
cricothyroidea) .
(Articulatio cricoarytenoidea, cricoarytenoid joint):
, (Li
g.
cricoarytenoideum posterius) .
) ( 7--82, 83)
(extrinsic ligaments) (intrinsic ligaments) .
, ,

.
(1)
i) (Membrana thyrohyoidea, thyrohyoid membrane):
, .
(Lig. thyrohyoideum medianum, middle thyrohyoid ligament)
(Lig. thyrohyoideum, lateral thyrohyoid ligament) .
, .
ii) (Lig. hyoepiglotticum):
, (Plica glossoepiglottica, glosso-epiglottic fold)
.
iii) (Lig. cricotracheale): 1

, .
(2)
i) (Membrana fibroelastica laryngis, elastic membrane of
larynx): ,
.
,
(Lig.
ventriculare) .
ii) (Conus elasticus, cricothyroid membrane):(Plica vocalis)
,
, .

 , (Lig. cricothyroideum)

. .
iii) (Lig. vocale, vocal ligament):

,
.
iv) (articular capsule):
, .
v) (Lig. cricoarytenoideum posterius):

.
vi) (Lig. thyroepiglotticum, thyroepiglottic ligament):
.
c) (Mm. laryngis, laryngeal muscles)
2 .
) (extrinsic muscles): ,
,
.
) (intrinsic muscle): ,

, , (coughing)
.
( 7--84)
(1) (M. cricothyroideus): ,
.
(Pars recta) (Pars obliqua) .
(2) (M. cricoarytenoideus posterior):
,
.
(3) (M. cricoarytenoideus lateralis):
,
.
(4) (Mm. arytenoidei):
. (M. arytenoideus transversus) X
(M. arytenoideus obliquus) .
(5) (M. thyroarytenoideus): ,
. 2
, (M. vocalis) ,
.
(M. thyroepiglotticus) .
(6) (M. thyroarytenoideus obliquus):
,
. .
(7) (M. aryepiglotticus): ,
.
( 7--13)
:
:,
:
:
:,
:
:
(N. vagus) , (N.
laryngeus superior), (N. laryngeus recurrens)
(N. laryngeus inferior).
d) (laryngeal mucosa and cavity)
(1) (Aditus laryngis) ( 7--85, 86):
(Plica glossoepiglottica lateralis) ,


(Vallecula epiglottica) .

(Plica aryepiglottica) , .

(Recessus piriformis) .
(Tuberculum cuneiforme) (Tuberculum corniculatum) ,
.

(Incisura interarytenoidea) .
(2) (Cavum laryngis, laryngeal cavity) ( 7--86, 87, 88, 89):
,
, .
(Plica vocalis, inferior or true vocal cord)

, . (Labium vocale, B.N.A) ,

(Rima glottidis) . (Glottis)

, . (Lig. vocale)

(M. vocalis) ,
, .
.
,
(Macula flava) .
(Plica ventricularis, ventricular fold; (superior or false vo
cal
cord)) , .

.
(Rima vestibuli) .
.
3 , (Ves-tibulum
laryngis), , .
, (Ventriculus
laryngis, laryngeal sinus) ,

, , (Sacculus laryngis, laryngeal saccule) .

(Cavum infraglotticum),
.
,
,
( 7--90)
(M 20mm, F 15mm),
9mm .
, .

.
,
.
.
(Glandulae
laryngeae) . .
4. (Trachea) (Bronchi) ( 7--80, 91, 92, 93)
1)
: 10.5(8.5--12.5)cm, 2--2.5cm . 6
,
, 4--5
(Bronchus principalis sinister et dexter) .

(Bifurcatio tracheae) , 70 .
(Carina tracheae) ,
.
, .
, ,
. ,
. .
(V. brachiocephalicus) ,
(Truncus brachiocephalicus), (A. carotis communis)
. .
(Bronchus principalis):
, (Bronchus principalis sinister, left bronchus)
( 5--6cm) ,

2 .
(Bronchus principalis dexter, right bronchus) ( 2--3cm)
,

. ,
. .

, (Cartilagines tracheales; 16--17 )
(Cartilagines bronchiales; whkcmr 9 , 4 ) .
3--4mm ,
4/5--2/3 , 2/3--1/2 .
(Paries membranoceus) ,
, .
(Ligg. anularia) ( 7--93)
2) ( 7--93, 94)
,
. , .
.
, .
, .
(Glandulae tracheales) (Glandulae
bronchiales) , .
,
. (Sputa) .
, , ,
. .
.
(Tunica adventitia) ,
.
, .
5. (Pulmo, lung) ( 70--1, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100)
, ,
.
1)
,
.
(Pulmo sinister, left lung) (Pulmo dexter, right lung)

, .
, , (expiration) (inspiration)
,
. ,
, " " .
( 625g) ,
(

567gm) 8:7 . ,
1/37, 1/43 . (vital capacity)
3,600cc ,
6,500cc . 500cc ,
70 .
,
.
0.6--2.5mm . ,
.
.
, 3 , 3 .
(Apex pulmonis, apex of lung) , 2--3cm
(Cupula pleurae) . ,
(Sulcus a. subclaviae) , .
(Basis pulmonis, base of lung) ,
.
(Facies costalis), .

1 (Impressio costae primae, I.N.A) .

(Facies medialis)
(Impressio cardiaca) , . ,

(Pars vertebralis) , ,

. (Mediastinum) ,
(Pars mediastinalis) .

(Hilus pulmonis, hilum of lung) , , , ,

, ,
.
, (Radix pulmonis, root of lung) .
, ,
, . (Incisura cardiaca pulmonis
sinistri) . .
, .
, 0.6--2.5mm (Lobuli
pulmonis; (Segmenta bronchopulmonalia, P.N.A)),
.
,
(Fissura obliqua) .

(Fissura horizontalis) . 2,

, 3, , .

(Facies interlobares) . ,
(Lingula pulmonis sinistri) .
( 7--99)
: 1 , 1--2(3)cm ,
.
: ,
.
6 , 4 ,
.
: . ,
7 , 9 , 11--12
. 3--4cm .
2) ( 7--101, 102)
, , ,

.
, S
, (R
r.
bronchiales segmentorum) .
0.8--1mm (Bronchioli) ,
0.2--0.4mm 3--6 (Bronchioli respiratorii)

4--8 , (Ductuli alveolares) .

( 10 ) 0.1-0.2mm (Alveoli pulmonis) .

(Bronchi lobares)
(Bronchi segmentales) ,
(Segmenta bronchopulmonalia) ,

(1) (Segmenta bronchopulmonalia): 7--100

.
(2) (Bronchioli, bronchioles): (Bronchioli
terminales, terminal bronchioles) . ,
, . .
,
.
(3) (Bronchioli respiratorii, respiratory bronchioles):

,
.
(4) (Ductuli alveolares, alveolar duct):
,
(Sacculi alveolares, alveolar sacs) ,
.
(Alveoli pulmonis, alveoli) ( 7--102)
(respiratory epithelium),

(pulmonary epithelial cell,

small alveolar cell) (alveola

or
septal cell, great alveolar cell) .

, .
(alveolar septa) 2
. (pores)
.

(dust cell) , , .
.
(5) : , .
, .
.
.
, .
, .
, ,
.
.
@ff
6. (Pleura) ( 7--103)

 .
1) (Pleura pulmonalis, pulmonary pleura)
,
. (Meso
pneumonium) ,
, (Lig. pulmonale) .
2) (Pleura parietalis, parietal pleura)
, .
a) (Pleura mediastinalis, mediastinal pluera):

, . (Pars
peri-cardiaca) .
b) (Pleura costalis, costal pleura):
(Fascia endothoracica) .
c)(Pleura diaphragmatica, diaphragmatic pleura):
.
d) (Cupula pleurae; (cervical pleura)):

. 1
3--4cm 7 ,
.
3) (Cavum pleurae)
, ,
(Liquor pleurae) . ,
.
,

, (Recessus pleuralis, pleural sinus) .

(Recessus
costodiaphragmaticus, costodiaphragmatic sinus) ,
(Recessus costomediastinalis,
costomediastinal sinus) .
,
, .
,
. , ,
.

.
.
(pneumothorax) .
.
7. (Mediastinum) ( 7--104, 105)
, ,
, , ,
.
. (sternal angle) 4
,
.
(Mediastinum superius, superior mediastinum):
, , , ,
, , , , , ,
,
, , .
(Mediastinum anterius):

(pericardiosternal ligament) .
(Medeastinum medeum, middle mediastinum): ,

 , , , , , ,
.
(Mediastinum posterius, posterior mediastinum):,
, , , , ,
.
, .
III. (Systema urogenitale, urogenital system)
(Organa uropoetica)
(Organa genitalia)
, ,
( 7--106, 107)
A. (Organa uropoetica, urinary organs)

, .
, , .
.
1. (Ren, kidney) ( 7--108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113)
, .
1) ( 7--1-6, 107, 108, 109, 110)
(Ren sinister), (Ren dexter) ,
,
(Capsula adiposa) .
( 7--4, 5)
, .
, 12 3
, 1 .
. ,
. .
11.25cm, 5--7.5cm, 2.5cm ,
125--170gm, 115--155gm . ,
. ,
1/240 1/80 .
1 , 2 2 .
, , , , , .
(Hilus renalis) ,

(Sinus renalis) . , , ,

, , , .
7--10 (Papillae renales)
, (Foramina papillaria)
, (Calyces renales;

8 , 2--3 ) (Pelvis renalis;

, ) .
: ,
, .

, , , .
, 11
.
: (extraperitoneal approach)
. (M. sacrospinalis) , 12 1cm
(anterior superior iliac spine) 2.5cm

.
: ,

 .
, (1) , (2)
, (3) (adipose capsule) (paranephric fat body)
.
(renal fascia): ,
, (Capsula adiposa, adipose
capsule) (perirenal fat of Gerota) .
.
.

.
(Trabeculae)
, .
, (paranephric or pararenal fat
body) . ,
(movable kidney) .
2) ( 7--108, 111, 112, 113)
(Capsula fibrosa),
, (Tunica
muscularis) .
(Cortex renis) (Medulla renis) (

7--108)
:
(Segmenta superius), (Segmenta inferius), (Segmenta anterius
superius et inferius) (Segmenta posterius) .
, (Corpuscula renis, renal
corpuscles or Malpighian corpuscles) .
, 8--18
(Pyramides renales) .
, (Columnae
renales) . (Lobi
renales) .
, , .
,
.

((Pars radiata)), , (Pars
convoluta; (renal labyrinth)) .

, (Lobuli renales) .

.
(Papillae renales)
(Ductus papillaris) , (Foramina papillaria)
,
(Area cribrosa) . 15--20
.
,

.
, ,
.
(Primordia) , 2 .
, , , ,
.
, (Corpuscula reni
s,
renal or Malpighian corpuscles) .
,

 ,
. .
.
(1) (Corpuscula renis, renal or Malpighian corpuscle) ( 7--113):

100--200() , (Glomerulus)
(Capsula glomeruli or Bowman's capsule) .
100--300 .
,
. (vascular pole),
(urinary pole) , .
(tuft of non-anastomosing capillaries),
(aggerent arteriole) 2--10
300--500() 50
, 1. (efferent
arteriole) , .
Bowman
. .
(Macula densa)
, (juxtaglomerular
cells) , renin .
(2) (Tubuli renales, renal or uriniferous tubules):

, .
(convoluted tubules) ,
(straight tubules) . 30--38mm ,
.
i) (proximal convoluted tubules):
, 14mm,
( 50()), .
Bowman ,
. , .
(brush border) ,
(parallel rods) (basal striation) .

, .
(Pars recta, straight portion) ,
(Portio conducens), Henle () .
ii) Henle (Henle's loop): , (Crus
descendens, descending limb) 10--15() (
thin portion ) ,
.
( 25())
(Crus ascendens, ascending limb; (thick portion))
,
. ,
. , (basal striation) .
iii) (Pars convoluta, distal convoluted portion: (Pars
intercalata)):Henle , 5mm, 40()
, ,
.
, .

, , .

.

, .
(3) (collecting duct): ,
, 20--22mm . ,


.
25() , (
30--50()), (Ductus papillares, papillary duct)
( 200--300()) (Foramina papillaria) .

.
3)
20%
, 1,700l , 70kg
1,200cc .
. (A.
renalis)
(Aa. interlobares renis) .
, (Aa. arcuatae) .

(Aa. interlobulares)
.
(Vas afferens) (Glomerulus)
(Vas efferens)
(cortical interlobular capillary network ),
(Vv. interlobulares) .

(Venulae stellatae) (Vv.

arcuatae) (Vv. interlobares) .
, ,
(Arteriolae rectae) Henle
, (Venulae rectae)
(V. renalis)
.
.
, 100gm 472cc ,
132cc , 17cc .
.
4)
, , .
.
(horse-shoe-shaped kidney) ( 1/1,000):
.
(lobulated kidney):
.
(movable kidney): , ,

(floating or wandering kidney) ,

( 4--1/5)
: ,
.
2. , ( 7--106, 107)
, , , ,
.
1) (Calyces renales)
, ,
. (Calyces renales majores)
. 12--13(7--20) , 2--3 .
.
2) (Pelvis renalis; )
. ,
.

3) (Ureter)
29--31cm ,
. . (Pars
abdominalis, abdominal portion) ,
,
.
, , ,
.
(Pars pelvina, pelvic portion) 2
. ,
, .

. ,

.
4) ( 7--114)
, , , 3 .
(1) :6--10 , .
,
.
,
. .
(Gll. pelvis renalis), (Gll. mucosae
ureteres) .
(2) : , ,
, (peristalsis) .
.
.
(3) : .
3. (Vesica urinaria, urinary bladder) ( 7--115, 116, 117, 118)
,
. ,
.
, 3.0cm .
, ,
. 800cc , 5/6 .
3--15mm .
1) ( 7--4, 5, 6, 116, 117, 118, 128)
,
,
5cm .
, ,
. .
(Apex vesicae) (Vertex vesicae), (Corpus vesica
e),
(Fundus vesicae), (Cervix vesicae) .
,
. , (Ostium
ureteris) . ,

(Prostata) . (Ostium urethrae
internum, internal urethral orifice) , .

,
, (Ostium ureteris)
. (Trigonum vesicae) ,
(Uvula vesicae) .
(Lig. umbilicale
medianum) , (Urachus) .

 ()(Lig.
umbilicale laterale, Chorda urachi) , .
2) ( 7--119)
(1) (Tunica mucosa): , ,
.
, (GI. trigonales) .

.
.
(2) (Tunica muscularis): , . ,
, 3 .
, .
,
(M. sphincter vesicae) ,
P.N.A , .

. (M. pubovesicalis)
,
(M. rectovesicalis; M), (M. vesicouterinus; F)
. ,
.
(3) (Tunica serosa): ,
, ,
, , .
,
. .
B. (Organa genitalia, genital organs)
, .
, ,
.

.
1) (Organa genitalia masculina, male genital organs)
,
, , , , ,
.
( 7--106,
107)
1. (Testis, Orchis, Didymis) (Epididymis) ( 7--120, 121)
1)
,
, . ,
4--5cm, 2.5cm, 3cm, 10--14gm .
, .
, ,
. , ,
,
. ,
. 2.3gm .
:
(Appendix testis) . (Appendix
epididymis) . ,

(Ductuli aberrantes) .

(Paradidymis).
2) ( 7--122, 123)
, .

 , (Lamina visceralis tunicae

vaginalis testis) (Epiorchium, I.N.A) ,
(Tunica albuginea)
(Tunica vasculosa) .
, (Mediastinum testis)
(Septula testis) .
(Lobuli testis) .
, (Tubuli
seminiferi contorti) (seminiferous epithelium)

. ,

, ,
. 800 , 1
70--80cm, 0.1--0.3mm .
,
(Tubuli seminiferi recti) .
, (Rete testis)
, (Ductuli efferentes testis) .
* (Spermiogenesis) ( 7--123, 124)
, 4--8 .
(germ epithelium) (seminiferous epithelium)
.
(Spermatogonia)
.

, .
, ,
.
, ,
, .
(1) (spermatogonia): ( 10--20()
, .
(2) (spermatocytes): ( 17--19()
, , .
, . (meiotic division)
,
(reduction division) .
(3) (spermatid): ( 9--11()) ,
.
(metamorphosis) ( 7--124)
(4) (sperm): ( ) ,
.
50--70() , 3
( 7--124)
(Caput, head) ( 4--5(),
2--3()), (Galea capitis)
. .
(Pars intermedia) (Collum, neck) (Pars conjunctionis,
connecting piece) . (Collum) ( 0.5(), 1(),
(Nodulus anterior), (Nodulus posterior) (Massa
intermedia) . .
(terminal disc) , (axial fiber) (spiral
fiber) (mitochondria sheath) . (Cauda, tail)
45--66() , . (axial fibers)
, , (end piece) .
(sperma, semen)
,
, , ,
. , . 90%,

 10% , , ,
, , .
1 3--4cc , , ,
1ml 4,000 , 80%
, 60% .
, .
3--21 , 2 .
1 3.6mm , ,
.
.
,
(interstitial cells or Leydig cell) . ,
, .

2 .

11--15
0.4--0.5mm (Ductuli efferentes testis) .

(Lobuli
epididymidis) .

. (Ductus epididymidis) ,
0.5mm . ( 5--6m )
, .
,
.
2 ,
, .

.
.
3) (Descensus testis, descent of testis) ( 7--125)
(Primordium) ,
. .

, ,
.
(Processus vaginalis peritonei) ,

. (Tunica
vaginalis testis) .
( 7--127),
(Retentio
testis) , (Cryptorchism) .
: ,
.
2. ,
1) (Ductus deferens, seminal duct)
,
, (Funiculus spermaticus, spermatic cord)
.
,
.
2 3--7cm (Ampulla ductus
deferentis) ( 7--126)
(Diverticula ampullae) .

 . 30cm
50cm .
2) (Vesicula seminalis, seminal vesicles) ( 7--128)
4--5cm
, .
, (Ductus
excertorius) .
,
.
3) (Ductus ejaculatorius, ejaculatory duct)
2cm .

(Colliculus seminalis) .
4) ,
: , 2
(stereocilia) . .
. ,
.
.
: ,
, . ,
. , .
.
3. ( 7--127)
1) (Funiculus spermaticus, spermatic cord):
,
11.5cm,
0.5cm . (Plexus
pampiniformis) , .
,
. ,
.
2) (Tunicae funiculi spermatici et testis):

(Scrotum) .
(Descensus testis)
, . ,
, (
7--127)
(1) (Tunica vaginalis testis): (Processus vaginalis
peritonei) , (Lamina visceralis) (Epiorchium)
, (Mesorchium) .
(Lamina parietalis) (Periorchium) ,

, (Cavum vaginale) .
.
, (Vestigium
processus vaginalis) ,
.
(2) (Fascia spermatica interna, internal spermatic fascia):

, (Fascia transversus) .
.
. (M.
cremaster internus) .
(3) (M. cremaster):
, .
.
* (Fascia cremasterica): .

(4) (Fascia spermatica externa, external spermatic fascia, Cooper's

fascia): ,
.
(5) (Tunica dartos): ,
.
.
(Septum scroti) ,
.
(6) (Scrotum):, ,
(Gubernaculum testis) .
(Raphe scroti) ,

.
.
, (Pubes) .
4. (Prostata) (Glandula bulbourethralis)
, .
.
1) ( 7--128, 129, 130, 133)
( 2.5cm, 4.0cm, 1.5cm, 15gm),
. (Basis prostatae),
(Apex prostatae) . ,
(
7--129) .
( 7--130)
,
. (Substantia glandularis) ,
.
. .

(Succus prostaticus) ,
, .
(prostate corpuscles) . 1mm
(prostatic calculus or concretion)

.
,
, .
(Ductuli prostatici) , 15--30
. .
2) (Gl. bulbourethralis, Cowper's gland) ( 7--133)
(M. transversus perinei
profundus) (0.5--0.8cm) ,
. ( mm ),
3 . . (Ductus
glandulae bulbourethralis), 4cm ,
.

, , .
.
. .
.
5. (Partes genitales masculinae externae, external male genital
organs)
, .
1) (Penis) ( 7--131, 132)
.


, (Radix penis)
, (Corpus penis) .
(Glans penis) , (Corona glandis),

(Collum glandis) . ,
(Ostium urethrae externum, external urethral orifice) .
,
(Dorsum penis) , (Facies urethralis) .
,
.
( 7--132)
, 3 , 2
1 .
(1) :
. .
(Fascia penis superficialis)

(Tunica dartos) .
(Fascia penis profunda, Buck's fascia) 3
,
. (Preputium)
, , .
(Gll. preputiales)

,
(Smegma preputii) .
36% ,
(Phimosis) , .
(circumcision) ,

.

, (Frenulum preputii) ,
(Raphe penis) ,
.
, ,
,
, .
(2) : (Tunica albuginea)
.
i) (Corpus cavernosum penis):,
. (Crus
penis) .
, , .
, (V. dorsalis penis),
(A. dorsalis penis) (N. dorsalis penis)
.
.
1--2mm (Tunica albuginea corporum
cavernosorum) (Septum penis) ,
2 .
, .
(A. profunda penis) .
(Lig. suspensorium penis)
(Lig. fundiforme penis)
.
ii) (Corpus spongiosum penis):
, (Bulbus penis)


. ,
. (Glans
penis) , . (Fossa
navicularis urethrae) .
(Tunica albuginea corporis spongiosi)
.
(Traveculae)
(Cavernae corporum cavernosotum)
, . (Cavernae corporum
cavernosorum) ,
, (Cavernae corporis spongiosi)
.
, ,
. ,
.
: Corpus cavernosum
Corpus spongiosum , Corpus spongiosum penis
.
(A. pudenda interna) ,
(A. dorsalis penis), (A. profunda penis) (A. bu
lbi
penis) .
(Aa. helicinae) ,

.
, .

.
,
(erection) .

, ,
.
. , .

11.4--20.3cm ,
.
2) (Urethra masculina, male urethra)
.
,
, ,
.
( 7--133)
(Ostium urethrae internum) ,
,
. (Ostium urethrae externum)
. 7.5--20cm .
, , 3 ,
( 7--128, 133)
a) (Pars prostatica, prostatic part):

3cm . (Crista urethralis)

,
(Colliculus seminalis) ,
(Utriculus prostaticus) .
.
.
b) (Pars membranacea):

1.3cm , (M. sphincter urethrae;

) , .
c) (Pars spongiosa, spongy portion):

16cm , .
.
,
, (Fossa navicularis urethrae)
.
(Valvula fossae navicularis) ,
.

,
, .
, .
, , (Glandulae
urethrales, Litter's gland) .
,
.
II) (Organa genitalia feminina, female genital organs)

, , .
, , ( 7--107)
1. (Ovarium, ovary) ( 7--107, 134, 135)
.
1) ( 7--134, 135, 136)
(ovarian fossa) ,

(Bursa ovarica, B.N.A) .

, , , ,
,
, , .
, , .
(grayish-pink), 4cm, 1.2cm,
8mm, 2--3.5gm , , . ,
.
(scar)
, , .
, , (Fxtremitas
tubaria) (Fimbria ovarica) . (Extremitas uterna)

, (Lig. ovarii proprium) .

(Margo mesovaricus) , ,
(Hilus ovarii) .
(Margo liber) .
(Lig. suspensorium ovarii)

(Lig.
ovarii proprium).
: ,

.
: 2 .
1) (Epoophoron; (organ of Rosenmuller)):
, (Ductuli transversi)
(Ductus epoophori longitudinalis) .
(Appendices vesiculosae) .
2) (Paroophoron): , ,


.
2) ( 7--137, 138, 139)
, (Tunica albuginea
ovarii) .
(germinal epithelium)
. ,
,
(Medulla) .
(1) (Cortex): ,
(Folliculi ovarici, ovarian follicle) .
, , .

(Stroma ovarii) .
, (Follicu
li
ovarici primarii, primary or primordial follicles)
(Zona follicularis) .
,
(Folliculi ovarici vesiculosi, Graaf
ian
or vesicular follicle) .

(Corpus luteum) .
(2) (Medulla): ,
,
.
.
(3) (Oogenesis): .
i) (Cellulae folliculi, follicle cells):
(Oogonium) ,
.
(follicular epithelium) , , .
ii) (Folliculus ovarici primarii) 1(primary follicles):

(Oocytos, primary oocytes) ,

.
, (Theca folliculi)
.
iii) (Folliculus oophorus vesiculosus, vesicular or Graafian follicle)
(
7--138):
(2(secondary follicle)), (Liquor folliculi)

.
10--15mm .
(Cumulus oophorus) ,
(Stratum sive membrana granulosum) . .

7--11() (Zona pellucida) ,
, (Corona radiata) .
.
iv) (Ovum): 0.17--0.22mm ,
. 20--25mm .
(Oolemma) , (Vitellus, yolk)
. (Vesicula germinativa)
(Macula germinativa) .
(4)
i) (Ovulatio, ovulation): ,

 .
. 28 ( )
, .
2 .
( ) (Primary oocyte)
1 (Preovum) 2(secondary oocyte)
1 (Polocytos primus, first polar body or first polocyte) , 2

2 2(Polocytos secundus, second

polar body, second polocyte) . 1 2
. 3 ,
. 2
. 24 .
40 , 30
, 400 . (99%)
(Atresia folliculi, follicle atresy)
. , .
.
.
ii) : ,
, (Corpus rubrum)
,
, , (Corpus luteum)
( 7--137, 139)
, .
(Lutein cell), ,
. ,
( 2.0cm) ,
(Corpus luteum verum) (Corpus luteum graviditatis) .
6 .
2 ,
.
2 ( (Corpus luteum spurium))
(Corpus luteum menstruationis) . 6--8
(Corpus albicans) (scar formation) ,
.
(lutein hormone) ,
. (follicle
hormone) , ,
(, ) .
2. (Tuba uterina, Salpinx, uterine tube, oviduct, Fallopian tube)
,
11cm(7--15cm).
1) ( 7--135, 136)
,
(Ostium abdominale tubae uterinae),
(Ostium uterinum
tubae).
,
. (Isthmus), (Ampulla), (Infundibulum)
. , 1/3
( 2--3mm) , , (Pars
uterina) . 2/3 , ( 6--8mm)
. , .
(Fimbriae tubae) ,
(Fimbria ovarica) .
(Mesosalpinx) 2
. , ,

 .
2)
, , .
,
.
(1) : , ,

. ,
.
(2) : .
(3) : .
,
( )
. ,

.
3. (Uterus) ( 7--107, 134--143)
.
1) ( 7--107, 134, 135, 136, 140)
, ,

.
, (Anteversio),
(Anteflexio). ,
, 7.0--7.5cm, 4.3--5.0cm, 2.5--3.0cm, 30--40gm
.
(Facies vesicalis), (Facies intestinalis)

, (Margo uteri sinister et dexter) .

(Corpus uteri) ,
(Fundus uteri) , .
(Cervix uteri) ,
(Isthmus uteri; (internal os) ) .
(Portio supr-avaginalis) (Portio vaginalis) ,

(Labium anterius et posterius) ,

(Ostium uterim external os) .

(Cavum uteri) , ,
6cm . ,
.
(Canalis isthmi uteri, I.N.A) .

(Canalis cervicis uteri) ,

, (Plicae palmata
e,
Arbor vitae uterina) .
,
.
:
) (Lig.
latum uteri; Plica lata uteri) .
)
(Lig. teres uteri; Chorda uteroinguimalis).
)
(Lig. ovarii proprium; Chorda uteroovarica) .
, .
(Gubernaculum testis),

 .
) (M. vesicouterinus) (M. rectouterinus),
(Lig. uterosacrale),

(Lig. transversum cervicis) .

.
, .
: ,
. 14--19cm ,
. 2cm
. ,
.
: 3 ,
. 4 , 6
, 9 , 10
.
2) ( 7--141, 142, 143)
, . , 3

.
(1) (Endometrium): 1.5--2.0mm ,
. ,

, , .
.
, (Glandulae uterinae) (Glandulae cervicales
uteri) 2 . , .
. ,
. .
, Naboth
.
(2) (Myometrium): , ,
3 ,
.
,
.
(3) (Perimetrium):
.
.
(Parametrium) , , .
(4) ( 7--141):
, ( 6--42) , ,

.
(5) ( 7--142, 143): 28
, , , ,
.
i) (intermenstrual period): 7
, (functional layer), (basal
layer) .
ii) (premenstrual period): 7 ,

.
.
. .
iii) (menstrual period):2--5 ,
. .
iv) (postmenstrual period): 10,

 13--15, 45--50,
. .
.
7--143 .
( 7--144)

(Decidua) (Placenta) .
, .
10 .
.
4. (Vagina)
.
1) ( 7--134, 135, 136, 145)
, , . ,
.
.
(Fornix vaginae) , ,
.
( 7--140) ,
90 .
7.5cm 6cm .
(Ostium vaginae) ,
, , , .
. ,
(Caruncular hymenales) .
1
.
(Atresia
hymenalis) , ,
.
2)
, 3 .
(1) : , .
(Rugae vaginales) ,
. (Columna rugarum anterior et
posterior) . ,
(Carina urethralis vaginae) .

. , .
(2) : ,
, .
(3) : ,
. , .
, ,
.
, .
(erectile tissue): .
, .
5. (Partes genitales femininae externae, external female genital
organs)
.
1) (Pudendum femininum) ( 7--145, 146, 149)
.
, (Rima
pudendi) . ,
(Vestibulum vaginae) ,
.
.

(1) (Labium majus pudendi): ,

, , ,

. (Commissura labiorum anterior et

posterior) .
, .
(Mons
pubis) , (Pubes) .
(2) (Labium minus pudendi): ,
, (Clitoris) 2
. (Preputium clitoridis) ,

(Frenulum clitoridis) .
.
, .
, ,
.
(Smegma preputii) .
(3) (Clitoris): , (erectile
structure) , .
, 3--4cm , (Preputium
clitoridis) , (Glans
clitoridis) . (Corpus clitoridis) ,

(Corpus cavernosum clitoridis dexter et sinister) .

(Crus clitoridis) .

(Lig. suspensorium clitoridis) . (Lig. fundif

orme
clitoridis) .
, , .
(4) (Bulbus vestibuli) ( 7-146):

, 2 , (M.
Bulbospongiosus) . 3.0--3.5cm, 0.8--1.0cm
, .
, .
(5) (Glandulae vestibulares)
i) (Glandula vestibularis major, Bartholin's gland):
, ,
. 2cm
. ,
.
(Fossa vestibuli vaginae) ,
.
ii) (Glandulae vestibulares minores): ,

.
2) (Urethra feminina, female urethra)
,
, .

(Ostium urethrae internum) ,
(Ostium urethrae externum)
. 3--4cm .

, (Glandulae
urethrales) . ,

 (M. sphincter urethrae)

. .
III) (Perineum)
1. (Perineum) ( 7--147, 148, 149)
,
, .
, 5.0--6.0cm .
, 2.4--3.0cm .
(Raphe perinei) ,
.
(Diaphragma urogenitale, urogenital diaphragm)
(Diaphragma pelvis, pelvic diaphragm) ,
, ,
. ,
2 ( 7--147)
(urogenital trigon) , ,

, (anal trigon) , .
(obstetrical perineum) .
,
.
2. (Mm. perinei) ( 7--148, 149)
,
.
1) (Diaphragma pelvis) ( 7--150, 151, 152)
(M. levator ani) (M. coccygeus)
(Fascia diaphragmatis pelvis superior et inferior)

, , .
(M. sphincter ani externus)
.
(1) (M. levator ani):

,
, ,
. .
,
.
(2) (M. coccygeus): ,
.
(3) (M. sphincter ani externus):

,
.
2) (Diaphragma urogenitale) ( 7--151, 152)
, (M. sphincter urethrae)
(M. Transversus perinei profundus) (Fascia
diaphragmatis urogenitalis superior et inferior) .

, , .
(1) (M. sphincter urethrae):
, .
, ,
. ,
, .
(2)(M. transversus perinei profundus):
,

 .
.
(3) (M. transversus perinei superficialis):
,
,
.
(4) (M. ischiocavernosus):
.
.
.
(5) (M. bulbospongiosus):

, .

. ,
(M. sphincter vestibuli)

.
(Plexus pudendus) ,
(N. pudendus)
.
(Centrum tendineum perinei, perineal center):,
,
, 8
. . 2cm
, .
, .
@ff
7
IV. (Glandulae sine ductibus, Organa endocrina, endocrine glands)
,
, (correlation)
.
, , , ,
( 7--153), , ,

.
,
(target organ) ,
.
,
( 7--154)
, , , ,
,
, Langerhans, ,

.
(neurosecretion) , acetylcholin,
norepinephrin (Nucleus paraventricularis), (Nuclus
paraventricularis) (Nucleus supraopticus)

. (Placenta), (juxtaglomerul
ar
cell), (enterochromaffin cell) .
, ,
, , , , ,
.
, ,
(ultimobranchial body) (Recessus viscerales)

(pharyngeal pouches) (Organa

viscerales) (branchiogenous organs) ( 7--155)
1. (Thymus) ( 7--156, 157)
1) ( 7--156)
3, 4 , , .

, .
(Lobus sinister) (Lobus dexter) ,
,
.
, .
, 5--6cm, 3--4cm,
1--1.4cm, 12--15gm . 2--3
(25--28gm) , 30--40gm ,
. 15--16 ,
60 10--15gm .
(age involution) . (starvation),
(accidential involution)
. (Myasthenia gravis),
. neck sweetbread .
2) ( 7--157)
, .

0.5--2mm (Lobuli thymi) .
(Tractus centralis, central stalk) ,
(Medulla) .
,
(reticulum cell; (epitheloid cells))

, , .
,
,
(thymic or Hassall's corpuscles) .
5 ,
30--100() .
.
. .
.
,
, .
: , (
) . (plasma cell), (myelocyte)
.
, ,
.
, ,
(Status thymicolymphaticus) ,
, , .
, , .

,
,
.
(Glandula thyroidea, thyroid gland) ( 7--158, 159)
1) ( 7--158)
,
.
(Lobus sinister), (Lobus dexter) (Isthmus
glandulae thyroideae) .

 , , 3--4
, .
, ( 4--5cm,
3cm, 2cm)
30gm(25--45gm), .
.
, .
, (Lobus
pyramidalis; 72% ) .
(Ductus thyroglossus) (Glandulae
thyroideae accessoriae) .
2) ( 7--159)
(Capsula fibrosa)
(Lobuli glandulae thyroideae) , 50-100() (Folliculi glandulae thyroideae)
, .
,
. (colloid
substance) .
,
, .
: thyroid hormone(thyroxine, triiodothyronine )

, , ,
. ,
, (cretinism) ,

(myxedema; , , ,
) . , Basedow(, ,
,
) .
thyroxine
(simple goiter or endemic goiter) ,
.
thyroxine , .
, .
, 50
10 ,
. thyroxine
thyrocalcitonin) .
3. (Glandulae parathyroideae, parathyroid gland) (
7--160, 161)
1) ( 7--160)
3--4 ,
.
4 , ,
6mm, 3--4mm, 0.5--2mm ,
0.05--0.3gm .
(Gl. parathyroidea superior)

.
(Gl. parathyroidea inferior)
, .
4 (4 51.9%, 3
33.0%, 5--6 33%)
.
.
2) ( 7--161)
( ), ,

 ,
.
2 , (principal cells) (chromopho
be
cells) (oxyphilic cells) (chromophilic cells)

. ,

, .
, .
,
.
, (1)
, . (2) 4.5--7
, . (3) , (Folliculi)

1 ,
.
: ,
. ,
. ,
.
.
(rickets) , (Uremia)
(Nephritis) .
4. (Glandula suprarenalis, suprarenal or adrenal gland; ) (
7--162, 163)
Nebenniere() ,
.
2 ,
, ,
, .
(:) .
(interrenal organ) ,

(suprarenal organ) . ,
, .
,
.
1) ( 7--109, 162)

(retroperitoneal adipose tissue) .

11, 12 , 1/2 .
, ,
, .
,
.
, , ,
.
. . , 5.5
*
3.0cm, 0.4--0.6cm 6.0--7.5gm , .
.
2) ( 7--163)
(1) (Capsule): .
(2) (Cortex):
. (Stroma) .


15(), lipoid .
3 .
i) (Zona glomerulosa):
.
ii) (Zona fasciculata):
.
iii) (Zona reticularis): ,

, (Zona pigmentosa)
. .

. (Glandulae suprarenales accessoriae) .
.
(3) (Medulla): ,
.
.
. (medullary cell) (chromaffin cell)

, .
.
: , (electrolyte) ,
, ,
, 30 steroid .

(mineralocorticoid; deoxycorticost erone, aldostero

ne
) , , ,
(glucocorticoid; cortisone, cortisol ) .
(epinephrine)
(norepinephrine) , (cardi
ac
output), ,
.
.
,
.
10 .
(Paraganglia, Organa chromaffina, chromaffin system)
(chromaffin system) ,

(Paraganglia) .

, organs of Zuckerkandl (Corpora paraaortica)

,
, , , .
(chromic acid),
(csmic acid) .
.
,
.
5. (Hypophysis, Glandula pituitaria, pituitary gland) ( 7--164, 165)
,
9 ,
(conductor of endocrine glands, master gland or executive
department) .
2
( 7--166, 168)
1) ( 7--164, 165)

 (Fossa hypophysialis)
, (Diaphragma sellae) 5mm
. 1cm,
1.2--1.5cm, 0.5cm, 0.5--0.7gm .
, .
X 10.5mm, 8.1mm, 12--15mm ,
.
2 . (Lobus anterior)
(Adenohypophysis) (Lobus glandularis) ,
( )
, Rathke ,
. .
(Pars infundibularis; , , )
.
(Lobus posterior) (Neurohypophysis) ,

, (Lobus nervosus) ,
(Tuber cinereum) (median eminence)
(Infundibulum), (infundibular stalk), (infundibular process)
.
,
,
(hypophyseal stalk) .
2) ( 7--164)

.
,
.
a) ( 7--164, 166)
20--100() ,
.
.
.
(chromophobe cell)
(principal cell) (chromophilic cell)
.
(acidophilic cell ^4 1^-cell) (basophilic
cell
^4 12^-cell) .
: 2p ,
.
. .

.
ribonucleoprotein .
.
^4 1^- (growth hormone, somatotropin)
(prolactin, mammotropin, lactogenic hormone, LTH),
^4 12^- (thyrotropic hormone, TSH), (folli
cle
stimulating hormone, FSH), (luteinizing hormone, LH)
(interstitial cell stimulating hormone, ICSH)

.
.
.
( 7--166)
(1) (growth hormone): ,
(Gigantism)
,

(Acromegaly) .
(2) (follicle stimulating hormone,
FSH): , (seminiferous tubule)
.
(3) (luteinizing hormone, LH) (interstiti
al
cell stimulating hormone, ICSH):
.
(4) (lactogenic hormone, prolactin, LTH) :
.
(5) (adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH,
corticotropin):, glucocorticoid
s
.
(6) (thyrotropic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH,
thyrotropin): .
(7) ,
.

(target organ) .
melanocyte stimulating hormone) .
melanin .
b) ( 7--164, 167)
(neuroglia)
(pituicytes) , , 10
( ),

.
, ,
Bielschowsky and Hortega .
,
. , chrome
alum-hematoxylin
, Herring .
(hypothalamohypophyseal tract)
. 2 , oxytocin vasopressin
.
oxytocin , (milk
ejection reflex) (myoepithelial cells)
( 7--167) vasopressin
,
.
(Diabetes insipidus) .
(hypiophyseal portal system):
. 2
, .
,
.
()(hypophyseal portal system) .
,
. .
6. (Corpus pineale, Epiphysis, pineal body)
3 ,
.
1) ( 8--66)
(Splenium corporis callosi) , (Tectum mesencephali)
,
, ,
5--8mm, 3--5mm ,

0.2--0.3gm .
2) ( 7--169)
.
(pinealocyte or epithelial cell of pineal body)

. .
. 6--7 ,
14 ,
, (Acervulus cerebri, Corpora arenacea, brain sand) ,
, X-
. (Corpora
amylacea) .
: .
,
(sexual precocity) .
() (photoreceptor)

, (parietal eye) .
melatonin
(generation cycle)
. (neuroendocrine function)
,
.
@ff
8 (Neurologia, Neurology)

(Systema nervosum, nervous system)

.
, ,
,
, ,
, ( 8--2)
, ,
.
.
, (Coelenterata)
. ,
,
, (neural control)
.
.
1.
(Systema nervosum centrale, central nervous
system) (Systema nervosum periphericum, peripheral nervous
system) ( 8--1)
(Encephalon, brain) (Medulla spinalis, spinal cord)
,
.
,
.
( 8--1)
(efferent or motor
nerves) (afferent or sensory nerves) ,
(somatic organs) (visceral
organs) , (cerebrospinal nervous system)
(autonomic nervous system) .
(cranial nerves) (spinal nerves) ,

(sympathetic nerves) (parasym pathetic nerves)

, (antagonistic funetion)
.
(animal nervous system)
(vegetatine nervous system) .
, ,
, , .
, , , , , ,

, . ,
.
,
.
2.
(neuron) (neuroglia) ,
(neuroepithelium) (mesodermal
origin) (microglia cells) (ectoderma
l
origin)
, , ,
.
1) (neuron) ( 8--3, 6)
14(villion) .
(processes) ,
(irritability)

(conductivity) .
,
(neurosecretion) ( )
a) : , .
( 4--145()),
. (vesicular) , .
(sex chromatin; Barr body) .
(mitochondria), Golgi
(centrosome) .
(1) (neurofibril):(silver impregnation method)

. ,
, . 30^356 16^

, .
.
(2) Nissl :Nissl, alcohol methylen blue, thionin, cry
stal
violet ,
(tigroid body) .
. (ribonucleo protein) .

.
, .
(chromatolysis) , (axonal
reaction) . .
(3) (inclusions): , ,
, .
melanin , (Substantia nigra), 4
(Locus ceruleus), (dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve)
,
.

 (red nucleus) .
(Nucleus dentatus), (Globus pallidus)
, .
b) (Processus): 1--5()
, , 1m .

(axon or axis cylinder)

(neurite) , .
(dendrites) ,
.
,
(axon hillock) . (collaterals)
,
.
Nissl .
.

i) (multipolar neuron): ,
,
.
ii) (bipolar neuron):

, , , ,
.
iii) (unipolar neuron): T
. (pseudounipolar nerve cell)
, .
,
.
c) (myelin sheath) (Neurilemma or Schwann's sheath):
,
.
.
myelin ,
, .
,
.
Schwann ,
(neuroglial cell) .
--50 (myelin lamellae)
, .
(insulator) .
, Ranvier, .
Schwann ,
(myelination) ,
.
Schwann: ,
. Schwann
(regeneration) , (phagocytic function)
.

4
.
i) (unmyelinated nerve fibers):
2 .
(naked nerve fibers of Remak) .
ii) (myelinated nerve fibers):
2 .

, .


, .
: 3
. A , 15--100m/sec ,
. B , 30014m/sec
. C 0.5--2m/sec
, (pain) .
2) (Neuroglia) ( 8--5)
,
.

Schwann (satellite cell) .
(neuroglial cell) (neuroglial fiber)
,
.
(ependyma) . 3 .
(1) (astrocyte): ,
.
,
(communication function) ,
. ,
(fibrous astrocyte),
, (protoplasmic astrocyte)
.
(2) (oligodendrocyte):
, ,
. Schwann .
(macroglia) .
(3) (microgliam, Ril Hortega's cell): ,
. , ,
, .
3)
,
, .
( 200^356 16^)
. ,
(reflex arch) .
@ff
3. (nerve ending)
, (receptor)
(effector)

.
1) ( 8--6)
,
, .
(general sense) (special sense) ,

, , , , ,
, , , , ,
.
, (exteroceptors),
(interoceptors) (proprioceptors) .
, ,
. ,

. , ,
,
.

 .
,
. ( 8--6)
(1) (free ending):(pain sensation) . ,
,
.
.
(2) (end-bulb of Krause):(cold sensation)
. , .

, ,

. Golgi-Mazzoni ,
,
.
(3) Ruffini(corpuscle of Ruffini):(heat sensation) .

, .
, , .
(4) (tacgtile corpuscle of Meissner):(light touch sensation)
. , , , , ,

.
,
(tactile cell, Merkel's tactile cell) .

.
(tactile disk) .
(5) (lamellated corpuscle, Vater-Pacinian corpuscle):(pressure
sensation) , , , , , , (

(genital corpuscles) ) , .

, 2--4mm .
(50--60) ,
. .
(6) (neuromuscular or muscle spindle) ( 5--5--18, 8--6--B):

.
, 2--3
.
(neurotendinous spindle, tendon-organ of Golgi) ( 8--6--F):
, .
(7) (visceroreceptors): .
.
2)
.
(1) :
(motor end plate) ( 8--7)
(2) ( ) : ,
,
.
4. (degeneration) (regeneration)
,
.
1) (degeneration)
, , . 20
, .
50 .

.
(1) Waller (Wallerian degeneration):
, .
Walle .
, .
2--3 Marchi .
( 8--8)
(2) (retrograde degeneration):

, Nissl (chromatolysis)
.
6--10 .
.
(3) (transynaptic degeneration): ,

, ,
.
2) (regeneration)
,
.
,
,
.
. ,
, ,
.
5.
,
. ( ) ,
.
1) ( 8--9)
. 8--9
(Perineurium)
, (Endoneurium) .
(Epineurium) .
(Pia mater) , (Dura mater)
.

, (sensory ganglia)

, (autonomic ganglia) .
,
(anastomosis) .

(Plexus nervosum) , .
, .
,
.
2)
.
(Substantia grisea, gray substance) .
, .
,
(, )
, (Nucleus) .
,
, (Substantia alba, white substance)
( 8--63)
(1)

 , (Tractus, tract)
(projection fibers), (2)
(association fibers), (3)
(commissural fibers) , .

.
,
.
.
:
,
,
.
(1) :

. .
(2) : ,
, ,
,
Weigert, Nauta .
(3) : .

,
a) Waller
b) Nissl .
(4) : (mydlination)
, ,
Flecksig .
(5)
,
.
(6) : ( )
.
@ff

I. (Systema nervosum periphericum, peripheral nervous system)

,
(peripheral nerves) . (craniospinal nerves)
(autonomic nerves) .
A. (Nn. craniospinales, craniospinal nerves)
(Nn. craniales, cranial nerves)

(Nn. spinales, spinal nerves) .

,
.
,
.
1) (Nn. craniales, cranial nerves)
12, ,
.
, .
( ) (
8--10)
(I) (Nn. olfactorii, olfactory nerve) ()
(II) (N. opticus, optic nerve) ()
(III) (N. oculomotorius, oculomotor nerve) (:, )
(IV) (N. trochlearis, trochlear nerve) ()
(V) (N. trigeminus, trigeminal nerve) ()

(VI) (N. abducens, abducent nerve) ()

(VII) (N. facialis, facial nerve) (+ , N. intermedius), (
:,
)
(VIII) (N. vestibulocochlearis, vestibulocochlear nerve or stato-acous
tic
nerve) ( )
(IX) (N. glossopharygeus, glossopharyngeal nerve) (:,
)
(X) (N. vagus, vagus nerve) (:, )
(XI) (N. accessorius, accessory nerve) ()
(XII) (N. hypoglossus, hypoglossal nerve) ()
:
. (superficial origin)
, (deep origin) (motor nuclei) .
(I) (Nn. olfactorii, olfactory nerve) ( 8--11)
.
(olfactory cells) ,
20 (Bulbus
olfactorius, olfactory bulb) .
(II) (N. opticus, optic nerve) ( 8--12)
(Retina) .
3 ,
(Discus n. optici) .
(Canalis opticus, optic canal)

(Chiasma opticum, optic chiasm) , (Tractus

opticus, optic tract) .
3, (rods and cones)
(bipolar cells) (ganglion cells) .
( 8--12)
(1) (light reflex path) (pupillary light reflex path):

(Nucleus pretectalis) ,
( Edinger-Westphal ) .
(ciliary ganglion)
,
(M. sphincter pupillae) (M. ciliaris) .
(2) (somatic visual reflex path):

, (Colliculus superior,
superior colliculus) , (Tractus tectospinalis, tectos
pinal
tract) (Tractus tectobulbaris, tectobulbar tract) .
(3) (visual perception path): ,
(Corpus geniculatum laterale, lateral geniculate body) ,

(optic radiation), (geniculocalcarine fibers)

.
(III) (N. oculomotorius, oculomotor nerve) ( 8--13, 9--28)
,
, ,
. (Nucleus accessorius)
Edinger-Westphal , (Ganglion
ciliare) , (M. ciliaris), (M. sphi
ncter
pupillae) .
(Ganglion ciliare, ciliary ganglion)
, 1--2mm

. (N. nasociliaris)

, (Nn. ciliares breves)

.
(IV) (N. trochlearis, trochlear nerve) ( 8--13, 9--28)
,
(Colliculus inferior) ,

(M. obliquus superior) .

(V) (N. trigeminus, trigeminal nerve) ( 8--14--19)
,
,
.
, (Radix sensoria) (Portio major)
, , (Radix motoria) (Portio minor)

. (Pons) .
(Impressio trigemini)
(Ganglion trigeminale, trigeminal or Gasserian ganglion)
(semilunar ganglion) ,
,
, 3 . .
.
(Ganglion ciliare), (Ganglion
pterygopalatinum), (Ganglion oticum) (Ganglion
submandibulare) . ,
. ,
(N. petrosus major)
(Chorda tympani),
(N. tympanicus) (N. petrosus minor)
, .
.
(V1) (N. ophthalmicus, ophthalmic nerve) ( 8--14, 16)
1, . ,
,
.

.
.
(1) (Ramus tentorii, tentorial branch):

, .
(2) (N. lacrimalis, lacrimal nerve):

.
,
.
(3) (N. frontalis, frontal nerve): ,
,

.
(4) (N. nasociliaris, nasociliary nerve):

, 2 (Nn. ethmoidales)
, ,
(Nn. ciliares longi, long ciliary nerves)
,
, . (N.
infratrochlearis) .

(V2) (N. maxillaris, maxillary nerve) ( 8--14, 17)

2,
. (Foramen rotundum) (Fossa
pterygopalatina) .
(1) (R. meningeus, meningeal branches):
.
(2) (N. zygomaticus, zygomatic nerve):
, (R. zygomaticotemporalis) (R.
zygomaticofacialis) .
.
(3) (Nn. pterygopalatini, pterygopalatine nerves):
( 8--18)
(
)
i) (Rr. orbitales): ,
.
ii) (Nn. palatini):
. .
(N. palatinus major) ,

, (Nn. palatini minores)

.
iii) (Rr. nasales posteriores): ,
(Foramen sphenopalatinum) .
.
(4) (Rr. alveolares superiores posteriores, posterior superior alveo
lar
branches): , .
(5) (N. infraorbibalis, infraorbital nerve): ,

, , , , ,
. (Rr. alveolares superiores anteriores)
(Plexus
dentalis superior, superior dental plexus)
. .
(V3) (N. mandibularis, mandibular nerve) ( 8--14, 17, 19)
3,
, ,
, , .
(Foramen ovale)
, .
(1) (R. meningeus, meningeal branch):
.
3 ,
.
, .
.
(2) (nerves to muscles of mastication):(N. pterygoideus
medialis, medial pterygoid nerve) (N. pterygoideus lateralis, la
teral
pterygoid nerve) , ,
(M. tensor tympani) (M. tensor veli palatini)
.
(N. massetericus, masseteric nerve) ,
, (Nn. temporales profundi, deep timporal
nerves) 2 .
(3) (N. buccalis, buccal nerve):

.
, .

(4) (N. auriculotemporalis, auriculotemporal nerve):

2 ,
.
.
.
(5) (N. lingualis, lingual nerve): ,
,
,
. (Chorda tympani)
, , 2/3
.
.
(6) (N. alveolaris inferior, inferior alveolar nerve):

,
(N. mylohyoideus, mylohyoid nerve) ,
, .
(Plexus dentalis inferior, inferior dental plexus)
, (Foramen mentale) (N.
mentalis) .
(VI) (N. abducens, abducent nerve) ( 8--13, 16)
(Pons) ,
, . 3
.
(VII) (N. facialis, facial nerve) ( 8--20, 21, 22)
,
(N. intermedius, nerve of Wrisberg)

. ,
( 3--41)

. (Geniculum n. facialis, genu of facial nerve)

, (Ganglion geniculi, geniculate

ganglion) .
(Foramen stylomastoideum) , ( 3--42),
(Plexus parotideus) .
(Ganglion geniculi, geniculate ganglion)
,
, 2/3
,
.
( )
,
(N. stapedius) .
(1) (N. petrosus major):
(Foramen lacerum) ,
(N. petrosus profundus) (N. canalis pterygoidei or
Vidian nerve) ( 8--17)
(Ganglion pterygopalatinum, pterygopalatine ganglion)
5mm
. , (Nucleus saliv
atorius superior) ,
. (Ganglion cervicale
superius) (Plexus caroticus internus)
(N. petrosus profundus).
.
(2) (Chorda tympani):
, (Malleus) (Incus)

( 8--21, 9--38) (Fissura petrotympanica)

. 2/3
, .
(Ganglion submandibulare, submandibular ganglion)
2--5mm ,
,
.
( ) ( 8--20, 22)
,
(Plexus parotideus, parotid plexus)
(Platysma) ,
( 8--22)
: ,
, .
,

.
,
, ( )
,
( 8--20)
(VIII) (N. vestibulocochlearis, vestibulocochlear nerve or stato-acous
tic
nerve) ( 8--23)
, .
, (Radix superior) (Radix
vestibularis) (Radix inferior) (Radix cochlearis)

, (Pars vestibularis n. octav

e,
vestibular nerve) (Pars cochlearis n. octavi, ccchlear nerve)
. 2 (Ganglion
vestibulare, vestibular ganglion) (Cri
sta
ampullaris) (Utriculus) (Sacculus) (Maculae)
, .
(Cochlea) (Modiolus) 2
(Ganglion spirale, spiral ganglion) ,
(Organum spirale, organ of Corti) ,
( )
, , , .
( ) ,

(hair cell)
.
,
.
(IX) (N. glossopharygeus, glossopharyngeal nerve) ( 8--24, 25)
, .
, . 3--4
(olive) (Foramen jugulare)
.
(Ganglion superius et inferius:

(jugular ganglion)), (petrous ganglion) .

.
(1) (N. tympanicus, tympanic nerve, nerve of Jacobson):

(Nn. caroticotympanici, carotico-tympani
c

nerves) (Plexus tympanicus, tympanic plexus) ,

(N. petrosus minor)
.
(Ganglion oticum, otic ganglion)
, 2--4mm
. , .
.
(2) (Ramus sinus carotici, carotid sinus nerve, nerve of Hering)
, (carotid sinus reflex) ,
. (depressor
nerve, nerve of Cyon) ,

.
(3) (Rr. pharyngei, pharyngeal branches):2--3 ,
.
(Plexus pharyngeus, pharyngeal plexus) ,
, .
(4) (Rr. musculi stylopharyngei): ,
.
(5) (Rr. tonsillares): .
(6) (Rr. linguales, lingual branches): ,

1/3 ,
.
,
.
(X) (N. vagus, vagus nerve) ( 8--26, 27, 28)
, , , ,
. ,
(wandering)
. (olive) , 8--10
, ,
(carotid sheath) .
,
, ,
, .
(Ganglion superius et
inferius) (jugular ganglion) (nodose ganglion)
. .
( )
(1) (R. meningeus, meningeal branch):
,
.
(2) (R. auricularis, auricular branch, nerve of Arnold):

.
,
, (vomiting) (cerumen)
.
( )
(3) (Rr. pharyngei, pharyngeal branches):

(Plexus pharyngeus) ,
.
(carotid body) .
,
.
.
(4) (N. laryngeus superior, superior laryngeal nerve):

 , 2 .
, ,
(M. cricothyroideus) .
,
.
(5) (Rr. cardiaci, cardiac branches): 2 . (Rr. car
diaci
cervicales superiores) , (Rr. cardiaci cervi
cales
inferiores) .
(Plexus cardiacus) .
,
. (depressor nerve, nerve of
Cyon) , ,
,
.
.
(6) (N. laryngeus recurrens, recurrent nerve): ,

,
, ,
(N. laryngeus inferior, inferior laryngea
l
nerve) ,
. ,
.
(7) (Rr. tracheales, tracheal branches): ,
, (Plexus
pulmonalis) , (Rr. bronchiales)

.
(8) (Rr. esophagei, esophageal branches): ,
(Plexus esophageus)
.
( )
, ,

(Truncus vagalis anterior et posterior) ,
(Plexus celiacus)
(, , , , , , , ) .
(Plexus myentericus, myenteric
plexus of Auerbach) (Plexus submucosus, submucous plexus of
Meissner) .
.
(XI) (N. accessorius, accessory nerve) ( 8--27, 29)
, (Radices
craniales) (Radices spinales) .
4--5 ,
5 ,
. ,
. ,
( ) ,
.
, .
(XII) (N. hypoglossus, hypoglossal nerve) ( 8--29, 30)
. , 10--15
(Pyramis) (Canalis
hypoglossi) ,
.
(Rr.

linguales, lingual branches) .

1--2 , 2--3
(Ansa cervicalis) ,
. 8--30 .
II) (Nervi spinales, spinal nerves) ( 8--1, 61)
, 31 .
(Nn. cervicales, cervical nerves) 8
(Nn. thoracici, thoracic nerves) 12
(Nn. lumbales, lumbar, nerves) 5
(Nn. sacrales, sacral nerves) 5
(N. coccygeus, coccygeal nerves) 1 :31
, 1
. 8 7 1
,
. , ,

.
(roots of spinal nerves) ( 8--1, 31, 62, 63)
, .
(Radix ventralis) (Radix dorsalis)
. ,
(Ganglion spinale, spinal ganglion)
.
, 2 ,

(Ramus meningeus) ,
(Rami communicantes, communicating branches)
.
: 1 2(3) ,
(white communicating ramus) ,
. 2--3
(gray communicating
rami) , , .
(Ramus ventralis, anterior ramus)
(Ramus dorsalis, posterior ramus) .
, ,

. .
,
( 8--32) , ,
.
8--33 .
( 8--33)
7 ,
7 9 , 9 12 ,
12 1 ,
.
,
,
, , (Cauda equina)
.
.
, .
A) (Rami dorsales)
C2 ,
.
1(C1) (N. suboccipitalis, suboccipital
nerves) , , .
2(C2) (N. occipitalis major,
great occipital nerve) ,

.
.
B) (Rami ventrales)
, . 31

(Plexus nervorum spinalium) ,
. (
8--1, 33)
C1--C4:(Plexus cervicalis, cervical plexus)
C5--Th1:(Plexus brachialis, brachial plexus)
Th1--Th12:(Nn. intercostales, intercostal nerves) (
)
L1--L4:(Plexus lumbalis, lumbar plexus)
L4--S3:(Plexus sacralis, sacral plexus)
(Plexus lumbosacralis, lumbosacral plexus)
S2--S4:(Plexus pudendus, pudendal plexus)
C0:(Plexus coccygeus, coccygeal plexus)
.
1. (Plexus cervicalis, cervical plexus) ( 8--34)
. C1--C4 ,
, , .
( )
1)
(1) (N. occipitalis minor):
(2) (N. auricularis magnus):
(3) (N. transversus colli):
(4) (Nn. supraclaviculares):

, ,

,
( 8--22)
2)
(1) (Ansa cervicalis): (Radix superior)
(Radix inferior) . C1--C2
, , C2--3
. ( 8--30, 34)
(2) (N. phrenicus, phrenic nerve, C3--5) ( 8--35):
, , C4
( 8--34)
,
, ,
.
(3) ,
.
: .
2. (Plexus brachialis, brachial plexus) ( 8--1, 33, 36--38)
,
.
C5--8 Th1 , C4 Th2
. ,
1/3 . (Truncus superior,
medius, inferior) , (Fasciculus lateralis, medialis et poster
ior)
3 3 . 3 .
8--36 .
,
.

1) (Pars supraclavicularis)
, , ( ),

. .
(1) (N. dorsalis scapulae, dorsal scapular nerve):

.
(2) (N. thoracicus longus, long thoracic nerve): .
: winging of scapula .
(3) (N. subclavius, subclavian nerve): .
(4) (N. suprascapularis, suprascapular nerve):
.
(5) , ,
2) (Pars infraclavicularis)
3 ,
. .
(1) (Nn. pectorales, pectoral or anterior thoracic nerves):

.
(2) (N. subscapularis, subscapular nerve):
.
(3) (N. thoracodorsalis, thoracodorsal nerve):

.
(4) .
i) (N. cutaneus brachii medialis, medial brachial cutaneous
nerve): , 2 3
(Nn. intercostobrachialis) .
ii) (N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis, medial antebrachial cutan
eous
nerve): .
(5) (terminal branches): 5 ,

, .

, ,
( 8--36)
i) (N. axillaris, axillary nerve) ( 8--36, 38, 39):

,
, (N. cutaneus brachii
lateralis superior, superior lateral brachial cutaneous nerve)

.
ii) (N. musculocutaneus, musculocutaneous nerve) ( 8--36, 38,
39): ,
, (N.
cutaneus antebrachii lateralis, lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve)

, (Thenar) .
iii) (N. medianus, median nerve) ( 8--36, 38, 40, 44):

,
()(N.
interosseus anterior) ,
, , , .
,
,
2 , ( 8--40)
iv) (N. ulnaris, ulnar nerve) ( 8--36, 38, 41, 44):


.
,
,
, ,

.
, .
() ,

.
() ( 8--42)
(Sulcus n. ulnaris)
,
( ) . funny bone
.
v) (N. radialis, radial nerve) ( 8--36, 38, 43, 44):

.

,
2 , .
, .
(N. interosseus posterior, dorsal interosseus nerve)

, (N. cutaneus brachii posterior,

posterior brachial cutaneous nerve) (N. cutaneus antebrachii
posterior, posterior antebrachial nervt) ,
(Nn. digitales dorsales) .
.
,
,
. .
5 .
,
.

.
, ,
(ape hand deformity) , .
(claw hand) ,
.
.
,
(wrist drop) ,
.
3. (Nn. intercostales, intercostal nerves) ( 8--1, 32, 33)
Th1--Th12 12 .
, ,
, .
6 ,
.
.
12 12 , (N.
subcostalis) .
.
, , ,
(pleural puncture)
.

 , , ,
.
(dermatome) ( 8--32, 33)
, , , , .
1 ,

Horner(, , ) .
10 , (
) (Beever )
4. (Plexus lumbalis, lumbar plexus) ( 8--1, 33, 45, 48)
L1--4 , 12 ( 50p)
, , , ,
, , , ,
.
( )
a) (N. iliohypogastricus, iliohypogastric nerve):
, , ,
.
b) (N. ilioinguinalis, ilioinguinal nerve):

,
( ) .
c) (N. genitofemoralis, genitofemoral nerve):
2 , (R. genitalis) (
) ( ) ,
(R. femoralis)
.
d) (N. cutaneus femoris lateralis, Lateral femoral cutaneous
nerve):
.
e) (N. obturatorius, obturator nerve):
,
,
( 8--46)
f) (N. femoralis, femoral nerve): .

. ,
(N. saphenus, saphenous
nerve) ,
( 8--46)
5. (Plexus sacralis, sacral plexus) ( 8--1, 33, 47, 48)
L4--S3 , .
,
.
8--47 .
( , , ),
, , , ,
.
( )
1) (N. gluteus superior, superior gluteal nerve)
,
.
2) (N. gluteus inferior, inferior gluteal nerve)
.
3) (N. cutaneus femoris posterior, posterior femoral cutaneous ner
ve)
, ,
( ) , .

4) (N. ischiadicus, sciatic nerve) ( 8--47, 48, 49, 50)

, , L4--S2
L4--S3 .

,
,
.
, ,
, ( 8--49)
a) (N. peroneus communis, common peroneal nerve) ( 8--48, 51,
52, 53)

, , .
( )
(1) , (N. cutaneus
surae lateralis) (N. suralis, sural
nerve) .
(2) (N. peroneus superficialis, superficial peroneal nerve):

, .
, 5
( 8--51, 52)
(3) (N. peroneus profundus, deep peroneal nerve):

,
,
(, ) .
2 ( 8--51, 52)
b) (N. tibialis, tibial nerve) ( 8--48, 53, 54)
2 , , .
(M. soleus), ,
.
( )
(1) (Rm. musculares):
.
(2) (N. cutaneus surae medialis): ,
.
(N. suralis)

5 .
(3) (N. plantaris medialis, medial plantar nerve):

, , ,
1 , 1--4 (
8--53, 54)
(4) (N. plantaris lateralis, lateral plantar nerve):

, ,
. 4--5
( 8--53, 54)
6. (Plexus pudendus, N. pudendus) ( 8--55)
S2--4 , S4 .
.
, .
( )
1) (N. pudendus, pudendal nerve) ( 8--56)
,
3 .
(1) (Nn. rectales inferiores, inferior rectal nerves):


.
(2) (Nn. perineales, perineal nerves):

.
(3) (N. dorsalis penis: M) (N. dorsalis clitoridis:
F):
,
.
2) (Rr. viscerales, visceral branches), (Nn. splanchnici pel
vini)
2--4 ,
. ,

.
(1) , ,
( ).
(2) ( ,
)
(3) ,
( (Nn. eregentes) ).
(4) , S , (
).
3)
, , .
7. (Plexus coccygeus)
S4--5--Co , ,
(Nn. anococcygei)
.
B. (Systema nervosum autonomicum, autonomic nervous system) (
8--56)
, , , , , ,
, , , .
(vegetative nervous system) .
, ,

,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
, (visceral sensation)

,
( 8--57)
(visceral afferent fibers)
(visceral efferent fibers) .
(visceral nervous system) ,
( )
(Pars sympathica, sympathetic nervous
system) (Pars parasympathica, para-sympathetic nervous system)
, .
1. (visceral afferent fibers)

 .
,
, .


, .
, ,
, .
(referred pain)
,
.

.
.

( 8--57)
2. (visceral efferent fibers) (Systema nervosum
autonomicum, autonomic nervous system) ( 8--56)
, 2
.
1 ,
(preganglionic fiber) , 2
(autonomic ganglion)
(postganglionic fiber) ( 8--31, 56, 57)
,
,
.
,
.
T1--L2 (thoracolumbar
division) , ()
S2--4 ,
, (craniosacral division) .

,
(neural crest) , 3

.
(1) (Ganglia trunci sympathici, sympathetic trunk ganglia):

(paravertebral ganglia): ,

.
(2) (Ganglia intermedia, intermediary ganglia)
(prevertebral ganglia) (collateral
ganglia):
(:(Ganglia celiacus), (Ganglion mesenteric
um
superius), (Ganglion mesentericum inferius) ) .
(3) (Ganglion terminale, terminal ganglion):

.
(1), (2) , (3) .
,
. .
I) (Pars sympathica, sympathetic nervous system) ( 8--56, 58)
Th1--L2--3 (Nucleus lateralis) (Nucleus
intermediolateralis) 3()
,

, .
,
.
(Truncus sympathicus, sympathetic trunk) ( 8--56, 57)
, 2 3
, (Ganglion impar)
, 20--25( 3, 10--12, 4, 4, 1)
.
,
-* .
(Rami communicantes, communicating rami) ( 8--31)
,
(white
communicating ramus) . ,
. (gray communicating rami) ( 8--31)

.
.

.
1. (Pars cephalica et cervicalis) ( 8--56, 58)

, (N. caroticus internus) ,
. 3 .
(Ganglion cervecale superius, superior cervical ganglion) (

2cm, 6--8mm) , 3--4 , (Ganglion
cervicale medium, middle cervical ganglion) 6 .
(Ganglion cervicale inferius, inferior cervical ganglion)
,
7 . 1
(Ganglion cervicothoracicum), (Ganglion
stellatum, stellate ganglion) .
.
( )
1) (N. caroticus internus, internal carotid nerve)

.
(N. petrosus profundus) ,
(Nn. caroticotympanici) .
(Plexus cavernosus, B.N.A)
.
2) (Nn. carotici externi, external carotid nerves)
, .
,
.
3) (Rr. laryngopharyngei, laryngopharyngeal branches)
( ) ,

.
4) (Nn. cardiaci cervicales)
(N. cardiacus cervicalis superiorm
medius et inferior) . (Plexus
cardiacus) , .

.
5) (Plexus subclavius, subclavian plexus)
1 ,
, (Plexus

vertebralis) .
6) (Ansa subclavia of Vieussens)
, , .
2. (Pars thoracica)( 8--56, 58)
,
.
10--12 (Ganglia thoracica) ,
, .
( )
1) (Nn. cardiaci thoracici)
2--5 ,
.
2) (Rr. pulmonales, pulmonary branches) (Rr. esophagei, esophageal
branches)
(Plexus pulmonalis)
(Plexus esophageus) , .
3) (N. splanchnicus major) (N. splanchnicus minor)
(N. splanchnicus imus)
5--9 , 10--12 ,

(Plexus celiacus)
(Plexus mesentercus superior) .
,
, ,
,
.
, ,

, , ,
( 8--57)
3. (Pars abdominalis et pelvina) ( 8--56, 58)
, (Ganglion impar)
. 4--5 (Ganglia lumbalia) 4--5
(Ganglia sacralia) .
,
,
(Plexus autonomici) .

.
(Nn. splanchnici lumbales)
(Ganglion
mesentericum inferius), (Ganglia
intermedia, intermediary ganglion cells), (Ganglia pelvina)
,
(Plexus pelvinus)

.
(prevertebral ganglia)
.
(1) (Ganglia celiaca, celiac ganglion):
,
(Ganglion solare) .
(2) (Ganglia aorticorenalia, aorticorenal ganglia)
(3) (Ganglion mesentericum superius, superior mesenteric
ganglion).
(4) (Ganglion mesentericum inferius, inferior mesenteric
ganglion)
.

 .
4.(Plexus autonomici, great autonomic plexuses) ( 8--58)

.
,
. ,
.
.
1) (Plexus cardiacus)
.
, .
(Ganglia cardiaca, cardiac ganglion of Wrisberg) .
( Plexus pulmonalis)
(Plexus coronarius, B.N.A)
.
2) (Plexus celiacus)
(Plexus solaris) , , ,
. ,
, , ,

.
2
. , (Plexus phrenicus, B.N.A)
,
(Plexus hepaticus), (Plexus lienalis), (Plexus gastrici)
,
(Plexus pancreaticus), (Plexus suprarenalis), (Plexus
renalis), (Plexus tesncularis sive ovaricus),
(Plexus mesentericus superior), (Plexus
mesentericus inferior), (Plexus rectalis superior),
(Plexus aorticus abdominalis) .
(Plexus entercus)
3
. (Plexus subserosus),
(Plexus myentericus)
(Plexus submucosus) , .
, (enteric reflex)

.
3) (Plexus pelvinus)
, (Plexus hypogas-tricus superio
r
et inferior) ,
.
5 (Promontorium) ,
,
S2--3--4 .
, (Ganglia pelvina) .
2
.
(Plexus rectales superiores, medii et
inferiores), (Plexus prostaticus), (Plexus deferentialis),
(Plexus uterovaginalis), (Plexus vesicales),
(Plexus corporis cavernosi penis, I.N.A),
(Plexus corporis cavernosi clitoridis, I.N.A) .
II) (Pars parasympathica, parasympathetic nervous system) (
8--56, 59)
.
, , , ,

S2--3--4 (Nn. splanchnici pelvini)

(Nn. erigentes) ,
.
, ,
, , ,
(terminal ganglia)
.
.
1. (Paars cranialis) ( 8--59)
,
Edinger-Westphal, , .
1) (Nucleus accessorius), Edinger-Westphal
(N. oculomotorius)
(Ganglion ciliare) .
.
2) (Nucleus salivatorius superior)
(N.
intermedius) .
a) (N. petrosus major) (Ganglion
pterygopalatinum) , , , , ,

.
b) (Chorda tympani) (N. lingualis)
(Ganglion submandibulare) ,
, .
3) (Nucleus salivatorius inferior)
(Nucleus ambiguus)
(N. glossopharyngeus) (N. tympanicus)
(N. petrosus minor) (Ganglion oticum) ,
.
4) (Nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi)
, , , , ,

(Ganglion terminale) ,
.
,
. ( 8--59)
2. (Pars sacralis) ( 8--56, 58)
2 3 4
, , , ,

. ,
, .
II. (Systema nervosum centrale, central nervous system)
(Medulla spinalis, spinal cord) (Encephalon, brain)
, , .
, .
( 8--60)
(cmbryo) (neural plate)
, (neural groove) ,
(neural canal) .
,
(ventricles) . ,
(central canal) .
3
(anterior middle and posterior brain vesicles) ,


.
.
(Cerebrum) , .
(brainstem) ,

, .
A. (Medulla spinalis, spinal cord)
1. ( 8--61, 62)
43--45cm, 30gm, 1cm,

. , 1--2
(Conus medullaris) .
20cm (Filum terminale) .
,
. , 3
, 5
, 3 .
.
3 (Meninges), (Dura mater), (Arachnoidea)
(Pia mater) .
.
(Intumescentia cervicalis, cervical enlargement) (Intrmescentia
lumbalis, lumbar enlargement) .
(Fissura mediana anterior, ventral
median fissure) (Sulcus medianus posterior,
dorsal median sulcus) . (Sulcu
s
lateralis anterior, ventral lateral sulcus(P.N.A
)) (Sulcus lateralis posterior, dorsal lateral sulcus)
(Funiculus anterior), (Funiculus lateralis) (Funiculus
posterior) 3 , (Sulcus intermedius
posterior, dorsal intermediate sulcus) (Fasciculus gracilis)
(Fasciculus cuneatus) . 31
(Radix ventralis et dorsalis, ventral and dorsal roots)
.
8, 12, 5, 5, 1
, , , , 4 ,
.
8--2 .
8--2
--------------------
C8--C6 C7
--C6
T6--T3 T4
--T3
T12--T9--T8
L5--T11--T10
S--(T12--L1)
--(T12--L1
----------------(spinal nerve roots) ( 8--61, 62, 63)
31 1 ,
(Radix ventralis, ventral or anterior root), (Radix dorsalis, dor
sal or
posterior root) .
(Columna anterior) (Columna lateralis)

 (motor root) .
(sensory root) ,
.
(common trunk) .

,
,
,
(Cauda equina) .
, ,
1, 2 1, 2 , .
(lumber puncture): 3--4
,
.
2. ( 8--62, 63, 64)
.
(Canalis centralis, central canal) ,

, 4
(Ventriculus terminalis, terminal ventricle) .
H (Substantia grisea, gray substance) ,
(Substantia alba, white substance) .
(Cornu anterius, bentral horn) (Cornu posterius,
dorsal horn) (Columna anterior, bentra
l
column) (Columna posterior, dorsal column) .
(Substantia intermedia centralis) (gray
commissure) . (Substantia
intermedia lateralis) .
(Apex cornu posterioris) (Substantia gelatinos
a,
gelatinous sugstance of Rolando) ,
(Fasciculus dorsolateralis, dorsolateral tract of
Lissauer) .
2, 3, 4
(Cornu lateralis, lateral horn) (Columna lateral
e,
lateral column) (intermediolateral column) .
, (Formatio
reticularis, reticular formation) .
, (Funiculus anterior, lateralis et posterior)

.
,
, (
8--63) .
1) : ,
.
2) : .

. .
3) : ,

.
.
,
.
.
1) (Substantia grisea, gray substance) ( 8--62, 63)

 , .
. ,
. , ,
.
a) : , .
, ( 125--400)
.
* 3,000 , ,

, 20 .
,
. (phrenic nucleus)
, .
b) : ,
.
c) : .
.
,
(collateral branches) ,
.
.
(1) (Substantia gelatinosa, (Rolando)):

.
(2) (Nucleus thoracicus) (Nucleus dorsalis(Clarke)):

, .
(3) (Nucleus proprius)
, .
2) (Substantia alba, white substance)
(projection fibers),
(sensory or ascending tracts) (motor or
descending tracts) (association fibers) .
(commissural fibers) .
(Tractus, tract):,
, .
.
( ) ( 8--64)

.
--
(1)
(:(, Fasciculus gracilis), (Fasciculus cuneatus))
(2)
i) (:,
(Tractus spinocerebellaris anterior et posterior), (Tractus spinooli
varis)
)
ii) (:(Tractus spinotectalis))
iii) (: (Tractus
spinothalamicus anterior et lateralis))
--
(1) (: (Tractus pyramidalis
anterior et lateralis) (Tractus corticospinalis anterio
r et
lateralis))
(2) (:(Tractus tectospinalis))
(3) (:(Tractus
vestibulospinalis), (Tractus rubrospinalis), (Tractus
olivospinalis) )

 .
a) (Funiculus posterior, dorsal funiculus)
, , ,
,

T .
(1)
(Fasciculus gracilis, tract of Goll), (Fasciculus cuneatus, tract of
Burdach): (Nucleus gracilis), (Nucleus cuneatus)

, (Iamination) ,
. ,
.
(2)
(Fasciculus interfasciculari
s)
(Fasciculus semilunaris, comma fasciculus of Schultze),
(Fasciculus septomarginalis, septomarginal
tract), (oval area of Flechsig),
(Fasciculus triangularis, triangle of Phillipe-Gombault or Hellweg)
.
(3) (Fasciculus proprius posterior, dorsal proper
fasciculus): , .
b) (Funiculus lateralis, lateral funiculus)
(, ) ,
(, ) .
(1) (Tractus spinocerebellaris posterior, dorsal spinocerebellar t
ract,
tract of Flechsig): (Clarke's column)
(Pedunculus cerebellaris inferior)
.
(2) (Tractus spinocerebellaris anterior, ventral spinocerebellar t
ract,
tract of Gowers):

(Pons) (Pedunculus cerebellaris superior)

.
(3) (Tractus spinothalamicus lateralis):
, .

(Tractus dorsolateralis, tract of Lissauer)

, , (Substantia gelatinosa) .

2 , (Thalamus)
. (lamination)
,
.
(4) (Tractus spinotectalis, spinotectal tract):
, .
, (Colliculus superior, superior colliculus)
.
(5) (Fasciculus proprius lateralis, lateral proper fasciculus or lat
eral
ground bundle): , .

.
(6) (Tractus pyramidalis lateralis) (Tractus
corticospinalis lateralis, lateral corticospinal tract or crossed pyramidal
tract): , .

 70p
, .

. ,
, .
(7) (Tractus rubrospinalis): (extrapyramidal tract)
,
(rubroreticulospinal tract) .
(Nucleus ruber, red nucleus)
, .
(8) (Tractus reticulospinalis, reticulospinal tract):

(reticular formation)
.
.
(9) (Tractus olivospinalis, olivospinal tract:(Tractus
spinoolivaris, spinoolivary tract)): ,
.
.
c) (Funiculus anterior, ventral funiculus)
(1) (Tractus spinothalamicus anterior, ventral spinothalamic
tract): , .
.
(2) (Fasciculus proprius anteriores, ventral proper fasciculus or ante
rior
ground bundle): , ,
.
(3) (Tractus pyramidalis anterior, direct pyramidal tract)
(Tractus corticospinalis anterior):
30p , ,
.
,
.
(4) (Tractus vestibulospinalis, vestibulospinal tract):
, .
(Nucleus vestibularis lateralis, Deiter's nucleus)

.
(5) (Tractus tectospinalis, tectospinal tract): ,

.
((fountain decussation of Meynert)),
. (ventral longitudinal fasciculus)
,
.
(6) (Tractus reticulospinalis anterior, ventral reticulospinal
tract): .
(7) (Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis, sulcomarginal fasciculus):
, , ,
.
, .
(lamination): ,

.
, , .
,
,
, .
B. (Encephalon, brain)

 . ,
160--180mm, 120--140mm, 110--140mm .
1,100--1,700gm , 1/40.
1,360gm, 1,250gm .
.
950--1,000gm .
I) (Rhombencephalon) ( 8--66, 67, 68, 69)
(Myelencephalon; (Medulla oblongata)), (Metencephalon)
(Isthmus rhombencephali) . .
4(Ventriculus quartus, fourth ventricle) .
-- 4(Ventriculus quartus, fourth ventricle) ( 8--66, 68, 69)
4 , ,
3 . (ependymal
epithelium) , 4 .
4 , (Velum medullare superius) ,
(Frenulum veli medullaris superioris)
. .
, (Fastigium) .
(Velum medullare inferius) ,
4(Tela choroidea ventriculi quarti) .
4(Apertura mediana
ventriculi quarti, foramen of Magendie) , .
, 35*22mm .
. (Sulcus medianus)
. 4(Striae medullare
s
ventriculi quarti) , , , . 4

(Recessus lateralis ventriculi quarti) ,

4(Apertura lateralis ventriculi quarti, foramen of Luschka) ,
4 .
.
, (Sulcus
limitans) , (Eminentia medialis) ,
.
(Fovea superior)
(Fovea inferior) ,
.
(Calamus scriptorius; P.N.A )
.
(Trigonum nervi hypoglossi) ,
. ,
. ,
(Area vestibularis) ,
(Tuberculum acusticum, acoustic tubercle) ,
4 .
.
(Colliculus facialis),
()((internal) genu of facial nerve) .
(Locus ceruleus) .
(Substantia ferruginea) . ,
.
A) (Medulla oblongata)
,
, . 3cm, 2cm, 1.25c
m,
6--7gm 0.5p , , ,
.
1. ( 8--66, 67, 68, 69)

 .
(Fissura mediana anterior, ventral median fissure),
(Sulcus medianus posterior, dorsal median sulcus),
(Sulcus lateralis anterior, ventral lateral sulcus),
(Sulcus lateralis posterior, dorsal lateral sulcus) ,

.
(Decussatio
pyramidum, pyramidal decussation) ((Fibrae
arcuatae externae) ) (Foramen cecum)
.
() ,
. 10
, , .
12mm , ,
, .
, ,
(Nucleus tractus spinalis nerv
i
trigemini) .
2
, (Tuberculum nuclei gracilis; ),
(Tuberculum nuclei cuneati cuneate tubercle) ,

.
4 .
,
(Pedunculus cerebellaris inferior, inferior cerebellar peduncle;
)
. ,
, 4 (ependymal
epithelium) (Pia mater) .
2. ( 8--70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75)
, ,
4 ,
.
, , , ,

, (Tuberculum nuclei gracilis),
(Tuberculum nuclei cuneati) , (Nuclei
olivarii) , (Formatio reticularis) .
(Tractus pyramidalis), (Lemniscus medialis)
,
(Pedunculus cerebellaris inferior), (Fasciculus longitudinalis
medialis) .
1)

. (Nuclei terminationis)
(Nuclei sensorii) , (Nuclei originis)
(Nuclei motorii) , ,

. ,
.
, ,
(Sulcus limitans).
.
a)
(1) (Nucleus nervi hypoglossi):
20mm .

 .
(2) (Nucleus ambiguus): .
, , ,
(Nucleus nervi accessorii)
.
(3) (Nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
nerve): .
, ,
.
(4) (Nucleus salivatorius inferior, inferior salivatory nucleus):

, .
(5) (Formatio reticularis, reticular formation):

, , ,

.
(reticular nucleus or cells) .
, ,
, , ,
.
b)
(1) (Nucleus gracilis), (Nucleus cuneatus):
, , .
((Fibrae arcuatae
internae, internal arcuate fibers)), (Lemniscus medialis, medial
lemniscus) . (Decussatio lemniscorum,
lemniscal decussation; (sensory decussation))

. (Fibrae arcuatae
externae dorsales) .
(2) (Nucleus tractus solitarii, nucleus of solitary tract):

, .
(Tractus solitrius)
, . , ,
. .
(3) (Nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini, nucleus of spin
al
tract of trigeminal tract of Rolando): ,

. (Tractus spinalis
nervi trigemini, spinal tract of trigeminal nerve) ,
. 2,
.
(4) (Nucleus olivarius, olivary nucleus):
() . (Hilus nuclei
olivaris) , . (Tractus tegmentalis central
is,
central tract of tegmentum; (thalamoolivary tract))
,
(Tractus olivocerebellaris), ,
. (Nucleus
olivaris accessorius medialis et dorsalis) .
,
, .
(5) (Nuclei arcuati, arcuate nuclei):
(Nuclei pontis) .
(6) (Nucleus intercalat
us

of Staderini), Nucleus prepositus .

.
2)
.
(1) (Tractus pyramidalis): , ,
,
.
, .
(70--80p) (Decussatio
pyramidum, pyramidal or motor decussation) .
, .
(2) (Lemniscus medialis, medial lemniscus):

(Fibrae arcuatae internae, internal arcuate fibers)

, (Decussatio lemniscorum,
lemniscal or sensory decussation) .
,
. ,
.
((Pedunculus cerebellaris inferior, inferior cerebellar peduncle or re
stiform
body): ,
, ,
, , .
(4) (Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis, medial longitudinal
fasciculus): ,
. ,
,
, , .
(5) (Tractus tegmentalis centralis):
, ,
.
.
(6) (Tractus spinothalamicus anterior)
(7) (Tractus rubrospinalis) (Tractus reticulospinali
s)
(8) (Tractus spinocerebellaris anterior)
(9) (Tractus tectospinalis) .
. 1--4
. , 4
, , ,
. , , , ,
,
.
B) (Metencephalon)
.
(I) (Pons, Pons Varolii)
1. ( 8--66, 67, 68, 69)
, , ,
(Clivus) . ,
(Sulcus basilaris, basilar groove) , .
, (Pedunculus
cerebellaris medius, middle cerebellar peduncle; )

. .
, .
,

 , , , 4
.
,
,
.
, , ,
.
2. ( 8--70, 71, 75, 76, 77)
.
1) (Pars ventralis pontis)
.
a) (Nuclei pontis, pontine nuclei)
,
.
b)
(1) (Tractus corticopontini, corticopontine tract):

.
(Fibrae pontis trasversae) ,
(:) .
(2) (Tractus pyramidalis):
,
(Fibrae corticonucleares) , (Fibrae
corticospinales) .
2) (Pars dorsalis pontis) (Tegmentum pontis)
, ,
,
. (Raphe)
.
a) (Nuclei nervosum cranialium)
(1)
i) (Nucleus nervi facialis, nucleus of facial nerve):
,
.
(Genu nervi facialis, genu of facial nerve) ,

.
.
ii) (Nucleus nervi abducentis, nucleus of abducent nerve):

. ,
.
iii) (Nucleus motorius nervi trigemini, motor nucleus of trigemi
nal
nerve): 4 .
.
iv) (Nucleus salivatorius superior, superior salivatory nucleus):

.
.
(2)
i) (Nucleus sensorius principalis nervi trigemini, main sensor
y
nucleus of trigeminal nerve): ,

.
.
ii) (Nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini, nucleus of spin

al
tract of trigeminal nerve):

, , .

.
iii) (Nucleus tractus mesencephalicus nervi trigimini):
, ,

. .
.

.
iv) (Nuclei vestibulares): 4
, (Area vestibularis)
.
, , , 4 ,
. .
,
(Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis) ,

.
v) (Nuclei cochleares): , 4
,
(Nuclei cochleares ventralis et dorsalis) .
, ,
(Corpus
trapezoideum) .
.
2003 ,
.
(Nucleus ventralis corporis
trapezoidei) (Nucleu
s
dorsalis corporis trapezoidei) .
b)
.
i) (Lemniscus medialis): ,
.
ii) (Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis): 4
, .
iii) (Lemniscus lateralis): .
iv) (Tractus tegmentalis centralis): ,
.
v) (Fasciculus longitudinalis dorsalis, dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
of
Schutz): 4 ,
.
vi) ,
.
(II) (Cerebellum)
1. ( 8--66, 78, 79, 80, 81)
4 ,
. .
(Hemispherium cerebelli, cerebellar hemisphere) (Vermis)

.
10cm, 5cm, 3cm , 140--150gm
10p . ,

1/20 1/8 .
(Fissurae cerebelli) ,
(Folia cerebelli) , .
, ,
, (Arbor vitae cerebelli) ,
.

8--3 .
, ,
. 1 ,
2 ,
.
Reil, Burdach,
, Ingver, Larsell
3 .
8--80 (Archicerebellum) ,
, (nodulofloccular lobe)
. . 1

, , ,
, .
(Neocerebellum) ,
, .
, .
.
, .
3 . (Pedunculus cerebellaris
inferior) ,
(Pedunculus cerebellaris medius)
. (Pedunculus cerebellaris superior)

,
.
@ff
2. ( 8--66, 82, 83, 84)

(integration center),

(Cortex cerebelli, cerebellar cortex) ,

, (Corpus medullare, medullary body) .
,
.
1)
,
, .
(Arbor vitae cerebelli) . , , ,
,
.
2)
, (Cortex cerebelli)
, .
: P.N.A ,
. ,

.
a) (Cortex cerebelli, cerebellar cortex) ( 8--82)
2, ,
Purkinje .

 .
(1) (Stratum moleculare, molecular layer): ,
Purkinje
(basket cell), Purkinje
. 1,400 Purkinje
,
.
(2) (Stratum granulosum, granular layer):
(granule cell) .
. .
:
(1) (mossy fiber of Cajal)
(rosette) (cerebellar glomerulus) .
.
(2) (climbing fiber) Purkinje
,
, .

(recurrent fiber) .
b) (cerebellar nuclei) ( 8--83)
, 4 . (Nucleu
s
dentatus, dentate nucleus), (Nucleus emboliformis, emboliform nucleus),
(Nucleus globosus, globose nucleus), (Nucleus fastigii, fastigeal or
roof
nucleus), (Nucleus interpostitus)
.
, ,
. (Hilus nuclei
dentati) , .
, ,
4 .
,
,
,
.

.
(Archicerebellum)
, , , (Paleocerebellum)
,
,
. ,
(: ) .

,
. .
8--84 . , ,
.
,
Purkinje
.
II) (Mesencephalon, midbrain) ( 8--66, 85, 86, 87, 88)
18mm .
, , ,
.
.
(Pedunculus cerebri) (Tectum
mesencephali) , (Aqueductus cerebri) ,
3

, 4 .
(Aqueductus cerebri, cerebrl aqueduct of Sylvius)
15mm , (
0.5--1.0mm ). 2--3mm
(Substantia grisea centralis) .
, (Fasciculus longitudinalis dorsalis)

.
:
. ,
.
.
1. ( 8--66, 67, 85)
,
( ) .
,
(Tractus opticus) .
(Crus cerebri) (Tegmentum mesencephali)
(Sulcus medialis cruris cerebri) .
: Pedunculus cerebri , Crus cerebri

. ,
(Substantia nigra) .
P.N.A ,
, P.N.A (Tegmentum rhombencephali)
(Tegmentum pontis), .
(Tectum) .
80
, (Fossa interpeduncularis)
. ,
(Substantia perforata posterior) .
(Corpus mamillare) ,
.
2 4 .
(Colliculus superior, superior colliculus) ,
(Colliculus inferior, inferior colliculus)
,
(Corpus geniculatum laterale) (Corpus
geniculatum mediale) (Brachium colliculi
superioris) (Brachium colliculi inferioris) .
(Corpus pineale) ,
(Frenulum veli medullaris superioris)
.
: P.N.A
.
, P.N.A .
,
.
2. ( 8--86, 87, 88)
3 , (Cruscerebr
i),
(Tegmentum) (Tectum mesencephali) .
1) (Crus cerebri)
(Tractus pyramidalis), (Tractu
s
corticopontinae) . 3/5
, (Fibrae corticonucleares) ,
(Fibrae corticospinalis) .

, (Tractus frontopontinus,
frontopontine fibers of Arnold) 1/5 , ,
, , ,
.
2) (Tegmentum mesencephali) ( 8--66, 85, 86, 87, 88)
, ( )
. ,
( ), (extrapyramidal system) ,
, , , .
a)
(1) (Nucleus nervi trochlearis, nucleus of trochlear nerve):

,
.
(2) (Nucleus nervi oculomotorii, nucleus of oculomotor nucleus)
i) (Nucleus dorsolateralis) (Nucleus ventromedialis):

,
.
.
ii) (Nucleus caudalis centralis, central nucleus of Perlia):

, .
iii) Edinger-Westphal: ,
.
(Nucleus pretectalis, pretectal nucleus or area) .
(3) (Nucleus tractus mesencephalici nervi trigemini) .
(4) ()(Nuclei (motorii) tegmenti) (Formatio
reticularis):

, , , .
i) (Nucleus interstitialis interstitial nucleus of Cajal)
(Nucleus fasciculi longitudinalis medialis):
, .
.
ii) (Nucleus ruber, red nucleus):
,
. , ,
,
, , .

(extrapyramidal system) ,
.
:
.
iii) (Substantia nigra): ,
. , ,
Dopamine ,
. .
:--
,
, .
. ,
. P.N.A
.
b)
.
(1) (Pedunculus cerebellaris superior):
, , .
(2) (Lemniscus medialis), (Lemniscus spinalis),

(Lemniscus trigeminalis)
.
(Tractus spinothalamicus)
.

.
, .
(3) (Lemniscus lateralis): ,

, .
(4) (Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis): ,
.
(5) (Fasciculus longitudinalis dorsalis):

, .
(6) (Tractus tegmentalis centralis):
, .
(7) (Tractus rubrospinalis):
.
(Tractus rubroreticulospinalis):
.
(8) (Tractus tectospinalis): , ,
, . ,
.
(Decussationes tegmenti, tegmental decussations):

, .
, , ,
.
,
,
.
.
3) (Tectum mesencephali) ( 8--66, 85)
, .
a) (Colliculus inferior, inferior colliculus)
, . ,
(Nucleus colliculi inferioris) .
b) (Colliculus superior, superior colliculus)
. (Stratum griseum colliculi superiori
s)
.
,
.
.
,
. .
,
,
.
III) (Prosencephalon, forebrain)
.
(I) (Diencephalon, betwee-brain) ( 8--66, 89, 91)
, 3 .
, . 5
,
. (Thalamus),
(Metathalamus), (Epithalamus), (Hypothalamus)
(Tegmentum diencephali) (Subthalamus) . ,
, (Thalamencephalon) .

: Subthalamus ,
Subthalamus P.N.A .
.

, .
3 (Ventriculus tertius, third ventricle) ( 8--66)
,
. 4,
(Foramen interventriculare, interventricular foramen of Monro)

.
, 3 , .
. ,
. 80p
,
. (Columna fornicis),
(Commissura anterior), (Lamina
terminalis) .
, (Commissura posterior),
(Corpus pineale), (Recessus pinealis), (Recessus
suprapinealis), ()(Commissura habenularum) .
,
, .
3
, , , ,
.
A) (Hypothalamus)
4gm ,
. .
1. ( 8--66, 90)
3 ,
() . (
2mm) , ,
. (Tuber
cinereum) , (median eminence) ,
(Infundibulum) , .
2, ,

, . , ,
.
(Chiasma opticum)
, (Tractus opticus)
. , ,
.
2. ( 8--90)
, .
,
. .
(1) (Nucleus supraopticus, supraoptic nucleus)
( 50,000--70,000).
, .
(2) (Nucleus paraventricularis, paraventricular nucleus)
, , 3
. ,
, .
(3) (Nuclei tuberales)

, , ,

 ,
.
(4) (Nucleus ventromedialis), (Nucleus dorsomedialis)
, , ,
, .
(5) (Nuclei corporis mamillaris, mammillary nucleus)
(Fasciculus
mamillothalamicus, mammillothalamic tract of Vicq d'Azyr) ,
. (Fasciculus mamillotegmentalis)
.
------ Papez
.
(6) (Preoptic nucleus)
,
.
, , .
, ,
( ), ( ),

, , , ,

.
B) (Tegmentum diencephali) (Subthalamus)
, (Capsula interna)
. .
,
.
( 8--89, 92)
. ,
, .

Forel ,
.
1) (Nucleus subthalamicus, subthalamic nucleus of Luys)
, ,
. (Globus
pallidus) , . .

.
2) (Zona incerta)
,
. , , , (Globus
pallidus) .
3) Forel (Campus foreli, tegmental field of Forel)

Forel H(tegmental field of Forel, field H.) .
. H1
, . H2
,
.
(Ansa peduncularis).

, 2 .
, , ,
, .
.
Forel
.
C) (Epithalamus) ( 8--66, 91)
, 3

 , , , , .

.
1. (Corpus pineale, pineal body)
5--8mm,
4mm . (Stria medullaris thalami)

. (Acervulus, brain sand) ,

X- .
.
2. (Habenula), (Trigonum habenulae), (Commissura
habenularum)
,
, . (Nuclei
habenulae) (Stria medullaris thalami)
, (Nucleus interpeduncularis) (Fasciculus retroflexus,
habenulopeduncular tract of Meynert) .
.
3. (Commissura posterior, posterior commissure)
,
,
.
D) (Thalamus) ( 8--66, 91, 92, 93)

. , , ,

.
.
1. ( 8--93)
3 ,
. (Crus posterius capsulae internae) ,
3 , .
, (Tuberculum anterius
thalami) .
(Pulvinar) .
, (Stria
medullaris thalami) , . (Nucleus
caudatus) , (Stria terminalis) .
2. ( 8--92, 93)
(Stratum zonale) ,
(Lamina medullaris externa) .
(Lamina medullaris interna), (Nuclei thalami)
(Nuclei anteriores thalami), (Nucleus medialis), (Nuclei lateral
es),
(Nucleus posterior) .
, (
) .
.
, .
. A.E. Walker (5)
, P.N.A
.
1) (Nuclei anteriores thalami)
, .

 , (Gyrus cinguli) ,
.
2) (Nucleus medialis thalami)
(periventricular fibers) .
.
(Nucleus medialis centralis) (Nucleus
centromedianus): .
3) (Nuclei laterales thalami)
,
.
(1) (Nucleus anteroventralis):
. .
(2) (Nucleus ventralis anterolteralis):
, .
(3) (Nucleus ventralis posterior)
(Nucleus ventralis posteromedialis) (Nucleus ventral
is
posterolateralis)
. , ,
. , ,
. ,
, ,

. .
(4) (Nucleus lateralis dorsalis):

, .
4) ([ulvinar thalami) (Nucleus posterior)
, , ,
.
5) (Nucleus reticularis thalami)
,
(Nuclei intralaminares) .
Nucleus median, Nucleus centrum medianum P.N.A
(Nucleus medialis centralis) ,
.
E) (Metathalamus) ( 8--93)
.
. ,
2 . (Corpus
geniculatum mediale, medial geniculate body) , ,
(Corpus geniculatum laterale, lateral
geniculate body) , .
(Nucleus corporis geniculati medialis) ,
, (Gyrus temporalis
superior) .
(Nuclei corporis geniculati lateralis)
80p ,
(Sulcus calcarinus) .
@ff
8
(II) (Telencephalon, endbrain) ( 8--66, 94--98)
(Hemispherium cerebri)
. ,
. ,
.
(Corpus callosum), (Commissura anterior)
(Lamina terminalis) , (Fissura
longitudinalis cerebri) .

(Ventriculus lateralis, lateral ventricle) .

16--18cm, 12--14cm . , ,
, .
.
(Ventriculus lateralis, lateral ventricle)
, 4 .
(Foramen interventriculare) 3 ,
,
, .
(Pars centralis, central part or body) ,
,
. ,
(Plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis)

(Lamina choroidea epithelialis), (Lamina affixa),

(Stria
terminalis) (Cauda nuclei caudati) .
(Cornu anterius, anterior horn) ,

(Caput nuclei caudati) , (Septum

pellucidum) , . .
(Cornu posterius, posterior horn)
, , .
2 , (Bulbus cornu posterioris),
(Calcar avis) , (Sulcus pariet-ooccipital
is),
(Sulcus calcarinus) .
(Cornu inferius, inferior horn) , 3
. , ,

. (Sulcus collateralis) (Eminentia

collateralis) , (Trigonum collaterale)
.
, (Hippocampus), (Fimbria hippocampi),
(Lamina choroidea epithelialis) . 5cm
,
, 2--4 , 3--4 , ( )
.
.
.
, (Tenia choroidea) .
(Commissura fornicis) .
.
1. (Pallium, mantle) ( 8--94--97)
,
. (Falx cerebri) (Fissu
ra
longitudinalis cerebri) , (Tentor
ium
cerebelli) (Fissura transversa cerebri) .
(Lobus frontalis), (Lobus parietalis), (Lobus
occipitalis), (Lobus temporalis), (Insula, insula of Reil)
(Rhinencephalon) .
, ,
, (Sulci cerebri) (Gyri cerebri) .
1)
6 (Isocortex)
6 , (Allocortex) ,
(Neopallium) ,
(Paleopallium) (Archipallium) .

 ,
.
,
. .
, , , 4 (insula of Reil)

, (Fossa lateralis cerebri)

,
,
.
.
2) (Sulci cerebri) (Gyri cerebri) ( 8--94--97)
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
a)
(1) (Sulcus centralis, central sulcus of Rolando):

, .
2 .
(2) (Sulcus lateralis, lateral cerebral fissure of Sylvius):

, . (Insula) .
(3) (Sulcus parietooccipitalis, parietooccipital sulcus):

, .
(4) (Sulcus corporis callosi, callosal sulcusa):

.
(5) (Sulcus cinguli, cingulate sulcus):
, .
(6) (Sulcus calcarinus, calcarine sulcus):

.
(7) (Sulcus collateralis, collateral sulcus):
.
(Eminentia collateralis) .
(8) (Sulcus hippocampi, hippocampal sulcus): ,
(Gyrus dentatus) (Gyrus parahippocampalis)
.
(9) (Sulcus circularis insulae, circuminsular fissure):

, .
b)
( )
(Lobus frontalis)
40p , .
(Polus frontalis, frontal pole) .
(1) (Gyrus precentralis, precentral gyrus):
(Sulcus precentralis) , .
(2) , , (Gyrus frontalis superior, medius et inferior):

, (Sulcus frontalis superior et inferior)

.
.

(3) (Gyri orbitales), (Gyrus rectus):

, H.
. , .
(Lobus parietalis)
(1) (Gyrus postcentralis, postcentral gyrus):

(Sulcus postcentralis) , .
(2) , (Lobulus parietalis superior et inferior):

(Sulcus interparietalis) .
(Gyrus supramarginalis)
(Gyrus angularis) .
(Lobus temporalis)
(Polus temporalis) ,
(Incisura preoccipitalis)

.
. 1/3
.
(1) , , (Gyrus temporalis superior, medius et inferior):

, (Sulcus temporalis superior et inferior)

.
(2) (Gyri temporales transversi): 3-4
, .
(Lobus occipitalis)
(Polus occipitalis) , .
(Sulcus occipitalis transversus) .
(Insula, insula of Reil)
, .
(Operculum) , (Operculum frontale),
(Operculum frontoparietale),
(Operculum temporale) . (Sulcus circularis
insulae) , (Sulci insulae)

(Gyrus longus insulae) (Gyri breves insulae) .

(Limen insulae) .
(Claustrum) (Nucleus lentiformis)
.
( )
(Lobus frontalis)
(1) (Gyrus frontalis medialis): .
(2) (Lobus paracentralis):
. ,
.
(Lobus parietalis)
(1) (Precuneus):, .
(Lobus occipitalis)
(1) (Cuneus): .
(2) .
(Lobus temporalis)
(1) (Gyrus occipitotemporalis medialis, Gyrus lingualis; B.N.A)
(2) (Gyrus occipitotemporalis lateralis, Gyrus fusiformis; B.N.
A)
.
(Gyrus fornicatus): (limbic lobe).
, , .
,

 .
(1) (Gyrus cinguli):
(2) (Isthmus gyri cinguli):
(3) (Gyrus parahippocampalis):
(4) (Uncus):
(5) (Gyrus dentatus, Fascia dentata hippocampi; B.N.A) (Gyrus
fasciolaris, fasciola cinerea; B.N.A):

. ,
.
.
(Gyrus paraterminalis), (Area subcallosa), (Substantia
perforata anterior, anterior perforated substance):
, .
,
.
.
c) (Rhinencephalon, olfactory brain) ( 8--101, 102)

, ,

.
, (Lobus olfactorius)
(Area subcallosa) , (Substantia perforata
anterior) (Gyrus paraterminalis) .
(1) (Lobus olfactorius): ,

(Bulbus olfactorius, olfactory bulb), (mitral cell)

(Tractus olfactorius), 3 (Striae olfactoriae, olfactor

y
striae) .
(2) (Area subcallosa), (Substantia perforata anterior),
(Gyrus paraterminalis): .
, . ,

. (Corpus amygdaloideum)
.
3) ( 8--66, 95)

, , .
a) (Corpus callosum)
( ) .
, .
(Rostrum corporis callosi), (Genu corporis callosi), (Truncus
corporis callosi), (Splenium corporis callosi) .

(Indusium griseum) .
(Stria longitudinalis) ,
(Gyrus paraterminalis), (Gyrus
fasciolaris) (Gyrus dentatus) , .
(Radiatio corporis callosi)
, ,
. (Forceps minor) (Forceps major)
.
b) (Commissura anterior, anterior commissure)
2 ,
.
: ,
.

c) (Fornix) ( 8--103)
, X.
(Pes hippocampi), (Fimbria hippocampi), (Crus fornicis)

(Corpus fornicis) , . (Columna

fornicis) ,
.
d) (Septum pellucidum)

, (Lamina septi pellucidi) ,
. (Cavum septi pellucidi) ,
X- 5(Ventriculus quintus, fifth ventricle) .
: .
,
,
.
2. ( 8 8--104, 105, 107--110)
(Cortex cerebri, cerebral cortex)

(Corpus medullare) , .
: .
P.N.A .
.
ganglia , basal ganglia
. (subcortical nuclei)
.
1) (basal ganglia) ( 8--104, 105, 107--109)

, .
(Corpus striatum)
(Nucleus caudatus)
(Putamen)
(Globus pallidus)
(Claustrum)
(Corpus amygdaloideum)

, ,
. ,
.
: .

, P.N.A ,
, .
a) (Corpus striatum, striate body)
.
(Nucleus lentiformis) ,
, .
(Capsula interna) ,
,
.
Pallidum
,
Striatum
.
(1) (Nucleus caudatus, caudate nucleus):
.
(retort) ,
(Caput nuclei catdati), (Caud
a

nuclei catdati) .
, (Stri
a
terminalis; ) .
.
(2) (Nucleus lentiformis, lentiform nucleus):
,
, (Capsula
externa) .
,
,
, .
(Ansa lenticularis),
(Nucleus anteroventralis) ,
, , .
.
,
, .
, , ,
, , .
b) (Claustrum)
.
,
(Capsula externa) ,
Baillarger (Capsula extrema; P.N.A )
.
c) (Corpus amygdaloideum, amygdaloid body, amygdala) ( 8--107)
, .
, .
, .
2) (Cortex cerebri, cerebral cortex)
a) ( 8--110)
,
(cytoarchitectonics),

(myeloarchitectonics) .

,
. 2 ,
, .
.
(1) (Zona zonalis) (Stratum moleculare, molecular layer;
plexiform layer of Cajal): ,

. (tangential fibers) ,
.
(2) (Lamina granularis externa, external granular layer):
, .
(3) (Lamina pyramidalis externa, layer of pyramidal cells):
. .
(4) (Lamina granularis interna, internal granular layer):

.
(5) (Lamina pyramidalis interna, ganglionic layer):
,
. Betz
(Giant cell of Betz) .
(6) (Lamina multiformis, polymorphic or fusiform layer):
, , , .
,

 .
Kaes-Bechterew, Baillarger,
Baillarger , .
. 1--4
, 4--6 .
b) ( 8--111, 112)
, , , .

. (functional localization) .
,
. (, ,
) Brodmann(1909) 47, Vogt(1909) 200
.
,
.
(1)
i) (motor area; area 4): ,
. Betz
, .
8--113 .
, , ,
, , .
.
: ,
.
, .
ii) (premotor area; area 6): Betz
.
, .
.
iii) (suppressor zone): , area 6, 8,
2,
19, 24 .
. area 8 ,
. .
(2)
i)
,
.
, .
. .
ii) ( visual sensory or striate area; area 17):

, , , , .

Baillarger (stellate cell

s)
.
.
, ,
.
iii) (auditory sensory area; area 41--42):
, , .
. ,
. , .
iv) (gustatory center): ,
(postcentral operculum)
.
v) (olfactory center): .
:

.
(3) (association area)
,
.
.
i) (motor speech area, Broca's area; area 44):

.
. ,
, , .
.
: , .

,
(sensory aphasia) (word-deafness) .
(optic speech area):
.
(alexia) (word-blindness) .
,
. .
ii) (visual psychic area, area 18, 19; (parastriate
area)): ,

. .
iii) (auditory psychic area, area 22):

, .
iv) (parietal association area; area 5, 7, 39, 40):, ,
, , Baillarger
. .
v) (frontal association area):
.
. , ,
, .
.
,
. ,
.
, .
(4) (limbic system)
,
.
, ,
, .
(5) (subcortical center)
,
, , , .
.
i) (Hypothalamus): ,
, .
ii) (reticulo-activating system): , , ,

, .
, .
.
3) (Substantia medullaris cerebri)
,
. .
, .
a) (Tractus nervosi projectionis; P.N.A., projection fibers)

 , .
.
(1) (Capsula interna, internal capsule) ( 8--104, 105, 107--109, 116)
, , ,
. .

.

.
,
^123456 1^ . (Genu capsulae
internae) , (Crus anterius capsulae internae)
,
. (Crus posterius capsulae
internae) , .
(Pars retrolenticularis capsula
e
internae) (Pars sublenticularis capsulae internae) .

,
.
i)
, :(Fasciculus
thalamocorticales) (Fasciculus corticothalamici)
(Tractus frontopontinus, Arnold's tract):

ii)
(Fibrae corticonucleares; P.N.A):

.
iii) (Crus posterius)
(Fibrae corticospinales): ,
.
,
,
.
(Fibrae corticoreticulares)
iv)
(Tractus parietotemporopontinus, Turk's tract)
(Radiatio optica, optic radiation):

v)
.
(Radiatio acustica, acoustic radiation):

, ,
(Corona radiata) .
,
.
(2) (Capsula externa) (p 342)
(3) (Capsula extrema) (p 342)
b) (Tractus nervosi associationis; P.N.A., association fibers)
, ,
,
.
(1) (Fasciculus longitudinalis superior)
(2) (Fasciculus longitudinalis inferior)

(3) (Fasciculus uncinatus)

(4) (Cingulum)
c) (Tractus nervosi commissurales; P.N.A. commissural fibers)
,
(Corpus callosum) . (Commissura
anterior) (Commissura fornicis) ,

.
C.
,
.

. ,
.

.
. .
(centripetal tracts):
,
, (ascending projection
tracts).
(centrifugal tracts):
, , (descending
projection tracts).
(reflex path): ,

. .
1.

, (collateral branches)
, .
2 .
1) (direct reflex arc) (simple reflex arc) ( 8--1
17)
, 2
, .
2) (indirect reflex arc) (complex reflex arc) (
8--118)
1
. (reflex
movement) , .
,
.
.
,
, .
. ()
.
(knee jerk) (tendon)
(, tendon reflex)

. , ,
,
.
. ,

 , . ,
.
, .
2. (centripetal tracts) (ascending tracts)
. , , ,
, , .
1) (somatic sensory tracts)
(, , , , )

.
, .

,
.
a) ( 8--119, 120)
1: T , ,
, .
( , )
(Nucleus gracilis) (Nucleus cuneatus) .
.
2: (Fibrae arcuatae
internae, internal arcuate fibers)
(<Decussatio lemniscorum, lemniscal or sensory decussation>),
(Lemniscus medialis, medial lemniscus)
(Nucleus ventralis posterolateralis) .

2 , (Tractus spinothalamicus
anterior) .
3: (Crus posterius capsulae internae)

.
b) (pain sensation) (temperature sensation) ( 8--121)
1:
(Tractus dorsolateralis, dorsolateral tract or Lissauer's tract)
(Substantia gelatinosa, gelatinous substance of Rolando) .
2:
(Tractus spinothalamicus lateralis) , ,

(Lemniscus spinalis; P.N.A.)

.
3: ,
.
c) , ( 8--122)
.
1: ,

T , , .
(Tractus spinalis nervi trigemini)

(Nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini)

.
(Nucleus sensorius principalis n.
trigemini) .
(Nucleus tractus mesen-cephalicus n.
trigemini) .
, .
, , .
2: 2 ,
(Lemniscus trigeminalis; P.N.A.)

(Lemniscus spinalis) (Lemniscus medialis)

(Nucleus ventralis posteromedialis) .
3: ,
.
(Ganglion geniculi),
(Ganglion superius et inferius)
, .
3
, ,
.

(Nucleus tractus solitarii) .
b) ( 8--119)
.
(1) : 1
(Nucleus cuneatus accessorius, nucleus of Manacow) ,
(Fibrae arcuatae externae)
.
(2) : 1
. 2 .
(Nucleus thoracicus; <Nucleus dorsalis, nucleus of Clarke>)
2 (Tractus spinocerebellaris posterior)
,
.
2
(Tractus spinocerebellaris anterior)

.
2 (Tractus
spinoolivaris) , (Nucleus olivaris) . 3

(Fibrae arcuatae internae) ,

.
2 ,
. , , ,
,
.
.
2) (conducting path of hearing sense) ( 8--123)
1 (Ganglion spirale)
, (Nuclei cochleares) .
2 (Corpus trapezoideum)
, . 3
.
, ,

,
.
3) (conducting path of equilibratory sense)
, (Ganglion
vestibulare) (Nuclei vestibulares) .

2, , (Tractus vestibulopspinalis)
,
.
,
.
, (Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis) .
4) (conducting path of gustatory sense)
2/3 (Ganglion geniculi)

 (Chorda tympani), (Nucleus tractus

solitarii) .
(N. lingualis) . 1/3
, , .
2 , (Lemniscus
trigeminalis) , 3
.
5) (conducting path of visual sense) ( 8--12)
.
(1) (Nucleus pretectalis) , (2)
(Colliculus superior) (<Tractu
s
tectospinalis>, <Tractus spinotectalis>) , (3)
(Corpus geniculatum laterale) (Pras
sublentiformis capsulae internae) .
(Pulvinar) .
6) (conducting path of smell sense) ( 8--11, 101, 9--14)
,
,
.
1 ,
(Lamina cribrosa) 20 , (Bulbus
olfactorius) (mitral cells) (Glomeruli olfactorii)
.
2 , . ,
, , ,

.

.
, , ,

.
3. (centrifugal tracts) (descending tracts)
, .
,
.
, (pyramidal
tract) (extrapyramidal tract) .
.
1
, .
,

. P.N.A. ,
.
1) (Tractus pyramidalis, pyramidal tract) ( 8--124)
, ,
2
, .
.
a) (Fibrae corticonucleares, corticonuclear or corticobulbar fibers)
, (Genu capsulae internae) ,
(Pyramis;
) ,

. , , , ,
, , .
b) (Fibrae corticospinales; P.N.A.)

 , , ,
, (Decussatio pyramidum, pyramidal
or motor decussation) (Tractus pyramidalis
lateralis; <tractus corticospinalis lateralis>)

. (Tractus pyramidalis anterior;

<Tractus corticospinalis anterior>)
. 10p
. (upper
neuron) ,
(lower neuron) .
2) (extrapyramidal tracts) ( 8--125, 126)
,
1
, .
.
.
a)
. ,
, , , , (, ),
,
.
.
, .
(1) (Tractus corticopontini, corticopontine tracts) ( 8--125)
, , , ,
.
i) (Tractus frontopontinus, Arnold's tract):
(Crus anterius capsulae internae) 1/3
.
(Tractus pontocerebellaris),
,
(Fibrae pontis transversae), (Pedunculus cerebellaris medius)
.
, .
(2) (Fibrae corticoreticulares; P.N.A.)
, .

.
i) ,
. 2

.
ii) .
iii)

.
vi)
,
.
b) ( 8--106, 126)
, , .
,
.
. , , ,
, , ,
, ,
.
c) ( 8--84, 125)
, .

 ,
, .
, .
,
.
(1) (Nucleus fastigii)
(Tractus vestibulospinalis) (Fasciculus longitudinalis
medialis) .
(2) (Nucleus globosus), (Nucleus
emboliformis) (Pedunculus cerebellaris superior) ,
, ,
.
(3) (Nucleus dentatus)
, ,
.
i) (Nucleus
ventralis anterolateralis) , --------

.
ii) (1) (Tractus tegmentalis centralis)
, ,
, (2) ,
(Tractus rubroreticulospinalis) .
d)
, 3
. , , , ,

, .
(1) (Tractus tectospinalis)
(2) (Tractus rubrospinalis)
(3) (Tractus reticulospinalis) (Tractus
tegmentospinalis)
(4) (Tractus vestibulospinalis)
(5) (Fasciculus olngitudinalis medialis)

.
(final
common path) . 2
.

, ,
. ,
. .
: ,
, ( )
, .
: ,

,
.

. , , , , ,
.
, ,
. , 3
.
.
III. (Meninges) ( 9--127)
,


, 3 .
(Meninges encephali) (Meninges
spinales) . (Duramater),
(Arachnoidea) (Pia mater) 3 .
1. (Dura mater, Pacchymeninx)
, 2 .
, .

.
1) (Dura mater encephali)
, (Sinus durae matris)

. ,

. ,
. ,
. .
(1) (Falx cerebri):
,
.
(Foramen cecum), (Crista galli) ,
(Protuberantia occipitalis interna) .
,
.
(2) (Tentorium cerebelli):
, .
. ,
, .
(3) (Falx cerebelli): ,
. , .
(4) (Diaphragma sellae)
(Cavum trigeminale; P.N.A.) .
2) (Dura mater spinalis)
, , (Cavum epidurale)
.
.
.
, 2--3 , (Filum terminale)

(Filum durae matris spinalis) , .

.
2. (Arachnoidea)
,
(Leptomeninx) .
. (Cavum
subarachnoideale, subarachnoid space) , .
4 (Apertura lateralis ventriculi quar
ti,
foramen of Luschka) (Apertura mediana ventriculi quarti, foramen of
Magendie) .
1) (Arachnoidea encephali)

, , .

, ,
.
. .

(1) (Cisterna cerebellomedullaris):

, (Cisterna magna) .
(suboccipital puncture)
.
(2) (Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri):

.
(3) (Cisterna chiasmatis): .
(4) (Cisterna interpeduncularis): .

,
(Granulationes arachnoideales, arachnoid granulations or Pacchionian
bodies) . ,
(Foveolae granulares) .
, .
2) (Archnoidea spinalis)
, .
, (Cauda equina)
. .
3. (Pia mater)
, .
1) (Pia mater encephali)
, .
, .
3 4 , 3 4(Tela choroidea
ventriculi tertii et quarti) .

(Plexus choroideus) ,
, . 3
3 , 4 4
. .
2) (Pia mater spinalis)
, 20cm (Filum
terminale) . 19--23
(Lig. denticulatum) ,
,
.
IV.
1.
, ,
. 3 ,
2 .
, ,
. ,

.
,
.
, ,
, , .
.
2.
,
(Circulus arteriosus cerebri) .
@ff
9 (Aesthesiologia, aesthesiology)

(Oogana sensuum, sense organs)

.
(Integumentum commune, integument), (Organum visus,
organ of sight), (Organum vestibulocochleare, organ of hearing and
equilibration), (Organum olfactus, organ of smell), (Organum gustus,
organ of taste) 5 , 5 5 , , , ,
, . 5
.

.
,
.

.
,
. (sensory cell)
(supportion cell) .
I. (Integumentum commune, integument)
, ,
, 16p
.
,
.
1. (Cutis, skin) ( 9--1--5)
, (
,
, , , ) .
.
(1) , ,
.
(2) ,
, , , , , ,

.
.
(3) .
(4) ,
.
(5) .
(6) .
1)
: 1--4mm , , ,
, , , .
.
: 1.6m ,
.
= 37 * /
= 11.05 * () * 2/3
= 0.63 * ()
: , , , ,
4 .
( )
, .
, ,
. , ,
.
.
Addison .

 ,
, .
,
. , ,
.
,
(chromatophore) .
. ,
(Mongolian spot) .

. ,
. (Locus ceruleus)
,
.
carotin .

(),

.
(Cristae cutis): ,
.
, (Pori sudoriferi) , (Sulci
cutis) .
,
. , ,
, .
(finger print) , (palm
print) (sole print) .
, ,
( ),
. Galton-Henry
, Purkinje .
2) ( 9--1, 2)
,
. 3 ,

, (Retinacula cutis) .
, (subcutaneous fatty tissue)
.
a) (Epidermis)
, ,

. 0.1--0.3mm , 0.7mm,
1.3mm .
(Stratum corneum, horny layer) ,
(Stratum germinativum, Malpighian layer) .
(Stratum intermedium) ,
(Stratum lucidum, clear layer) (Stratum granulosum, granular
layer) , .
(1) (Stratum basale) (Stratum germinativum): 5--8
, (Stratum
cylindricum) .
.
, (intercellular
bridge) (prickle cell) .
.
(melanoblasts),
Langerhans, (dentrite cell) .
Langerhans ,
, .

 , .
.
(2) (Stratum granulosum, granular layer):
2--4 , , hematoxylin
(keratohyalin granules) , (keratin) .
. .
(3) (Stratum lucidum): ,
. keratohyalin
eleidin .
(4) (Stratum corneum, horny layer):

, keratin ,
, .
.
b) (Corium, Dermis, Cutis vera, true skin)
(0.3--2.4mm) ,
, ,
. .
, .
.
2 ,
.
(1) (Stratum papillare, papillary layer): (Papillae)

. , .
, .
,
2 , .
Meissner , (nervous papillae) ,
.
.
(2) (Stratum reticulare, reticular layer):

,
, Langer(cleavage lines of skin, Langer's line)
, .
, ,
, , , , ,
.
(Tunica dartos) .
, , .
, ,
, , .
(Langer's line) ( 9--3):
, .
,
Langer .
c) (Tela subcutanea, subcutaneous layer)
,
.
,
(Panniculus adiposus) ,
.
, .
, , 3cm .
, , , , , , ,

, , , , .
, , ,
. , ,

, (Rrtinacula cutis)

.
, ,
.
3)

.
.
,
, ,
. ,
.
, . , , ,

, .
4)
(Nn. cutanei)

.
.
(1) ,

. , , ,
.
(2)
i) , ii)
, iii)

.
(3) ,
.
2. (horny organs)
() (, ) .

.
( ), ,
.
1)
,
, .
,
, , , ,
, , .
.
a)
: )
, (Capilli),
(Supercilia), (Cilia), (Barba), (Tragi),

(Vibrissae), (Hirci), (Pubes) .

2 , , . (sexua
l
hair) . (terminal hai
r)
. , .
, , , ,
1.5cm--cm , , , , .
: , 8 ,


10 . (Hypertrichosis) ,
(Hypertrichosis lanuginosa) (Hypertrichosi
s
vera) . ()(Oligotrichosis) (Atrichosis)

.
: . (straight hair), (tough ha
ir),
(wavy hair), (curled hair), (frizzy hair), (spiral hair)

. .
, , ,
.
: .
,
.
. Topinard , ,
, 5 .
, .
, . ,

. ,
. ,
.
, .
(Flumina pilorum):
, .
. 6--7 ,
.
b)
(Scapus pili, hair shaft) (Radix pili, hair root) .
, .

, (Bulbus
pili, hair bulb) , (Papill
a
pili, hair papilla) .
, ,
,
.
(Folliculus pili, hair follicle) ,

2 .
, .
, .
(Collum folliculi pili; B.N.A) ,

(Fundus folliculi pili; B.N.A) .

(follicular gland), (Glandulae sebaceae)

.
(Mm. arrectores pilorum)
. ,
, (goose-flesh or goose-skin) .
1--2 , , , ,
.
.
:

i) (medulla of hair): , .
ii) (cortex of hair): ,
, .
iii) (hair cuticle)
: a) (epithelial hair follicle) (root sheath),

.
i) (cuticle of root sheath)
ii) (inner root sheath): Huxley, Henle .
iii) (outer root sheath)
b) (connective tissue hair follicle): .
i) (hyaline membrane)
ii) (inner circular layer)
iii) (outer longitudinal layer)
c)
, ,
, 10 2--5mm ,
.
. 150,
100, 3--5 .
, .
, . , , ,
,
, , , .
,
, .
.
2) , (Unguis, nail)
, .
.
a)
(Corpus unguis) (Radix unguis) . (Margo
occultus) (Margo lateralis) (Vallum
unguis) , (Sulcus matricis unguis) .
, (Margo liber) , ,
.
(Matrix unguis) , .
, , .
(Lunula) ,
.
b)
(Stratum corneum unguis),
, .
(Stratum germinativum unguis) ,
(Cristae matricis unguis) .
, (Eponychium)
, (Hyponychium) .
.
c) , ( 9--8)
, .
, ,
.
, 20 . 100 1cm ,
4--5 .
, 9--8
.
, .
. (KOH)
, .

3. (Glandulae cutis, cutaneous glands)

,
, , 3 .
1) (Glandulae sebaceae, sebaceous glands) ( 9--9)
(Sebum cutaneum) .
, , , .
, .
.
.
( ) .
, , , , ,
. , ,
. .
(Glandulae tarsales, Meibomian gland)
,
.
.
, , , ,
.
.
,
. (holocrine gland) ,
(merocrine or eccrine gland)
. (apocrine gland) .
2) (Glandulae sudoriferae, sudoriferous or sweat glands) (
9--1, 2, 10)
700--900gm , .
, , , , ,
, .
,
(Glandulae glomiformes) .
, .
.
,
(Myoepithelium) , .
.
1 . ,
.
,
.
,
(merocrine or eccrine gland),
(apocrine gland).
,
. (Glandulae sudoriferae majores;
I.N.A) (Gll. sudoriferae minores; I.N.A) .
,
. ,

. (<Gll. sudoriferae axillares>), (<Gll,

areolares>), (<Gll, ceruminosae>), (<Gll.
circumanales>), (<Gll. ciliares>), (<Gll.
circumanales>) . ,
.
() (smell of armpit, axillary odour)
,
.
, , .
.
, , .

3) (Mamma), (Mammary gland) ( 9--11, 12)

, , .
,
. (Mamma
masculina) ,
. (Gynecomastia) ,
.
a)
,
3--5cm , 2--6 ,
.
10--12cm , . 150--200gm ,
.
, .
, ,
. ,
.

4 . (Mammae accessoriae)
, , .
(Polymastia) ,
.
b)
(Papilla mammae, nipple, ) (Corpus mammae)
.
: .
,
. (Glandula mammaria, mammary gland)
(Ligg. suspensoria mammae) 15--20
(Lobi glandulae mammariae) .
, (Lobuli glandulae
mammariae) . ,
2mm (Ductus lactiferi) , 5--8mm
(Sinus lactiferi) .
,
.
: 4 5 ,
.
(Areola mammae) .
,
.
, 12--15 .
, (Myoepithelium) ,

. (Glandulae areolares,
areolar or Montgomery's gland) .
, ,
.
, ,
,
, .

(Ligg. suspensoria mammae, suspensory ligaments
of breast or Cooper's ligaments) , .

.
(Colostrum): 7--8 ,
,
. (Colostrum corpuscles) ,

(Colostrum puerperarum) .
.
(witch's milk):
, .
,
.
, .

, .
.

: , ,
,
.
:
, .
@ff
II. (Organum olfactus, organ of smell) ( 8--11, 9--13, 14)
, .
(Regio olfactoria tunicae mucosae nasi, olfactory mucous membrane)
,
, 10 ,
.
, (Locus luteus) ,
.
( 9--13)
(olfactory epithelium)
(Tunica propria) .
a) (olfactory epithelium)
, .
(1) (olfactory cells): .

, ,
. , 6-8
, (olfactory hairs) ,

(N. olfactorius) , .
(2) (supporting or sustentacular cells):,
,
. ,
(Membrana limitans olfactoria)
. 3:2 .
(3) (basal cells):
, .
b) (Tunica propria)
,
, . (Glandulae olfactoriae, olfact
ory
glands of Bowman) ,
, .
III. (Organum gustus, organ of taste) ( 9--15, 7--24, 26, 29)
,
.
(Caliculus gustatorius, taste bud) ( 9--15)
(Papillae vallatae) (Papillae foliata
e)
, (Papillae fungiformes)

 .
, .
200 .
70--80(), 40()
, . (Porus gustatoriu
s,
gustatory pore) , (gustatory canal)

. , 3 .
(1) (gustatory cells):, ,

, . ,
( (gustatory or taste
hair)) . .
(2) (supporting cells) (cover cells):
.
, , 2--3 .

.
(3) (basal cells): ,

.
( 7--29)
2/3 (Chorda
tympani; ), 1/3 (N.
glossopharyngeus), (N. vagus) .
2/3 (N. lingualis) 1/3
.
(, intragemmal fibers),
(, intergemmal fibers)
7--29 .
,
.
IV. (Organum visus, organ of sight)
(Orbita) .
(Oculus, eye) (Bulbus oculi, eye-ball) (N. opticus)

, (Organa oculi accessoria, accessory organs of eye),

(Mm. bulbi et Fasciae orbitales),
(Supercilium, eyebrow), (Palpebrae, eyelids), (Tunica conjunctiva,
conjunctiva) (Apparatus lacrimalis, lacremal apparetus) .

, .
, (visual neuroepithelium)
(forebrain vesicle)
(Vesicula ophthalmica, optic vesicle) ,
.
.
A. (Bulbus oculi, eye-ball)
1. ( 9--17, 18)
,
. , (Corpus
adiposum orgitae) (Vaginae bulbi, Tenon's capsule)
.
24mm ,
23mm , (23.5mm) . 1/6
. 6--8gm , 60--65mm
.

 17.5mm 20--21mm
.
(Polus anterior) (Polus posterior)
,
(Axis bulbi) .
(anatomical axis) . , ,
(Axis opticus, optical axis) ,
.
, 1mm (Fovea
centralis) , (Linea visus)

, 4--7 , 3.5 .
:(Linea visus, B.N.A) P.N.A

.
(Discus nervi optici; P.N.A) ,

1.4mm , 3mm, 1mm .
(equator) , (latitude
s)
(meridians)
. (nasal
half), (temporal half) , 4 .
2.
.
9--1 .
---------------- 9--1
:
=
:(Cornea)
:(Sclera)
:
=
:,
:
:
=
1)
:
:
2)
:
:
----------------
(Humor aquosus)
(Lens)
(Corpus vitreum)
1) ( 9--17--22)
a) (Tunica fibrosa bulbi) (Tunica externa bulbi; I.N.A)
,
,
. .
, .
(1) (Sclera): 5/6 ,
( ) , .
1mm (0.3--0.4mm) (Sulcus
sclerae) ,

 .
(Sinus venosus sclerae, Schlemm's
canal) . ,
.
Tenon ,
.
.
i) (Lamina episcleralis)
ii) (Substantia propria sclerae)
iii) (Lamina fusca sclerae):
.
(2) (Cornea): 1/6 ,
((Limbus corneae)), 0.8--0.9mm, 1.1mm
. (Vertex corneae) .
1.376 , . ,
. ,
. ,
5 .
i) (Epithelium anterius corneae)
ii) (Lamina limitans anterior, Bowman's membrane)
iii) (Substantia propria corneae)
iv) (Lamina limitans posterior, Descemet's membrane)
v) (Endothelium camerae anterioris)

, (Anulus conjunctivae) .
,
, .
.
,
. .
,
, ,
,
.
b) (Tunica vasculosa bulbi) (Tunica media bulbi; I.N.A)
(Uvea)
, ,
.
, (, )
. , 3 .
(1) (Choroidea): 0.5--0.2mm ,
. ,
.
,
(Spatium perichoroideale)
. .
i) (Lamina suprachoroidea)
ii) (Lamina vasculosa)
iii) (Lamina chorocapillaris)
iv) (Lamina basalis)
(2) (Corpus ciliare) ( 9--19, 20): (Ora serrat
a)
, (Margo ciliaris)
, . 70--90
(Processus ciliares) .
4mm (Orbiculus ciliaris)

. 2--3mm
(Corona ciliaris) ((Plicae ciliares))

 .
. 2 ,
,
. (Lamina basalis)
.
(M. ciliaris)
. ,
(Fibrae meridionales, Brucke's fibers)
(Fibrae circulares, Muller's fibers) , (Fibr
ae
radiales) .
.
(Zonula ciliaris, zonule of Zinn)
,
. .

, ,
. (accommodation muscle)
. , .
(3) (Iris) ( 9--19, 20): 4.0--5.0mm, 10.0-12.0mm, 0.3--0.4mm ,
(Pupilla)
.
( )
, (Camera anterior bulbi, anterior chamber) (Camera
posterior bulbi, posterior chamber) , ,

, .
1--2mm
(Anulus iridis minor) (Anulus iridis major)
,
, (Plicae iridis)
. (Angulus iridocornealis;
(Angulus iridis; B.N.A)) .
(Lig. pectinatum anguli iridocornealis) ,

(Spatia anguli iridocornealis, space of Fontana)

, ,

.
.
i) (Endothelium camerae anterioris)
ii) (Lamina limitans anterior)
iii) (Stroma iridis): ,
5 () .
: .
(M. sphincter pupillae):
, , .
3--6mm ,
(optic diaphragm).
iv) (Lamina limitans posterior, Bruch's membrane)
v) (Stratum pigmenti): ,
2 . , ,
.
,
. ,
, .
,
, .

c) (Tunica interna bulbi) (Tunica nervosa oculi, I.N.A)

,
.
(1) (Stratum pigmenti): ,
(Stratum pigmenti retinae), (Stratum pigmenti
corporis ciliaris), (Stratum pigmenti iridis) .
, ,
fuscin 1--5() . ,
, , .
.
(2) (Retina): , (Pars optica retina
e),
(Pars ciliaris retinae), (Pars iridica retinae) 3
.
, (Pars ceca retinae;
I.N.A) .
(Pars optica retinae)
. .
, , ,
.
, 1.5mm
(Discus nervi optici; , (Papilla nervi optici;
B.N.A) .
,
(Excavatio disci) , ,

. , (blind
spot) . 4--5mm , 1mm
2mm (Macula) .
, 0.2--0.4mm (Fovea
centralis) , .
. 0.4mm ,
0.2--0.1mm . 0.5mm,
0.1mm .
,
. 2 .
,
, .
.
( 9--24)
.
3 . (radial fibers of
Muller) , ,
.
10 , .
i) (pigment epithelium)
ii) (layer of rods and cones): 1, (sensory
epithelium)
iii) (external limiting membrane)
iv) (outer granular or nuclear layer):Henle(fiber layer of
Henle) .
v) (outer plexiform layer)
vi) (inner granular or nuclear layer)
vii) (inner plexiform layer)
viii) (layer of ganglion cells)
ix) (layer of nerve fibers)
x) (internal limiting membrane)
, (Stratum
cerebrale) 3 .
1 , (Stratum neuroepitheliale; P.N.A)


(cone cell; 40(), 6--7()).
. ,
.
, (rhodopsin, visual purple) , -) -)

-) -) -) .

iodopsin .
, 1 3, 700
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
( ),
.
,
.
()
2 (Stratum ganglionare retinae; P.N.A),
(bipolar cell) .
.
3 (Stratum ganglionare n. optici; P.N.A) ,

.
3.
, , , ,
.
1) ( , Humor aquosus, aqueous humor) ( 9--171)
(Camera bulbi) ,
(Camera anterior bulbi) , , (Camera
posterior bulbi) , .
, ,
.

(Glaucoma) .
2) (Lens, crystalline lens) ( 9--17, 19, 26)
9--10mm( 7mm)
, . (Zonula ciliaris,
suspensory ligament of the lens, zonule of Zinn) .
,
.
. 10mm ,
7mm . , (Polus anterior
lentis) (Polus posterior lentis) ,
(Axis
lentis) . (Equator lentis)
.
4mm ,
3.7mm, 4.4mm .
1.36 , 1.44 .
, .
.
(Cataracta) .
.

 ( 9--26)
, (Capsula
lentis) (Substantia lentis) .
(Fibrae lentis) (Cortex lentis)

(Nucleus lentis) .
.
.
i) (Capsula lentis)
ii) (Substantia lentis)
--(Epithelium lentis)
--(Fibrae lentis): ( 7--10mm, 8--12(),
2()) , .
, .
,
,
.
3) (Corpus vitreum, vitreous body) ( 9--17)
((Camera vitrea bulbi; P.N.A))

1.336 (Humor vitreus) .

, (Stroma vitreum)
, .
, (Membrana vitrea)
(Fossa hyaloidea) .
(A.
hyaloidea) , 9 (Canalis hyaloideus, canal
of
Cloquet) .

14--27mmHg . 99p , ,
hyaluronic acid .
, , ,
.

, , ,
.
.
, .
.
, .
, 2 3
, 3 .
, (integrator
center) . ,
3 2 .
4)
(1) : (A. ophthalmica) ,
(V. ophthalmica superior) ,

.
i) (Vasa sanguinea retinae): 15--20mm
,
. , (V. centralis
retinae) .
ii) (Vasa sanguinea ciliare): (Aa. ciliares
posteriores longae and breves) (Aa ciliares anteriores) ,
,
(Circulus anteriosus
iridis major) .

(Circulus arteriosus iridis minor) .

(2) : (Vv. vorticosae)
.
(3) : , .

, .
5)
, .
B. ( , Organa oculi accessoria, accessory organs of eye)
.
1. (Mm. bulbi) (Fasciae orbitales)
1) ( 9--27)
6 , .

4 2 .
(1) (M. rectus superior)
(2) (M. rectus inferior)
(3) (M. rectus medialis)
(4) (M. rectus lateralis)
, (Anulus tendineus
communis) ,
, , .
(5) (M. obliquus superior):

, (Trochlea) 90

.
(6) (M. obliquus inferior):

.
: , ,
. 9--28 .
3 .

, .
2 .
i) (M. levator palpebrae superioris):

, ,
.
,
.
.
, .
ii) (M. orbitalis): , .
2) (Fasciae orbitales, orbital fascia)
, , ,
.
(1) (Vaginae bulbi fascial sheath of eyeball, Tenon's sheath):

2/3 , ,
. (Corpus adiposum orbitae)
.
.
(2) (Fasciae musculares): ,
.
(3) (Periorbita): ,

, . ,
(Septum orbitale) .
, .
.
2. (, Palpebrae, eyelids) ( 9--29, 30)
,
. .
1) ( 9--29)
(Palpebra superior) (Palpebra inferior)
,
.
, (Rima palpebrarum) ,
(Angulus oculi medialis) (, ,
Angulus oculi lateralis) . (Lig. palpebrale
mediale) (Lig. palpebrale laterale) .

(Lacus lacrimalis) .
(, (Sulcus
palpebralis superior et inferior); I.N.A)
.
,
(Plica palpebronasalis)
(Mongolian fold) .
, () (Cilia, eyelash)
,
(Supercilia, eyebrow) .
,
.
2) ( 9--31)
, ,
.
(1) : , .
. 2--3
, (Glandulae ciliare
s,
glands of Moll) .
(2) : ,
.

, .
(3) (Tarsus):
,
2/3 . .
, ,
. , (M. tarsalis superior e
t
inferior) .
(Glandulae tarsales, tarsal or Meibomian glands) ,
. , ,
(Sebum palpebrale; B.N.A)
.
.
(4) : (Tunica conjunctiva palpebrarum) .
3. (Tunica conjunctiva, conjunctiva)
1) ( 9--30, 31)
,
.
. .

 (Tunica conjunctiva palpebrarum),

(Tunica conjunctiva bulbi),
(Fornix conjunctivae superior et inferior) .
(Saccus conjunctivae) .
. ,
. .
(Plica semilunaris
conjunctivae) . ,
(Membrana nictitans) ,
3(Palpebra tertia) .
(Caruncula lacrimalis),

.
2) ( 9--31)
,
.

. , (Glandulae lacrimales
accessoriae, Krause's glands) . .
,
. , , .
4. (Apparatus lacrimalis, lacrimal apparatus) ( 9--32)
.
.
1) (Glandula lacrimalis, lacrimal gland)
,
.
2 , (Pars orbitalis) (Pars palpebralis) ,
. ,
, . (Ductuli
excretorii) .
(N. petrosus major) .
2) ( 9--32)

(Rivus lacrimalis)
(Lacus lacrimalis, lacrimal lake) ,
(Papilla lacrimalis) (Punctum lacrima
le,
lacrimal point) (Canaliculus lacrimalis)
(Saccus lacrimalis) .

.
, 1.5--2cm (Ductus nasolacrimalis)

.
,

.
V. (Organum vestibulocochleare, organ of hearing and equilibration)
(Organum vestibulare, organ of equilibration)
(Organum cochleare, organ of hearing) , , 3
.
,
.
, , , 3
, .
,

 .
1. (Auris externa, external ear) ( 9--35, 36)
,
. , .
1) (Auricula, auricle) ( 9--5)
(Porus acusticus externus) ,
. (Cartilago
auriculae) , (Lobulus auriculae)
. .
.
, (Helix) ,
(Anthelix) .
(Concha auriculae) , , (Tragus)
(Antiragus) .
,
. (Tuberculum auriculare, Dawin's
tubercle) .
(extrinsic muscles of ear) (intrins
ic
muscles of ear) . 6 ,
.

. .
2) (Meatus acusticus, external acoustic meatus) ( 9--36)
.
4cm , 2.5cm . S
.
1/3 ((Meatus acusticus
externus cartilagineus)), 2/3 ((Meatus
acusticus externus osseus)). (Sulcus tympanicus)
, (Incisura tympanica) .
,
, .
, (Tragi) ,
. .
(Gll. cerminosae, ceruminous glands) (apocrine gland),
,
.
, , , ,
, .
.
2. (Auris media, middle ear or tympanum) ( 9--33, 34)

, .
, .
, 3 .
1) (Membrana tympani, tympanic membrane or eardrum) ( 9--37, 38)
, .
9--10mm, 8--9mm ,
0.1mm . 55
.

.
,
(Umbomembranae tympani) .
(Striamallearis) (Processus lateralis)

(Prominentia mallearis) .

(Manubrium mallei) ,
. (Anulus
fibrocartilagineus) (Sulcus tympanicus) .
,
(Pars flaccida) , (Pars tensa)
.
.

3 , ((Stratum
mucosum)), ((Stratum
radiatum) (Stratum circulare)),
((Stratum cutaneum)) .
2) (Cavum tympani, tympanic cavity proper) ( 9--33, 39)
, .
.
(Ostium tympanicum tubae auditivae) ,
. (Paries labyrinthicus) .
, (Promontorium)
, (Sulcus promontorii) .
2 , (Fenestra vestibuli)
(Fenestra cochleae) , .
(Basis stapedis) , 2
(Membrana tympani secundaria) .
(Sinus tympani) .
(Processus cochleariformis) ,
.
, (Antrum
mastoideum) , (Cellulare
mastoidea) .
,
.
. .
.
3)
a) (Ossicula auditus, auditory ossicles) ( 9--40)
, (Malleus), (Incus), (Stapes) 3

.
, (hammer) ,
(anvil), (stirrup)
.
, .
,
,
.
.
b) (Mm. ossiculorum auditus)
2
. .
(1) (M. tensor tympani):(Canalis musculotubarius)
(Semicanalis musculi tensoris tympani)
. 3
, .
(2) (M. stapedius):
. ,
. ,

, .
4) (Tuba auditiva, auditory or Eustachian tube) ( 9--33, 34, 39)
, .

 34--36mm . (Ostium
pharyngeum tubae auditivae, pharyngeal opening)
, (Ostium tympanicum tubae auditivae, tympanic
opening) .
(Pars cartilaginea tubae auditivae)
, (Pars ossea tubae auditivae)
.
45, 30--40 .
, .
,
, .
5)
,
,
(Recessus) , .
.
. 2 ,
. .
, .

.
(Glandulae tubariae) ,
(Torus tubarius, tubal cushion) (adenoid tissu
e)
, (Tonsilla tubaria) .
.
,
,
.
3. (Auris interna, internal ear) ( 9--33, 34, 41)
, ,
.
.
20mm,
10mm , (Labyrinthus)
.

. (Labyrinthus osseus, osseous
labyrinth) , (Labyrinthus membraceus, membranous
labyrinth) .
,
2--3mm .
.

(Perilympha, perilymph) , .

(Endolympha, endolymph) .
1) (Labyrinthus osseus, osseous labyrinth) ( 9--42, 43, 44)
, , 3 .
(Fundus meatus acustici interni) .
.
a) (Vestibulum, vestibule)
, (Utriculus, utricle) (Sacculus,
saccule) .
(Aqueductus vestibuli)
.
3 (Maculae cribrosae) ,
.
b) (Canales semicirculares ossei, bony semicircular canals) ( 9--3

3,
41, 42, 43)
3 . (Canalis
semicircularis lateralis) , (Canalis semicircularis
anterior) (Canalis semicircularis posterior)

3 .
(Eminentia arcuata) .
(Crura ossea) , ,
(Ampullae osseae) .
5
(Crus osseum commune) .
7:6:5 ,

1.2--1.7mm, 0.8--1.0mm .
4--5 .
c) (Cochlea) ( 9--33, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47)
(common snail shell) .
, (Cupula cochleae)
. , (Canalis spiralis cochleae)

(Modiolus) 2.5--2.75
.
4--5mm, 8--9mm, 30mm
.
(Lamina spiralis ossea)
2 .
(Scala vestibuli) , (Scala tympani)
.

, (Hamulus laminae spiralis) .
(Canalis spiralis
modioli) , .
,
(Canaliculus cochleae) .
(Meatus acusticus internus):,
, .
. (Porus acusticus internus)
, (Fundus meatus acustici interni) .
(Crista transversa) ,
4 . (Area nervi facialis)
, . (Area cochleae)
((Tractus spiralis foraminosus))
. (Area vestibularis superior),
(Area vestibularis inferior)
,
, (Foramen singulare)
.
2) (Labyrinthus membranaceus, membranous labyrinth) ( 9--48)
, .
,
, .
(Spatium perilymphaticum) .
(Saccus endolymphaticus)
, (Canaliculus cochleae)
.
, ,
, .
a) (Utriculus, utricle) (Sacculus, saccule)
2 , 5--6mm , 2--3mm

 . (Ductus utriculosacculus) .
(Ductus endolymphaticus)
(Saccus endolymphaticus)
. .
(Neuroepithelium)
(Maculae), (Macula utriculi) (Macula sacculi)
.
b) (Ductus semicirculares, membranous semicircular canals)
3 , 1/4
, .
() (Ampullae membranaceae)
, (Crista ampullaris) .
c) (Ductus cochlearis, membranous cochlea)
, .
(Ductus reuniens, Hensen's canal)
(Cecum cupulare) .
( 9--48),
,
(Scala vestibuli) (Scala tympani) .
,
. 2 .
(Paries tympanicus ductus cochlearis)
(Membrana spiralis) , (Paries vestibularis ductus
cochlearis) (Membrana vestibularis) .

(Organum spirale, spiral organ of Corti) ,

. (Lig. spirale cochleae)

(Stria vascularis) . ,
.
d) ( 9--44, 47, 49, 50)
,
. , 3
.
(1) ( 9--49):
, . ,
.
,
. .
.
(supporting or
sustentacular cell) (hair cell) .

,
.
: ,
. , (otolithic or statolithi
c
hair) .
3--5() ,
(otolithic or statolithic membrane) , 1--1.5()
, (otoliths)
, , .
(Crista ampullaris) ,
(Cupula ampullaris,
ampullar cupula) .
(2) ( 9--47, 50)
, , ,
. ,


(Lig. spirale cochleae) ,
.
(Stria vascularis).
(Prominentia spiralis) ,
(Sulcus spiralis externus) .
(Crista basilaris) .
. ,
(Limbus laminae spiralis osseae)
, .
,
(Dentes acustici, auditory teeth of Huschke) . (Sulcus
spiralis internus) 2 (Labium
limbivestibulare, vestibular lip) (Membrana
tectoria, tectorial membrane) , (Labium limbi tympanicu
m,
tympanic lip) .
, , (Zona arcuata),
, (Zona pectinata) .
, (Vasa
spirale) , Corti .
(Organum spirale, spiral organ, organ of Corti) ( 9--50):
, 2 .
(inner pillar; 6,000 ) (outer pillar; 4,000 ) ,

60 , 40 S
,
. , ,
. 1 (inner hair cell;

3,500 ), 3--4 (outer hair cell; 12,000 )

, 20--40 (auditory hair) .
.
, Deiters ,
Deiters ,
(reticular membrane) . Dieters
Nuel.
Dieters Hensen ,
Claudius . ,
Nuel .
e)
(A. labyrinthi, internal auditory artery)

.
3 ,
,
,

, .

: .
, , ,
.
, 2 .


.
.
, .


. (bone conduction) .
: ,
, , ,
,
.