LOGIC AND METAPHYSICS

Sense and reference

How does language relate to realit ! How is it t"at words can #e a#out t"ings or refer to t"ings! $eferring e%&ressions or singular ter's( e%&ressions w"ic" &ic) out a &articular o#*ect( are nor'all di+ided into t"ree categories, &ro&er na'es - .ulius Caesar/( $o'e/0( descri&tions - t"e con1ueror of Gaul/0 and de'onstrati+es - t"is/( t"at/( t"at cit /( t"is e'&eror/02 Na'es and descri&tions need to #e treated se&aratel 2 -De'onstrati+es are treated in t"e &"iloso&" of language section of t"is Guide20 T"e standard reading for t"is to&ic is contained in t"e ant"ologies edited # Martinic" and Moore 'entioned a#o+e3 t"ere is an e%cellent introductor essa in sections 4 5 6 of Mar) Sains#ur ( P"iloso&"ical Logic/( in A2 C2 Gra ling( ed2( P"iloso&" 2 T"ere are s"ort +ersions of writings # Mill and 7rege( wit" co''entar ( in C"a&ter One of $eading P"iloso&" of Language( eds2 .2 Horns# and G2 Longwort" -O%ford, 8lac)well fort"co'ing02 7rege/s classic t"eor of sense and reference is an essential t"e'e2 7rege t"oug"t t"at t"ere are two as&ects to t"e 'eaning of an ter', its reference -w"at it a&&lies to in t"e world0 and its sense -t"e wa in w"ic" t"e ter' &resents its reference02 So t"e two ter's .ulius Caesar/ and t"e $o'an con1ueror of Gaul/ "a+e t"e sa'e reference #ut different senses2 See 7rege( On Sense and $eference/( in t"e 7rege $eader( re&rinted in Moore and in Martinic"2 See also Mic"ael Du''ett( 7rege/s Distinction 8etween Sense and $eference/( in Moore and in Du''ett/s Trut" and Ot"er Enig'as( -London, Duc)wort"( 49:;02 7or discussion( see Garet" E+ans( T"e <arieties of $eference( -O%ford, Clarendon Press( 49;60( c"a&ter 43 Gregor McCulloc"( T"e Ga'e of t"e Na'e( c"a&ters 45=3 Da+id 8ell( $eference and Sense, an E&ito'e/( in C2 >rig"t( ed2( 7rege, Tradition and Influence( -O%ford, 8lac)well( 49;?0 and How $ussellian was 7rege!/( Mind 99 -499@0, 6A:B6::3 and Du''ett( 7rege, P"iloso&" of Language( -London, Duc)wort"( 49;40 c"a&ters 4( = 5 A2 7or 'ore on 7rege see t"e section P"iloso&"ies of 7rege( $ussell and >ittgenstein in t"is guide2