Cau truc may tinh

1. V s khi Mainboard gii thch chc nng cc khi

Chc nng ca Mainboard: Mainboard l thit b ng vai tr trung gian, kt ni tt c cc thit b trn h thng my tnh li vi nhau thnh 1 khi thng nht, mainboard c nhng chc nng sau: Gn kt cc thnh phn trn 1 h thng my tnh li vi nhau. iu khin thay i tc bus cho ph hp vi cc thnh phn khc nhau. Qun l ngun cp cho cc thnh phn trn Mainboard. Cp xung clock ng b s hot ng ca ton h thng. 1.CPU (Central Processing Unit): CPU c gi l b x l trung tm. N l tri tim ca h thng. CPU c chia thnh 3 n v: n v x l trung tm, n v lun l, n v nh. Hai thnh phn in hnh ca CPU: n v x l s hc v lun l(ALU): thc hin cc php ton s hc v lun l. n v iu khin(CU): ly lnh t b nh, gii m lnh, thc thi lnh v gi ALU khi cn thit 2.MCH(memory controller hub) Chp bn cu bc cn c gi l hub iu khin b nh(MCH) trong h thng ca Intel(trong cc h thng ca AMD, VIA, SiS v cc h thng khc chng thng c gi l chp bn cu bc). Chp bn cu bc c chc nng qun l vic giao tip gia CPU, RAM, AGP hay PCI Express v chip bn cu nam. Mt s loi chp bn cu bc c tch hp b iu khin video v c gi l GMCH. Chp bn cu bc trong h thng bo mch ch l thnh phn quan trng qui nh s lng, tc , chng loi CPU cng nh s lng, tc v chng loi ca RAM. 3.ICH7(I/O controller hub)

Chp bn cu nam cn c gi l hub iu khin I/O(ICH), l chip thc thi cc tc v c tc thp hn trong h thng chipse nam/bc. Chng ta c th phn bit chp bn cu bc hay chp bn cu nam bng cch xem n c ni trc tip vi CPU hay khng. Chc nng ca chp bn cu nam l iu khin bus PCI, SPI, SM, b iu khin ngt, b iu khin IDE, ng h h thng, b qun l nng lng, audio 4.DIMM Module C nhiu loi RAM ty thuc cng ngh sn xut. DRAM DIMMs: DDR SDRAM (DDR1) SDRAM DIMMs: DDR2 SDRAM SDRAM DIMMs: 5.PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) Xc nh bus ca my tnh trong vic kt ni cc thit b ngoi vi vo bo mch ch. 6.DMI: (Direct Media Interface) L vic kt ni t chp n chp gia Memory Controller Hub /Graphics v I/O Controller Hub ((G)MCH) and I/O Controller Hub 7 (ICH7). 7.PCI E: c gii thiu vo nm 2004. N c thit k thay th cho chun PCI. Khng ging cc chun giao tip my tnh trc y, PCIe c cu trc truyn song cng(2 chiu) t im sang im gi l lung(lane). Trong chun PCIe 1.1 th mi lung truyn vi tc 250 MB/s mi chiu. Pcie 2.0 th tc ny t gp i v PCIe 3.0 li gp i Pcie 2.0. 8.Serial ATA (SATA) Controller: Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) l bus oc thit k ch yu cho vic truyn d liu gia CPU v thit b lu tr ( cng v a quang). u im chnh ca SATA l cp ni mng hn gip vic thot nhit ca my tnh c tt hn so vi chun PATA. SATA c kh nng cm nng(hot swapping). Cp SATA s dng 4 ng tn hiu v vy nh gn hn v r hn cp ca chun PATA. 9.AHCI (Advanced Host Controller Interface): y l giao din lp trnh mi cho b iu khin SATA. Cc nn tng c h tr bi HCI c nhiu u im nh: khng cn thit k ch/t cho cc thit b SATA(mi thit b u c xem l ch). AHCI cng cung cp tnh nng cm nng cho thit b. AHCI i hi c phn mm h tr. 10. IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) Interface (Bus Master Capability and Synchronous DMA Mode): Chun giao tip IDE h tr 2 thit b IDE cho a cng v cc thit b theo chun ATAPI. Mi thit b IDE u c nh thi c lp. Giao tip IDE h tr PIO IDE truyn d liu 16MB/s v Ultra ATA tuyn 100MB/s. Chun IDE khng tn ngun ti nguyn DMA. Chun giao tip IDE tch hp b m 16x32 bit ti u ha cho vic truyn d liu. 11. AGP Accelerated Graphics Port cn gi l Advanced Graphics Port,vit tt l AGP) l knh kt ni t im sang im tc cao cho card ha. Intel cho ra i phin bn AGP 1.0 vo nm 1997. N bao gm 2 loi card tc 1x v 2x. Phin bn 2.0 tc l 4x v phin bn 3.0 l 16x. sau y l tc ca cc phin bn trn: 12.USB(Universal Serial Bus) Controller: Universal Serial Bus (USB): l chun bus cho thit b giao tip. USB c thit k cho php thit b ngoi vi c kt ni s dng chun cm n v ti u ha kh nng plug and play bng cch cho php thit b cm nng. ============================================================================= 2. Mainboard Factor Form? Mainboard Factor Form: l tiu chun m t c bn v chnh xc nht v hnh dng, kch thc cch sp xp v yu cu v ngun in ca bo mch ch.
AT Form Factor Baby AT ATX Mini-ATX microATX FlexATX

LPX & Mini LPX NLX

=============================================================================

3.V s trnh t khi ng ngun v gii thch hot ng?

Nhn nt ngun => c xung truyn n ICH. ICH gi xung SLP_S3# n SIO. SIO gi xung PS_ON# n b ngun. B ngun bt v t kim tra nu ngun tt th b ngun s gi 1 tn hiu PWRGD_PS v SIO. SIO gi xung tn hiu PWRGD_3V v chp nam. Chp nam nhn c tn hiu ngun tt s gi xung reset (PCIRST#) n chp bc v SIO. Chp bc s reset CPU. SIO reset PCI v IDE.
=============================================================================

4. Kin trc CPU P4, muticore? Pentium 4 l b vi x l kin trc x86 th h th 7 do Intel sn xut. dng ph thng, c gii thiu vo thng 11 nm 2000. P4 s dng vi kin trc NetBurst c thit k hon ton mi so vi cc BXL c.
Netburst: L m hnh vi kin trc (micro architecture) ca Intel. N cung cp mt s tnh nng v cng ngh mi rt cao cp nh: cng ngh siu ng (hyper-pipelined technology) m rng s hng lnh x l, knh truyn h thng 400Mhz v 533 Mhz , B nh ni cho php truy cp lnh thc thi (Execution Trace Cache) trnh tnh trng lnh b chm tr khi chuyn t b nh n CPU v C ch thc thi lnh nhanh chng (Rapid Execution Engine) tng tc b ng x l ton hc. Kin trc CPU Multicore (CPU a nhn): l b vi x l trung tm (Central Processing Unit) c nhiu n v vi x l (nhn) c tch hp trn cng mt CPU vt l duy nht. Ni cch khc, chng ging nh s ghp ni nhiu CPU thng thng trc y tr thnh mt CPU duy nht.

Cung cp mt nn tng a li cc

Chip bao gm cc chc nng tch hp khc, tch hp b nh cache L3 , b iu khin b nh, nhiu I /O thit b nh DUART , GPIO v USB 2.0 , an ninh v cc cng c m ha, qun l hng i lp lch trnh cc s kin on-chip v mt SerDes da trn chip mng tc cao cu hnh nh nhiu Gigabit Ethernet ========================================================================== 5. Kin trc RISC v CISC? Kin trc RIST - Reduce Intructions Set Computer My tnh vi tp lnh n gin ha: l kiu kin trc thit k cc b vi x l theo hng n gin ha tp lnh, trong thi gian thc thi tt c cc lnh u nh nhau. Trit l cho pht trin ca RIST l ct gim b vi x l ch cn li nhng b phn thit yu ca n. Nhng g khng thc s cn thit s b vt b. Theo RISC: cc chc nng phc tp thch hp thc hin bng phn mm hn l bng phn cng. Phn mm th d thay i, d cp nht, v to ra nhanh hn. Vit m mi nhanh hn l thit k v xy dng mt chp mi. Do cc my tnh da trn RISC c th c nng cp nhanh hn. Cc chng trnh v cc thut ton c th iu chnh v ci tin. Tt nht l phn cng RISC phi c n gin ha, ti u ha sao cho n chy nhanh hn. Hin nay cc b vi x l RISC ph bin l ARM, Supper H, Mips, SPARC, PA-RISC, PIC,
Kin trc CIST Complex instruction set computing - My tnh vi tp lnh phc tp: L kiu kin trc m trong vi x l trung tm c h tr hng trm hng dn t n gainr n phc tp, iu ny gip cho my tnh c th thc hin mt lot cc tc v tnh ton v ci thin hiu qu lp trnh. im khc bit thc s gia RISC so vi CISC +nguyn tc thc hin mi th trong cc thanh ghi, c v lu d liu vo cc thanh ghi. +n v logic ca mt chip RISC bao gi cng cn t transistor hn so vi ca mt chip CISC. iu ny gip ngi thit k c rt nhiu s linh hot. =============================================================================

6. Cc ch s ca CPU v ngha?
-S nhn: S vi x l c tch hp trong vi x l trung tm. -S lung: s lung d liu a vo CPU. -Host frequence: tn s li ca CPU. y l tn s lm vic ca CPU. -Outside frequence: tn s bus ca h thng ( l tn s truyn d liu gia CPU v thit b ngoi vi). -Clock rate: t s gia tn s lm vic ca CPU v tn s bus ca h thng. -FSB ( Front Side Bus): y l bus ni gia CPU v chip bn cu bc, v th n c xc nh bi CPU v chip bn cu bc. -CPU cache: b nh m ca CPU. L b nh tm thi gia CPU v b nh chnh. Khi CPU c d liu, ln u tin n s tm trong b nh m nu thy n s ly d liu ny. Nu khng tm thy d liu cn trong b nh m th n s tm trong b nh chnh. D liu ny sau s c np vo b nh m. =============================================================================

7. Trnh by pipe line trong CPU? Trong k thut vi x l, pipeline l thut ng c trong t instruction pipline ; ngha l cu trc ng
ng lnh. Cu trc ny cho php con tr a ch np mt lnh mi trong khi CPU ang thi hnh mt lnh trc , nh vy m tc x l ca CPU c tng ln. Trong pipeline th mt lnh s c chia nh thnh 5 cng on: IF (Instruction Fetc h) : Nhn lnh ID (Instruction Decode) : Gii m. lnh DF (Data Fetch) : Nhn d liu EX (Execution) : Thc hin lnh DS (Data Save) : Lu kt qu

 Trn l thuyt, vic s dng k thut pipeline s lm tng tc VXL ln gn 400% nhng thc t,vic tng tc c bao nhiu cn ph thuc vo cc kiu xung t khc nhau di y. Xung t cu trc (Structural Hazard) Xung t d liu (Data Hazard) Xung t iu khin (Control Hazard)
Cu 8: Thut ton b nh m?(CPU cache) B nh m copy nhng d liu c truy cp gn nht v nhiu nht t b nh RAM (DRAM) vo b nh m (SRAM). Khi CPU c d liu, ln u tin n s tm trong b nh m nu thy n s ly d liu ny. Nu khng tm thy d liu cn trong b nh m th n s tm trong b nh chnh. D liu ny sau s c np vo b nh m. CPU truy cp vo b nh m cng nhiu thay v truy cp vo b nh chnh th CPU hot ng cng nhanh v tc truy xut ca b nh m nhanh hn nhiu ln so vi b nh chnh.

======================================================================== 9. a li v a lung?
a li: l b vi x l trung tm (Central Processing Unit) c nhiu n v vi x l (nhn) c tch hp trn cng mt CPU vt l duy nht. Ni cch khc, chng ging nh s ghp ni nhiu CPU thng thng trc y tr thnh mt CPU duy nht. a lung: Nhiu lung chui lnh v d liu cng a vo CPU. a lung h tr cho vic x l a lung trong CPU, cho php a lung tc v cng chia nhau s dng tt c cc ti nguyn ca CPU, nh cache, cc n v x l,cc bus v cc h thng b nh. H iu hnh v phn mm ng dng s tng nh ang chy trn hai hay nhiu b x l, kt qu l tc x l trung bnh c th tng ln xp x 40% i vi mt b x l vt l.

======================================================================== 10. Ti sao dng a li?

Gim khng gian trn board mch chnh khi c nhu cu mun s dng vi s lng li CPU n tng ng. S dng a li trn cng mt vi mch s gip cc nhn lm vic kt hp cng nhau cht ch v nng cao c hiu qu hn. Tit kim nng lng hn. Khi nhiu li cng nm trn mt chip, xung tn hiu truyn gia cc li s ngn hn. Ngoi ra, c trng ca CPU a li l chy vi in nng thp hn v cng sut tiu tn tn hiu truyn trn dy bng vi bnh phng in p chia cho in tr trong dy, do in nng thp hn s dn n kt qu l ngun in s dng i. CPU a li c th thc thi cc hot ng nhiu ln hn trong mt giy trong khi tn s thp hn Tc lm vic nhanh hn rt nhiu : Khi my tnh c mt CPU a nhn, my c th lm nhiu vic cng mt lc (a nhim), hoc lm mt vic ln nhanh hn bnh thng, nu ng dng c lp trnh h tr a nhn. Khi ch x l mt tc v duy nht, CPU s phn b tc v ny thnh nhiu phn nh hn v chia cho cc nhn cng x l song song ng thi, kt qu l cng vic c x l nhanh hn nhiu so vi n nhn. CPU a li c s dng ngy cng nhiu v cng nng cp v nhng u im vt tri so vi cc CPU thng thng. =========================================================================== 11. Cc loi RAM v bng thng ? RAM l b nh truy cp ngu nhin ,l ni lu cc chng trnh phc v trc tip cho qu trnh x l ca CPU. Ty theo cng ngh ch to, ngi ta phn bit thnh 2 loi: SRAM (Static RAM): RAM tnh DRAM (Dynamic RAM): RAM ng Cc loi RAM: RAM tnh (Static RAM): 6 transistor trong mt nh ca RAM tnh .RAM tnh c ch to theo cng ngh ECL (dng trong CMOS v BiCMOS). Mi bit nh gm c cc cng logic vi 6 transistor MOS.

SRAM l b nh nhanh, vic c khng lm hy ni dung ca nh v thi gian thm nhp bng chu k ca b nh. RAM ng ( Dynamic RAM): 1 transistor v 1 t in trong mt nh ca RAM ng . RAM ng dng k thut MOS. Mi bit nh gm mt transistor v mt t in. Vic ghi nh d liu da vo vic duy tr in tch np vo t in v nh vy vic c mt bit nh lm ni dung bit ny b hy. Do vy sau mi ln c mt nh, b phn iu khin b nh phi vit li ni dung nh . Chu k b nh cng theo m t nht l gp i thi gian thm nhp nh.

Cc loi DRAM SDRAM c gi l DRAM ng b. SDRAM gm 3 phn loi: SDR, DDR, DDR2 v DDR3. SDR SDRAM thng c gii chuyn mn gi tt l "SDR". C 168 chn. DDR SDRAM thng c gii chuyn mn gi tt l "DDR". C 184 chn. DDR2 SDRAM thng c gii chuyn mn gi tt l "DDR2". L th h th hai ca DDR vi 240 chn DDR III SDRAM: c tc bus 800/1066/1333/1600 Mhz, s bit d liu l 64,tng s chn l 240.
RDRAM thng c gii chuyn mn gi tt l "Rambus". y l mt loi DRAM c thit k k thut hon ton mi so vi k thut SDRAM. Bng Thng:

SDR SDRAM c phn loi theo bus speed nh sau: PC-66: 66 MHz bus. PC-100: 100 MHz bus.
PC-133: 133 MHz bus. DDR SDRAM c phn loi theo bus speed v bandwidth nh sau:

DDR-200: Cn c gi l PC-1600. 100 MHz bus vi 1600 MB/s bandwidth. DDR-266: Cn c gi l PC-2100. 133 MHz bus vi 2100 MB/s bandwidth. DDR-333: Cn c gi l PC-2700. 166 MHz bus vi 2667 MB/s bandwidth.
DDR-400: Cn c gi l PC-3200. 200 MHz bus vi 3200 MB/s bandwidth. DDR2 SDRAM c phn loi theo bus speed v bandwidth nh sau:

DDR2-400: Cn c gi l PC2-3200. 100 MHz clock, 200 MHz bus vi 3200 MB/s bandwidth. DDR2-533: Cn c gi l PC2-4200. 133 MHz clock, 266 MHz bus vi 4267 MB/s bandwidth. DDR2-667: Cn c gi l PC2-5300. 166 MHz clock, 333 MHz bus vi 5333 MB/s bandwidth.
DDR2-800: Cn c gi l PC2-6400. 200 MHz clock, 400 MHz bus vi 6400 MB/s bandwidth. B nh DRAM chm nhng r tin hn SRAM.

======================================================================== 12. So snh RAM tnh v RAM ng? Ging nhau: u l b nh truy cp ngu nhin, Ram ch to theo cng ngh bn dn v thuc loi b nh khng n nh , tc l thng tin trong RAM ch tn ti khi c ngun in nui v mt khi khng cn ngun in nui. Khc nhau: B nh DRAM chm nhng r tin hn SRAM. + SRAM l b nh nhanh, vic c khng lm hy ni dung ca nh v thi gian truy cp bng chu k ca b nh RAM tnh c ch to theo cng ngh ECL (dng trong CMOS v BiCMOS). Mi bit nh gm c cc cng logic vi 6 transistor MOS. SRAM l b nh nhanh, vic c khng lm hy ni dung ca nh v thi gian thm nhp bng chu k ca b nh.

+ DRAM khi c mt bit nh lm ni dung bit ny b hy. Do vy sau mi ln c mt nh, b phn iu khin b nh phi vit li ni dung nh . Chu k b nh cng theo m tng gp i thi gian truy cp nh. B nh DRAM chm nhng r tin hn SRAM. RAM ng dng k thut MOS. Mi bit nh gm mt transistor v mt t in. Vic ghi nh d liu da vo vic duy tr in tch np vo t in v nh vy vic c mt bit nh lm ni dung bit ny b hy. Do vy sau mi ln c mt nh, b phn iu khin b nh phi vit li ni dung nh . Chu k b nh cng theo m t nht l gp i thi gian thm nhp nh.

RAM tnh Thng tin lun n nh v khng phi lm ti theo nh k.

RAM ng Do bn cht l t in nn in tch np vo v x ra rt nhanh, v vy cn lm ti nh k bo ton thng tin. Tc truy cp chm hn . Gn nh c th tng mt d cy linh kin. Gi thnh thp hn SRAM

Tc truy cp nhanh hn. Kch thc ln , ch to phc tp.

Gi thnh cao hn.

============================================================================= 13. Cc ch s ca RAM? - Dung lng: Dung lng RAM c tnh bng MB v GB (8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 MB; 1 GB, 2 GB...). Dung lng RAM cng ln cng tt cho h thng, tuy nhin khng phi tt c cc h thng phn cng v h iu hnh u h tr cc loi RAM c dung lng ln, mt s h thng phn cng ca my tnh c nhn ch h tr ti a n 4G v mt s h iu hnh (nh phin bn 32 bit ca Windows XP) ch h tr n 3,2 GB. - Thi gian thm nhp: thi gian t lc a ra a ch ca nh n lc c c ni dung ca nh . - Chu k b nh: Thi gian gia hai ln lin tip thm nhp b nh. - Bus: l ng dn in ni b m theo cc thit b c truyn t thit b ny n thit b khc trn main. Ty loi RAM m c cch cch phn loi Bus theo bus speed v bandwidth. - T chc b nh: S nh v s bit cho mi nh. - Bng thng hay tc ca Ram - Modul

- tCL (CAS Latency): thng c vit gn li l CL hay CAS: n cho bit tr ca RAM k t khi nhn c lnh cho n khi cung cp d liu. - Thng s tRCD (RAS to CAS Delay): S chu k xung nhp b chm tr. Thng s tRCD cng nh th RAM chy cng nhanh - Thng s tRP (RAS Precharge Delay): Thi gian k t lnh Precharge cho n khi RAM c sn sng (active) - Thng s tRAS (Active Precharge Delay):Thng s tRAS xc nh khong thi gian ch ca RAM c th kch hot truyn d liu. - Thng s CR (Command Rate): cn c vit l CMD hay CPC: xc nh khong thi gian t khi RAM c kch hot cho ti n tip nhn lnh u tin gi ti. - Loi RAM ============================================================================= 14. Cc ch s ca HDD? Dung lng cng (Disk capacity): =(s byte/sector) (s sector/track) (s cylinder) (s u c/ghi).n v: TB,GB,MB,TB cc a cng hin nay c dung lng dao ng t 50Gb n vi Tb. Cc hng sn xut tnh dung lng 1GB = 1000MB. H iu hnh tnh 1GB = 1024MB Tc quay: K hiu: rpm(revolutions per minute) s vng quay trn pht. Tc quay cng cao th cng lm vic nhanh do chng thc hin c/ghi nhanh hn, thi gian tm kim thp. Nhng chng khng hon ton to ra tc lm vic nhanh hn m cn ph thuc cc yu t khc: nh chun giao tip,thi gian truy cp ngu nhin Cc tc quay thng dng: 3600rpm, 4200rpm, 5400rpm, 7200rpm , 10000rpm, 15000rpm (my tnh siu cp, my ch, my trm) B nh m (buffer): lu tr d liu tm thi trong qu trnh lm vic ca cng. ln ca b nh m c nh hng ng k ti hiu sut hot ng ca a cng bi vic c/ghi khng xy ra tc thi do d d liu c truyn ti hoc i s c t tm trong b nh m. Dung lng b nh m thng l 2 hoc 8 MB cho cc loi a cng dung lng n 160 GB v 16 MB hoc cao hn cho cc a cng dng lng ln hn. Chun giao tip: C nhiu chun giao tip khc nhau gia a cng bo mch ch, s a dng ny mt phn xut pht t yu cu tc c/ghi d liu khc nhau gia cc h thng my tnh, phn cn li do cc giao tip nhanh c gi thnh cao hn nhiu so vi cc chun thng dng. Ba chun thng dng hin nay l EIDE, SCSI, SATA, SATA II, SATA III, Fibre Channel Tc truyn d liu: a phn tc truyn d liu trn cc chun giao tip thp hn so vi thit k ca n bi c nhiu thng s nh hng n tc truyn d liu ca a cng nh: tc quay ca a t, s lng a t trong a cng, cng ngh ch to, dung lng b nh m Kch thc: m bo thay th lp rp va vi cc loi my tnh, kch thc ca a cng c chun ho thnh 6 loi l: 5,25 inch dng trong cc my tnh cc th h trc. 3,5 inch dng cho cc my tnh c nhn, my trm, my ch. 2,5 inch dng cho my tnh xch tay. 1,8 inch hoc nh hn dng trong cc thit b k thut s c nhn v PC Card. 1,0 inch dng cho cc thit b siu nh (micro device) S dng in nng Cc thng s v thi gian ca cng: Thi gian truy cp ngu nhin (Random Access Time): L khong thi gian trung bnh a cng tm kim mt d liu ngu nhin. Tnh bng mili giy (ms). Thi gian lm vic tin cy MTBF: (Mean Time Between Failures) c tnh theo gi (hay c th hiu mt cch n thun l tui th ca a cng). Thi gian tm kim trung bnh (Average Seek Time) l khong thi gian trung bnh (theo mili giy: ms) m u c c th di chuyn t mt cylinder ny n mt cylinder khc ngu nhin ( v tr xa chng), c cung cp bi nh sn xut.

============================================================================1 5. Cc ch s SSD?

SSD (Solid State Drive - lu tr bn dn) l mt thit b lu tr s dng b nh flash lu tr d liu trn my tnh mt cch bn vng. SSD s dng SRAM hoc DRAM hoc b nh FLash lu d liu. Tc truy xut ti a: Vi giao tip Sata 3 hin nay (bng thng 6Gpbs), nhng SSD c th t tc c v ghi rt nhanh, ln n hn 500MB/giy Loi chip nh, MLC hay SLC: Cc SSD hin nay s dng 2 loi chip nh, l MLC (multi level cell) v SLC (single level cell) Giao tip h tr Chc nng sa li ECC (Error Correcting Code): l mt chc nng gip SSD c th t pht hin v sa cc li d liu pht sinh trong qu trnh s dng, gip hn ch tnh trng d liu ca chng ta khng may b mt mt hoc h hng. Dung lng. S ln ghi chp d liu. ============================================================================= 16. So snh SSD v HDD? Ging nhau: u l cng lu d liu. Khc nhau v mt cng ngh: HDD: -S dng a t tnh lu d liu. - bn, tc thp hn SSD; n hn, tiu tn nhiu in nng hn SSD. -Dung lng, s ln ghi c cao hn SSD, gi thnh r hn SSD. -Hiu qu vi d liu c dung lng ln, nu d liu b phn b ri rc s lm mt thi gian. -Tui th cao hn SSD -Cu to s dng mt chic a t tnh lu tr d liu, trung tm chic a l mt ng c quay. Dng 1 u mnh c v ghi d liu trn a. iu khin tt c l mt b vi mch ngoi iu khin u mnh c ghi vo ng v tr trn a t khi n ang quay vi tc kh cao (thng l 5400 hoc 7200 vng/pht) ng thi gii m cc tn hiu t tnh thnh d liu m my tnh c th hiu c. SSD: -S dng SRAM hoc DRAM hoc b nh flashNAND lu d liu. -Bn, tc cao hn HDD, t ting n, tiu tn t in nng, kch thc nh gn -Hn ch v dung lng, s ln ghi d liu c gii hn, gi thnh rt cao. -Tui th ngn. -SSD c cu to hon ton khc bit, mt bo mch c gn chip nh (thng l chip flash) c kh nng lu tru d liu lu di m khng b mt khi ngt ngun in -Thi gian khi ng: Bi khng c b phn chuyn ng nn tc khi ng ca SSD nhanh hn so vi HDD. HDD thng s phi cn mt vi giy bt u khi ng a t. Thi gian truy cp d liu v tr: SSD c tc nhanh hn khong 8 n 10 ln so vi HDD nh vic b qua b phn quay c hc. Vic tm kim cc d liu gn nh p ng ngay lp tc d n bt c ni no trn a SSD, trong khi HDD b cn tr bi s chuyn ng vt l ca u t cng nh thi gian quay a -Ting n: a SSD hot ng kh im lng bi n khng c b phn chuyn ng, cn HDD hot ng n hn do c rung ca cc b phn c kh. tin cy: a SSD khng trang b b phn c kh nn hot ng rt tin cy vi cc d liu lu tr. Phn ln HDD b li l do b phn c kh b h hay b hao mn. V tc c/ghi, HDD c li th hn rt nhiu. -Nng lng s dng: a SSD tiu hao t nng lng hn 30-60% so vi a cng truyn thng. -Chi ph: Gi HDD gim ng k cho mi GB d liu so vi ngy u ra mt. -Vic thay th HDD bng SSD, hiu nng h thng chc chn s c ci thin ng k. -Kch c SSD cng c hai loi kch c tiu chun 2,5 inch c s dng ch yu cho laptop, v 3,5 inch l cho my bn desktop, h thng lu tr trong cc loi my ch server. Song kch thc v trng lng ca SSD nh hn so vi HDD, v vy s ph hp hn cho cc h thng my nh gn. - tin cy cng HDD km hn so vi th rn SSD. Chnh vic s dng u c/ghi chuyn

ng c hc v cc phin a quay trn l yu t lm gim tin cy HDD. Trong nhng mi trng ng dng di ng i hi an ton cao cho d liu, chc chn SSD s l la chn tt hn. SSD cn c kh nng chng sc v chu lc tt. y cng l nhng u im khin nhiu lnh vc c c th ring nh qun s la chn loi cng ny. c bit SSD cn c th lu tr c trong mi trng khc nghit vi nhit t - 60oC n + 95oC. in nng tiu th v ta nhit - So vi HDD, SSD tit kim in hn bi v khng cn thm in nng lm quay cc phin a v dch chuyn u c/ghi v mt hn. Chnh v vy y l la chn ph hp hn cho nhu cu ca cc cng ty lu tr d liu, thm vo cn tit kim hn khi khng cn n cc h thng tn nhit, lm mt tn km. Gi c: vi nhiu u im v tnh nng vt tri hn, SSD v th cng t tin hn nhiu so vi HDD truyn thng. y chnh l li th cnh tranh khin HDD vn l la chn ch yu ca ngi s dng, v gi thnh cao cng l ro cn ln khin SSD cha th c s dng rng ri. -Gi thnh: So vi HDD cng dung lng, mt chic SSD thng t hn ti 6 7 ln. C th ni rng y chnh l l do khin HDD vn cn ch ng trn th trng linh kin my tnh. Ting n:HDD s pht ra ting ng khi lm vic bi ng c quay v s di chuyn ca u c. Trong khi SSD im lng tuyt i trong mi trng hp, n gin v hot ng tn hiu in khng pht ra ting - bn: Cc linh kin ng c quay v u c d liu ca HDD d dng b tc ng bi ngoi lc bn ngoi nh rung lc, ri khin chng b sai lch dn n ngng hot ng hon ton, mc d d liu c th vn cu c nhng chic th mt kh nng vn hnh. SSD khng c b phn chuyn ng no, do chic cng nh d liu hon ton c kh nng sng st sau nhng tc ng vt l t bn ngoi. - Phn mnh: Do cu to a t, u c ghi v ng c quay nn HDD ch thc s lm vic hiu qu vi cc tp tin ln c lu tr lin k, nu nh d liu b phn b ri rc trn phin a, s tn rt nhiu thi gian c th c c ton b chng v ghp li. Trong khi SSD khng h quan tm n vn ny, d liu c th load ng lot nhiu chip nh khc nhau. SDD L 1 bo mch c gn chp nh c kh nng lu tr d liu lu di . S dng chp nh flash nn d liu c lu tr an ton hn. Tc c,ghi d liu vt tri so vi HDD, khi ng ln th c th lm vic c ngay. Khng c b phn no chuyn ng, do chic cng nh d liu khng b h hi sau nhng tc ng vt l t bn ngoi. Khng gy ting n khi lm vic v hot ng tn hiu in khng pht ra ting n. Tiu th in nng t hn HDD 30-60%. C tui th nht nh, v cc chp nh flash trong SSD s b cht sau 1 s ln c ghi nht nh. Trung bnh ghi xa 300000 ln. Gi thnh t hn HDD 6-7 ln. HDD S dng chic a t tnh lu d liu, gia a l 1 ng c quay c v ghi d liu. Nn d liu ko an ton so vi SDD. -Tc c, ghi d liu chm hn v a t cn thi gian ng c quay v t ng tc . -Cc linh kin ng c quay v u c d b tc ng ca ngoi lc nh b rung lc,khin chng b sai lch ,ko hot ng. -pht ra ting ng khi lm vic do ng c quay v s di chuyn ca u c. -t tn in. -Tui th cao hn,s ln c ghi gn nh v hn. -Gi thnh r hn.

=============================================================================

17. K thut TRIM trong SSD?

TRIM l mt cng ngh cho php ci thin tc ca cc tc v ghi d liu hin ti ch c trn cc SSD. Cc SSD h tr TRIM cho php ci thin tc ghi hn so vi cc SSD thng thng v c bit l khi so vi a cng c hc.

i vi cc cng c hc thng thng, khi thc hin mt tc v xa thng thng trn h iu hnh, thc t ni dung ca cc tp tin hoc th mc vn cha b xa hon ton. H iu hnh n gin ch thay i cc thng tin v ch mc ca nhng tp tin ny. Ch khi bn thc hin vic ghi ni dung ca nhng tp tin ny mi c xa i. Cng nh c im ny, cc cng c phc hi tp tin c th cu li nhng d liu m bn l tay xa i. D liu trn SSD cu thnh t nhiu block, mi block li c cu to nhiu page. Khi bn thc hin xa file t h iu hnh n SSD controller , ton b ni dung ca block ny c di chuyn sang cache. iu ny c ngha l ni dung ca block s b xa hon ton. trong cache, cc page m bn yu cu xa s b xa. Sau ton b ni dung ca block s c di chuyn tr li. Vi cch thc hin nh trn, phn d liu m bn mun xa thc s b xa hon ton. Nh vy dung lng trng trn SSD l thc s, d liu mi s khng b ghi , chng ln ln . Nh vy, TRIM s gin tip tng tui th cho SSD ca bn, tuy nhin n cng c mt nhc im nh l thi gian xa d liu s lu hn mt cht. Nh cc tc v ghi s din ra nhanh hn do khng phi thc hin thao tc xa d liu trc khi ghi nh cc cng thng thng. Hin SSD t cc hng nh Intel, Samsung, OCZ, Corsair u h tr cng ngh TRIM. ============================================================================= 18. Flash NAND: MLC,SLC trong SSD? SSD chia lm 2 loi: s dng flash NAND SLC (single level cell) v flash NAND MLC (multi level cell) B nh NAND Flash SLC v MLC v c bn ging nhau trong thit k. B nh SCL lu tr ch 1 bit d liu trn mi cell (t bo/ nh), dn n tc truyn ti d liu nhanh hn, tiu th t in nng hn v tui th cao hn tin cy cao cng nh di nhit hot ng tt cao hn cc thit b MLC Flash. Khuyt im ca b nh SLC l chi ph sn xut tnh theo tng MB qu cao, dn n vic thit b lu tr di ng ng dng b nh ny t c sn xut, ch c s dng trong cc thit b lu tr cn hiu nng cao, ni m tc v tin cy c u tin hng u. B nh MLC lu tr 2 bit d liu trn cng 1 cell. Bng cc lu tr nhiu bit trn mi cell hn SLC (gp i), cc thit b MLC c tc truyn ti d liu chm hn, tiu th nhiu nng lng hn v tui th cng thp hn u im ca b nh MLC Flash l chi ph sn xut r so vi SLC Flash, c mt lu tr d liu nhiu hn, thng c s dng trong cc thit b lu tr di ng ph thng dnh cho ngi tiu dng. ============================================================================= 19. Gii thch ch s tc v dung lng card mn hnh? GPU clock (Graphic clock): l tc ca GPU (b x l ha), tc ny cng cao cng tt. Memory clock: tc xung ca b nh, ch s ny cng cao cng tt Memory Bandwidth: kh nng truyn ti d liu ca b nh, hay cn c gi l bng thng gia b nh ca VGA v GPU, ch s ny ph thuc vo xung ca b nh v Bus b nh. Standard Memory Config: l dung lng b nh chaa trong card mn hnh. Pixel fill rate : L s lng im nh m card ha c th xut ra v c tnh bng s ROPs nhn vi tc xung li ca card ho.Ch s ny cng nhiu cng tt. Memory Interface Width : c gi l bus b nh . L mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nht nh hng n tnh nng. Cc loi card ha hin nay bus b nh bao gm t 64 bits n 256 bits, v trong mt vi trng hp c th t n 512 bits. Bus b nh cng tng, th lng d liu m b nh c th vn chuyn trong mi chu k cng ln. ============================================================================= 20. GPU GPU - Graphics Pocessing Unit - B x l ha l mt thit b chuyn biu din ha cho my tnh c nhn, my trm hoc my game c vai tr phn tch, iu khin, x l d liu, tnh ton hnh nh phc tp dng cho qu trnh biu din hnh nh GPU c chc nng nh mt CPU ring ca card tng tc ha, mt b x l chip ring r c bit chuyn thc hin cc dng php tnh c bit cn thit cho ha 3D v hnh nh ng. y chnh l cc tc v ton hc rt nng n m trc kia CPU phi gnh. ============================================================================= 21. PCIe v AGP

PCIe - PCI Express: mt dng giao din bus h thng/card m rng gn ri ca my tnh, l mt giao din nhanh hn nhiu v c thit k thay th giao din PCI, PCI-X, v AGP cho cc card m rng v card ha. PCIe l mt nh dng kt hp gia truyn d liu tun t v song song. PCIe s dng nhiu kt ni song song trong mi kt ni truyn mt lung d liu tun t v c lp vi cc ng khc. PCIe cho php truyn ti tng cng 8 GB/s mi chiu. Bus PCI Express truyn d liu trn 2 cp dy (1 ng i, 1 ng v ring bit) c gi l 1 Lane. D liu truyn trn Lane c m bo v chnh xc. Mi Lane c th truyn c vi tc max l 250 MB/s (gp i bus PCI). PCI Express c 1 Lane th c gi l PCI Express x1 suy ra PCI Express x16 c tc truyn l 16x 250= 8000 MB/s PCI-Express ca Intel gi cc giao din kt ni theo bng thng vi X1 (bng thng 2,5Gb/s); tip l X4, X8 v X16 (4-5GB/s). PCI Express l mt cng ngh I/O mi cho cc h thng desktop, mobile, server v thng tin lin lc vi tc truyn d liu cao hn. AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port: l mt kiu bus truyn d liu v khe cm cm card tng tc ha c pht trin bi hng Intel AGP c pht trin trn nn bus PCI vi s thay i v dng thc vt l, cu to v ti u hn dnh ring cho cc bo mch ho. Khng ging nh cc khe cm PCI c thit k vi s lng nhiu trn bo mch ch, AGP ch c thit k mt khe duy nht. Trong my tnh, bus AGP c kt ni thng vi chip cu bc (ci tin so vi bus PCI kt ni vi chip cu nam) cho php cc bo mch ho c th truy cp trc tip vo b nh ca h thng, iu ny gip tng ng k hiu nng trn cc bo mch ho so vi khi chng s dng bus PCI trc . Bus ca AGP l 66Mhz v truyn 32bits trong cng mt lc v vy tc truyn s liu ca n l 264 MB/s (66 MHz x 32 bits / 8). Bus ny c th lm vic vi tc x2 , x4 ,x8 tc tng ng truyn s liu ca n l528 MB/s, 1 GB/s v 2 GB/s . AGP ch dnh cho card x l ha ============================================================================= 22. VGA vs DVI vs HDMI HDMI - High-Definition Multimedia Interface - Giao din a phng tin phn gii cao. - L mt chun kt ni k thut s c kh nng truyn ti video HD v m thanh cht lng cao trn cng mt si cp. Trc y, c th truyn ti cc ni dung tng t trn cp analog, ngi ta phi dng n 3 cp kt ni video (cng component) cng thm vi 6 cp m thanh analog na. - HDMI h tr tt c cc chun hnh nh tiu chun, tng cng, hoc nt cao, cng nh tn hiu m thanh a knh. Truyn ti tn hiu TV nt cao ATSC v h tr m thanh KTS 8 knh, vi bng thng l 5 Gbps. - HDMI c dng ch yu cho nhng kt ni ti cc thit b cn phn gii cao nh u ghi DVD HD hay HDTV. - HDMI c pht minh da trn cng ngh TMDS. VGA - Video Graphics Array - B phn tng thch mn hnh - C nhim v giao tip vi CPU thng qua cc khe cm (slot), gii m cc a ch hng/ct, cung cp cc tn hiu Video Analog (mn hnh n sc) hoc R, G, B (mn hnh mu), ng b dc (V.Sync) ng b ngang (H.Sync) cho monitor. - VGA l thit b xut ha di dng video thnh tng dy ra mn hnh v c th hin th 256 mu bin i lin tc cng mt lc cung cp mn hnh phn gii 640x480x16 hnh thnh nn ng nn ca mn hnh Microsoft Windows. - VGA c 15 ng tn hiu v ch truyn tn hiu tng t. DVI - Digital Video Interface - L mt giao din hin th video c pht trin bi Tp on k thut s hin th (DDWG) nhm cung cp tn hiu hnh nh analog v digital cho mn hnh trn mt kt ni duy nht.

- Giao din k thut s c s dng kt ni mt ngun video vi mt thit b hin th nh mt mn hnh my tnh. DVI c pht trin to ra mt tiu chun cng nghip cho vic chuyn giao cc ni dung video k thut s - Hin c 3 loi u ni DVI: DVI-Digital (DVI-D), DVI-Analog (DVI-A) v DVI-Integrated (Digital & Analog hay cn gi l DVI-I) - DVI l loi kt ni rt ph bin gia my tnh v mn hnh hin nay. DVI rt ging VGA, nhng c 24 chn v h tr c truyn tn hiu tng t ln k thut s. - c pht minh da trn cng ngh TMDS - Cp DVI c th truyn ti video HD vi phn gii 1920x1200, trng hp kt ni dual-link cp DVI h tr truyn ti video vi phn gii 2560x1600. - DVI ch truyn ti hnh nh v vy truyn ti m thanh t my tnh ra tivi LCD chng ta cn cp ring. ============================================================================= 23. Trnh by SLI v Crossfire trong ho. SLI v Crossfire l cng ngh s dng nhiu card ha cng lc ca hai hng danh ting l Nvdia v AMD (ATI c). Nu nh lp 2 card mn hnh c GPU t 2 hng trn m khng c SLI hoc Crossfire, chc chn chng s khng th hot ng c. Scalable Link Interface (SLI) l mt gii php a-GPU c pht trin bi NVIDIA cho vic kt ni hai hoc nhiu card video vi nhau sn xut mt u ra duy nht. SLI l mt ng dng x l song song cho ha my tnh tng nng sut x l ha.

2 card mn hnh tr ln phi ging nhau (dng Geforce 8 tr ln). ng b, card mn hnh
s chy xung nhp ca card thp nht. iu ny c ngha l nu cm 1 card c xung nhp li 500 Mhz v card kia c th l 600 Mhz nhng card vn s chy mc 500 Mhz. C sn cng ngh x l vt l PhysX. C cng ngh Hybrid SLI: s dng cng lc card mn hnh onboard v card mn hnh ri trn Mainboard. CrossFireX l mt gii php a-GPU, ban u c pht trin bi cng ngh ATI. Cng ngh ny cho php ln n bn GPU c s dng trong mt my tnh duy nht ci thin hiu nng ha.

C th chy 2 card m khng cn ng b ha, dnh u tin s dng nhng card khe hn
trc ri mi ti yu hn.

Rt kh ci t thm card NVIDIA x l PhysX. ============================================================================= 24. Cu trc, tc , di cp USB 1.0, 2.0 ,3.0 Cu trc: - Mt cp USB c hai dy cung cp in v mt i dy xon truyn d liu. - 2 dy ngun cung cp in nng, in p c th ln ti 500mA-5V (+5V v dy chung GND). - Cc thit b s dng t in nng c cung cp in nng trc tip t Bus. - Cc Hub c th cung cp in nng cho cc thit b ni vi n t ngun in ring ca chng. - c thit k di dng cc u cm cho cc thit b tun theo chun cm l chy m vi tnh nng cm nng thit b (ni v ngt cc thit b khng cn phi khi ng li h thng). - Cho php m rng 127 thit b kt ni cng vo mt my tnh thng qua mt cng USB duy nht (bao gm cc hub USB) Tc :

C th pha trn bt c dng card no vi nhau min l t ATI X 1900 tr ln. C th s dng Hybrid Crossfire. Khng c x l PhysX tr phi c cu hnh Crossfire 3 chiu.

Chiu di cp

=============================================================================

25. Cu trc, tc , di cp IDE, SATA, eSATA?

IDE : Cu trc S dng giao din cm 40 chn (pin), cp UltraATA/33 c 40 si dy, cp t UltraATA/66 tr ln c ti 80 si dy ( 40 dy t tng kh nng chng nhiu v tng tc truyn ti cng nh n nh, an ton cho d liu ). Ngun s dng 5V. Tc : + UltraATA/66 (66 MB/s) rt t c s dng, li thi + UltraATA/33 (33 MB/s) cn cc a quang (CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, CD-RW,...). + UltraATA/100 (100 MB/s) ph bin nht hin nay. + UltraATA/133 (133 MB/s) Chiu di : 18 inch (45.72cm) SATA : Cu trc : Gm 7 dy dn (3 dy ni t v 4 dy d liu chia thnh 2 cp), c u ni rng 8mm hai u. SATA s dng cu trc im-im (point-to-point) truyn d liu, kt ni trc tip gia chip iu khin v thit b lu tr. Tc : + SATA 2.0 : 3GB/s + SATA 3.0 : 6GB/s Chiu di : ln n 1m. ESATA : + Cu trc :L bin th ca giao din SATA dng kt ni vi cc a ri. + Tc : 3Gbit/s ngang vi giao din SATA bn trong my. + Chiu di : 2 m (6,6 ft)

============================================================================= 26. Chc nng, s chn, tc I2C? Chc nng : I2C l chun giao tip ni tip gia ICs hay thit b ngoi vi cn phi giao tip vi cc ICs hay thit b khc, s dng iu khin nhiu thit b iu khin khc c b tr trong cc khi mch tng i xa nhau (<1.5m ) c pht trin t hng Philip v tr thnh mt chun cng nghip cho cc giao tip iu khin.

S chn :Vic truyn nhn thng qua hai ung dy SCL v SDA. + Serial Data(SDA) : SDA l ng truyn d liu tng bit theo 2 hng. + Serial Clock (SCL): SCL l ng truyn xung Clock theo 1 hng c s dng to xung gi nhp cho qu trnh truyn/nhn

Tc : I2C chun truyn 8bit d liu vi tc l 100Kbits/s (Ch chun - Standard mode) Tc truyn c th ln ti 400Kbits/s (Ch nhanh - Fast mode) Cao nht l 3,4Mbits/s (Ch cao tc - Highspeed mode) ============================================================================= 27. So snh 1394a vi 1394b? - IEEE 1394a : +c gii thiu nm 2000 +IEEE 1394a hin ti h tr cc mc bng thng 100 Mbps, 200 Mbps, v 400 Mbps (tng ng 12,5 MBps, 25 MBps, v 50 MBps). IEEE 1394 cho php kt ni ng thi n 63 thit b bng cc hnh thc phn nhnh. +IEEE 1394a dng cp 6 si, trong 4 si cho truyn tn hiu, 2 si cho cung cp ngun in. - IEEE 1394b :
+c gii thiu nm 2003. +IEEE 1394b c 9 chn, h tr tc truyn 800/3200 Mbps. +IEEE 1394b c tc cao hn cc chun IEEE 1394/IEEE 1394a bi v chng h tr cc cng ngh mng bng cp quang v cc cp theo Category 5 UTP. IEEE 1394b hon ton tng thch ngc vi cc thit b theo chun IEEE 1394a.

Ci tin hn so vi IEEE 1394a :

+T sa cha li (Self-healing loops) +H tr cc cp di hn. +H tr cp CAT5 cng nh cp quang.

IEEE 1394b c th giao tip vi nhiu loi thit b c s dng cc chun giao tip theo chun ny thng qua cc loi cp chuyn i s chn cm: 9 chn -> 6 chn hoc 4 chn ph hp vi cc thit b s dng cc cng giao tip theo chun IEEE 1394a. Cc loi cp s dng vi IEEE 1394b bao gm: Beta: Ch dng ring vi IEEE 1394b (khng tng thch vi IEEE 1394a)

Bilingual: Cp loi ny dng ng thi cho cc thit b IEEE 1394a/b, gip cc cng theo IEEE 1394b s dng tng thch ngc vi cc thit b theo chun th h trc n. C hai loi: 9 chn sang 6 chn v 9 chn ra 4 chn gip vic tng thch gia hai chun a/b. 1394a 100 Mbps, 200 Mbps, v max 400 Mbps 6 chn9(chun). 4 chn (mini) Khng c Ngn (max 4.5m) Khng c 1394b Max 800 Mbps 9 chn -T sa cha li (Self-healing loops) Cp di 100m) H tr cp CAT5 cng nh cp

Bng thng S chn c tnh Cp H tr

quang. =============================================================================

28. Cc ch s b ngun
Kt ni u ra ca ngun my tnh bao gm:

u cm vo bo mch ch (motherboard connector): l u cm c 20 hoc 24 chn - Tu th loi bo mch ch s dng. u cm cp ngun cho b x l trung tm (CPU) (+12V power connector) c hai loi: Loi bn chn v loi tm chn u cm cho cng, quang (giao tip ATA, IDE): Gm bn chn. u cm cho a mm: Gm bn chn. u cm cho cng, quang giao tip SATA: Gm bn dy. u cm cho cc card ho cao cp: Gm su chn (vi nhng Card mnh, cn n 8 chn cp ngun, v vy nhng ngun my tnh cao cp, ngoi 6 chn c bn th cn c thm 2 chn ph).

Mc in p theo mu dy trong ngun my tnh. Quy c:

Mu en: Dy chung, C mc in p quy nh l 0V; Hay cn gi l GND, hoc COM. Tt c cc mc in p khc u so vi dy ny. Mu cam: Dy c mc in p: +3,3 V Mu : Dy c mc in p +5V. Mu vng: Dy c mc in p +12V Mu xanh dng: Dy c mc in p -12V. Mu xanh l: Dy kch hot s hot ng ca ngun. Dy mu tm: in p 5Vsb (5V standby): Dy ny lun lun c in ngay t khi u vo ca ngun c ni vi ngun in dn dng cho d ngun c c kch hot hay khng. Dng in ny c cung cp cho vic khi ng my tnh ban u, cung cp cho con chut, bn phm hoc cc cng USB

Cng sut Cng sut tiu th: cng sut m mt ngun my tnh tiu th vi ngun in dn dng (Ot-W) Cng sut cung cp ca ngun: c tnh bng tng cng sut m ngun cp cho bo mch ch, CPU v cc thit b hot ng. Cng sut cung cp thng ph thuc vo s lng v cc c tnh lm vic ca thit b. Cng sut cung cp thng nh hn cng sut cc i ca ngun. Cng sut
cung cp ca ngun my tnh cc thi im v ch lm vic khc nhau l khc nhau.

Cng sut cc i tc thi: cng sut t c trong mt thi gian ngn. Cng sut ny c th ch t c trong mt khong thi gian rt nh. Cng sut cc i lin tc: cng sut ln nht m ngun c th t c khi lm vic lin tc trong nhiu gi, thm ch nhiu ngy. Cng sut ny rt quan trng khi chn mua ngun my tnh bi n quyt nh n s lm vic n nh ca my tnh. =========================================================================

29. AT vs ATX

Ngun AT in th u vo (AC Input): 115/ 230V 50/60Hz, c th c mt cng tc la chn in th u vo (Voltage selection switch) nm mt sau ca b ngun (gn ch cm dy cp in AC). Tuy nhin, nhng b ngun sau ny c kh nng t ng in th (Auto Volt) trong bin 100~230V.

 in th u ra (DC output): +5V, -5V, +12V, -12V. C bn u dy dng ni vi cng tc ng m in (nm mt trc ca thng my). Trn cng tc s c bn ch u dy nh s t 1 n 4 tng ng vi cc mu dy nh sau: 1. Brown (nu) 2. Black (en) 3. White (trng) 4. Blue (xanh dng) B ngun AT cung cp hai u ni su chn (six-pin connector) cp in cho bo mch chnh. Khi gn hai u ni ny ln bo mch chnh, ch sao cho cc dy mu en nm gia l ng. u ni in bn chn dng cho thit b ngoi vi (HDD, CD-ROM, v.v...), s lng u ni tu vo nh sn xut. Dy mu vng v mu cp in +12V v +5V, hai dy en l dy t. u ni ny c hai gc b vt nghing trnh cm ngc. u ni in cho a mm (hoc a Zip) cng c bn chn vi in th cung cp nh trn nhng kch thc nh hn Ngun ATX in th u vo (AC Input): Tng t nh ngun AT.
in th u ra (DC output): +5V, +12V, -5V, -12V, +3.3V, +5Vsb. Mt s b ngun ATX cn

c thm mt cng tc in AC nm pha sau. B ngun ATX cung cp mt u ni 20 chn (20-pin connector) dng cp in cho bo mch chnh, cng thm mt s u ni in loi bn chn cho thit b ngoi vi tng t nh ngun AT. Ngun ATX12V c thm mt u ni AUX Power connector v mt u ni +12V Power Connector: gm bn chn, chn 1 v chn 2 l COM (dy t ca ngun) c mu en, chn 3 v chn 4 l +12V DC (dng cp in cho CPU) c mu vng AUX Power Connector c su chn, chn 1 ~ 3 l COM (mu en), chn 4 v chn 5 l +3.3 VDC (mu cam), chn 6 l +5VDC (mu ). Hai loi ngun ATX ny s dng cho nhng bo mch ch h tr PIV hoc Celeron socket 478 song chng vn dng c vi nhng bo mch ch i trc (PIII, Celeron socket 370, K7) khng h tr +12V Power Connector & AUX Power Connector. ============================================================================= 30. Nhim v ca BIOS h thng - BIOS - Basic Input/Output System (h thng nhp/xut c bn) gip giao tip cc thit b phn cng chnh yu trong my tnh vi h iu hnh. - BIOS c lp trnh t kim tra khi my t khi ng ( POST - Power OnSelf Test ) v phn chia cc ngun d tr h thng ( IRQ - Interrup Request v DMA - Direct Memory Access ) cho cc thit b trn my nhm trnh xung t v cc chng trnh. - Khi chng trnh BIOS chy th u tin l cng vic ca POST, sau my tnh s c cc lnh trong ROM v trong CMOS. - BIOS gi nhiu vai tr khc nhau nhng vai tr quan trng nht l np h iu hnh + T kim tra cc thit b phn cng ca th thng khi ngun bt (power-on self-test - POST) chc chn rng mi th u lm vic bnh thng. + Kch hot cc chip BIOS khc trn nhng card c gn vo my tnh. Nhng card nh card SCSI v card ha thng c BIOS ca ring chng.

+ Cung cp mt tp cc ng kt ni h iu hnh giao tip vi cc thit b phn cng chnh nh nhng ng kt ni ny m BIOS c gi l h thng xut nhp c bn. c bit khi khi ng my, cc ng kt ni ny qun l bn phm, mn hnh, cc cng tip ni v cc cng song song. + Qun l mt lot cc thit lp cu hnh cho cng, tc xung, - Khi m my, BIOS thc hin mt s vic. Sau y l trnh t thng thng: Kim tra giao din CMOS xem cc thit lp ca ngi dng. Np b iu khin ngt v trnh iu khin ca thit b Khi np cc thanh ghi v qun l ngun. Kim tra cc thit b phn cng khi ngun bt. Th hin cc thit lp cu hnh ca h thng. Xem xt u l thit b c th khi ng c. Nhp cc qu trnh khi ng mi. ============================================================================= 31. Cng ngh UEFI?
UEFI - Unified Extensible Firmware Interface - cng ngh tng lai thay th cho BIOS li thi l mt h iu hnh ti gin nm pha trn phn cng v firmware ca my tnh. Thay v c lu trong firmware nh BIOS, chng trnh UEFI c lu tr th mc /EFI/ trong b nh nonvolatile (b nh m bo cho d liu khng b hng mi khi mt in). V vy, UEFI c th cha trong b nh flash NAND trn mainboard hoc cng c th trn mt a cng, thm ch l ngay c trn mt vng ti nguyn mng c chia s. UEFI s gip qu trnh khi ng an ton hn nh tnh nng Secure Boot.

u im ca UEFI H thng PC hot ng hiu qu hn nh khi ng nhanh v rt ngn c thi gian khc phc

s c do c th tch hp sn kh nng ni mng v cc cng c sa li c bn m BIOS ang b gii hn. Kh nng qun l thit b lu tr chnh c dung lng ln. UEFI s dng bng phn vng GUID (Globally Unique IDentifier), kt hp li thay th cho cung mi MBR v cc phn vng a ch. Vi UEFI, cc nh sn xut OEM c th tch hp sn kh nng ni mng v cc cng c sa li c bn. 32. Cng ngh DUAL BIOS? - DualBIOS: cng ngh cho php mainboard tch hp hai chip BIOS. Mt loi c gi l Main BIOS (BIOS chnh) v mt loi c gi l Backup BIOS (BIOS d phng). - Mainboard thng hot ng vi Main BIOS, nhng nu n b h hi v mt l do no th Backup BIOS s c t ng s dng trong ln khi ng tip theo. My tnh s hot ng ging nh trc khi main BIOS b trc trc. - Cng ngh DualBIOS h tr chc nng bo v BIOS h thng trong sut qu trnh h thng khi ng, kim tra cc thit b.Kh nng t ng khi phc BIOS trong nhng lc cn thit. Nu c li ca BIOS xy ra trong qu trnh khi ng th la chn Auto Recovery nm trong b cng c ca DualBIOS s bo m cho vic my tnh vn vn hnh bnh thng. - Cng ngh BIOS ht sc linh hot. Nu BIOS chnh ch b mt thng tin, nhng chip BIOS vn hot ng th khi , cng ngh Dual BIOS s cp nht li thng tin cn thit t BIOS d phng sao cho my tnh vn

hot ng bnh thng. Nhng nu c chip BIOS chnh b hng hon ton th chip BIOS d phng s c dng thay th. - Cng ngh DualBIOS lm gim ng k nhng ri ro c th xy ra i vi h thng v nhng l do: virus ph hoi, nng cp BIOS khng thnh cng, hay thm ch bn thn n t hng... gip tit kim thi gian kim tra thit b v thi gian boot gip my tnh chy nhanh hn. ============================================================================= =============================================================================

3. Nu cc bc o c chn on mt Mainboard da trn thng s ngun DC Ngun ATX c hai phn l ngun cp trc (Stanby) v ngun chnh (Main Power). Khi ta cm in AC 220V cho b ngun, ngun Stanby hot ng ngay v cung cp xung Mainboard in p . 5V STB, in p ny s cung cp cho mch khi ng ngun trn Chipset nam v IC -SIO (ngun chnh cha hot ng khi ta cha bm cng tc). Khi ta bm cng tc => tc ng vo mch khi ng trong Chipset nam => Chipset a ra lnh P.ON => cho i qua IC- SIO ri a ra chn P.ON ca rc cm ln ngun ATX (chn P.ON l chn c dy mu xanh l cy), khi c lnh P.ON (= 0V) => ngun chnh Main Power s hot ng. Khi ngun chnh hot ng => cung cp xung Mainboard cc in p 3,3V (qua cc dy mu cam), 5V (qua cc dy mu ), 12V ( qua cc dy mu vng), -5V qua dy mu trng v -12V qua dy mu xanh l. Khi cm in, phn ngun STANBY trn ngun ATX hot ng => cung cp 5V STB xung Mainboard qua si dy mu tm ca rc ngun. Khi bm cng tc => mch khi ng trn Mainboard a ra lnh P.ON = 0V iu khin cho ngun chnh hot ng, ngun chnh chy => cung cp xung Mainboard cc in p: 3,3V 5V v 12V, v mt s ngun ph nh -5V v -12V. Ngun 3,3V cp trc tip cho IC to xung Clock, Chipset nam, BIOS v IC-SIO - ng thi i qua mch n p h xung 1,5V cp cho cc Chipset (Intel) hoc h xng 3V cp cho cc chipset VIA. Ngun 12V i qua mch n p VRM h xung in p khong 1,5V cp cho CPU. Ngun 5V i cp cho Chipset v cc Card m rng trn khe PCI , gim p xung 2,5V qua mch n p cp ngun cho RAM. 4. V s chn cng com v mch giao tip qua cng com. Nu cc c tnh k thut ca cng com nh dng ca khung truyn d liu theo chun RS-232 nh sau:

Cc c tnh k thut ca chun RS-232 nh sau: Chiu di cable cc I 15m Tc d liu cc i 20 Kbps in p ng ra cc i 25V in p ng ra c ti 5V n 15V Tr khng ti 3K n 7K in p ng vo 15V nhy ng vo 3V Tr khng ng vo 3K n 7K Cc tc truyn d liu thng dng trong cng ni tip l: 1200 bps, 4800 bps, 9600 bps v 19200 bps. Cng COM c hai dng: u ni DB25 (25 chn) v u ni DB9 (9 chn) Truyn thng gia hai nt :

Kt ni n gin trong truyn thng ni tip Khi thc hin kt ni nh trn, qu trnh truyn phi bo m tc u pht v thu ging nhau. Khi c d liu n DTE, d liu ny s c a vo b m v to ngt. Ngoi ra, khi thc hin kt ni gia hai DTE, ta cn dng s sau:

Kt ni trong truyn thng ni tip dng tn hiu bt tay Giao tip vi vi iu khin Khi thc hin giao tip vi vi iu khin, ta phi dng thm mch chuyn mc logic t TTL -> 232 v ngc li. Cc vi mch thng s dng l MAX232 ca Maxim hay DS275 ca Dallas. Mch chuyn mc logic m t nh sau:

Mch chuyn mc logic TTL RS232 Tuy nhin, khi s dng mch chuyn mc logic dng cc vi mch th i hi phi dng chung GND gia my tnh v vi mch -> c kh nng lm hng cng ni tip khi xy ra hin tng chp mch mch ngoi. Do , ta c th dng thm opto 4N35 cch ly v in. S mch cch ly m t nh sau:

Mch chuyn mc logic TTL RS232 cch ly V s chn cng usb. Nu cc c tnh k thut ca cng usb. u im ca cng usb?

USB c th c cc tc truyn d liu khc nhau ( low-speed, full-speed v high-speed ) th nn s ngu nhin xy ra tnh hung l mt thit b USB tc cao li c u ni vo mt ci khc c tc thp hn ( VD: high-speed USB flash disk c cm vo u cm low-speed USB ca PC c mainboard i c ), hay mt thit b USB tc cao li c u ni vo PC qua mt cp ni tc thp. khc phc tnh trng ny, tt c cc thit b c USB u c trang b h thng phn cng v phn mm thch nghi v tt c cc cp ni u l loi tc cao . Loi cp tc thp c ch nh cho nhng trng hp ng dng c th v c nh sn xut ghi r. ( vd cp ni dng cho chut USB ); cn nhng ng dng video u s dng cp tc cao.

 cm USB trn PC c th ly ra +5VDC vi dng tiu th khong 100mA, v max khong 500mA, ty theo s h tr ca main, nhng phi cn nhc khi s dng !. Hai ng dn D+ v D- cng cho php u ni vi cc linh kin h tr USB nh Vi-iu-Khin ( Micro-Controller) hay chip bin i tng_t/s - USB ( USB-ADC chips ) Tn hiu trn cc chn D+ D- l cc tn hiu vi phn vi mc in p bng 0/3.3 V c cp t vi mch n p ( vi mach ly ngun vo +5V v n p cho u ra mc +3.3V v do in p ngun nui USB c th dao ng trong khong +5.25V -- +4.2V ). u im: Cc c Tnh C Bn Ca USB: Cc cuc truyn l ng thi ( isochonous ), c th hiu l truyn "lin tc", h tr cc tn hiu video v sound. Vi cc cuc truyn ng thi, cc cuc truyn v nhn d liu theo kiu c m bo v c th on trc ( predictable) USB cng h tr cc thit b khng ng thi hay thit bi c quyn u tin cao nht, cc thit b ng thi ln khng ng thi c th tn ti cng mt thi im. Cc thng s k thut cng c thng s l Plug and Play, cc cp ni v cch kt ni u c tiu chun ho rng ri trong cng nghip. Cc hub c xp thnh nhiu tng ( Multiple-tiered ) vi kh nng m rng gn n mc rt ln ( c th n 127 thit b vt l ), v cc thao tc xy ra ng thi. C kh nng cm nng (hot-plug), ngha l cho php cc thit b ngoi vi c th c u ni m khng cn phi ct ngun nui cho PC, c th u/ngt v thay i li cu hnh thit bi ngoi vi mt cch linh hot. T nhn dng thit b ngoi vi, t ng v bn chc nng i vi phn mm iu khin v cu hnh. USB (Univeral Serial Bus) l hnh thc giao tip hu dng vi tnh nng Plug and Play Ra i t nm 1996, l kt qu ca s hp tc ca 7 cng ty hng u th gii: Compaq, Digital Equipment Corporation, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, v Northern Telecom. USB tao c hi cho cc thit b giao tip tc cao: digital camera, multimedia device, telephone device, USB disk, Mc tiu ca giao tip USB D s dng: Plug and Play: tnh nng cho php ngi s dng khng cn tt my ci t cu hnh nh interrupt, dipswitch, B iu khin USB t pht hin v nhn bit khi thit b c kt ni hoc ngt kt ni. H tr truyn d liu thi gian thc: ng dng ny cho php giao tip vi cc thit b multimedia truyn tn hiu m thanh hoc hnh nh M rng Port: USB cung cp 1 gii php m rng port cho php ti a 127 thit b kt ni cng lc vi 1 PC Vi tc kt ni m rng ln n 12Mbps, nhng mc tiu ca USB l dnh cho cc thit b tc thp v trung bnh nh: keyboard, mice, modem, scanner, Cc chun giao tip USB 1.0 USB 1.1 USB 2.0 Port kt ni USB C 2 loi thng dng: loi A v loi B Loi A: thng dng kt ni upstream (trn PC) Loi B: thng dng kt ni downstream (trn thit b) Port kt ni USB (tt) Tn hiu logic trn USB: s dng m NRZI Logic 1: D+ >2.8V D- <0.3V Logic 0: D+ <0.3V D- >2.8V Tc kt ni USB bo tc s kt ni thit b USB phi c in tr 1.5k ko ln ngun ng D+ hoc Din tr ko ln ny cng dng host bit s hin hu ca thit b chn tc Full speed (12MBit/s), in tr 1.5k c ko ln 3.3V ng D+ Mt li im quan trng ca thit b USB l khng cn ngun cp in bn ngoi m c cp t host Thit b USB c 3 ch ngun: Low power: dng cung cp 100mA, in p trong khong 4.4V - 5.25V High power: dng cung cp ti a 500mA, in p bus t 4.75V-5.25V Self power: thit b c cp ngun t bn ngoi

USB cho php truyn d liu gia cc thit b, ng thi cng l cng cung cp ngun qua cp cho cc thit b m khng cn n ngun ring cho chng. USB (Universal Serial Bus) l chun kt ni giao tip gia my tnh c nhn v cc thit b in t dn dng. Cng USB cho php cc thit b in t dng cp kt ni n my tnh. USB cho php truyn d liu gia cc thit b, ng thi cng l cng cung cp ngun qua cp cho cc thit b m khng cn n ngun ring cho chng. USB c th dng thay th cc cng giao tip ni tip (series) v song song (parallel). Bn cnh , USB cn kt ni n cc thit b ngoi vi trn my tnh nh chut, bn phm, PDA, thit b chi game (gamepad, joystick), my qut, my nh s, my in, thit b nghe nhc, bt lu tr v rt nhiu thit b gn ngoi khc. Cc phin bn USB USB 1.0 c trnh lng vo nm 1994, c tc 12Mbps, gip thay th nhiu cng kt ni trn my tnh c nhn. USB 2.0 ra mt vo nm 2000 v c USB-IF (USB Implementers Forum) chun ha vo cui nm 2001. HewlettPackard, Intel, Lucent Technologies (nay l Alcatel-Lucent sau khi sp nhp vi Alcatel nm 2006), Microsoft, NEC v Philips cng pht trin ln mc tc cao hn, 480Mbps. USB 3.0 c Promoter Group cng b vo 2008, c tc nhanh gp 10 ln USB 2.0, 5Gbps - SuperSpeed USB. Sn phm chnh thc s ra mt vo nm nay hoc 2010. Chiu di cp Chiu di cp ti a ca USB 1.1 l 3m v USB 2.0 l 5m. S hub ni tip ti a l 5 v s thit b kt ni ti a l 127. USB 3.0 cha a ra tiu chun chiu di cp, tuy nhin theo electronicdesign.com c on, chiu di cp ti a cho chun ny cng s gii hn trong khong cch 30m tc ti u nht. Kh nng cp ngun USB cung cp ngun trong khong 5,25V- 4,75 V (5 V5%). Pin Tn Mu cp M t Mt n v ti (1 unit) l 100mA trn USB 2.0 v 150mA VCC Red +5V trn USB 3.0. USB 2.0 h tr ti a 5 unit (500 mA) v USB 1 2 D White Data 3.0 l 6 unit (900 mA). C hai loi thit b: ngun thp (low3 D+ Green Data + power) v ngun cao (high-power). Cc thit b low-power cung cp 1 unit v cp ngun ti thiu l 4,4V i vi USB 4 GND Black Ground 2.0 v 4V i vi USB 3.0. Cc thit b high-power devices cung cp s unit ti a. ch mc nh, tt c cc thit b u low-power nhng phn mm i km thit b c th yu cu cung cp high-power min l c ngun sn trn bus. ==================================================================================== 6. Trnh by cu to a cng. Cu to a cng a cng, hay cn gi l cng (ting Anh: Hard Disk Drive, vit tt: HDD) l thit b dng lu tr d liu trn b mt cc tm a hnh trn (bng nhm, thy tinh hay gm) ph vt liu t tnh. a cng l loi b nh khng thay i (non-volatile), c ngha l chng khng b mt d liu khi ngng cung cp ngun in cho chng. V mt k thut th a cng l mt khi duy nht, cc phin a c lp rp c nh trong ngay t khi sn xut nn khng th thay th c cc a cng nh cch hiu i vi a mm hoc a quang (CD/DVD) Bn trong mt a cng cc b phn chnh: C cu truyn ng u t (actuator) iu khin cnh tay u t (actuator arm) c thng tin t phin a (plater) c quay lin tc nh gn cht vo trc quay ca ng c lin trc (spindle motor). D liu c truyn ra ngoi nh cp ni c dng di bng mm (ribbon cable). V a (chassis) bao gi tt c cc b phn ca a cng. ==================================================================================== 7. S chn cng LPT v mch ng dng qua cng LPT. Nu cc c tnh k thut ca cng LPT. a. Cu trc c tnh ca LPT cng song song: C 2 loi: cm 36 chn v cm 25 chn Ngy nay, loi cm 36 chn khng cn c s dng, hu ht cc my tnh PC u trang b cng song song 25 chn l ph bin.

Cng LPT 25 chn l loi cng song song gm c 4 ng iu khin, 5 ng trng thi v 8 ng d liu. Cc chn trong cng nh sau:

Chc nng ca cc ng dn tn hiu: - Strobe: Vi mt mc logic thp chn ny, my tnh thng bo cho my in bit c mt byte ang sn sng trn cc ng dn tn hiu c truyn. - D0 n D7: Cc ng dn d liu Acknowledge: vi mt mc logic thp chn ny, my in thng bo cho my tnh bit l nhn c k t va gi v c th tip tc nhn. - Busy : my in gi n chn ny mc logic cao trong khi ang n nhn hoc in ra d liu thng bo cho my tnh bit l cc b m trong my tnh bit l cc b m trong my tnh b y hoc my in trong trn thi Off-line. - Paper empty: Mc cao chn ny c ngha l giy dng ht. - Select: Mt mc cao chn ny, c ngha l my in ang trong trng thi kch hot (On-line) - Auto Linefeed: C khi cn gi l Auto Feed. Bng mt mc thp chn ny my tnh PC nhc my in t ng np mt dng mi mi khi kt thc mt dng. - Error: Bng mt mc thp chn ny, my in thng bo cho my tnh l xut hin mt li, chng hn kt giy hoc my in ang trong trng thi Off-Line. - Reset: Bng mt mc thp chn ny, my in c t li trng thi c xc nh lc ban u. - Select Input: Bng mt mc thp chn ny, my in c la chn bi my tnh. Cc ng dn d liu c th chia thnh 3 nhm: - Cc ng dn tn hiu, xut ra t my tnh PC v iu khin my tnh, c gi l cc ng dn iu khin. - Cc ng dn tn hiu, a cc thng tin thng bo ngc li t my in v my tnh, c gi l cc ng dn trng thi. - ng dn d liu, truyn cc bit ring l ca cc k t cn in. Cc tn hiu Acknowledge, Auto Linefeed, Error, Reset v Select Input kch hot mc thp. Lu l 8 ng dn song song u c dng chuyn d liu t my tnh sang my in. b. Mch ng dng qua cng LPT Cng song song c ba thanh ghi c th truyn d liu v iu khin my in. a ch c s ca cc thanh ghi cho tt c cng LPT (line printer) t LPT1 n LPT4 c lu tr trong vng d liu ca BIOS. Thanh ghi d liu c nh v offset 00h, thanh ghi trang thi 01h, v thanh ghi iu khin 02h. S kt ni giao tip vi my tnh :

Cng LPT 25 gm 5 ch hot ng: - Ch tng thch (compatibility). - Ch nibble. - Ch byte. - Ch EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port). - Ch ECP (Extended Capabilities Port). 3 ch u tin s dng port song song chun (SPP Standard Parallel Port). Ch 4, 5 cn thm phn cng cho php hot ng tc cao hn. S chn ca my in nh sau:

Kt ni iu khin thit b : ==================================================================================== 8. So snh chun SATA v IDE. a quang hin nay c th dng chun no? Chun IDE : - Chun IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics - tm dch l mch in t tch hp trong a ) gn cc loi a cng HDD (Hard Disk Driver) a CD-ROM, l mt chun giao din, c dng trc tip bi bo mch ch (BMC) ca my tnh truyn ti thng tin qua li vi a cng hay a quang. s dng ph bin trong cc my tnh trc y - Chun IDE cn c tn gi Parallel ATA hoc PATA, thc hin phng thc truyn ti d liu song song c kh nng truyn ti thiu 8 bit (mt byte) trong mt chu k, trong khi ch c mt bit c truyn dn trn mt chu k. - IDE b gii hn dung lng a ti a l 504MB v c tc tng i chm. Tc truyn ti d liu hin hnh i vi chun parallel IDE l 133 MB/s (ATA/133). - IDE l chun c mo mch iu khin gn lin bn trong a. Nh vy c th gn trc tip a cng chun IDE ln BMC m khng cn phi thng qua mt card iu khin hay khe m rng nm bn ngoi. - IDE thit k song song, ch c mt ng dn d liu, ng dn ny s chia s cho c vic truyn v nhn d liu. - u im ca vic truyn ti song song so vi truyn ti ni tip trong ch trc y l tc cao, cng mt lc bn c th gi i nhiu bit d liu. - Do c nhiu dy dn cng c s dng (t nht l mt cho mi bit c gi), nn dy ny s gy xuyn nhiu sang dy khc. y chnh l l do ti sao ATA-66 v cc a cng cao hn cn n mt loi cp c bit ln n 80 dy - . S khc bit gia cp 80 dy v cp 40 dy thng thng l ch cp 80 dy c cc dy t nm gia cc dy truyn tn hiu, mc ch ca dy t nm gia cc dy truyn tn hiu l gim s xuyn nhiu gia chng. Chun SATA: - Chun SATA (Serial Avanced Technology Attachment), hay n gin c gi l SATA l mt chun a cng c to nhm mc ch thay th cho giao din IDE, s dng ph bin hin nay - SATA l cng ngh cho php truyn ti theo ch ni tip, truyn dn nhanh hn ch song song tc clock cao. Tc truyn ti ca chun SATA l 1.500 Mbps. V n s dng 8B/10B coding mi nhm 8 bit c m ha thnh mt s 10-bit nn tc clock hiu qu ca n l 150 MB/s - SATA c hai ng dn d liu tch bit, mt cho truyn d liu v mt cho nhn d liu.

Cp SATA gm c hai cp dy (mt cho truyn v mt cho nhn) bng cch s dng cch thc truyn dn khc. 3 dy t cng c s dng v vy cp SATA c n 7 dy u im trong vic s dng truyn ti ni tip l s dng t hn s lng dy cn thit Cc cng IDE s dng cc u cm 40-chn v cp 80-dy. Trong khi cc cng SATA ch s dng u cm 7 chn v cp 7 dy iu ny gip ch rt nhiu n kha cnh ta nhit ca my tnh, v s dng nhiu cp mng hn s lm cho khng kh lu thng bn trong case ca my tnh c d dng hn. Do truyn dn ni tip s dng ch mt dy dn truyn ti d liu nn n s gim c vn v tp m nhiu, chnh v vy c th cho php n s dng tc clock rt cao.

Trc y quang c sn xut theo chun IDE, gn y xut hin chun SATA v ngy cng tr nn thng dng ==================================================================================== 9.Phn bit a lun l v a vt l trong my tnh. a vt l: - Bao gm cc track v sector - Qu trnh ghi cc du hiu ca cc track v cc sector ln a c thc hin ti xng sn xut

a lun l: - Bao gm boot sector, FAT, v root directory - OS thc hin nh dng cp cao bng cch thc hin phn cn li ca trnh nh dng (to ra boot sector, FAT, v root directory)

qu

============================================================================== 11. Nu hot ng b ngun. Trc ht ta cn phn tch tm hiu s lc v b ngun

S khi ca ngun ATX c chia lm 4 nhm chnh Mch lc nhiu v chnh lu

- Mch lc nhiu C chc nng lc b nhiu cao tn bm theo ng dy in AC 220V, khng chng lt vo trong b ngun v my tnh gy hng linh kin v gy nhiu trn mn hnh, cc nhiu ny c th l sm st, nhiu cng nghip v v - Mch chnh lu C chc nng chnh lu in p xoay chiu thnh mt chiu, sau in p mt chiu s c cc t lc, lc thnh in p bng phng.
Ngun cp trc (Stanby)

- Ngun cp trc c chc nng to ra in p 5V STB (in p cp trc) cung cp cho mch khi ng trn Mainboard v cung cp 12V cho mch dao ng ca ngun chnh. - Ngun cp trc hot ng ngay khi ta cp in cho b ngun v n s hot ng sut ngy nu ta khng rt in ra khi cm. - trn Mainboard, in p 5V STB cp trc i cp trc tip cho cc IC-SIO v Chipset nam. - Trn b ngun, IC dao ng ca ngun chnh cng c cp in p thng xuyn khi ngun Stanby hot ng, nhng IC dao ng ch hot ng khi lnh P.ON c mc logic thp (=0V)
Ngun chnh (Main Power)

- Ngun chnh c chc nng to ra cc mc in p chnh cung cp cho Mainboard l cc in p 12V, 5V v 3,3V, cc in p ny cho dng rt ln c th p ng c ton b hot ng ca Mainboard v cc thit b ngoi vi gn trn my tnh, ngoi ra ngun chnh cn cung cp hai mc ngun m l -12V v 5V, hai in p m thng ch cung cp cho cc mch ph.
Mch bo v (Protect)

- Mch bo v c chc nng bo v cho ngun chnh khng b h hng khi ph ti b chp hoc bo v Mainboard khi ngun chnh c du hiu a ra in p qu cao vt ngng cho php. - Lnh P.ON thng i qua mch bo v trc khi n c a ti iu khin IC dao ng, khi c hin tng qu dng (nh lc chp ph ti) hoc qu p (do ngun a ra in p qu cao) khi mch bo v s hot ng v ngt lnh P.ON v IC dao ng s tm ngng hot ng. Ngun ATX c hai phn l ngun cp trc (Stanby) v ngun chnh (Main Power). Khi ta cm in AC 220V cho b ngun, ngun Stanby hot ng ngay v cung cp xung Mainboard in p 5V STB, in p ny s cung cp cho mch khi ng ngun trn Chipset nam v IC-SIO (ngun chnh cha hot ng khi ta cha bm cng tc). Khi ta bm cng tc => tc ng vo mch khi ng trong Chipset nam => Chipset a ra lnh P.ON => cho i qua IC- SIO ri a ra chn P.ON ca rc cm ln ngun ATX (chn P.ON l chn c dy mu xanh l cy), khi c lnh P.ON (= 0V) => ngun chnh Main Power s hot ng. Khi ngun chnh hot ng => cung cp xung Mainboard cc in p 3,3V (qua cc dy mu cam), 5V (qua cc dy mu ), 12V ( qua cc dy mu vng), -5V qua dy mu trng v -12V qua dy mu xanh l. ============================================================================= 12. Nu v phn tch cc tn hiu quan trng khi o c dng sng trn MB. 1. CPU Reset: (O) Tn hiu HCPURST# l ng ra t MCH. MCH xut ra tn hiu HCPURST# trong khi RSTIN# c tc ng v trong khong 1ms sau khi RSTIN# ht tc ng. Tn hiu HCPURST# cho php b x l bt u thc thi trang thi cho trc. 2. Power OK: ( I ) Khi c tc ng, PWROK bo cho MCH ngun cho core n nh c t nht 10 us. 3. Reset In: ( I ) Khi c tc ng, tn hiu ny s reset bt ng b MCH. Tn hiu ny c ni n ng ra PLTRST# ca ICH6. Tn hiu ng vo ny c mch Schmitt trigger trnh reset gi.Tn hiu ny yu cu 3.3 V. 4. Power Button: ( I ) Tn hiu Power Button lm cho SMI# hay SCI ch ra yu cu ca h thng i vo trng thi ng. Nu h thng ang trng thi ng, tn hiu ny l 1 s kin nh thc. Nu PWRBTN# c nhn hn 4s, s gy ra vic chuyn trng thi khng iu kin sang trng thi s5 (power button override). Override cng s xy ra ngay c khi h thng ang trng thi S1-S4. Tn hiu ny c 1 in tr pullup resistor v c mch chng di 16 ms ti u vo. 5. SLP_S3#: ( O )

S3 Sleep Control: SLP_S3# dnh iu khin ngun. Tn hiu ny tt ngun cc h thng khng nghim trng khi h thng ang trng thi S3 (Suspend To RAM), S4 (Suspend to Disk), hay S5 (Soft Off) states. 6. Platform Reset: ( O ) ICH6 a ra tn hiu PLTRST# reset cc thit b trong h thng (vd: SIO, FWH, LAN, (G)MCH, IDE, TPM, vv..). ICH6 a tn hiu PLTRST# trong sut qu trnh bt ngun v khi S/W khi to 1 chui hard reset qua thanh ghi iu khin Reset (I/O Register CF9h).ICH6 iu khin PLTRST# khng tc ng ti thiu 1 ms sau khi c tn hiu PWROK v VRMPWRGD mc cao. ICH6 iu khin PLTRST# tc ng t nht 1 ms khi c khi to bi thanh ghi reset (I/O Register CF9h). 7. Stop Clock Request: STPCLK# l ng ra tch cc mc thp ng b vi PCICLK. N c to ra bi ICH6 p ng li cc s kin v phn cng hac phn mm. Khi b x l chn STPCLK# tc ng, n p ng bng cch dng xung clock ni ca n.
7. o dng sng ng ra IC to xung clock

============================================================================
13. Nu cc bc kim tra mainboard dng card kim tra mainboard. Cc bc kim tra Tho tt c cc linh kin ra khi Mainboard Gn Card Test Main vo khe PCI - Cp ngun cho Main board - M ngun ( dng t vt u chp chn PWR - chn cng tc m ngun cho qut ngun quay ) Quan st dy n Led trn Mainboard

Ch thch : - Cc n +5V, 3,3V, +12V, -12V sng ngha l c cc in p +5V, 3,3V, +12V, -12V hay cc ng p bnh thng - n CLK sng l IC dao ng to xung CLK trn Mainboard tt - n RST sng ( sau tt ) cho bit Mainboard to xung Reset khi ng CPU . - n OSC sng cho bit CPU hot ng - n BIOS sng cho bit CPU ang truy cp vo BIOS . Khi cha gn CPU vo Mainboard th n OSC v n BIOS s khng sng cn li tt c cc n khc u pht sng l Mainboard bnh thng ( ring n RST sng ri tt ) Khi gn CPU vo, nu tt c cc n Led trn u sng l c Mainboard v CPU hot ng .

Trnh t khi ng my nh sau:

14. Nu phng php kim tra mainboard v cc bc kim tra. Phng php kim tra Mainboard 1.Tho tt c cc a cng, CD Rom , cc Card m rng v thanh RAM ra khi Mainboard, ch li CPU trn Mainboard . 2. Cp ngun, bt cng tc v quan st cc biu hin sau : Biu hin 1 : Qut ngun quay, qut CPU quay, c cc ting bip di loa => iu ny cho thy Mainboard vn hot ng, CPU vn hot ng, c ting bp di l biu hin Mainboard v CPU hot ng v a ra c thng bo li ca RAM ( V ta cha cm RAM ) Biu hin 2 : Qut ngun v qut CPU khng quay ( m bo chc chn l cng tc CPU u ng ) => iu ny cho thy Chipset iu khin ngun trn Mainboard khng hot ng . Biu hin 3 : Qut ngun v qut CPU c quay nhng khng c ting ku loa . => iu ny cho thy CPU cha hot ng hoc hng ROM BIOS nu bn thay th CPU tt vo th h hng l do ROM BIOS hoc Chipset trn Mainboard trn l cc bc gip bn xc nh l h hng do Mainboard hay linh kin khc ca my nhng cha xc nh c l hng ci g trn Mainboard Cc bc kim tra Mainboard. 1. Kim tra li xc nh cho chnh xc h hng l thuc v Mainboard ch khng phi RAM, CPU hay cc Card m rng . Cch xc nh ny lm theo cc bc phn kim tra Mainboard 2. Dng Card Test Main xc nh xem c th l hng ci g trn Mainboard . 3. Cc bc tin hnh sa cha Mainboard Bc 1 : Kim tra xc nh h hng thuc v Mainboard : 4. Chun b Mainboard nghi hng kim tra ,Dng mt b ngun tt th, dng CPU tt th . 5. Cha cm RAM v bt k mt th g khc ( tr CPU ) vo Mainboard 6. Cm zc cng tc ngun ca Case vo Mainboard 7. Cp in ngun v bt cng tc Power, quan st cc biu hin sau : => Qut ngun v qut CPU c quay, c ting bp di loa . => iu ny l biu hin Mainboard vn bnh thng . => Qut ngun v qut CPU khng quay hoc cc qut quay nhng khng c ting bp loa . => Biu hin ny cho thy h hng thuc v Mainboard, xc nh r hn bn dng Card Test Main kim tra . ==================================================================================== 15. Nu cc thng s ca CPU. Chc nng ca CPU l g? 1 Chc nng ca CPU CPU vit tt ca ch Central Processing Unit (ting Anh), tm dch l n v x l trung tm. CPU c th c xem nh no b, mt trong nhng phn t ct li nht ca my vi tnh. Nhim v chnh ca CPU l x l cc chng trnh vi tnh v d kin. CPU c nhiu kiu dng khc nhau. hnh thc n gin nht, CPU l mt con chip vi vi chc chn. Phc tp hn, CPU c rp sn trong cc b mch vi hng trm con chip khc. CPU l mt mch x l d liu theo chng trnh c thit lp trc. N l mt mch tch hp phc tp gm hng triu transistor 2 Cu to ca CPU CPU c 3 khi chnh l : B iu khin ( Control Unit ) L cc vi x l c nhim v thng dch cc lnh ca chng trnh v iu khin hot ng x l, c iu tit chnh xc bi xung nhp ng h h thng. Mch xung nhp ng h h thng dng ng b cc thao tc x l trong v ngoi CPU theo cc khong thi gian khng i. Khong thi gian ch gia hai xung gi l chu k xung nhp. Tc theo xung nhp h thng to ra cc xung tn hiu chun thi gian gi l tc xung nhp tc ng h tnh bng triu n v mi giy-Mhz. Thanh ghi l phn t nh tm trong b vi x l dng lu d liu v a ch nh trong my khi ang thc hin tc v vi chng. B s hc-logic (ALU-Arithmetic Logic Unit) C chc nng thc hin cc lnh ca n v iu khin v x l tn hiu. Theo tn gi, n v ny dng thc hin cc php tnh s hc ( +, -,*,/ ) hay cc php tnh logic (so snh ln hn,nh hn) Thanh ghi ( Register )Thanh ghi c nhim v ghi m lnh trc khi x l v ghi kt qu sau khi x l.

3 Cc thng s k thut ca CPU a. Tc ca CPU: Tc x l ca my tnh ph thuc vo tc ca CPU, nhng n cng ph thuc vo cc phn khc (nh b nh trong, RAM, hay bo mch ha).C nhiu cng ngh lm tng tc x l ca CPU. V d cng ngh Core 2 Dual. Tc CPU c lin h vi tn s ng h lm vic ca n (tnh bng cc n v nh MHz, GHz, ). i vi cc CPU cng loi tn s ny cng cao th tc x l cng tng. i vi CPU khc loi, th iu ny cha chc ng, v d CPU Core 2 Dual c tn s 2,6GHz c th x l d liu nhanh hn CPU 3,4GHz mt nhn. Tc CPU cn ph thuc vo b nh m ca n, v nh Intel Core 2 Duo s dng chung cache L2 (shared cache) gip cho tc x l ca h thng 2 nhn mi ny nhanh hn so vi h thng 2 nhn th h 1 ( Intel Core Duo v Intel Pentium D) vi mi core tng cache L2 ring bit. (B nh m dng lu cc lnh hay dng, gip cho vic nhp d liu x l nhanh hn). Hin nay cng ngh sn xut CPU lm cng ngh 65nm. Hin c loi CPU Quad-Core (4 nhn).v c dng cao cp ca intel l core i5 , core I 7 vi kin trc Nehalem c xy dng trn cng ngh 45 nanometer vi h s nhn t 2 n 8 nhn . Hng AMD cho ra cng ngh gm 2 b x l, mi b 2-4 nhn. b. Tc BUS ca CPU ( FSB Front Side Bus ) FSB Front Side Bus FSB L tc truyn ti d liu ra vo CPU hay l tc d liu chy qua chn ca CPU. Trong mt h thng th tc Bus ca CPU phi bng vi tc Bus ca Chipset bc, tuy nhin tc Bus ca CPU l duy nht nhng Chipset bc c th h tr t hai n ba tc FSB dng chp Pen2 v Pen3 th FSB c cc tc 66MHz, 100MHz v 133MHz dng chp Pen4 FSB c cc tc l 400MHz, 533MHz, 800MHz, 1066MHz, 1333MHz v 1600MHz c. B nh Cache. Cache: Vng nh m CPU dng lu cc phn ca chng trnh, cc ti liu sp c s dng. Khi cn, CPU s tm thng tin trn cache trc khi tm trn b nh chnh. Cache L1: Integrated cache (cache tch hp) cache c hp nht ngay trn CPU. Cache tch hp tng tc CPU do thng tin truyn n v truyn i t cache nhanh hn l phi chy qua bus h thng. Cc nh ch to thng gi cache ny l on-die cache. Cache L1 cache chnh ca CPU. CPU trc ht tm thng tin cn thit cache ny. Cache L2: Cache th cp. Thng tin tip tc c tm trn cache L2 nu khng tm thy trn cache L1. Cache L2 c tc thp hn cache L1 v cao hn tc ca cc chip nh (memory chip). Trong mt s trng hp (nh Pentium Pro), cache L2 cng l cache tch hp. ============================================================================== 16. Nu qu trnh t lc bt my n lc h iu hnh c ti ln. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Bt cng tc, ngun chnh hot ng cung cp cho Mainboard cc in p chnh 12V, 5V v 3.3V Mch VRM cp ngun VCORE cho CPU ng thi bo tn hiu VRM_GD (VRM_Good) n Chipset nam Mch to xung Clock (Clocking) hot ng, cung cp cho cc thnh phn trn Main xung Clock hot ng Khi c Vcc, c xung Clock IC-SIO hot ng. IC-SIO to tn hiu Reset khi ng Chipset nam Chipset nam hot ng Nu c tn hiu VRM_GD th Chipset nam to tn hiu Reset h thng. Chipset bc hot ng Chipset bc to ra tn hiu Reset CPU CPU hot ng CPU pht tn hiu truy cp ROM np chng trnh BIOS Chng trnh BIOS kim tra b nh RAM Chng trnh BIOS kim tra Card Video BIOS cho np bn lu cu hnh my trong RAM CMOS Kim tra cc cng v cc a theo thit lp trong CMOS

16. Khi ng cng v np h iu hnh t cng ln RAM Ngun ATX c hai phn l ngun cp trc (Stanby) v ngun chnh (Main Power). Khi ta cm in AC 220V cho b ngun, ngun Stanby hot ng ngay v cung cp xung Mainboard in p . 5V STB, in p ny s cung cp cho mch khi ng ngun trn Chipset nam v IC -SIO (ngun chnh cha hot ng khi ta cha bm cng tc). Khi ta bm cng tc => tc ng vo mch khi ng trong Chipset nam => Chipset a ra lnh P.ON => cho i qua IC- SIO ri a ra chn P.ON ca rc cm ln ngun ATX (chn P.ON l chn c dy mu xanh l cy), khi c lnh P.ON (= 0V) => ngun chnh Main Power s hot ng. Khi ngun chnh hot ng => cung cp xung Mainboard cc in p 3,3V (qua cc dy mu cam), 5V (qua cc dy mu ), 12V ( qua cc dy mu vng), -5V qua dy mu trng v -12V qua dy mu xanh l.

Cc Bc Khi ng c Trnh by nh s sau