Nokia Networks Oy

1 (48)

GPRS Architecture: Interfaces and Protocols

Training Document GPRS System Course

Nokia Networks Oy

2 (48)

 Nokia Networks Oy

3 (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

$he i !or%atio i this "ocu%e t is su&'ect to cha (e without otice a " "escri&es o #y the )ro"uct "e!i e" i the i tro"uctio o! this "ocu%e tatio * $his "ocu%e t is i te "e" !or the use o! Nokia Networks+ custo%ers o #y !or the )ur)oses o! the a(ree%e t u "er which the "ocu%e t is su&%itte", a " o )art o! it %ay &e re)ro"uce" or tra s%itte" i a y !or% or %ea s without the )rior writte )er%issio o! Nokia Networks* $he "ocu%e t has &ee )re)are" to &e use" &y )ro!essio a# a " )ro)er#y trai e" )erso e#, a " the custo%er assu%es !u## res)o si&i#ity whe usi ( it* Nokia Networks we#co%es custo%er co%%e ts as )art o! the )rocess o! co ti uous "e-e#o)%e t a " i%)ro-e%e t o! the "ocu%e tatio * $he i !or%atio or state%e ts (i-e i this "ocu%e t co cer i ( the suita&i#ity, ca)acity, or )er!or%a ce o! the %e tio e" har"ware or so!tware )ro"ucts ca ot &e co si"ere" &i "i ( &ut sha## &e "e!i e" i the a(ree%e t %a"e &etwee Nokia Networks a " the custo%er* .owe-er, Nokia Networks has %a"e a## reaso a&#e e!!orts to e sure that the i structio s co tai e" i the "ocu%e t are a"e/uate a " !ree o! %ateria# errors a " o%issio s* Nokia Networks wi##, i! ecessary, e0)#ai issues which %ay ot &e co-ere" &y the "ocu%e t* Nokia Networks+ #ia&i#ity !or a y errors i the "ocu%e t is #i%ite" to the "ocu%e tary correctio o! errors* Nokia Networks 1I22 NO$ 34 R4SPONSI324 IN AN5 464N$ 7OR 4RRORS IN $.IS 8O9:;4N$ OR 7OR AN5 8A;AG4S, IN9I84N$A2 OR 9ONS4<:4N$IA2 (IN92:8ING ;ON4$AR5 2OSS4S), that %i(ht arise !ro% the use o! this "ocu%e t or the i !or%atio i it* $his "ocu%e t a " the )ro"uct it "escri&es are co si"ere" )rotecte" &y co)yri(ht accor"i ( to the a))#ica&#e #aws* NO=IA #o(o is a re(istere" tra"e%ark o! Nokia 9or)oratio * Other )ro"uct a%es %e tio e" i this "ocu%e t %ay &e tra"e%arks o! their res)ecti-e co%)a ies, a " they are %e tio e" !or i"e ti!icatio )ur)oses o #y* 9o)yri(ht Nokia Networks Oy 2>>4* A## ri(hts reser-e"*

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

9o te ts

Contents
1Introduction............................................................................................. 6 !et"or# elements................................................................................... $ 2*1Packet 9o tro# : it (P9:)*******************************************************************1> 2*2Ser-i ( GPRS Su))ort No"e (SGSN)************************************************ 1> 2*3Gateway GPRS Su))ort No"e (GGSN)********************************************** 11 2*48o%ai Na%e Ser-ers************************************************************************ 12 2*A7irewa##s***********************************************************************************************12 2*B3or"er Gateway*********************************************************************************** 13 2*C9har(i ( Gateway******************************************************************************* 13 %GPRS interfaces....................................................................................1& &Transfer of 'ac#ets (et"een GS!s.................................................... 1) *Roaming................................................................................................ 1 6+ey 'oints.............................................................................................. )

Nokia Networks Oy

A (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

Introduction
GPRS provides mobile users access to value-added WAP services and different external packet switched networks. These networks can be for example the !nternet or corporate intranets. The GS"-#SS provides the radio interface and the GPRS core network handles mobilit$ and access to external packet networks and services. This is shown in %i&ure '.

BSS

GPRS Core Network

External Packet Networks

Value Added Services (WAP)

7i(ure 1*

GPRS access to )acket switche" etworks

The GPRS network acts in parallel with the GS" network providin& packet switched connections to the external networks. The re(uirements of a GPRS network are the followin&)

The GPRS network must use as much of the existin& GS" infrastructure with the smallest number of modifications to it. Since a GPRS user ma$ be on more than one data session GPRS should be able to support one or more packet-switched connections. To support the bud&ets of various GPRS users it must be able to support different *ualit$ of Service +*oS, subscriptions of the user. The GPRS network architecture has to be compatible with future -rd and .th &eneration mobile communication s$stems. !t should be able to support both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint data connections. !t should provide secure access to external networks.

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

=ey )oi ts

A GPRS network must provide all of the functionalit$ of a GS" network for packet switched networks and more. The GPRS is expected to perform the functions of a traditional mobile communication network and a traditional packet switched computer network. These functions are itemised below)

/apabilit$ to separate circuit switched and packet switched traffic from mobile station +"S, Radio resource mana&ement that is allocation of radio resources to GPRS subscribers across the air interface !nterfaces to !nternet intranets Public 0ata 1etworks +P01, and other Public 2and "obile 1etworks +P2"1, Authenticate subscriber re(uests for packet switched resources 3ncr$pt data transmitted on the air interface for securit$ purposes 0ata compression for data transmitted over the air interface !nteract with databases +42R562R, containin& subscriber information such as !"S! securit$ data and subscription information "obilit$ mana&ement as in GS" 2ocation mana&ement as in GS" 4andover as a GPRS subscriber moves within a covera&e area Power control to minimise the transmitted power b$ the user 1etwork mana&ement that facilitates GPRS network mana&ement Generation and collection of network performance statistics Generation and collection of char&in& or billin& information Si&nallin& links between the GPRS network elements Routin& of packets to appropriate destination Protocol conversion between networks that ma$ use different protocols #ufferin& of data at GPRS nodes Allocation of static or d$namic address for packets ori&inatin& from "S Protection of the GPRS network from securit$ threats /apabilit$ to monitor tar&et subscriber b$ law enforcement a&encies Translation between lo&ical names and !P addresses usin& 0omain 1ame S$stem +01S, %acilitation of roamin& subscribers so that the$ can connect to home networks
Nokia Networks Oy C (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

0eliver$ of S"S messa&es throu&h the GPRS network Redundanc$ mechanisms if one or more network elements were to fail Translation between private and public addresses usin& 1AT and 1APT 0etection of fault$ or stolen GPRS handsets

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

=ey )oi ts

!et"or# elements
%i&ure 7 shows the architecture of a GPRS network. The GPRS s$stem brin&s some new network elements to an existin& GS" network. These elements are)

Packet /ontrol 8nit +P/8, Servin& GPRS Support 1ode +SGS1,) the "S/ of the GPRS network Gatewa$ GPRS Support 1ode +GGS1,) &atewa$ to external networks #order Gatewa$ +#G,) a &atewa$ to other P2"1 !ntra-P2"1 backbone) an !P based network inter-connectin& all the GPRS elements /har&in& Gatewa$ +/G, 2e&al !nterception Gatewa$ +2!G, 0omain 1ame S$stem +01S, %irewalls) used wherever a connection to an external network is re(uired.

1ot all of the network elements are compulsor$ for ever$ GPRS network.

Nokia Networks Oy

@ (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

3$S

3S9

N;S

3i##i ( SGSN 9e tre GGSN

N;S 3G 9G 71 2IG

SGS!

CG GGS! GGS!

E Ser-i ( GPRS Su))ort No"e E Gateway GPRS Su))ort No"e E Network ;a a(e%e t Syste% E 3or"er Gateway E 9har(i ( Gateway E 7irewa## E 2aw!u# I terce)tio Gateway

./ GPRS ,ac#(one ,G -IG D!S

I ter et 9or)orate Router Ser-er 2AN O)erator Ser-ices 2AN

I tra et

./
I terDP2;N Network

GGS!

7i(ure 2*

GPRS architecture

.1

Pac#et Control 0nit 1PC02

The P/8 separates the circuit switched and packet switched traffic from the user and sends them to the GS" and GPRS networks respectivel$. !t also performs most of the radio resource mana&ement functions of the GPRS network. The P/8 can be either located in the #TS #S/ or some other point between the "S and the "S/. There will be at least one P/8 that serves a cell in which GPRS services will be available. %rame Rela$ technolo&$ is bein& used at present to interconnect the P/8 to the GPRS core.

Ser3ing GPRS Su''ort !ode 1SGS!2

The SGS1 is the most important element of the GPRS network. The SGS1 of the GPRS network is e(uivalent to the "S/ of the GS" network. There must at least one SGS1 in a GPRS network. There is a covera&e area associated with a SGS1. As the network expands and the number of subscribers increases there ma$ be more than one SGS1 in a network. The SGS1 has the followin& functions)

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

=ey )oi ts

Protocol conversion +for example !P to %R, /ipherin& of GPRS data between the "S and SGS1 0ata compression is used to minimise the si9e of transmitted data units Authentication of GPRS users "obilit$ mana&ement as the subscriber moves from one area to another and possibl$ one SGS1 to another Routin& of data to the relevant GGS1 when a connection to an external network is re(uired !nteraction with the 1SS +that is "S/562R 42R 3!R, via the SS: network in order to retrieve subscription information /ollection of char&in& data pertainin& to the use of GPRS users Traffic statistics collections for network mana&ement purposes.

.%

Gate"ay GPRS Su''ort !ode 1GGS!2

The GGS1 is the &atewa$ to external networks. 3ver$ connection to a fixed external data network has to &o throu&h a GGS1. The GGS1 acts as the anchor point in a GPRS data connection even when the subscriber moves to another SGS1 durin& roamin&. The GGS1 ma$ accept connection re(uest from SGS1 that is in another P2"1. 4ence the concept of covera&e area does not appl$ to GGS1. There are usuall$ two or more GGS1s in a network for redundanc$ purposes and the$ back up each other up in case of failure. The functions of a GGS1 are &iven below)

Routin& mobile-destined packets comin& from external networks to the relevant SGS1 Routin& packets ori&inatin& from a mobile to the correct external network !nterfaces to external !P networks and deals with securit$ issues /ollects char&in& data and traffic statistics Allocates d$namic or static !P addresses to mobiles either b$ itself or with the help of a 04/P or a RA0!8S server !nvolved in the establishment of tunnels with the SGS1 and with other external networks and 6P1.
Nokia Networks Oy 11 (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

%rom the external network;s point of view the GGS1 is simpl$ a router to an !P sub-network. This is shown below. When the GGS1 receives data addressed to a specific user in the mobile network it first checks if the address is active. !f it is the GGS1 forwards the data to the SGS1 servin& the mobile. !f the address is inactive the data is discarded. The GGS1 also routes mobile ori&inated packets to the correct external network.

GPRS su& etwork 1AA*222*33*000 I ter et Router .ost 1AA*222*33*AA

9or)orate su& etwork 131*44*1A*000 .ost 131*44*1A*3 Router 2AN

7i(ure 3*

GPRS etwork as see &y a other "ata etwork

.&

Domain !ame Ser3ers

These devices convert !P names into !P addresses for example server.nokia.com to '--....'<.<. There is a primar$ 01S server and a secondar$ 01S server. 0etails of 01S were described in Introduction to TCP/IP module and in the !PGPRS course "odule '=.

.*

.ire"alls
A firewall protects an !P network a&ainst external attack +for example hackers from the mobile users or from the !nternet,. !n the case of GPRS the firewall mi&ht be confi&ured to re>ect all packets that are not part of a GPRS subscriberinitiated connection. The firewall can also include 1AT +1etwork Address Translation, see the Introduction to TCP/IP module.

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

=ey )oi ts

.6

,order Gate"ay
The #order Gatewa$ +#G, is a router that can provide a direct GPRS tunnel between different operators; GPRS networks. This is referred to as an interP2"1 data network. !t is more secure to transfer data between two operators; P2"1 networks throu&h a direct connection rather than via the public !nternet. The #order Gatewa$ will commence operation once the GPRS roamin& a&reements between various operators have been si&ned. !t will essentiall$ allow a roamin& subscriber to connect to compan$ intranet throu&h the 4ome GGS1 via the visitin& P2"1 network.

.)

Charging Gate"ay
GPRS users have to be char&ed for the use of the network. !n a GS" network char&in& is based on the destination duration and time of call. 4owever GPRS offers connectionless service to users so it not possible to char&e subscribers on the connection duration. /har&in& has to be based on the volume destination *oS and other parameters of a connectionless data transfer. These GPRS char&in& data are &enerated b$ all the SGS1s and GGS1s in the network. This data is referred to as /har&in& 0ata Records or /0Rs. ?ne data session ma$ &enerate a number of /0Rs so these need to collected and processed. The /har&in& Gatewa$ +/G, collects all of these records sorts them processes it and passes it on to the #illin& S$stem. 4ere the GPRS subscriber is billed for the data transaction. All /0Rs contain uni(ue subscriber and connection identifiers to distin&uish it. A protocol called GTP; +pronounced GTP prime, is used for the transfer of data records between GS1s and the /har&in& Gatewa$.

Nokia Networks Oy

13 (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

GPRS interfaces
The GPRS s$stem introduces new interfaces to the GS" network. %i&ure . illustrates the lo&ical architecture with the interfaces and reference points of the combined GS"5GPRS network.

;S9F 62R

.2R

4IR

S;SD G;S9

Signalling and data Signalling

Gs
SGSN 3S9

Gr

Gf

Gd Ga

9G

Ga Gi
40ter a# )acket etwork

G(

GGSN

Gn

Air 10m2

Gn

3G

G'

I terDP2;N GPRS &ack&o e

7i(ure 4*

GPRS i ter!aces

/onnections from the GPRS s$stem to the 1SS part of the GS" network are implemented throu&h the SS: network. The GPRS element interfacin& with the 1SS is SGS1. The important interfaces to the 1SS are the SGS1-42R +Gr, SGS1-3!R +Gf, and SGS1-"S/562R +Gs,. The other interfaces are implemented throu&h the intra-P2"1 backbone network +Gn, the inter-P2"1 backbone network +Gp, or the external networks +Gi,. The interfaces used b$ the GPRS s$stem are described below)

Um between an "S and the GPRS fixed network part. The 8m is the access interface the "S uses to access the GPRS network. The radio interface to the #TS is the same interface used b$ the existin& GS" network with some GPRS specific chan&es. Gb between a SGS1 and a #SS. The Gb interface carries the GPRS traffic and si&nallin& between the GS" radio network +#SS, and the

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

=ey )oi ts

GPRS network. %rame Rela$ based network services is used for this interface.

Gn between two GS1s within the same P2"1. The Gn provides a data and si&nallin& interface in the !ntra-P2"1 backbone. The GPRS Tunnellin& Protocol +GTP, is used in the Gn +and in the Gp, interface over the !P based backbone network. Gp between two GS1s in various P2"1s. The Gp interface provides the same functionalit$ as the Gn interface but it also provides to&ether with the #G and the %irewall all the functions needed for inter-P2"1 networkin& that is securit$ routin& etc. Gr between an SGS1 and the 42R. The Gr &ives the SGS1 access to subscriber information in the 42R. The 42R can be located in a different P2"1 than the SGS1 +"AP,. Ga between the GS1s and the /G inside the same P2"1. The Ga provides a data and si&nallin& interface. This interface is used for sendin& the char&in& data records &enerated b$ GS1s to the /G. The protocol used is GTP; an enhanced version of GTP. Gs between a SGS1 and a "S/. The SGS1 can send location data to the "S/ or receive pa&in& re(uests from the "S/ via this optional interface. The Gs interface will &reatl$ improve the effectiveness of the radio and network resources in the combined GS"5GPRS network. This interface uses #SSAP@ protocol. Gd between the S"S-G"S/ and an SGS1 and between S"S-!W"S/ and an SGS1. The Gd interface is available for more efficient use of the S"S services +"AP,. Gf between an SGS1 and the 3!R. The Gf &ives the SGS1 access to GPRS user e(uipment information. The 3!R maintains three different lists of mobile e(uipment) black list for stolen mobiles grey list for mobiles under observation and white list for other mobiles +"AP,. Gc between the GGS1 and the 42R. The GGS1 ma$ re(uest the location of an "S via this optional interface. The interface can be used if the GGS1 needs to forward packets to an "S that is not active.

There are two different reference points in the GPRS network. The Gi is GPRS specific but the R is common with the circuit switched GS" network)

Gi between a GGS1 and an external network. The GPRS network is connected to an external data networks via this interface. The GPRS
Nokia Networks Oy 1A (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

s$stem will support a variet$ of data networks. #ecause of that the Gi is not a standard interface but merel$ a reference point.

R between terminal e(uipment and mobile termination. This reference point connects terminal e(uipment to mobile termination thus allowin& for example a laptop-P/ to transmit data over the GS"-phone. The ph$sical R interface follows for example the !T8-T 6.7.56.7A or the P/"/!A P/-/ard standards.

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

=ey )oi ts

&

Transfer of 'ac#ets (et"een GS!s

8ser data packets are sent over the GPRS backbone in ;containers;. When a packet comin& from an external packet network arrives at the GGS1 it is inserted in a container and sent to the SGS1. The stream of containers inside the GPRS backbone network is totall$ transparent to the user) To the user it seems like he5she is connected directl$ via a router +the GGS1, to external networks. !n data communications this t$pe of virtual stream of containers is called a tunnel. We sa$ that the GS1s are performin& tunnellin& of user packets see %i&ure <.

SGS!
r 0se et # 'ac

0ser 'ac#et

0ser 'ac#et

GGS!
0se 'ac# r et

0se 'ac# r et

The stream of containers forming a tunnel.

7i(ure A*

:ser )ackets o-er the GPRS &ack&o e i

Gco tai ersH

The protocol that performs the tunnellin& in GPRS is called GPRS Tunnellin& Protocol +GTP,. We can sa$ that we transport GTP packets between the SGS1 and the GGS1. ?ver the GPRS backbone !P packets are used to carr$ the GTP packets. The GTP packets then contain the actual user packets. This is shown in %i&ure B. The user packet for example a T/P5!P packet that carries some part of an e-mail is carried inside a GTP packet. The GTP packet is carried over the GPRS backbone usin& !P and T/P or 80P +in the example 80P,. The GTP packet headers includin& the tunnel !0 +T!0, will tell the receivin& GS1 who the user is. The tunnel !0 includes the user !"S! +and another user specific number,. The T!0 is a label that tells the SGS1 and the GGS1 whose packets are inside the container.

Nokia Networks Oy

1C (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

IP 18TCP90DP2 GS! IP; address

T67 GTP PAC+7T Tunnel ID: I4SI5

0ser 'ac#et

7.g. a TCP9IP 'ac#et carrying e;mail /ho is the user: To "hich GS!:

7i(ure B*

G$P co tai er

%rom the point of view of the user and the external network the GTP packets that contain the user packets could be transferred between the GS1s usin& an$ technolo&$ for example AT" C.7< or %rame Rela$. The chosen technolo&$ for the GPRS backbone is !P. All the network elements +the GS1s the char&in& &atewa$ etc., connected to the GPRS backbone must have an !P address. !P addresses used in the backbone are invisible to the "S and to the external networks. The$ are what we call private IP addresses. That is the user packets are carried in the GPRS core between the SGS1 and the GGS1 usin& the private !P addresses of the GPRS backbone. This concept of tunnellin& and hidin& backbone addresses +;private;, to the user level is illustrated in the followin& fi&ures. %i&ure : shows a close-up of the user and backbone !P address levels. %i&ure A shows the GTP tunnel related to the user pa$load and the relationship between the protocol stacks in the Gi and Gn interfaces.

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

=ey )oi ts

user data using 'public' IP addresses

IP GTP

IP GTP

Tunnel

IP backbone data using private IP addresses IP

"S
7i(ure C*

SGS1

GGS1

$ra s!er o! )ackets &etwee the GGSN a " the ;S

.2R 3$S 3S9 SSC SGS!

;S9F 62R

GPRS 9ore Network

GGS!

I ter et

Ser-er

:S4R PA52OA8 G$P :8P IP 22 21

$u e##e" )ay#oa"

APP $9PF:8P IP 22 21

7i(ure 8*

G$P tu

e##i ( a " user )ay#oa"

Nokia Networks Oy

1@ (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

!ote %or additional information on the GPRS transmission protocols see the Appendix D GPRS transmission plane protocols.

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

=ey )oi ts

Roaming
4ere we will look at how GPRS functions when a subscriber is roamin& in another network. #efore an$ roamin& can take place roamin& a&reements need to be si&ned between various operators. 2et us start with an example) The diplomat boards a plane in Helsinki and departs for Singapore. After a rela ing !!"hour flight she arri#es the ne t morning in Singapore. At the airport$ she immediately switches on her %P&S 'S.

6isite" O)erator, Si (a)ore % Si (a)ore GPRS SGS! SGS! 3ack&o e 3G 1 3G .O;4 O)erator GPRS

D!S D!S *GPRS 8NS

I terDP2;N GPRS 3ack&o e

8NS .O;4

GGSN

4%&assy I tra et

GS;OP4RA$OR, 7i #a "

%i&ure E.

Roamin& case steps ' 7 and -

!. 7.

The diplomat chooses to use her home network access point$ because she wants to securely access her e"mail. The "S sends the P0P context activation re(uest to the SGS1. An important piece of information is the access point name +AP1, which in this case is embassy.fi. This is shown in %i&ure E. The Sin&apore operatorFs SGS1 checks with the Gbase if an AP1 like the one "S re(uested is permitted in the userFs subscription. !n this case ever$thin& is ?G.
Nokia Networks Oy 21 (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

-.

1ow the Sin&apore SGS1 needs to send the context activation creation re(uest to the GS"?P3RA?T?R.%! GGS1. The GGS1 is somewhere in %inland and the Sin&apore SGS1 does not know the GGS1 !P address. So it sends a (uer$ to the local 01S in the Sin&apore operatorFs network askin& the (uestion ;What is the !P address of embass$.fi.;H

6isite" O)erator, Si (a)ore Si (a)ore GPRS 3ack&o e * 3G

D!S D!S .GPRS .GPRS D!S D!S & I terDP2;N GPRS 3ack&o e

SGSN

8NS .O;4

3G .O;4 O)erator GPRS

GGSN

4%&assy I tra et

GS;OP4RA$OR, 7i #a "

%i&ure '=.

Roamin& case step . and <

The next steps are shown in %i&ure '= and are described below) .. <. The Sin&apore 01S does not know the embassy.fi. !P address so it forwards the (uer$ from the SGS1 to the hi&her-level 01S. The GPRS level does not store !P addresses of AP1s +or GGS1s, but instead it stores !P addresses of the operator level 01S servers. The hi&her-level 01S replies with a list of home operator 01S servers.

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

=ey )oi ts

6isite" O)erator, Si (a)ore Si (a)ore GPRS 3ack&o e 3G 6 3G .O;4 O)erator GPRS )

D!S D!S *GPRS 8NS

SGSN

I terDP2;N GPRS 3ack&o e

D!S D!S 6<47 6<47

GGSN

4%&assy I tra et

GS;OP4RA$OR, 7i #a "

%i&ure ''.

Roamin& case steps B and :

B.

The Sin&apore 01S picks one of the 01S servers from the list it received from the hi&her-level 01S and forwards the ori&inal (uer$ to this 01S. The GS"?P3RAT?R 01S replies with the !P address of the GGS1 havin& the access point name embassy.fi. as shown in %i&ure ''.

:.

Nokia Networks Oy

23 (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

6isite" O)erator, Si (a)ore = Si (a)ore GPRS SGS! SGS! 3ack&o e 3G $ 3G .O;4 O)erator GPRS

D!S D!S *GPRS 8NS

I terDP2;N GPRS 3ack&o e

8NS .O;4

GGS! GGS!

4%&assy I tra et

GS;OP4RA$OR, 7i #a "

%i&ure '7.

Roamin& case steps A and E

A. E.

The Sin&apore 01S &ives the GGS1 !P address to the Sin&apore SGS1. The SGS1 sends the GS"?P3RAT?R GGS1 a re(uest to create the context alon& with the AP1. This is shown in %i&ure '7.

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

=ey )oi ts

6isite" O)erator, Si (a)ore Si (a)ore GPRS 3ack&o e 3G I terDP2;N 3ack&o e 3G .O;4 O)erator GPRS GGSN 4%&assy I tra et

SGSN

GS;OP4RA$OR, 7i #a "

%i&ure '-.

GPRS data transfer from the embass$ server to the "S

The P(P conte t is acti#e and the S%S) sends a notification to the 'S. The diplomat can now download her e"mail from the embassy e"mail ser#er in the embassy intranet. The packet transfer path is shown in *igure !+. !n the example we were usin& an access point in the home network. This is not the onl$ option. A subscriber attached to the visited network could also use an access point provided b$ the visited network. The t$pes of access points allowed are a part of the subscription data in 42R. 42R subscriber information includes fla&s that specif$ the followin&)

8ser is allowed to use visited network access point 8ser can select home or visited access point or 8ser needs to use the access points in the home network.

Nokia Networks Oy

2A (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

The connection between two operatorsF GPRS networks can be throu&h one of two options as shown in ) a. b. Public data network +P01, network such as the !nternet in which a secure tunnel with encr$ption is set up between two GGS1s. Private inter-P2"1 network which has the benefit of &ood control over (ualit$ and securit$.

SGSN

Si (a)ore GPRS 3ack&o e

G'
Inter;P-4! ,ac#(one

,G ,G

GGS! GGS!

Gi
Internet

G'

,G ,G .O;4 O)erator GPRS

GGS! GGS!

Gi
7m(assy Intranet

%i&ure '..

/onnectin& the GPRS networks of two P2"1s

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

=ey )oi ts

ey points

A GPRS network is expected to perform the functions of GS" network and data network. The new elements of the GPRS network are the P/8 SGS1 GGS1 /G #G 01S and %irewalls. The functions of the Gatewa$ GPRS Support 1ode +GGS1,are the followin&)

Routin& mobile-destined packets from external networks to relevant SGS1 Routin& packets ori&inatin& from an "S to the correct external network !nterfacin& to external !P networks /ollectin& char&in& data and traffic statistics Allocatin& d$namic !P addresses to mobiles either b$ itself or with the help of a 04/P or a RA0!8S server.

The functions of the Servin& GPRS Support 1ode +SGS1, are the followin&)

/onvertin& protocols used in !P backbone to protocols used in the #SS and "S 4andlin& of authentication and mobilit$ mana&ement Routin& data to relevant GGS1 when connectin& to an external network /ollectin& char&in& data and traffic statistics 4andlin& of cipherin& and data compression.

The interfaces in the GPRS network are the followin&)

Gb SGS1 to #SS Gn between GS1s +GTP, Gr between SGS1 and 42R +"AP,
Nokia Networks Oy 2C (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

Gs Gi Gf

SGS1 to "S/ +#SSAP@, GGS1 to external data networks SGS1 and the 3!R +"AP,

Gd between SGS1 and the G"S/ +S"S/, Ga between GS1s and /G.

Tunnellin& is the process b$ which user packets are transported encapsulated in containers and transported throu&h a network. The tunnellin& protocol in GPRS is called the GPRS Tunnellin& Protocol +GTP, over the GPRS backbone. The backbone is an !P network. Tunnellin& is used when) c. d. e. the packets with private !P addresses have to transmitted throu&h a public network packets of one protocols have to be sent throu&h a network that does not understand it for securit$ reasons.

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

A&&re-iatio s

!ppendi" # GPR$ transmission plane protocols

%. &vervie' of protocols used in GPR$

A GPRS network introduces man$ new protocols desi&ned to conve$ user data in a reliable and secure wa$. !nformation is passed between the existin& GS" network and the GPRS network b$ emplo$in& protocols on two separate planes)

Transmission plane protocols are used for the transmission of user data and control functions. $ignalling plane protocols are used to conve$ si&nallin& information that controls and supports the transmission plane functions.

The transmission plane protocols conve$ user data in the form of !P data&rams from the mobile station to external networks such as the !nternet or corporate data networks. The si&nallin& plane contains man$ protocols that are alread$ emplo$ed in existin& GS" network elements.
%.% GPR$ transmission plane protocols

%i&ure '.

Transmission plane protocols

Nokia Networks Oy

2@ (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

%.( Transmission protocols in t)e Um interface

%.(.% P)ysical layer

The ph$sical la$er can be divided into the Radio *re+uency ,R*- la$er and the P)ysical .ink la$er. The Radio *re+uency ,R*- is the normal GS" ph$sical radio la$er. Amon& other thin&s the R% la$er specifies)

the carrier fre(uenc$ characteristics and GS" radio channel structures the radio modulation scheme used for the data the radio transmitter and receiver characteristics as well as performance re(uirements.

The GS" R% ph$sical la$er is used for GPRS with the possibilit$ for future modifications. The P)ysical .ink la$er supports multiple "Ss sharin& a sin&le ph$sical channel and provides communication between the "Ss and the network. 1etwork controlled handovers are not used in the GPRS service. !nstead routin& area updates and cell updates are used. The Ph$sical 2ink la$er is responsible for)

%orward 3rror /orrection +%3/, codin& allowin& the detection and correction of transmitted code words and the indication of incorrectable code words the interleavin& of one R2/ Radio #lock over four bursts in consecutive T0"A frames.

%.(.( /edium !ccess 0ontrol ,/!0-

The "edium Access /ontrol +"A/, protocol handles the channel allocation and the multiplexin& that is the use of ph$sical la$er functions. The R2/ and the "A/ to&ether form the ?S! 2a$er 7 protocol for the 8m interface. The GPRS "A/ function is responsible for)

Providin& efficient multiplexin& of data and control si&nallin& on both the uplink and downlink. This process is controlled b$ the network. ?n the downlink multiplexin& is controlled b$ a schedulin& mechanism. ?n

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

A&&re-iatio s

the uplink multiplexin& is controlled b$ medium allocation to individual users +for example in response to a service re(uest,. "obile ori&inated channel access contention resolution between channel access attempts includin& collision detection and recover$. "obile terminated channel access schedulin& of access attempts includin& (ueuin& of packet accesses. Priorit$ handlin&.

%.(.1 T)e Radio .ink 0ontrol ,R.0-

The Radio 2ink /ontrol +R2/, protocol offers a reliable radio link to the upper la$ers. Two modes of operation of the R2/ la$er are defined for information transfer) unacknowled&ed and acknowled&ed. The R2/ la$er can support both modes simultaneousl$. The R2/ function is responsible for)

Providin& transfer of 2o&ical 2ink /ontrol la$er P08s +22/-P08, between the 22/ la$er and the "A/ function. Se&mentation and reassembl$ of 22/-P08s into R2/ 0ata #locks. See %i&ure 7. #ackward 3rror /orrection +#3/, procedures enablin& the selective retransmission of uncorrectable code words. This process is &enerall$ known as Automatic Re(uest for Retransmission +AR*,.

2ote The #lock /heck Se(uence for error detection is provided b$ the Ph$sical 2ink la$er.

Nokia Networks Oy

31 (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

229 7ra%e 7. I !or%atio 7ie#" 79S

229 2ayer

3.

I !or%atio 7ie#"

39S 3.

I !or%atio 7ie#" R29 3#ock

39S 3.

I !or%atio 7ie#"

39S

R29F;A9 2ayer

Nor%a# $8;A 3urst

Nor%a# $8;A 3urst

Nor%a# $8;A 3urst

Nor%a# $8;A 3urst

Physica# 2ayer

7. E 7ra%e .ea"er 79S E 7ra%e 9heck Se/ue ce 3. E 3#ock .ea"er 39S E 3#ock 9heck Se/ue ce (1he S899. co"i ( is use", 39S corres)o "s to the 7ire co"e)

%i&ure 7.

Se&mentation of 22/-P08s into R2/ data blocks

%.(.3 .ogical .ink 0ontrol ,..0-

The 2o&ical 2ink /ontrol +22/, la$er offers a secure and reliable lo&ical link between the "S and the SGS1 for upper la$er protocols and is independent of the lower la$ers. The 22/ conve$s si&nallin& S"S and Subnetwork 0ependent /onver&ence Protocol +S10/P, packets. S10/P exists between the "S and the SGS1 and provides a mappin& and compression function between the network la$er +!P or C.7< packets, and the lower la$ers. !t also performs se&mentation reassembl$ and multiplexin&. Two modes of operation of the 22/ la$er are defined for information transfer) unackno'ledged and ackno'ledged. The 22/ la$er can support both modes simultaneousl$. !n ackno'ledged mode the receipt of 22/-P08s is confirmed. The 22/ la$er retransmits 22/-P08s if confirmation has not been received within a certain timeout period. !n unackno'ledged mode there is no confirmation re(uired for 228-P08s.

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

A&&re-iatio s

Si&nallin& and S"S is transferred in unacknowled&ed mode. !n unacknowled&ed mode the 22/ la$er offers he followin& two options)

Transport of 4protected4 information means that if errors occur within the 22/ information field the frame will be discarded. Transport of 4unprotected4 information means that if errors occur within the 22/ information field the frame will not be discarded.

The 22/ la$er supports several different *oS dela$ classes with different transfer dela$ characteristics. The Packet 0ontrol Unit ,P0U- in t)e 5$0 is responsible for the followin& GPRS "A/ and R2/ la$er functions)

22/ la$er P08 se&mentation into R2/ blocks for downlink transmission. 22/ la$er P08 reassembl$ from R2/ blocks for uplink transmission. P0/4 schedulin& functions for the uplink and downlink data transfers. P0/4 uplink AR* functions includin& R2/ block ack5nak. P0/4 downlink AR* function includin& bufferin& and retransmission of R2/ blocks. /hannel access control functions for example access re(uests and &rants. Radio channel mana&ement functions for example power control con&estion control broadcast control information etc.

The 0)annel 0oding Unit ,00U- in t)e 5T$ provides the followin& functions)

The channel codin& functions +/S-' and /S-7, includin& %3/ and interleavin&. Radio channel measurement functions includin& received (ualit$ level received si&nal level and information related to timin& advance measurements.

The network la$er protocols for si&nallin& S"S and user data are multiplexed to the lower la$ers in the followin& wa$ +see %i&ure -,)
Nokia Networks Oy 33 (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

2$!PI is the 1etwork la$er Service Access Point !dentifier which is used to identif$ the P0P context at the S10/P level. $!PI is the Service Access Point !dentifier which is used to identif$ the points where the 22/ provides a service to a hi&her la$er. SAP!s have different priorities. T..I is the Temporar$ 2o&ical 2ink !dentit$ which unambi&uousl$ identifies the lo&ical link between the "S and SGS1. T22! is used for addressin& at the 22/ la$er.

%i&ure -.

"ultiplexin& of network protocols

22/ provides the services necessar$ to maintain a ciphered data link between an "S and an SGS1. The 22/ la$er does not support direct communication between two "Ss. The 22/ connection is maintained as the "S moves between cells served b$ the same SGS1. When the "S moves to a cell bein& served b$ a different SGS1 the existin& connection is released and a new lo&ical connection is established with the new SGS1.

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

A&&re-iatio s

22/ is independent of the underl$in& radio interface protocols. !n order to allow 22/ to operate with a variet$ of different radio interface protocols and to ensure optimum performance it ma$ be necessar$ to ad>ust for example the maximum 22/ P08 len&th and the 22/ protocol timer values. Such ad>ustments can be made throu&h ne&otiation between the "S and the SGS1. The maximum len&th of an 22/ P08 shall not be &reater than 'B== octets minus the #SSGP protocol control information. The 2o&ical 2ink /ontrol la$er supports)

Service primitives allowin& the transfer of S10/P Protocol 0ata 8nits +S1-P08s, between the Subnetwork 0ependent /onver&ence la$er and the 2o&ical 2ink /ontrol la$er Procedures for transferrin& 22-P08s between the "S and SGS1 includin&)

Procedures for unacknowled&ed point-to-point deliver$ of 22-P08s between the "S and the SGS1 Procedures for acknowled&ed reliable point-to-point deliver$ of 22-P08s between the "S and SGS1 Procedures for point-to-multipoint deliver$ of 22-P08s from the SGS1 to the "S

Procedures for detectin& and recoverin& from lost or corrupted 22-P08s Procedures for flow control of 22-P08s between the "S and the SGS1 Procedures for cipherin& of 22-P08s. The procedures are applicable to both unacknowled&ed and acknowled&ed 22-P08 deliver$.

The 2o&ical 2ink /ontrol la$er functions are or&anised so that cipherin& resides immediatel$ above the R2/5"A/ la$er in the "S and immediatel$ above the #SSGP la$er in the SGS1. A lo&ical communication pipe is established between the GGS1 and the "S throu&h a SGS1. The 22/ protocol link is established between the "S and the SGS1 upon GPRS attach. The GPRS Tunnellin& Protocol +GTP, establishes a tunnel between the SGS1 and the GGS1 at P0P context activation. !n the 22/ header the 1SAP! +1etwork la$er Service Access Point !dentifier, identifies which application inside the "S the packet belon&s to.

Nokia Networks Oy

3A (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

%.(.5 $260P ,$ubnet'ork 6ependent 0onvergence Protocol-

1etwork la$er protocols are intended to be capable of operatin& over a wide variet$ of subnetworks and data links. GPRS supports several network la$er protocols providin& protocol transparenc$ for the users of the service. To enable the introduction of new network la$er protocols to be transferred over GPRS without an$ chan&es to GPRS all functions related to the transfer of 1etwork la$er Protocol 0ata 8nits +1-P08s, are carried out in a transparent wa$ b$ the GPRS network. This is one of the re(uirements of S10/P. Another re(uirement of the S10/P is to provide functions that help to improve channel efficienc$. This is achieved b$ means of compression techni(ues. The set of protocol entities above the S10/P consists of commonl$ used network protocols. The$ all use the same S10/P entit$ which then performs multiplexin& of data comin& from different sources to be transferred usin& the service provided b$ the 22/ la$er. The 1etwork Service Access Point !dentifier +1SAP!, is an index to the P0P context of the P0P that is usin& the services provided b$ the S10/P +see %i&ure .,. ?ne P0P ma$ have several P0P contexts and 1SAP!s. 3ach active 1SAP! uses the services provided b$ the Service Access Point !dentifier +SAP!, in the 22/ la$er. "ore than one 1SAP!s ma$ be associated with the same SAP!.

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

A&&re-iatio s

7i(ure 4*

SN89P use" to %u#ti)#e0 "i!!ere t )rotoco#s

1.% Transmission 'rotocols in the G( interface

The Gb interface allows man$ users to be multiplexed over the same ph$sical link usin& %rame Rela$ +%R,. #andwidth is allocated to a user upon activit$ +when data is sent or received, and is reallocated immediatel$ thereafter. This is in contrast to the A-interface where a sin&le user has the exclusive use of a dedicated ph$sical resource throu&hout the lifetime of a call irrespective of activit$. GPRS si&nallin& and user data are sent in the same transmission plane and therefore no separate dedicated ph$sical resources are re(uired to be allocated for si&nallin& purposes. 0ata rates over the %rame Rela$ Gb interface ma$ var$ for each user without restriction from 9ero data to the maximum possible line rate +for example 'EA. kbit5s which is the maximum available bit rate of a 7 "bit5s +3', link,.

Nokia Networks Oy

3C (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

1.%.1 Physical -ayer Protocol

Several ph$sical la$er confi&urations and protocols are possible at the Gb interface and the ph$sical resources are allocated b$ ?peration I "aintenance +?I", procedures. 1ormall$ a G:=-5:=. 7"bit5s connection is provided.
1.%. !et"or# Ser3ices layer

The Gb interface 1etwork Services la$er is based on *rame Relay. %rame Rela$ virtual circuits are established between the SGS1 and #SS. 22/ P08s from man$ users are statisticall$ multiplexed onto these virtual circuits. These virtual circuits ma$ traverse a network of %rame Rela$ switchin& nodes or ma$ >ust be provided on a point to point link between the #S/ and the SGS1 +if the #S/ and SGS1 are co-located,. %rame Rela$ is used for si&nallin& and data transmission over the Gb interface. The followin& characteristics appl$ for the %rame Rela$ connection)

The maximum %rame Rela$ information field si9e is 'B== octets. The %rame Rela$ address len&th is two octets. %rame Rela$ Permanent 6irtual /ircuits +P6/, are used. The %rame Rela$ la$er offers detection of errors but no recover$ from errors. ?ne or more %rame Rela$ P6/s are used between an SGS1 and a #SS to transport #SSGP P08s.

1.%.% ,ase Station System GPRS Protocol 1,SSGP2

The 5ase $tation $ystem GPR$ Protocol ,5$$GP- transfers control and si&nallin& information and user data between a #SS and the SGS1 over the Gb interface. The primar$ function of #SSGP is to provide *ualit$ of Service +*oS, and routin& information that is re(uired to transmit user data between a #SS and an SGS1. A secondar$ function is to enable two ph$sicall$ distinct nodes the SGS1 and #SS to operate node mana&ement control functions. There is a one-to-one relationship between the #SSGP protocol in the SGS1 and in the #SS. !f one SGS1 handles multiple #SSs the SGS1 has to have one #SSGP protocol device for each #SS.

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

A&&re-iatio s

The main functions for the #SSGP protocol are to)

provide a connectionless link between the SGS1 and the #SS transfer data in an unconfirmed wa$ between the SGS1 and the #SS provide for bi-directional control of the data flow between the SGS1 and the #SS handle pa&in& re(uests from the SGS1 to the #SS &ive support for deletin& old messa&es in the #SS for example when an "S chan&es #SSs support multiple la$er 7 links between the SGS1 and the #SS.

1.& Transmission 'rotocols in the Gn interface

The Gn interface forms the GPRS backbone network.

1.&.1 -ayer 1 and layer

The .% and the .( protocols are vendor dependent ?S! la$er ' and 7 protocols that carr$ the !P data&rams for the GPRS backbone network between the SGS1 and the GGS1.
1.&. Internet Protocol 1IP2

The Internet Protocol ,IP- data&ram in the Gn interface is only used in t)e GPR$ backbone net'ork. The GPRS backbone +core, network and the GPRS subscribers use different !P addresses. This makes the GPRS backbone !P network invisible to the subscribers and vice versa. The GPRS backbone network carries the subscriber !P or C.7< traffic in a secure GPRS tunnel. All data from the mobile subscribers or external networks is tunnelled in the GPRS backbone.
1.&.% TCP or 0DP

T0P or U6P are used to carr$ the GPRS Tunnellin& Protocol +GTP, P08s across the GPRS backbone network. T/P is used for user C.7< data and 80P is used for user !P data and si&nallin& in the Gn interface.
Nokia Networks Oy 3@ (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

1.&.& GPRS Tunnelling Protocol 1GTP2

The GPR$ Tunnelling Protocol ,GTP- allows multi-protocol packets to be tunnelled throu&h the GPRS backbone between GPRS Support 1odes +GS1s,. This is illustrated in %i&ure <. The GTP can have proprietar$ extensions to allow proprietar$ features. The rela$ function in the SGS1 rela$s the user P0P +Packet 0ata Protocol, P08s +!P or C.7<, between the Gb and the Gn interfaces. GTP is defined both for the Gn interface that is the interface between GS1s within the same P2"1 and the Gp interface between GS1s in different P2"1s. The 80P5!P and T/P5!P are examples of paths that ma$ be used to multiplex GTP tunnels. The choice of path is dependent on whether the user data to be tunnelled re(uires a reliable link or not. Two modes of operation of the GTP la$er are therefore supported for information transfer between the GGS1 and SGS1.

unacknowled&ed +80P5!P, acknowled&ed +T/P5!P,.

A 80P5!P path is used when the user data is based on connectionless protocols such as !P. A T/P5!P path is used when the user data is based on connectionoriented protocols such as C.7<. The GTP la$er can support both modes simultaneousl$.

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

A&&re-iatio s

7i(ure A*

GPRS $u

e##i ( Protoco# )ri ci)#e

1.&.&.1 Signalling 'lane

!n the si&nallin& plane the GTP specifies a tunnel control and mana&ement protocol which allows the SGS1 to provide GPRS network access for an "S. The si&nallin& plane also handles path mana&ement and location mana&ement. Si&nallin& is used to create modif$ and delete tunnels. The GTP si&nallin& flow is lo&icall$ associated with but separate from the GTP tunnels. %or each GS1-GS1 pair one or more paths exist and one or more tunnels ma$ use each path.
1.&.&. Transmission 'lane

!n the transmission plane the tunnel created b$ the si&nallin& plane is used to carr$ user data packets between network elements connected to the GPRS backbone network such as the SGS1s and GGS1s. 1o other s$stems need to be aware of GTP for example the "Ss are connected to a SGS1 without bein& aware of GTP.

Nokia Networks Oy

41 (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

user IP 8ata

G$P 2ayer

G$P G$P .ea"er .ea"er

:ser 8ata 8ata Pay#oa" Pay#oa" ($DP8:) ($DP8:) :ser (userIP IP8ata) 8ata) (user

:8P 2ayer

:8P :8P .ea"er .ea"er

G$P G$P .ea"er .ea"er

:ser 8ata 8ata Pay#oa" Pay#oa" ($DP8:) ($DP8:) :ser (userIP IP8ata(ra%) 8ata(ra%) (user

3ack&o e IP 2ayer

GPRS GPRS 3ack&o e eIP IP 3ack&o .ea"er .ea"er

:8P :8P .ea"er .ea"er

G$P G$P .ea"er .ea"er

:ser 8ata 8ata Pay#oa" Pay#oa" ($DP8:) ($DP8:) :ser (userIP IP8ata(ra%) 8ata(ra%) (user

7i(ure C*

$he G$P )rotoco# hea"er &ei ( a""e" to user "ata

A GTP tunnel is defined b$ two associated P0P contexts in different GS1 nodes and is identified b$ a Tunnel !0 +T!0,. A GTP tunnel is necessar$ for forwardin& packets between an external packet data network and an "S. The Tunnel !0 identifies the "" and P0P contexts +"" /ontext !0 and a 1SAP!,. The 1SAP! +1etwork Service Access Point !dentifier, is a fixed value between = and '< that identifies a certain P0P context. !t identifies a P0P context belon&in& to a specific "" context !0.
1.&.* The GTP header

The GTP header contains 'B octets and is used for all GTP messa&es. The information contained in the GTP header includes the followin&)

The t$pe of GTP messa&e +si&nallin& messa&es J '-<7 but when used for data transmission the GTP messa&e t$pe J 7<<,. The len&th of the GTP messa&e +G-P08, in octets. A Se(uence 1umber to provide a transaction identit$ for si&nallin& messa&es and a &rowin& se(uence number for tunnelled T-P08s. +A T-P08 is an !P data&ram from an "S or a network node in an external packet data network. The T-P08 is the pa$load that is tunnelled in the GTP tunnel,. A fla& to indicate whether an 22/ frame number is included or not.

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

A&&re-iatio s

An 22/ frame number that is used for the !nter SGS1 Routin& 8pdate procedure to co-ordinate the data transmission on the link la$er between the "S and the SGS1. A T!0 +Tunnel !dentifier, that points out "" and P0P contexts.

The content of the GTP header differs dependin& on whether the header is used for si&nallin& messa&es or user data +T-P08s,.
1.&.6 Tunnel ID 1TID2 format

The Tunnel !dentifier +T!0, consists of the followin&)

"obile /ountr$ /ode +"//, "obile 1etwork /ode +"1/, "obile Subscriber !dentification 1umber +"S!1, 1etwork Service Access Point !dentifier +1SAP!,

These represent the "" and P0P contexts.

Nokia Networks Oy

43 (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

References
1okia 0C7== SGS1 Product 0escription 1okia GPRS /har&in& Gatewa$ Product 0escription 1okia G17<== GGS1 Product 0escription 1okia GPRS Solution 0escription 1okia GPRS S$stem 0escription GS" Specification =-.B= +GPRS Service 0escription R.E:, GS" Specification =-.B. +?verall 0esc. GPRS Radio !nterf. R.E:, GS" Specification =..=A GS" Specification =..'' GS" Specification =..B. GS" Specification =..B< GS" Specification =:.B= GS" Specification =:.:= GS" Specification =A.'. GS" Specification =A.'B GS" Specification =A.'A GS" Specification =E.=7 GS" Specification =E.'B GS" Specification =E.'A GS" Specification =E.B= GS" Specification '7.'<

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

A&&re-iatio s

A((re3iations
Ao// Ao/! AP AT" Au/ #//4 #G #G!WP #GP #S/ #SS #SSAP #SSGP #SS"AP #TS #TS" // //#S //!TT /0R /%1Rc /%8 /G /G5A0 /G5AR/ /G5AR" /G5%T" Advice of /har&e - /har&in& Advice of /har&e - !nformation Access Point As$nchronous Transfer "ode Authentication /entre #roadcast /ontrol /hannel #order Gatewa$ #arrin& of GPRS !nterworkin& Profile+s, #order Gatewa$ Protocol #ase Station /ontroller #ase Station Subs$stem #SS Application Part #SS GPRS Protocol #SS "ana&ement Application Process #ase Transceiver Station #TS "ana&ement /all /ontrol /ustomer /are and #illin& S$stem /omitK /onsultatif !nternational TKlK&raphi(ue et TKlKphoni(ue /all 0etail Record /all %orwardin& on "obile Subscriber 1ot Reachable /all %orwardin& 8nconditional /har&in& Gatewa$ /G5Alarm 0ispatcher /G5Accountin& Record /ollection /G5Accountin& Record "odification /G5%ile Transfer "ana&er
Nokia Networks Oy 4A (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

/21S /" /?1S /8G 0A"PS 0# 0/S 04/P 01S 0RC 0TAP 30G3 3!R 3TS! 3TS! %0"A %TA" %T"!0 %TP G-/0R GGS1 G"S/ GPRS GS" GS1 GTP GTPL 42R 4P2"1 4S/S0

/onnectionless 1etwork Service /ommunication "ana&ement /onnection-?riented 1etwork Service /losed 8ser Group 0i&ital Advanced "obile Phone Service 0atabase 0i&ital /ellular S$stem 0$namic 4ost /onfi&uration Protocol 0omain 1ame S$stem 0iscontinuous Reception 0irect Transfer Application Process 3nhanced 0ata Rates for GS" 3volution 3(uipment !dentit$ Re&ister 3uropean Telecommunications Standards !nstitute 3uropean Telecommunications Standards !nstitute %re(uenc$ 0ivision "ultiple Access %ile Transfer Access and "ana&ement Se(uential number of method instance %ile Transfer Protocol Gatewa$ GPRS Support 1ode-/all 0etail Record Gatewa$ GPRS Support 1ode Gatewa$ "S/ General Packet Radio Service Global S$stem for "obile /ommunications GPRS Support 1ode GPRS Tunnellin& Protocol GPRS Tunnel Protocol +enhanced, 4ome 2ocation Re&ister 4ome Public 2and "obile 1etwork 4i&h Speed /ircuit Switched 0ata

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e

A&&re-iatio s

4T"2 4TTP !/"P !GRP !"3! !"G! !"S! !3T% !P !Pv. !PvB !S01 !T8 !T8-T 2A 2A1 2AP0 2AP0m 22/ "A/ "AP "-/0R "3 "!#-!! "" "o8 "S "S/ "T

4$per Text "arkup 2an&ua&e 4$per Text Transfer Protocol !nternet /ontrol "essa&e Protocol !nterior Gatewa$ Routin& Protocol !nternational "obile 3(uipment !dentit$ !nternational "obile Group !dentit$ !nternational "obile Subscriber !dentit$ !nternet 3n&ineerin& Task %orce !nternet Protocol !nternet Protocol version . !nternet Protocol version B !nte&rated Services 0i&ital 1etwork !nternational Telecommunication 8nion Telecommunication standardisation sector of !T8 2ocation Area 2ocal Area 1etwork 2ink Access Protocol for the 0 channel 2ink Access Protocol for the 0m channel 2o&ical 2ink /ontrol "edium Access /ontrol "obile Application Part "obilit$ "ana&ement-/all 0etail Record "obile 3(uipment "ana&ement !nformation #ase !! "obilit$ "ana&ement "emorandum of 8nderstandin& "obile Station "obile +services, Switchin& /entre "obile Termination
Nokia Networks Oy 4C (48)

GPRS Architecture: I ter!aces a " Protoco#s

"TP 1%S 1"S 1SAP! 1SS ?"/ ?S! ?SP% ?SS PA//4 PA0

"essa&e Transfer Part 1etwork %ile S$stem 1etwork "ana&ement Subs$stem 1etwork la$er Service Access Point !dentifier 1etwork and Switchin& Subs$stem ?perations and "aintenance /entre ?pen S$stem !nterconnection ?pen Shortest Path %irst ?peration Subs$stem Packet Associated /ontrol /hannel Packet Assembl$50isassembl$

Nokia Networks Oy

9$?? 31@1I ssue A*> e