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html moldboard pluzna daska plow- plug sowing-setva tiling- oranje Drills - are implements used to plant crops in closely spaced rows (typically four to ten inches);
drills are commonly used for cereal crops such as wheat and can be used to plant soybeans. Grain drills are typically equipped with disks to open a small trench in the soil, a metering system to deliver a measured, controlled amount of seed to drop tubes which guide the seed to the seed trench. There must be some means (wheels or drag chains) of gently closing the seed trench with soil to cover the seeds.

Planters - are implements used to plant row crops (typically in row spacings ranging from ! to "!
inches). #lanters open a seed trench, meter seeds one$at$a$time, drop seeds into the seed trench, and gently cover the seed. %ome planters can cut through residues and till a small strip of soil in each row at the time of planting. #lanters can also be equipped to apply fertili&er, pesticides, and herbicides during planting. #lanters come in si&es as large as si'ty feet wide $ that is twenty$four rows with a typical (!$inch row spacing, or thirty$si' rows with a narrower )!$inch row spacing. %uch large planters can cost in e'cess of * "!,!!!.

esticides are used to control pests! which include insects! mice and other animals! unwanted plants "weeds#! $ungi! or microorganisms like bacteria and viruses. %hough o$ten misunderstood to re$er onl& to insecticides! the term pesticide also applies to herbicides "that control weeds#! $ungicides "that control $ungi#! and substances used to control other pests. %he label includes in$ormation on when the product should be applied. 'abels o$ten list the minimum number o$ da&s which must pass between the last pesticide application and harvest o$ crops or grazing b& livestock. %hese are intervals set b& ( ) to allow time $or the pesticide to break down in the environment! preventing residues on $ood! $eed! or animal products. Sprayers - are implements or vehicles used to appl& li*uid crop chemicals! most o$ten herbicides! and increasingl&! $ertilizers. +pra&ers t&picall& include a tank! pump! plumbing! valves! a boom! and nozzles. +pra&ers can be mounted on a tractor or other implement! pulled b& a tractor! sel$-propelled! or mounted on airplanes or helicopters. 'arge sel$-propelled spra&ers that incorporate technologies to var& application rates within a $ield can cost more than ,-.0!000.

Aerial application of pesticides has several advantages for the modern agricultural producer. When properly managed, aerial application offers speed of dispersal, accessibility to crops on areas where ground equipment cannot operate, and reasonable cost. In many cases, aerial application also allows more timely applications and, therefore, better utilization of pesticides.

Aerial application programs require good cooperation between the pilot and grower. It must also recognize the potential dangers to people, other crops and the environment. Limitations on aerial application include weather hazards, fixed obstacles such as radius towers, field size and shape, the distance from the point of application to the landing area, and the danger of contamination of nearby areas due to drift or misapplication. areless applications can be harmful to the crop, the grower and the applicator. !he federal government has regulated pesticides since the early "#$$s. !he use of synthetic pesticides in agriculture is the most widespread method for pest control. %...&armers spend approximately '(." billion on pesticides annually. !hey )ustify this high cost by a direct dollar return of from '* to '+ for every '" spent on pesticides.% ,"##" edition of the Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture..nvironmental and human health problems related to the use of synthetic pesticides have created an increasing pressure against their use. In recent years, non/chemical alternatives for pest control have been developed and modern pesticides have become safer and more specific. !echnical developments of the application equipment have also improved to enable their proper application. 0owever, their proper professional use has not always been transferred satisfactorily to field practice. Alternative approaches to pest control are used more and more and the concept of integrated pest management where synthetic pesticides are only applied as a last resort is now considered common practice in professional agriculture. !he non/chemical alternatives include cultural practices, choice of resistant varieties, creation of an environment favorable for natural enemies of pests, and use of biological products and agents, including beneficial insects. Li1ewise, synthetic pesticides have undergone a development process to match today2s requirements. !hey have become less toxic for humans, though not necessarily for the environment, they have become more specific to act as a useful contribution within an I34 concept and they have become more powerful. While ($ years ago pesticides were applied in 1ilograms or liters of active ingredient per hectare, modern pesticides only require grams or milliliters to achieve the same or better result. 5n the other hand, the new pesticides require a more sophisticated technology for a safe, even and efficient application. 4odern application equipment ,including bac1pac1 sprayers- allow a fairly safe and efficient application of pesticides of all 1inds. %!he design of equipment has impact mostly on the operator and environmental safety preventing unnecessary contamination, accidents, loss and spills and allowing an even distribution of the product.% 4odern electronics have improved the accuracy of dosing, distribution, and application. !he use of global positioning systems ,637- allows precise trac1ing of the application. 7pray nozzle technology greatly affects spray coverage, which is second in importance only to the selection of the pesticide in determining the success of an application.

5riginally, the purpose of pesticide laws and regulations was to protect consumers from fraudulent claims about product performance. !he focus now has shifted to the protection of health and the environment, including8

3roviding for the proper and beneficial use of pesticides to protect public health and safety. 3rotecting the environment by controlling the uses and disposal of potentially harmful pesticides. Assuring safe wor1ing conditions for farm wor1ers, commercial pest control personnel, and consumers. Assuring users that pesticides are labeled properly and are appropriate for their intended use, and contain all instructions and precautions necessary. .ncouraging the use of integrated pest management ,I34- systems that emphasize biological and cultural pest control techniques with selective use of pesticides.