1

ll !Jl |!U

Vo :u pha| |rcn |hng ngung cua cac |hanh |uu Khoa hoc - Cng
nghc, dc bc| a nh vuc dcu |hcn : va |n hoc da cho phcp cac nha Chc
|ao ma, ung dung vao ma, c| |m oa cac hc |hng dcu |hcn nga, cang |n
cJ, hon vo |c d xu , nhanh hon va ga |hanh ha hon. VJn dc |a chnh
|hng con a vJn dc dang quan |Jm cua cac nha doanh nghcp |h mua :m
ma, cng cu dcu |hcn |hco chuong |rnh :, nga, ca cac doang nghcp oa
vua va nho cung dcu co |hc |u |rang b duoc.
Ic co |hc gup cho :nh vcn nganh chc |ao ma, co |hc n m b| duoc
cng nghc mo na,, chung | xn go |hcu |Jp |a cu CC^C ^CHL C
CC^C TRL^ ^Y C^C dc |J| ca cac ban doc |ham |hao va ung dung.
Vo muc dch cJn da| duoc a :nh vcn |u mnh co |hc |huc hcn duoc
cac cng vcc |u vcc Jp chuong |rnh cho dcn |huc hcn vcc ga cng |huc
|c |rcn cac ma, C^C. Do vJ, ma n dung bao qua| cua |Jp |a cu na, a
|rnh ba, m| cach co hc |hng cac vJn dc co ban nhJ| mang |nh ung dung
vc cng nghc ga cng |rcn ma, dcu |hcn |hco chuong |rnh : |rcn co :o
cua nhcu |a cu |ham |hao |rong va ngoa nuoc cung vo nhung |nh
nghcm |ch u, duoc qua qua |rnh |huc |c ga cng |rcn cac ma, C^C o |a
phong |h nghcm San xuJ| |u dng cua |hoa Co |h.
TJp |a cu na, duoc cha am 7 chuong, |rong do cac chuong 2 va J
|rnh ba, |ng qua| cac vJn dc vc ma, C^C cn quan vo qua |rnh ga cng.
Chuong 4 go |hcu cac hnh |huc Jp |rnh va ngn ngu Jp |rnh. Ic co |hc
|ha |hac || va hcu qua cac ma, C^C hcn co, dcu |ruoc |cn :nh vcn cJn
pha co nhung |ha ncm co ban nhJ| vc Jp |rnh ga cng bng ngn ngu
ma, ncn chu ,cu |rong phJn na, go |hcu va ga |hch , ngha cua cac chuc
nng C codc, ^ codc va m| : da ch duoc dung |h Jp |rnh. Chuong
|rnh ba, m| : chu |rnh ga cng |rcn ha hc dcu |hcn f^LC va fCCR.
Ic ban doc co |hc ung dung duoc nga, vao |rong |huc |c, |rong phJn na,
|rnh ba, |hcm m| : v du da duoc |huc hcn ga cng |rcn ma,. Chuong
a m| chuong rJ| quan |rong v no vua mang |nh co ban vc m| , |hu,c| vc
ban chJ| cua qua |rnh |ao hnh |h ga cng |rcn ma, C^C a vua mang |nh
ung dung rJ| cu |hc. Chuong 7 a chuong nJng cao danh cho :nh vcn |ham
|hao :au na, |h cng |ac |a cac doanh nghcp co cac ma, C^C.
2
Ta cu na, duoc :u dung dc |ham |hao cho cac can b gang da,,
:nh vcn da hoc, cac hoc vcn cao hoc va nhung |, :u Co |h dang am vcc
|a cac doanh nghcp co :u dung ma, C^C dc ga cng va chc |ao cac :an
phJm co |h. ^o a m| |a cu |hng |hc |hcu duoc d vo cac :nh vcn
nganh Chc |ao ma, |rong |h hoc cac mn San xuJ| |u dng va Cng nghc
CD/C^ v cng nghc na, ch co , ngha |huc :u |h |huc hcn vcc ga
cng |rcn ma, C^C.
IJ, a Jn dJu |cn bcn :oan m| |Jp |a cu |ha mo mc va cn quan
dcn rJ| nhcu nh vuc |rong |h |ha nng con han chc ncn chc chn |hng
|hc |ranh |ho nhung :a :o|, chung | xn mong nhJn duoc nhung , |cn gop
, va phc bnh cua cac doc ga.
Cu cung xn chJn |hanh cam on |J| ca cac |hJ, c |rong b mn Chc
|ao ma, da cung cng |ac va gup do | hoan |hanh |Jp |a cu na,.

Ia nng |hang 11-2001

CHU MANH LC














3
hU! l
KHA| QUA1 v |U KH|N 5
vA L|CH 5U PHA1 1k|N CUA MA CNC

iu khin s (Numerical Control) ra i vi muc ch iu khin cac qua
trnh cng ngh gia cng ct got trn cac may cng cu. V thc cht, y la mt qua
trnh t ng iu khin cac hoat ng cua may (nh cac may ct kim loai, robot,
bng tai vn chuyn phi liu hoc chi tit gia cng, cac kho quan ly phi va san
phm...) trn c s cac d liu c cung cp la dang ma s nh nguyn bao gm
cac ch s, s thp phn, cac ch cai va mt s ky t c bit tao nn mt chng
trnh lam vic cua thit b hay h thng.
Trc y, cung a co cac qua trnh gia cng ct got c iu khin theo
chng trnh bng cac ky thut chep hnh theo mu, chep hnh bng h thng thuy
lc, cam hoc iu khin bng mach logic... Ngay nay, vi vic ng dung cac thanh
qua tin b cua Khoa hoc - Cng ngh, nht la trong lnh vc iu khin s va tin
hoc a cho phep cac nha Ch tao may nghin cu a vao may cng cu cac h
thng iu khin cho phep thc hin cac qua trnh gia cng mt cach linh hoat hn,
thch ng vi nn san xut hin ai va mang lai hiu qua kinh t cao hn.
V mt khoa hoc: Trong nhng iu kin hin nay, nh nhng tin b ky
thut a cho phep chung ta giai quyt cac bai toan phc tap hn vi chnh xac
cao hn ma trc y hoc cha u iu kin hoc qua phc tap khin ta phai bo
qua mt s yu t va dn n mt kt qua gn ung. Chnh v vy a cho phep cac
nha Ch tao may thit k va ch tao cac may vi cac c cu co hiu sut cao,
chnh xac truyn ng cao cung nh nhng kha nng chuyn ng tao hnh phc tap
va chnh xac hn.
Lch s phat trin cua NC bt ngun t cac muc ch v qun s va hang
khng vu tru khi ma yu cu cac ch tiu v cht lng cua cac may bay, tn la, xe
tng...la cao nht (co chnh xac va tin cy cao nht, co bn va tnh hiu qua
khi s dung cao...). Ngay nay, lch s phat trin NC a trai qua cac qua trnh phat
trin khng ngng cung vi s phat trin trong lnh vc vi x ly t 4 bit, 8bit... cho
n nay a at n 32 bit va cho phep th h sau cao hn th h trc va manh hn
v kha nng lu tr va x ly.
T cac may CNC ring le (CNC Machines - Tools) cho n s phat trin cao
hn la cac trung tm gia cngCNC (CNC Engineering - Centre) co cac cha dao
ln ti hang trm va co th thc hin nhiu nguyn cng ng thi hoc tun t trn
4
cung mt v tr ga t. Cung vi s phat trin cua cng ngh truyn s liu, cac
mang cuc b va lin thng phat trin rt nhanh a tao iu kin cho cac nha cng
nghip ng dung kt ni s hoat ng cua nhiu may CNC di s quan ly cua
mt may tnh trung tm DNC (Directe Numerical Control) vi muc ch khai thac
mt cach co hiu qua nht nh b tr va sp xp cac cng vic trn tng may, t
chc san xut va quan ly cht lng san phm...









Hnh 1-1: M hnh iu khin DNC
Hin nay, lnh vc san xut t ng trong ch tao c kh a phat trin va at
n trnh rt cao nh cac phn xng t ng san xut linh hoat va t hp CIM
(Computer Integrated Manufacturing) vi vic trang b thm cac robot cp phi liu
va vn chuyn, cac h thng o lng va quan ly cht lng tin tin, cac kiu nha
kho hin ai c a vao ap dung a mang lai hiu qua kinh t rt ang k.
Hnh 1-2: M hnh iu khin san xut t hp CIM
1 May tin CNC
2. May phay CNC
3. Robot va ranh trt.
4. Nha kho phi liu.
5. Tu iu khin.
6. H thng o lng
7. Phm day hoc robot.
8. May tnh chu
May CNC 2 May CNC n May CNC ...
CNC CNC CNC CNC
MAY TNH
TRUNG TM

5

hU! ll
PHN LOA| CAC H 1HNG |U KH|N

V thc cht th cac may iu khin theo chng trnh s co nguyn ly
chuyn ng tao hnh v c ban khng khac g vi may cng cu truyn thng, co
ngha la v mt thut ng no cung mang tn cua cac may cng cu nh may tin, may
phay ng, may phay nm ngang, may mai... nhng a c s hoa va tin hoc hoa
co th iu khin cac chuyn ng cng tac cua may bng cac lnh c a vao
h thng CNC. Tuy theo yu cu cua tng loai may va tng loai c cu iu khin,
h iu khin ma co th phn thanh 3 loai c ban: iu khin im - im, iu
khin oan thng va iu khin ng (tuyn tnh hoc phi tuyn). Tt nhin cac
may iu khin ng u co th s dung iu khin im - im va oan thng.

2.1. iu khin im - im
Vi cac loai may nay, trong qua
trnh gia cng, ngi ta cho nh v nhanh
dung cu n toa yu cu va trong qua
trnh dch chuyn nhanh dung cu, may
khng thc hin vic ct got. Ch n khi
at c toa theo yu cu no mi thc
hin cac chuyn ng ct got, v du nh
khoan l, khoet, doa hoc co th lam
nhng cng vic khac v du nh trn cac
may han im th no thc hin qua trnh
han va trn cac may t, dp th no thc
hin vic t, dp l...
V du:
Khi gia cng 2 l A va B co toa x
A
,y
A
va x
B
, y
B
trong h toa xoy.
Chung ta co th iu khin theo cac cach sau y:
Trc ht, iu khin dung cu dch chuyn nhanh n im A (x
A
, y
A
). Sau
o thc hin vic gia cng l A. Tip theo, sau khi a dch chuyn dung cu thoat
khoi l a ga cng (am bao rng vic dch chuyn dung cu thc hin c an toan)
se tip tuc dch chuyn nhanh dung cu n im B (x
B
,

y
B
) gia cng l B. Qua

y
A
Hnh 2.1: iu khin im
A

C
B
y
A
y
B
y
x
A
x
B
x
A
45
0
6
trnh dch chuyn dung cu n v tr B co th thc hin bng 2 cach c biu din
nh trn hnh ve 2-1:
Quy ao dch chuyn theo AA

CB song song vi cac truc toa ox va oy.

Quy ao dch chuyn theo ng thng ti u: ACB

2.2. iu khin oan thng
Ngoai chc nng dch
chuyn nhanh theo cac truc toa
nh iu khin im, con co th
thc hin vic gia cng trong qua
trnh dch chuyn theo cac truc nay.
iu o co ngha la dung cu se thc
hin cac chuyn ng ct got trong
qua trnh dch chuyn song song
theo cac truc toa . V du khi phay
cac b mt song song vi cac truc
toa hoc khi tin cac chi tit ma
dung cu ct thc hin cac chuyn ng ct got theo phng truc Z va truc X.

2.3. iu khin ng ( tuyn tnh va phi tuyn)
Ngoai cac chc nng nh iu khin im va iu khin oan thng, ngi ta
con co th iu khin c dung cu chuyn ng theo cac ng bt ky trong mt
phng hoc trong khng gian co thc hin gia cng ct got. Tuy thuc vao ng
c iu khin la phng hay khng
gian ma ngi ta co th b tr s truc
c iu khin ng thi la khac
nhau. T o cung xut hin thut ng
may 2 truc, may 3, 4, 5 truc ( tc co s
truc c iu khin ng thi theo
quan h rang buc).
chun hoa vic s dung
thut ng, ngi ta thng s dung
thut ng may iu khin 2D, 2D
2
1
,
3D, 4D va 5D (Dimension).

B
A
G00
y
y
A
0 x
A
x
B
x
Hnh 2-2: iu khin oan thng
G01
Hnh 2-3 : iu khin 2D trn ma y phay
Y
0 x
G02
7
2.3.1 Diu khin 2D
Cho phep dch chuyn dung cu trong mt mt phng nht nh nao o. Th
du nh trn may tin, dung cu se dch chuyn trong mt phng xoz tao nn ng
sinh khi tin cac b mt, trn cac may phay 2D, dung cu se thc hin cac chuyn
ng trong mt phng xoy tao nn cac ng ranh hay cac mt bc co bin dang
bt ky.

2.3.2. Diu khin 3D
Cho phep dch chuyn
dung cu trong 3 mt phng ng
thi tao nn mt ng cong
hay mt mt cong khng gian bt
ky. iu nay cung tng ng vi
qua trnh iu khin ng thi ca
3 truc cua may theo mt quan h
rang buc nao o tai tng thi
im tao nn vt quy ao cua
dung cu theo yu cu.

2.3.3. Diu khin 2D
2
1

Cho phep dch chuyn dung cu theo
2 truc ng thi tao nn mt ng cong
phng, con truc th 3 c iu khin
chuyn ng c lp. iu khac bit cua
phng phap iu khin nay so vi iu
khin 2D la ch 2 truc c iu khin
ng thi co th c i v tr cho nhau:
Co ngha la hoc trong mt phng xoy hoc
xoz hoc yoz.

2.3.4. Diu khin 4D, 5D
Trn c s cua iu khin 3D, ngi ta con b tr cho dung cu hoc chi tit
co thm 1 chuyn ng quay (hoc 2 chuyn ng quay) xung quanh 1 truc nao o
theo mt quan h rang buc vi cac chuyn ng trn cac truc khac cua may 3D.




y










Hnh 2-5: iu khin 2D
2
1

Hnh 2-4: Phay tui trn may 3D
o
x
y
z
z
o x
y
8
Vi kha nng nh vy, cac b mt phc tap hay cac b mt co truc quay co th c
thc hin d dang hn so vi khi gia cng trn may 3D.
Mt khac, v ly do cng ngh nn co nhng b mt khng th thc hin c
vic gia cng bng 3D v co th tc ct se khac nhau hoc se co nhng im co
tc ct bng khng (nh tai nh cua dao phay u cu) hay li ct cua dung cu
khng th thc hin vic gia cng theo mong mun (v du nh goc ct khng thun
li hay co th b vng thn dao vao cac phn khac cua chi tit...).
Tom lai, tuy thuc vao yu
cu b mt gia cng cu th ma co
th la chon may thch hp v may
cang phc tap th gia thanh may
cang cao va cn phai b sung thm
nhiu cng cu khac nh cac phn
mm CAD/CAM h tr lp trnh...
Hn th na, may cang phc tap
(cang nhiu truc iu khin) th tnh
an toan trong qua trnh vn hanh va
s dung may cang thp (d b va
cham dao vao phi va may). V th
s dung c cac may nay, ngi iu khin trc ht a s dung rt thanh thao
cac may iu khin theo chng trnh s 2D va 3D.
Cung d thy la may phc tap hn co th hoan toan am nhim c vai tro
cua may n gian hn, v du nh may 3D co th am nhim cho may 2D va 2D
2
1
.















Hnh 2-6 : iu khin 4D va 5D

Dung cu
B mt
gia
cng
9
hU! lll
H 1HNG 1OA vA CAC |M GC, |M CHUN

3.1 H thng toa trn may CNC
co th tnh
toan quy ao chuyn
ng cua dung cu, cn
thit phai gn vao chi tit
mt h truc toa .
Thng thng trn cac
may iu khin theo
chng trnh s, ngi ta
thng s dung h toa
Decard OXYZ theo quy tc ban tay phai (h toa thun) va no c gn vao chi
tit gia cng. Gc cua h truc toa co th t tai bt ky mt im nao o trn chi
tit (v mt nguyn tc) nhng thng thng ngi ta se chon tai nhng im thun
li cho vic lp trnh, ng thi d dang kim tra kch thc theo ban ve cua chi tit
gia cng ma khng phai thc hin nhiu bc tnh toan b sung.
Mt c im mang tnh quy c la trn cac may iu khin theo chng
trnh s, chi tit gia cng c xem la lun lun la c nh va lun gn vi h
thng toa c nh noi trn, con moi chuyn ng tao hnh va ct got u do
dung cu thc hin. Trong thc t, iu nay i khi la ngc lai, v du nh trn may
phay th chnh ban may mang phi thc hin chuyn ng tao hnh, con dung cu ch
thc hin chuyn ng ct got. V vy khi s dung may iu khin theo chng
trnh s cn phai lun lun tao nn mt thoi quen tranh nhng nhm ln ang
tic co th gy ra nguy him cho may, dung cu va con ngi.







Hnh 3-2: H toa trn may CNC va chuyn ng cua cac truc
W
Y
B
B
V
A
A
C
C
W
V
U
U O
O
X
X
Y
Z
Z
Hnh 3-1: H thng toa trn may CNC
Z
+
Y
+
X
+
X
+
Y
+
Z
+

10
Theo quy c chung, phng cua truc chnh cua may la phng cua truc OZ,
con chiu dng cua no c quy c khi dao tin ra xa chi tit. V du, vi may tin
2D thng thng th truc chnh cua no nm ngang va trung vi phng OZ cua h
toa , chiu dng cua no hng ra khoi u truc chnh (hng v pha ban dao).
Phng chuyn ng cua ban xe dao theo hng knh la phng OX va chiu
dng cua no la hng ra xa b mt chi tit gia cng. i vi may phay thng ng,
truc Z hng theo phng thng ng ln trn, con truc X va truc Y c xac nh
theo quy tc ban tay phai, tuy nhin trong thc t cac nha ch tao may lai thng u
tin chon truc X la truc ma co chuyn ng ban may dai hn... i vi cac chuyn
ng quay xung quanh cac truc tng ng X, Y, Z c xac nh bng cac a ch A,
B, C se c xac nh la dng khi chiu quay o co hng thun chiu kim ng
h khi nhn theo chiu dng cua cac truc tng ng (khi nhn vao gc cua h truc
toa t pha cac truc th chiu quay cua chung la ngc chiu kim ng h). Ngoai
ra, con mt s chuyn ng phu song song vi cac truc tng ng vi cac truc X, Y,
Z la cac a ch U, V, W va hng cua chung c biu din nh trn hnh 3-2.

3.2 H toa i vi mt s may
3.2.1. May tin
May tin thng co loai 2D va 3D, trong o loai 2D la ph bin hn ca v no
co th gia cng c tt ca cac b mt tru ngoai hoc tru trong co ng sinh bt ky.
Cac may tin 3D ngoai cac chc nng nh may 2D, ngi ta con b tr thm mt
truc quay th 3 la cua truc chnh (ngi ta goi la truc C - quay xung quanh truc OZ )
va trn u dao Rvonve con co mt chuyn ng quay cua dung cu tao nn vn tc
ct thc hin cac cng vic nh khoan, khoet, doa cac l ng tm hay lch tm
vi tm chi tit hoc phay cac ranh then, ranh cam thung trn chi tit gia cng.
Chiu dng cua truc C c biu din theo hng mui tn nh hnh ve.






va co b tr truc C (3D)

Z
X
C
Hnh 3-3: H toa trn may tin vi ban dao pha sau
va co b tr truc C (3D)
11
3.2.2 May khoan, may phay dung
Vi cac loai may nay,
truc chnh hng theo phng
thng ng va trung vi
phng cua truc OZ trong h
toa Decard, chiu dng
cua truc nay co chiu hng
ln pha trn. Truc OX va truc
OY la 2 truc nm trn ban may
ma trong o ngi ta quy c
chon truc OX la truc cua ban
may co chiu dai dich chuyn
ln hn. Chiu dng cua truc
OX co chiu hng sang bn
phai khi nhn t truc chnh
xung chi tit gia cng ( nhn
nguc chiu vi chiu dng
cua truc OZ).

3.2.3 May phay nm ngang
Truc chnh cua may phay la nm ngang theo phng cua truc OZ, chiu
dng cua no hng vao may, truc OX nm trn mt phng nh v cua chi tit
(hoc song song vi mt phng nh v) va chiu dng cua no hng v pha trai
nu nhn theo hng dng cua truc chnh.











Hnh 3-5: H toa trn may phay ngang
Hnh 3-4: H thng truc toa trn may
phay ng 6 truc
12
3.3 Cac im gc, im chun
3.3.1 Dim gc cua may M
Qua trnh gia cng trn may iu khin theo chng trnh s c thit lp
bng mt chng trnh m ta quy ao chuyn ng tng i gia li ct cua dung
cu va phi. V th, am bao vic gia cng at c chnh xac th cac dch
chuyn cua dung cu phai c so sanh vi im 0(zero) cua h thng o lng va
ngi ta goi la im gc cua h toa cua may hay gc o lng M (ky hiu
Machine reference zero ). Cac im M c cac nha ch tao may quy nh trc.

3.3.2 Dim chun cua may R
giam sat va i u chnh kp thi quy ao chuyn ng cua dung cu, cn
thit phai b tr mt h thng o lng xac nh quang ng thc t (toa
thc) so vi toa lp trnh. Trn cac may CNC ngi ta t cac mc theo gioi
cac toa thc cua dung cu trong qua trnh dch chuyn, v tr cua dung cu lun
lun c so sanh vi gc o lng cua may M. Khi bt u ong mach iu khin
cua may th tt ca cac truc phai c chay v mt im chun ma gia tr toa cua
no so vi im gc M phai lun lun khng i va do cac nha ch tao may quy
nh. im o goi la im chun cua may R (ky hiu Machine reference point ).
V tr cua im chun nay c tnh toan chnh xac t trc bi 1 ca (c chn) lp
trn ban trt va cac cng tc gii han hanh trnh. Do chnh xac v tr cua cua cac
may CNC la rt cao (thng vi h thng o la h Metre th gia tr cua no la
0,001mm va h
Inch la 0,0001
inch) nn khi
dch chuyn tr
v im chun
cua cac truc th
ban u no chay
nhanh cho n
khi gn n v tr
th chuyn sang
ch chay
chm nh v
mt cach chnh
xac.
Hnh 3-6: Cac im gc va im chun trn may phay thng ng
13










Hnh 3-7: Cac im gc va im chun trn may tin

3.3.3 Dim zero cua phi W va dim gc chuong trinh P.
i. ||a _o. ..i |o| V
Khi bt u gia cng, cn phai tin hanh xac nh toa cua im zero cua
chi tit hay gc chng trnh so vi im M xac nh va hiu chnh h thng o
ng dch chuyn.
im zero (0) cua phi W (ky hiu Workpiece zero point ) xac nh h toa
cua phi trong quan h vi im zero cua may (M). im W cua phi c chon
bi ngi lp trnh va c a vao h thng CNC khi t s liu may trc khi gia
cng.






Hnh 3-8: V du v cac im zero cua phi W,
cua chng trnh P va cua may M
im W cua phi co th c chon tuy y bi ngi lp trnh trong pham vi
khng gian lam vic cua may va cua chi tit. Tuy vy, nn chon im nao trn
X
P M
W
Z
R
M
14
phi cho thun tin khi xac nh cac thng s gia no vi M. Gia s vi chi tit tin,
ngi ta chon im W t doc theo truc quay (tm truc chnh may tin) va co th
chon u mut trai hay u mut phai cua phi. i vi chi tit phay, nn ly 1 im
nm goc lam im W cua phi - goc o (thng dung) co th la bn trai, pha
trn va pha ngoai.

|. ||a _o. ..i .|ai_ |.|i| l
Tuy thuc vao ban ve chi tit gia cng ma ngi ta se co mt hay mt s
im chun xac nh toa cua cac b mt khac. Trong trng hp o, im nay
goi la im gc chng trnh P (Programmed ). Thc t trong qua trnh gia cng,
nu chon im gc W cua phi trung vi im gc P cua chng trnh th se cang
thun li cho qua trnh lp trnh v khng phai thc hin nhiu phep tnh toan b
sung.
Hnh 3-9: V du chon im gc cua chi tit va im gc chng trnh
khi khoan cac l phn b trn ng tron (1,2...)

.. ||a _i ai|
La im tip xuc gia phi va ga trn may, no co th trung vi im gc
cua phi W trn may tin. Thng thng khi gia cng ngi ta phai tnh n lng
d va do vy im ga t C chnh la b mt chun xac nh kch thc cua phi.

3.3.4 Dim gc cua dung cu
am bao qua trnh gia cng chi tit vi vic s dung nhiu dao va mi dao
co hnh dang va kch thc khac nhau c chnh xac, cn phai co cac im gc cua
P P
W

15
dung cu. im gc cua dung cu la nhng im c nh va no c xac nh toa
chnh xac so vi cac im M va R.

i. ||a .|.li ..i aio
im chun cua dao la im ma t o chung ta lp chng trnh chuyn ng
trong qua trnh gia cng. i vi dao tin, ngi ta chon im nhon cua mui dao va
i vi dao phay ngon, dao khoan th ngi ta chon im p tm trn nh dao, con
vi dao phay u cu, ngi ta chon im p la tm mt cu.






Hnh 3-10: Cac im chun p cua dao
Dao tin (a), dao phay ngon (b) va dao phay u cu (c)

|. i. a|a _o. ..i aio (a|a _i ai| aio)
Thng thng ngi ta s dung 2 loai can dao (Tool holder), mt loai chui
tru va mt loai chui cn theo tiu chun.
i vi chui dao th ngi
ta ly im t dung cu E ( ).
i vi l ga dao th ngi
ta ly im ga dung cu N ( ).
Khi chui dao lp vao l
ga dao th im N va E trung
nhau.
Trn c s cua im chun
nay, ngi ta co th xac nh cac
kch thc a vao b nh
lng bu dao. Cac kch thc nay
co th bao gm chiu dai cua dao
tin theo phng x va z (im mui
L
x

Lz
Lz
N
E
N
E
Hnh 3-11: Cac im gc cua dung
c) b)
p
r
p
p
a)
16
dao) hay chiu dai cua dao phay va ban knh cua no. Cac kch thc nay co th c
xac nh t trc bng cach o trn cac thit b o chuyn dung hay xac nh ngay
trn may ri a vao h iu khin CNC thc hin vic bu dao.

.. ||a ||iy aio
Trong qua trnh gia cng, co th ta phai dung n mt s dao va s lng dao
la tuy thuc vao yu cu cua b mt gia cng, v th ta phai thc hin vic thay dao.
Trn cac may co c cu thay dao t ng th yu cu khi thay dao phai khng c
dao cham vao phi hoc may, v th cn phai co im thay dao. i vi may
phay hoc cac trung tm gia cng th thng thng ban may phai chay v im
chun, con vi may tin, thng cac dao nm trn u Rvonve nn khng cn thit
phai chay n im chun mi thc hin thay dao ma co th n mt v tr nao o
am bao an toan cho qua trnh quay u Rvonve la co th c nhm muc ch
giam thi gian phu.
Co th noi rng cac im chun R, im zero M cua may, cua chi tit W va N
cua dao la rt quan trong v no lin quan n qua trnh gia cng cua mt chi tit thc
ma trong khi thit lp chng trnh gia cng ngi ta a tam bo qua cac gia tr o
cho qua trnh lp trnh c thc hin n gian hn (o la lp trnh theo quy ao cua
ng vin cua chi tit gia cng). Vn bo qua nay se c a vao 1 lng iu
chnh trong khi tin hanh gia cng goi la dch im chun hoc goi la zero offset
va a thm vao lng bu dao goi la (Tool calibration). Khi o v tr cua li ct
cua dao se c ng nht vi cac toa c lp trnh ma chung ta a tin hanh
khi lp chng trnh gia cng.









17
hU! l`
NGN NGU vA HNH 1HUC 1 CHUC LP 1kNH

Trn cac may CNC, vic iu khin s chuyn ng cua dung cu c thc
hin bng cac lnh a c ma hoa theo mt ngn ng ma cum CNC co th oc va
hiu c. Cac chuyn ng cua dung cu theo cac truc co th la c lp hoc phu
thuc theo mt quan h rang buc vao nhau theo 2, 3, 4 hay 5 truc tao nn cac
quy ao theo mong mun. Vn c ban y la chung loai cac chi tit rt phong
phu nh rt a dang v hnh dang; Khun kh va kch thc chi tit phn tan rt
rng; chnh xac v kch thc, v v tr tng quan va nham b mt cung rt
khac nhau; Cac loai vt liu c ch tao cung rt khac nhau; Tnh cht lam vic
cua cac chi tit lin quan n chui kch thc cung rt khac nhau. Chnh t iu o
ma cach ghi kch thc trn ban ve ch tao cua chi tit cung anh hng rt ang k
n kha nng at chnh xac khi gia cng chi tit. Tuy theo cach ghi kch thc
trn ban ve ch tao ma ngi ta co th la chon cac im gc chng trnh va la
chon h toa khi lp trnh gia cng la khac nhau. Hin nay thng ngi ta s
dung cac h toa lp trnh gia cng sau y: Lp trnh trong h toa tuyt i,
tng i, hn hp va toa cc.

4.1. Chng trnh gia cng lp trong h toa tuyt i.(Absolute)
Lp chng trnh gia cng trong h toa tuyt i la tham chiu toa cua
tt ca cac im nm trn bin dang chi tit n gc toa c nh - Trong trng
hp nay, im gc h toa chnh la im gc chng trnh P. Trong chng trnh
gia cng trn may CNC, no c xac nh bng lnh a ch G90.










Hnh 4-1: H toa tuyt i
x

3

4

5

z
(P)

0
G90
G90
G90
18
4.2. Chng trnh trong h toa tng i.(Incremental)
Vi kiu lp trnh nay, toa cua cac im lp trnh tip theo se c xac
nh bng cach ly gc
toa ngay im sat
trc, iu nay co ngha
la ta phai dch chuyn
im gc P cua h toa
sau mi mt ln xac
nh toa cua im lp
trnh tip theo. Trong
chng trnh gia cng
trn may CNC, no c
xac nh bng lnh a
ch G91.

4.3 Chng trnh vi vic lp trnh hn hp
Trong mt s trng hp, tuy theo c im cu th cua ban ve chi tit ch tao
ma vic lp trnh co th phai c tin hanh theo kiu hn hp gia chng trnh gia
cng trong h toa tuyt i va chng trnh gia cng trong h toa tng i.
Vi phng phap nay no cho phep chung ta mt mt co th s dung c toan b
min dung sai ma nha thit k a tnh toan v khng tin hanh giai lai chui kch
thc, mt khac se tranh c sai sot khng ang co trong qua trnh tnh toan va do
o co th at c chnh xac cao nht. Tuy vy trong qua trnh lp trnh gia cng
cn phai chu y va cn thn hn v d b nhm ln v gia tr toa (c bit vi
trng hp khi tin se ly theo toa cua ng knh hoc ban knh).

3

2
R
2
R
3
M
2
z
Hnh 4-2: H toa tng i
G91
x
x
x
x
o
7
o
6
o
5
o
4
o
3
o
2
o
1

R
5
R
4
R
3
M
2
R
1

G90
G91 G91 G91
o
7
o
6
o
5
o
4
o
3
o
2
o
1
z
G90
G90
G90 G91 G91 G90
x

x
Hnh 4-3: H toa hn hp
19
4.4 Lp trnh vi vic chon trc gc cc (Polar origin preset G93)
Co mt s chi tit ma iu kin lp trnh c tr thanh n gian nu ta s
dung h toa co gc cc c chon trc, trong iu kin nay h iu khin CNC
cho phep chung ta tin hanh vic gia cng vi vic lp trnh thun li hn.







Hnh 4-4: Lp trnh vi vic chon trc gc cc (Fagor)

4.5 Cac hnh thc t chc lp trnh gia cng CNC
lp c mt chng trnh gia cng cn phai da trn cac c s sau :
Ban ve chi tit gia cng : Th hin c hnh dang cac b mt cn gia cng
(nh cac mt phng, mt tru, mt ranh then, mt nh hnh...) va kch thc cua cac
b mt o. Tt ca cac yu t trn y ngi ta goi la yu t hnh hoc va khi lp trnh
chuyn no thanh cac thng tin hnh hoc.
Yu cu ky thut cua b mt gia cng bao gm chnh xac kch thc
c c trng bng dung sai; Chiu cao nhp nh t vi R
z
va sai lch chiu cao
nhp nh trung bnh R
a
( nham b mt); chnh xac v v tr tng quan nh
khng ng tm, khng vung goc... Cac yu t nay ngi ta goi la yu t cng
ngh va khi lp trnh th ngi ta chuyn no thanh cac thng tin cng ngh.
Nh vy co th tom tt s lp trnh gia cng NC nh sau :
- Cac thng tin hnh hoc - Se giup chung ta xy dng 1 chng trnh dch
chuyn li ct dung cu trong h toa c chon.
- Cac thng tin cng ngh - Se giup chung ta xac nh cac thng s v cng
ngh nh: Loai dung cu ct c chon va cac thng s v hnh hoc cua no nh goc
tr c, goc sau, ban knh li ct... ; Cac thng s ch ct nh v, s, t va cac iu
kin khac nh bi trn, lam mat, be phoi ...; Cac bin phap cng ngh c la
chon nh dng co thi gian lam bong b mt, khoan theo kiu zichzc i vi
cac l su ly phoi ra, bu dao do s mai mon trong qua trnh gia cng...
Trong h toa tuyt i Trong h toa tng i
G90 X0 Y0 [ im P0] G90 X0 Y0 [iem P0]
G01 R100 Q0 [im P1] G91 G01 R100 Q0 [im P1]
G03 Q30 [im P2] G03 Q30 [ im P2]
G01 R50 Q30 [im P3] G01 R-50 Q0 [im P3]
G03 Q60 [im P4] G03 Q30 [im P4]
G01 R100 Q60 [im P5] G01 R50 Q0 [im P5]
G03 Q90 [im P6] G03 Q30 [im P6]
G01 R0 Q90[ im P0] G01 R-100 Q0 [im P0]
Y
P6






P0
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
X
30
0
60
0
R100
R50
20
Trn c s o, ngay nay co rt nhiu hnh thc lp trnh CNC khac nhau, tuy
theo c tnh cu th cua cac loai may CNC c trang b cung nh h iu khin va
muc ch s dung ma co th la chon cac phng phap mt cach thch hp.

4-5-1 Lp trinh bng tay truc tip trn may C^C
Vi cac may co cum iu khin s CNC c trang b cac ban phm chc
nng va man hnh hoa cho phep nhp trc tip cac cu lnh vao cum CNC.
giam thi gian chi ph cho vic tnh toan cac im trung gian, cac chiu day lat ct
va thi gian dng cn thit tai mi thi im cua mui khoan... thng th ngi ta b
tr vao cum CNC cac chng trnh con, cac s liu v toa cac im cn thit
ngi lp trnh co th ly chung ra bt ky luc nao cn thit.
lp trnh trc tip trn may CNC, ngi lp trnh phai bit s dung cac ky
thut menu va cac Soft - key trn cum iu khin CNC.
Sau khi a lp xong chng trnh, mun kim tra liu chng trnh c lp
co ung hay khng, co nguy c mt an toan hay gy ra va cham vi may, ga hay
khng ...Ngi ta se chay chng trnh m phong quy ao chuyn ng ct cua
dung cu trn man hnh theo chng trnh a c thit lp. Nu con co sai sot nao
th co th sa cha lai va kim tra cho n luc chn chn la ung th mi tin hanh
gia cng.
i vi ngi bt u hoc lp trnh gia cng cn thit phai theo phng phap
nay va phai at n mt trnh thanh thao trong x ly, thao tac va sa cha cac li
gp phai mi co th chuyn sang cac phng phap lp trnh khac.

4-5-2 Lp trinh bng tay trn cum C^C khac
Trong khi may CNC ang hoat ng, ngi ta co th chun b cho chung mt
chng trnh gia cng tip theo bng cach dung cac bang lp trnh CNC khac hay
cac may tnh trong h thng DNC. iu nay c bit rt thun li cho trong qua
trnh giang day, ao tao va thc hanh cung nh gia cng cac chi tit n gian
trong dang san xut n chic hay loat nho.
Vi phng phap nay, ta co th b tr cac cum lp trnh hay cac may tnh
ngay trong phn xng san xut thun li cho qua trnh day va thc hanh.

4-5-3 Lp trinh bng tay tai phn xuong chun bj chuong trinh
Kiu lp trnh nay thch hp vi cac c s san xut cua cac nha may co nng
lc san xut ln hay thc hin mt hp ng bao gm nhiu chi tit lp ghep ma cn
21
phai thc hin trn nhiu may CNC. Khi o yu cu phai co phong lp trnh va co
cac ky s lp trnh u trnh v chuyn mn va kinh nghim v ngh nghip, c
bit la vi cac may 3D, 4D va 5D. Cac ky s lp trnh nay trc ht phai c trai
qua qua trnh lp trnh trc tip trong phn xng va phai at n trnh thanh
thao va co kinh nghim mi co th am nhim c cng vic.
Thng thng vic lp trnh c thc hin trn cac may tnh. V th nn ch
co nhng can b co u trnh kin thc va kinh nghim mi co th thc hin c
cng vic nay.

4-5-4 Lp trinh voi su h tro cua may tinh
Tng t nh lp trnh bng tay, nhng cac tnh toan trong qua trnh lp trnh
c giam xung mt cach ang k va thc hin nhanh hn nh trong cac may tnh
a c trang b cac b x ly, b ni suy va cha cac d liu cn thit ma ngi ta
co th s dung bt ky khi nao mun.

4-5-5 Lp trinh bng may
T c s CAD: Ve va thit k trn may tnh, ngi ta a a vao mt h
thng bin dch tr giup cho qua trnh lp trnh, sau khi a thit k xong chi tit,
ngi ta co th la chon quy trnh cng ngh gia cng va cach thc gia cng (Nh
ct th, ct ban tinh hay ct tinh va rt tinh, cac kiu tin hanh n dao...) va t kiu
c la chon o may tnh se thng qua b vi x ly (Processor) se xac nh mt
chng trnh gia cng thch hp di dang m ta cac qua trnh dch chuyn dung cu
va cac ch cng ngh tng ng. Cng vic tip theo la ma hoa chng trnh gia
cng trn do b hu x ly (Postprocessor) theo code cua h thng iu khin s
tng thch c lp trn may cho ra chng trnh gia cng thch hp vi ngn
ng may. Ky thut o goi la CAM. Hin nay, cac phn mm CAD/CAM cang ngay
cang manh hn va co nhiu chc nng hn cung nh gia thanh ngay cang re hn va
a cho phep ngi s dung rt thun li trong qua trnh lp chng trnh gia cng.
c bit la vi cac may 3D, 4D, 5D.

4-6 Ngn ng lp trnh
V ngn ng lp trnh cho cac may NC, ngi ta phn chia thanh 2 loai: ngn
ng lp trnh bng tay va ngn ng lp trnh t ng.
i vi ngn ng lp trnh bng tay, v c ban th hin nay a c tiu
chun hoa bi ISO. Tuy nhin cung con mt s quc gia, mt s hang ch tao may
22
vn co mt s ma code ring khac vi tiu chun ma no ch co th dung thch hp
trn cac thit b o. y cung la mt trong nhng vn gy kho khn va tr ngai
cho cac can b lp trnh v thoi quen khi s dung ngn ng a co trc o, c bit
la khi ma nha may hoc x nghip cua ho co rt nhiu loai may c san xut t
nhiu hang khac nhau (co th t nhiu ngun cung cp va tai tr...) V th, y cung
la vn ma cac nha u t cn phai tnh n khi mua sm may CNC (!).

4-6-1 ^gn ngu lp trinh tu dng
Vi ngn ng lp trnh bng may tnh hay con goi la lp trnh t ng , th v
c ban u da theo tiu chun thng nht - o goi la ngn ng lp trnh t ng
APT (Automatically Programmed Tools : cng cu lp trnh t ng). Ngn ng nay
c phat trin t Vin nghin cu cng ngh Illinoi cua My (Illinois Institute of
Technology Research Institution -IITRI). Hin nay no c s dung va ph bin
nht. Vi APT, cho phep lp chng trnh vi cac may 5D vi gm trn 3.000 t.
APT bao gm cac nhom c ban sau:
- M ta kch thc va hnh dang hnh hoc cua chi tit gia cng.
- M ta trnh t va quy ao chuyn ng cua dung cu ct.
- iu khi n cac c cu cua may cung nh thay i cac thng s ct got.
- B sung cac chc nng chuyn dung nh chu trnh n dao, bu dao va cac
chc nng chuyn tip khac.
V thc cht, ngn ng APT la biu din mt chng trnh gia cng bng
cach m ta cac hoat ng cua dao cung vi cac chc nng ct got cua no bng cac
cu lnh trn c s vit tt cua cac t trong ting Anh.
V du:
l|.| ||a. vi ||i| aii_ ||i| |o.
im P = POINT. ( P1/20.0, 10.0, 0.0; P2/15.23, 20.5, 2.7)
ng thng L = LINE.( L1/P1,P2; L2/P1, ATANG26).
ng tron C = CTRCLE/X,Y,R = CIRCLE/CENTER,P1, RADIUS,R.
im c bit P = POINT/INTOF, L1, L2(im ct nhau cua 2 ng L1,L2).
ng c bit L = LINE/P2, PARLEL, L3( ng qua P2 va song song L3).
Mt phng PL=PLANE.(PL1/P!, P2, P3: mt phng qua 3 im P1,P2,P3).
(PL2/P4, PARLEL,PL1: mt phng qua P4 va song song PL1).
23
V du:
L1 = LINE / 10,15,0,25,40,0 [nh ngha ng thng L1 i qua 2 im co
toa tng ng X,Y,Z la 10,15,0 va 25,40,0].
D5 = LINE / P1, PARLEL, D1 [ nh ngha ng thng D5 i qua im P1
va song song vi ng thng D1].
D10 = LINE / RIGHT. TANTO, C1. LEFT, TANTO, C2 [ nh ngha
ng thng D10 tip tuyn vi vong tron C1 pha bn phai va tip tuyn vi vong
tron C2 pha bn trai]

Quy ao chuyn ng:
MOTION COMMAND/DESCRIPTIVE DATA:
Lnh dch chuyn: GOTO. ( GOTO/P1dch chuyn n im P1).
(FROM/TARG t im xut phat).
(GODLTA tng tc dch chuyn dung cu).
Lnh bu dao:
TLLFT (Dao ct pha trai
chi tit).
TLON (Khng bu dao,
tm dao c lp trnh).
TLRGH (Dao ct pha phai
chi tit).

X
Y
10 40
40



15
L1
D10
D1
P1
D5
C2
C1
Hnh 4-5: V du v ngn ng APT
PS PS
PS
TLRGT
TLON TLLFT
Hnh 4-6: Bu dung cu
24
Cac mt phng chun:DS ( Drive surface: Mt nh hng dao ct).
PS (Part surface: Mt ay cua dao ct).
CS (Check surface: Mt chun ngng dch chuyn ct got).

nh v chnh xac dung cu: TO (Dung cu tip xuc vi pha trn mt phng CS)
ON (Dung cu nm gia mt phng CS ).
PAST( Dung cu tip xuc vi pha di mt phng CS).
TANTO (Dung cu tip xuc vi mt phng PS).

Hng chuyn ng: GOLFT (Dch chuyn dung cu sang phai).
GORGT (Dch chuyn dung cu sang trai).
GOFWP (Dch chun dung cu v pha trc).
GOBACK (Lui dung cu v phia sau).
GOUP ( Dch chuyn dung cu ln).
GODOWN (Dch chuyn dung cu v pha di).
CS
PAST
ON
TO
Hnh 4-8: V tr dung cu so vi b
mt kt thuc gia cng
Dung cu ct
Chi tit
B mt gia cng
PS
Mt chun nh
hng dao DS
Mt chun dng
ct got CS
Hnh 4-7: Cac b mt chun khac trn chi tit
25

Hng quay hoc ni suy: CW (clockwise - Theo chiu kim ng h).
CCW (Counter-clockwise - ngc chiu kim ng h).
Cac lnh iu khin may va cac lnh b sung:
Dung dch trn ngui: COOLNT (coolant).
Ct: CUTTER (cutter)
Dch chuyn: MOVE (move).
Chay nhanh: RAPID (rapid).
Dung cu: TOOL (tool).
Tc ct: FEDRAT (feedrat).
Giam tc tai nhng ni chuyn tip tranh ct lem: MCHTOL
Kt thuc: END hoc FINI....
Trn c s cua APT, a co nhiu ngn ng khac ra i va v c ban no la
mt tp ring cua APT. V du :
EXAPT (Extended Subset of APT : Tp m rng cua APT) Ngoai vic m ta
d liu hnh hoc, EXAPT con cho phep m ta ca cng ngh cua chi tit gia cng
(c).
TELEPART : Do IBM phat trin va co kha nng truyn qua mang telephone
chuyn vao cac may tnh s dung...
V du dch chuyn t im n im:
ORG 1 = POINT / 0, 0, 0 [ im gc]
FROM / ORG 1 [D/c t im gc]
GOTO / 1, 1.5, 0 [Toa im n]
GODOWN
GOUP
GOBACK
GORGT
GLFT
Hnh 4-9: Cac hng chuyn ng cua dung cu
26
GOTO / 2, 2, 0 [Toa im n]
GOTO /2, 0.5,0 [Toa im n]
V du 2: Dch chuyn theo bin dang (contour)
TLLFT, GOFWD / D1
GORGT / D1, PAST, C1
GORGT / C1, TO, D2
GOF WD / D2, PAST, D3
GORGT / D3, ON, D1

4-6-2 ^gn ngu lp trinh bng tay
Trong phn nay, ch chu yu gii thiu ngn ng lp trnh bng tay hay con
goi la ngn ng may ma mi ky t cua no c xac nh theo ma nh phn 8 bt theo
ASCII (Americal Standare Code for Information Interchange). V c ban ma nay
cung ging nh tiu chun ISO va DIN 66024.
X
Y
2.0

1.5

0.5
1 2
Hnh 4-10: iu khin im
D3
D2
C1
D1
X
Y
Hnh 4-11: iu khin theo bin dang
27
Bang ma code ISO va EIA


ISO EIA
Cac ng thng tin 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
1
c tnh K hiu Tp hp cac l K hiu Tp hp cac l
Bt u chng trnh %

EOR

Du + +

+

Du - -

-

0

0

1

2





2

3



3



4





4

5



5



6



6



7





7

8



8


Cac ch s
9

Toa , goc quay A

Toa , goc quay B

b



Toa , goc quay C



c



N
0
Hiu chnh dung cu D



d



Tham s m rng E



e



Tc tin dao F



f



Chc nng chun b G



g



N
0
cua chng trnh con H



h




a ch ni suy I

a ch ni suy J





j

a ch ni suy K





k





N
0
cua tham s lp trnh L



l



Chc nng phu M



m





S Block N



n



O



o



28
P



p





Q

q




Cac tham s khac

R





r

Tc quay truc chnh S

s



S dung cu T





t



Chuyn ng th 2 song
song vi truc X
U





u



Chuyn ng th 2 song
song vi truc Y
V





v



Chuyn ng th 2 song
song vi truc Z
W





w



Toa theo truc X X



x



Toa theo truc Y Y

y


Toa theo truc Z Z





z

Phn chia chng trnh

con
:



:



Nhay vao Block c chon /





/

Lui ban dao CR

Kt thuc 1 Block LF



EOB


Bt u li giai thch (



?



Kt thuc li giai thch )

%





Khoang cach SP



SP


Kt thuc chng trnh XOFF





BS





Nhay ln u HT

TAB

Thoat DEL

DEL

Rng NUL NUL

Bit th 8 la bit kim tra , Vi ma ISO tt ca cac hang phai co bit 1 la chn.
Bit th 7 co cac bit 1 la dung cho cac ch cai.
Bit th 5 va 6 dung cho cac ky t s thp phn.
Bit 1, 2, 3, 4 dung cho cac gia tr s trong h nh phn.
V du : G = 01000111
X = 11011000
M = 01001101
...
29
Trn c s cua cac ky t, chng trnh c hnh thanh t cac block va mi
block gm cac t chng trnh hay goi la t lnh va mi t lnh c hnh thanh t
cac ky t va cac con s ng sau no.
V du : N15 G01 X40 Y50 Z75 F30 S1200 la 1 block
Trong o : N15 : S cu lnh theo th t cua chng trnh
G01 : T lnh iu khin s dch chuyn thng cua dung cu co ct got (linear
Interpolation).
X40 ; Y50 ; Z75 : Toa cac im n (trong h toa X, Y, Z)
F30 : F lng chay dao : (Feedrate ) 30mm/ph hoc inch/ph.
S1200 : S vong quay truc chnh (Speed) 1200 v/ph hoc tc ct m/ph,
(inch)/ph.

i. co ||a |a .l. |i| (l|o.| i.a|. ! .....)
S th t nay dung kim tra chng trnh - May khng oc, nhng no co
tac dung khi nhay vao cac chng trnh con -. No co th anh s t ng khi lp
trnh. Cng sai cua no co th la 1 hay 2 ; 5 ; 10 ... tuy y).Thng thng khi lp trnh
trc tip ta co th t s block u tin va s cua block tip theo va may co th hoan
toan t ng anh s cac block tip sau theo cng sai a chon.

|. |a. iii_ .|.li |, (oa|.|. |.i.||oi .oa)
Chc nng G thng thng c ghep thm sau 2 ch s t G00 n G99
dung iu khin s dch chuyn cua dung cu (chc nng dch chuyn). Trong
mt s h iu khin co th co n 3 ch s va ch s th 3 c quy nh ring
theo ma code cua hang ch tao may o. Sau y gii thiu cac chc nng G code
thng dung c quy nh theo ISO va c dung hu ht cho cac h iu khin s
hin nay.
G : Chay dao nhanh ( Positioning Rapid): Modal
Trong qua trnh dch chuyn, dung cu khng thc hin vic ct got, lng
chay dao khi dch chuyn la ln nht (gia tr nay tuy theo tng loai may va tng nha
san xut quy nh va a c mc nh trong may). Thng thng chc nng nay
tng ng vi khi nh v nhanh dung cu nhm giam ang k thi gian phu.
Dang cu lnh: N _ G00 X_ Y_ Z_
30
Trong o, toa X, Y, Z la toa cua im n ( End point). Trong qua
trnh dch chuyn, quy ao chuyn ng cua dung cu co th c thc hin theo
kiu ti u hay theo tng truc ring re nh a noi phn trc. Chc nng nay
(modal) chi phi cho tt ca cac cu lnh tip sau nu nh cha co mt chc nng
G01, G02, G03 huy bo no.
G01: Ni suy tuyn tnh (Linear Interpolation):Modal
Trong qua trnh dch chuyn, dung cu ct se thc hin qua trnh ct got.
Lng chay dao va tc ct co th c chon hoc tnh toan tuy theo yu cu cua
qua trnh gia cng la th hoc tinh va phai c goi vao trong cu lnh.
Da ng cu lnh: N_ G01 X_ Y_ Z_ F_ S_
Trong o: X, Y, Z la toa cua im n, F la lng chay dao (Feedrate) va
S la tc ct m/ph (hoc co th la tc quay cua truc chnh v/ph) (Speed).Cung
nh trn, chc nng nay se chi phi cho tt ca cac cu lnh tip sau nu nh cha
co mt chc nng G00, G02, G03 huy bo no.
G02: Ni suy vong tron theo chiu kim ng h (Circular Interpolation
Clockwise CW): Modal
Trong qua trnh dung cu dch chuyn theo vong tron thun chiu kim ng
h, dung cu se thc hin qua trnh ct got. Lng chay dao va tc ct khi gia
cng c chon tuy thuc vao vt liu ch tao dao, vt liu gia cng va yu cu v
cht lng cua qua trnh gia cng va phai c a vao cu lnh. Cung nh trn,
chc nng nay la modal.
V du:
...
N10 G01 X30 Y50 F20 S1000 (im A)
N15G02 X40 Y10 I5 J-20 F15 S800 (B)
N20 G01 Y0 F20 S100
...
Trong o: X30, Y50 la toa cua im
u(A) va X40, Y10 la toa cua im cui
B. I la toa cua tm O
i
so vi toa cua
im u tnh theo phng X co tnh n du
(I = 5.0); J la toa cua tm O
i
so vi toa
cua im u tnh theo phng Y co tnh n
du (J= - 20).









Hnh 4-12: Ni suy ng tron theo
chiu kim ng h
30 35 40 X
0
B Endpoint
10
30 O
i
Center
I 5.0
50 A (Startpoint)
Y
J
-
2
0
31
O 50 80 100 120 X
Dang cu lnh: N_ G02 X_ Y_ Z_ I_ J_ K_ F_ S_
Hoc : N_ G02 X_ Y_ Z_ R _ F_ S_
Trong o: X, Y, Z la toa cua im n (Endpoint); I, J, K la toa cua tm
vong tron ni suy so vi toa cua im u (im bt u thc hin ni suy vong
tron) tng ng vi cac truc X, Y, Z co tnh n du (Startpoint); R la ban knh
vong tron ni suy, cn chu y rng khi s dung tham s nay ch cho phep gii han
trong mt cung chuyn ng ni suy ln nht la 90
O
( vi tham s nay th ch co trn
mt s cum CNC c ma hoa); F va S nh a c gii thiu trn. Chu y la khi
xac nh toa I, J, K, ta phai tnh toan no trong h toa tng i vi gc toa
la im bt u ni suy vong tron.
G03: Ni suy vong tron ngc chiu kim ng h (Circular Interpolation
Counter):Modal
Dang cu lnh: N_ G03 X_ Y_ Z_ I_ J_ K_ F_ S_
Hoc : N_ G03 X_ Y_ Z_ R_ F_ S_
Y ngha cua cac ch cai trong cu lnh cung nh trng hp trn. Ch khac
G03 la thc hin vic ni suy ngc chiu kim ng h. Chc nng G03 cung la
modal.
V du:
...
N100 G00 X95 Y20 ( n im A)
N105 G01 X120 Y60 F20 S1000 (B)
N110 G03 X50 Y150 I-40 J40 F15 (C)
...
Toa cua tm ng tron ni
suy O
i
so vi toa cua im u B
theo truc X la I = -40 (nho hn so vi
toa cua XB) va theo truc Y la J =
40 (ln hn so vi toa cua YB).
Trong trng hp tin chi tit
trn may tin, h thng toa cua may
thng c s dung la XOZ va khi
lp chng trnh gia cng th ngi ta
co th thit lp chng trnh theo toa
cua X la ban knh hay ng knh
20
80 95
60
100
120 80
50
I-40
B
(Startpoint)
C (Endpoint)
150
Y
J
4
0

Oi (Centre)
20
Hnh 4-13 : Ni suy ng tron ngc
chiu kim ng h
A
32
tuy thuc vc chon h thng toa la tng i hay tuyt i. Tuy nhin khi tnh
toa I va K cua tm vong tron th lun lun ngi ta phai tnh trong h toa
tng i ma gc toa cua no chnh la im bt u vong tron ni suy. Cung
tng t nh chc nng G02, ngi ta co th lp chng trnh theo toa tm hoc
la theo tham s ban knh nu cung tron ni suy nho hn 90
0
. Chc nng nay cung la
modal.
Dang cu lnh:
N_ G03 X_ Z_ I_ K_ F_ S_
Hoc : N_ G03 X_ Z_ R_ F_ S_
V du:
N35 G00 X0 Z0
N40 G03 X45 Z-15 I0 K-25 F20 S1000
N45 G01 X_ Z_ F25 S1200
...
Hoc:
N35 G00 X0 Z0









Hnh 4-14: Ni suy ng tron theo gc toa trn may tin

G04: Dng co thi gian ( Dwell/ interruption of block preparation).
Khi gia cng, ngi ta dng chuyn ng n dao trong mt khoang thi gian
theo yu cu nhm muc ch nng cao bong va chnh xac, th du khi khoan
hoc khoet vi khoang dch chuyn dung cu a u chiu su, ngi ta dng chuyn
.N40 G03 X45 Z-15 R25 F20 S1000
N45 G01 X_ Z_ F25 S1200
..

Hoc (hnh b):
N35 X0 Z150
N40 G03 X45 Z135 I0 K-25 F20 S1000
N45 G01 X_ Z_ F25 S1200
...
125
Z
-15

-25
X
R25
Z
45
Center
0
X
Center
45
135
150
a) b)
R25
33
Z
Y
O
X
G17 G02
ng n dao trong khoang thi gian K giy (K sec) tng ng vi lng tin dao F =
0 trong khoang thi gian la K sec.
V du:
N20 G01 Z57.5 F12 S1000
N25 G04 X3 [Thi gian duy tr tai v tri cui cung la 3s vi F = 0]
Tuy theo cac h iu khin s khac nhau ma co tham s c goi la khac
nhau, co th la X, K, P...
Chc nng nay ch co chi phi trong cu lnh khi co G04, sau cu lnh nay
no khng con tac dung.
G16 La chon mt phng chnh ni suy (Selection of main plane in two
directions): Modal
Chc nng nay c t phn u cua cac chc nng G17, G18, G19 i
vi cac may 2D
2
1
, 3D, 4D, 5D bao hiu cho h iu khin CNC bit mt phng
nao trong h thng toa X, Y, Z se c la chon gia cng. Chc nng nay la
modal va se b huy bo bi mt trong cac chc nng G17 hoc G18 hoc G19 i kem
ngay sau no.
G17; G18; G19 Cac mt phng ni suy chnh XOY; XOZ; YOZ: Modal
V du :


G03
G02 G02
G18
G19 G03
G03


Hnh 4-15: Cac mt phng ni suy

Cac chc nng nay se chi phi cho tt ca cac cu lnh tip theo cho n
chng nao co cac chc nng cung ho la mt trong chc nng trn huy bo no va thit
lp mt phng gia cng mi.
34
G20/G70: n v o lng c s dung la inch (Inch units ). Modal
Thng thng chc nng nay c b tr phn u cua chng trnh
khng nh h thng o lng nao c s dung trong chng trnh gia cng, no chi
phi khng ch gia tr toa cua cac im lp trnh ma con chi phi ca lng chay
dao va tc ct tnh theo h thng n v nao. Tuy nhin co mt s h iu khin,
cac nha ch tao may CNC a cai t sn chng trnh mc nh h thng o lng
la inch hoc milimet, trong trng hp o, ta ch goi chc nng nay vao trong
chng trnh ch khi nao h thng o lng o khac vi h thng o l ng mc
nh. Chc nng nay la modal
G21/G71: n v o lng c s dung la milimetre ( Metric units). Modal
Cung tng t nh trn, khi goi chc nng nay vao trong chng trnh, tt ca
moi toa dch chuyn cua dung cu u c xac nh theo h o lng
milimet. Chc nng nay la modal.
G28 : T ng tr v im chun (Automatic return to reference point):
Khi t chc nng nay vao u hoc cui chng trnh, may se t g tr v
im chun luc bt u gia cng va khi kt thuc vic gia cng. Cng vic nay co
mt y ngha quan trong i vi cac may phay v hu ht cac may nay u thay dao
t ng va khi thay dao th may phai tr v im chun tranh s va cham co th
xy ra.
G29 : T ng tr v t im chun (Automatic return from reference point):
Chc nng nay se goi dung cu ang im chun sau khi thay dao tr v b
mt ang gia cng.
G40 : Huy bo s bu ban knh dao (Cancelling tool radius compensation) .
Modal.
Tuy thuc vao may tin hoc phay ma vic huy bo lng bu ban knh dao la
theo ban knh mui dao hoc 1/2 ng knh dao phay ngon.
Trong thc t cua qua trnh gia cng, dao se b mai mon dn va se lam cho
kch thc cua dao thay i va kt qua se lam giam chnh xac gia cng. Mt
khac, mui ct cua dao tin khng phai la nhon nh ta quan nim ma no co mt ban
knh r ma chnh no se gy ra sai s khi gia cng. V vy cn thit phai co lng bu
ban knh dao am bao chnh xac gia cng theo yu cu. Khi ta phay cac ranh
bng dao phay ngon hoc khi ta s dung phng phap lp chng trnh theo quy ao
khoang cach tng ng th khi o co th ta khng s dung chng trnh bu ban
knh v khi o chnh quy ao chuyn ng cua li ct chnh la bin dang b mt gia
cng. Chc nng nay la modal.
35
G41: Bu ban knh khi li ct nm pha bn trai b mt gia cng ( Left- hand
tool radius compensation ). Modal
Khi goi n chc nng nay, h thng iu khin s se thc hin vic bu ban
knh dao khi dao ct pha trai cua b mt gia cng. Khi o ngi lp chng trnh
ch lp theo kch thc thc trn ban ve, con quy ao chuyn ng thc cua tm dao
c h thng CNC tnh toan va iu khin qua trnh dch chuyn cua dung cu. c
bit la tai cac im ct nhau hoc tip xuc vi nhau gia cac ng thng vi ng
thng, ng thng vi ng cong va gia cac ng cong vi nhau th h thng
iu khin s se t tnh toan xac nh quy ao dch chuyn cua no mt cach ti u.
Chc nng nay se co tac dung cho cac cu lnh tip sau nu nh cha co mt chc
nng G40 hoc G42 huy bo no.
Chu y la trc khi goi chc nng nay, cn phai goi chc nng G40 huy bo
cac chc nng khac ma co th ang tip tuc tac dung nhm tranh cac sai sot ang
tic co th xy ra. Chc nng nay cung vi chc nng G42 thng ch goi n khi
thc hin qua trnh gia cng, con khi nh v nhanh dung cu hoc khi dao lui khoi b
mt gia cng th thng phai s dung chc nng G40.
G42 : Bu ban knh khi li ct nm pha bn phai b mt gia cng (Right-hand
tool radius compensation) . Modal
Chc nng nay se thng bao cho h iu khin s xac nh quy ao dch
chuyn cua tm dao khi dao ct pha bn phai cua chi tit. Cac tnh cht cung tng
t nh chc nng G41. V du:











Hnh 4-16: Quy ao cua tm dao khi bu dao (b) va khng bu dao (a)
Quy ao
tm dao
khi bu dao
?
Quy ao khoang
cach tng ng
G40
G41
G41
Dao
a) b)
36
G53 Lp chng trnh t gc toa cua may M ( Programming with respect to
machine zero).
V du: Khi lp trnh vi
G53( Fagor)


Hnh 4-17: Lp trnh vi G53



G54 - G57: Dch chuyn im Zero ( Absolute zero offset1,2,3,4). Modal
Vi chc nng G54, G55, G56, G57 se c lp trnh gia cng khi cho im
chun cua may M trung vi im chun cua chng trnh P hoc W. Khi s dung
chc nng nay cn phai thc hin vic lam dch chuyn im chun (thng goi la
zero offset) ng nht im gc chng trnh vi im gc o lng cua may.
Chc nng nay ch b huy bo cho n khi co cac chc nng G53 va cac chc nng
G58, G59 xut hin.
G58- G59 : Dch chuyn b sung im zero ( Additive zero offset 1 and 2).
Modal


Chc nng G58 va G59 v c ban cung tng t nh chc nng G54 - G57co
ngha la khi goi n chc nng nay th im chun cua may M trung vi toa cua
im ma tai o co G57 va G58 c goi. Chc nng nay bao gi cung phai nm sau
chc nng G54 - G57 v no se thc hin mt phep di gc toa cua im P. Chc
nng nay la modal.
Y
M 100 X
W 10 30 W: Part Zero
60 10
70 20
G90 G01 X30 Y20
G90 G53 G01 X100 Y70
M: Machine Reference
G91 G90
G90
G90
G90
G58
G54 - G57
P2
P1
M
Z
Z
X
X
M
Hnh 4-18: V du v chc nng dch chuyn b sung G58, G59
37
G90 : Lp trnh trong h toa tuyt i ( Absolute programming) . Modal
Chc nng nay se t cho h iu khin thc hin cac phep tnh toan thng
nht cac toa dch chuyn cua dung cu n mt im gc P c nh. Khi s dung
chc nng nay trn cac may tin th ngi ta quy nh toa cua no c xac nh
theo ng knh. Chc nng nay ch b huy bo cho n khi nao co chc nng G91
xut hin.
G 91: Lp trnh trong h toa tng i (Incremental programming). Modal
Chc nng nay se thng bao cho h iu khin bit khi tnh toan toa dch
chuyn cua dung cu tai mi im n se c tnh toan so vi toa cua im n
ngay trc o. Khi lp chng trnh vi chc nng nay trn may tin th toa cua
ban knh chi tit se c thit lp. Chc nng nay la modal.
G92 : Chon trc gc chng trnh ( Coordinate preset) .
Vi chc nng nay ngi ta co th lp chng trnh theo h toa c chon
trc bt ky tai im nao trong khng gian hoat ng cua may.
V du
G90 X50 Y150 ; in P0
G92 X0 Z0 ; im P1
G91 X30 Z-30 ; im P2
Z-30 ; im P3
X10 ; im P4
X20 Z-30 ; im P5
Z-35 ; im P6

Hnh 4-19: Chng trnh vi h toa dung chc nng G92

G93: Chon gc toa cc ( Polar origin preset).
Vic t gc toa cc co th c la chon bt ky im nao trong khng
gian lam vic cua may sao cho qua trnh lp chng trnh gia cng c n gian
hn.
V du:
G90 X0 Y0 : im P0
P0
25 60 90 120 150




0








3
0



4
0



6
0


7
5

P3
P7
P6 P5
P4
P2
P1 Z
X
38
G93 I35 J30; Chon im P3
lam gc toa cc
G90 G01 R25 Q0; Ni suy ng
thng t P0 n P1.
G03 Q90; Ni suy vong
tron ngc chiu kim ng
h n im P2
G01 X0 Y0 ; Ni suy ng
thng n im P0


G94 : Tc tin dao tnh bng (inch hoc mm) / phut (Feedrate in millimeters
( inches ) per min)(Sph). Modal
Chc nng nay thng c t u chng trnh quy nh lng tin
dao F la lng tin dao phut. Kt hp vi cac chc nng G20/ G70 hoc G21/G71
ma lng tin dao c tnh bng inch/ph hoc milimet/ph. Chc nng nay ch c
huy bo cho n khi nao chc nng G95 xut hin.
G95 : Tc tin dao tnh bng (inch hoc mm) / vong (Feedrate in millimeters
(inches) per rev) - Sv). Modal
Cung tng t nh chc nng G94, chc nng nay quy nh lng tin dao F
trong chng trnh la lng tin dao vong, no co th la inch/vg hoc mm/vg la tuy
thuc vao chc nng G20/G70 hoc G21/G71 c goi trc o. Chc nng nay la
modal.
G96: Tc ct b mt bng hng s (Constant surface speed - V = m/ph).
Modal
Chc nng nay thng t phn u chng trnh nhm quy nh tc ct
khi gia cng c tnh la tc dai. Kt hp vi G20/G70 hoc G21/G71 ma co
n v tnh la inch/ph hoc met/ph. Trong trng hp tin cac chi tit co kch thc
ng knh khac nhau hoc cac b mt cn, b mt nh hnh th am bao tc
ct la hng s do vy ma tc quay truc chnh thay i t ng lin tuc. Cung thy
rng khi yu cu nham b mt chi tit la kht khe hoc khi gia cng tinh, ln cui
ngi ta mi s dung chc nng nay. Chc nng nay chi phi toan b cac thng s
tc ct S trong chng trnh la tc dai va no ch b huy bo cho n khi nao
co chc nng G97 xut hin.
Y
X
35
30
P0
P2
P3
P1
25
Hnh 4-20: Chng trnh trong toa cc
39
G97 : Tc quay cua truc chnh ( chi tit hoc dao) bng hng s ( Constant
tool center speed - n = vg/ph) Modal
Cung tng t nh chc nng G96, chc nng nay quy nh tc ct S
trong chng trnh la tc quay vg/ph, no co th la tc cua chi tit khi tin hay
cua dao phay khi phay. Chc nng nay la modal.
Ngoai ra con mt s chc nng chun b khac ma tuy theo mi h thng CNC
cua cac nha ch tao quy nh thm i vi tng loai may cu th nhm muc ch
thun tin hn cho qua trnh vn hanh va s dung. Th du cac chng trnh con, cac
chu trnh gia cng th hoc tinh, cac chu trnh ct ren co bc u hoc thay i,
cac chu trnh khoan hoc cac chu trnh gia cng tui (hoc hc) ...Cac chc nng nay
se c s dung i vi mi loai may thch hp, v vy iu quan trong nht cua can
b lp chng trnh la phai nm bt mt cach tng quat nht cac ni dung c ban
cua cac chc nng trong khi vn hanh co th tranh nhng nhm ln ang tic co
th xy ra.

.. |a. iii_ |. (!|-.||iio.- |.i.||oi ! .oa)
Chc nng phu M dung kim tra va iu khin cac chc nng hoat ng
cua may nh cho truc chnh quay thun, nghch; dng truc chnh; ti dung dch
trn ngui ch phun sng hoc phun tia; tt dung dch trn ngui; dng co
iu kin va khng iu kin chng trnh; kep va thao chi tit...
M00: Dng chng trnh (Program stop):
May se ngng ngay sau khi thc hin xong cac cu lnh M00. Mun hoat
ng tr lai cn phai n nut khi ng. Khi thc hin xong cu lnh M00 th ca cac
chc nng dng truc chnh M05 va tt dung dch trn ngui M09 cung hoat ng.
M01: Dng chng trnh co la chon ( Optional program stop) :
Cung tng t nh M00 nhng lnh nay ch co hiu lc khi nut ngng la
chon a c n (Optional stop)
M02 : Kt thuc chng trnh ( Program end) :
May dng ngay sau khi thc hin xong cu lnh co chc nng M02 va kt
thuc mt chng trnh gia cng. Mun gia cng tip tuc cn phai thao tac lai nh t
ban u.
40
M03: Truc chnh quay thun chiu kim ng h ( Spindle on clockwise):
Vi chc nng nay may se thc hin chuyn ng quay theo chiu kim ng
h nu nhn vao truc chnh. Khi o, cac dung cu ct cn phai c lp t ung
tranh tnh trang gay v dao.
M04: Truc chnh quay ngc chiu kim ng h (Spindle on counterclockwise):
Chc nng nay tng t nh chc nng M03 nhng quy nh chiu quay cua
truc chnh la ngc chiu kim ng h khi nhn vao pha u truc chnh. Chc nng
nay thng c s dung trn may phay vi cac dao phay va khoan trai.
M05: Dng truc chnh (Spindle stop):
Khi khng thc hin ct got nh thay dao bng tay hoc cn dng may
quan sat hay o kim, ta s dung chc nng nay dng truc chnh nhm thc hin
cac thao tac cn thit. Khi goi n chc nng nay, tt ca cac chc nng khac nh
ti dung dch trn ngui, chuyn ng ni suy n dao F va cac chuyn ng chay
dao nhanh... u dng theo.
M06 : Thay dung cu t ng( Tool change):
Chc nng nay c t vao trong chng trnh trn cac may co b phn
thay dao t ng nh u R von ve cua may tin, trn cac may phay co cha dao
hoc trn cac trung tm gia cng. Khi chc nng nay c goi, may se t ng lui
tr v im chun hoc mt v tr nao o ma co th am bao an toan cho qua trnh
thay dao khng b va cham vao phi hay vao may, ng thi tt ca cac chuyn ng
cua truc chnh va chuyn ng chay dao, cac chc nng bi trn dung dch trn
ngui u dng khi may thc hin vic thay dao.
M07, M08: M dung dch bi trn lam ngui ch phun sng hoc phun tia
( Coolant on):
Khi goi n chc nng nay, ng c bm dung dch trn ngui se hoat ng
ti dung dch vao vung gia cng. Tuy theo chc nng M08 hay M07 c goi
trong chng trnh ma bm dung dch trn ngui se hoat ng ch ti cuc b
di dang phun tia vao vung gia cng nh khi khoan, khoet, doa hoc tin hay dang
phun trong din rng nh khi phay.
M09: Tt dung dch bi trn ( Coolant off):
Chc nng nay khi c goi se tt ng c bm dung dch lam ngui. Trong
trng hp chc nng M05 c goi th chnh chc nng nay cung hoat ng tc la
tt ng c bm.
M10 : Kep phi ( Clamps on):
41
M11 : Thao chi tit ( Clamps off):
Chc nng M10 va M11 thng thng c b tr cac trung tm gia cng
hoc cac may cng nghip hin ai vi kch thc chi tit gia cng ln hoc trn cac
dy chuyn cng ngh co s dung robot cp phi va thao chi tit t ng.
M30: Kt thuc chng trnh va quay tr lai t u ( Program end, reset to start):
Chc nng nay v c ban nh chc nng M02, tuy nhin iu khac bit y
la chc nng nay khi c goi se thc hin vic lp lai s hoat ng cua chng
trnh gia cng chi tit va mi kt thuc ngay trc o ma khng cn co s can thip
cua con ngi.
Cung tng t nh chc nng chun b G code, chc nng M code cung tuy
thuc vao cac nha san xut may CNC quy nh nhm muc ch m rng thm kha
nng s dung va vn hanh may. V vy theo tng loai may va tng h iu khin ma
co thm cac chc nng M code khac nhau. Thng thng chc ng G code va M
code co gia tr t G00- G99 va M00- M99.

a. !o| -o |y ||. ||i.
Ngoai cac chc nng G va M nh a trnh bay trn, trong cac h thng may
iu khin theo chng trnh s con s dung mt s ky t khac ma oi hoi cac nha
lp trnh cn phai lam quen:
A,B,C : Cac chuyn ng quay xung quanh cac truc OX, OY, OZ.
D ,E: Chuyn ng quay th hai hoc th 3 xung quanh mt truc khac.
F : Lng chay dao (Feedrat) .
I,J,K : Thng s toa tm vong tron ni suy (hoc bc ren) song song vi
cac truc X,Y,Z.
P,Q,R: Chuyn ng tnh tin th 3 song song vi truc X,Y,Z hoc cac thng
s hiu chnh dao).
S: Tc ct (Speed).
T: S hiu dao (Tool).
U,V,W: Chuyn ng tnh tin th hai sng song vi truc X,Y,Z.
X,Y,Z : Chuyn ng theo cac truc toa .


42
hU! `
LP CHUONG 1kNH G|A CNG 1kN MA

Trc khi lp chng trnh gia cng chi tit, ngi lp trnh cn phai co y
u cac tai liu cn thit cung nh cn phai nm vng cac ky thut lp trnh.
Cac tai liu bao gm:
- Ban ve chi tit va cac yu cu ky thut kem theo nh nham b mt,
chnh xac kch thc (th hin bng dung sai), chnh xac v v tr tng quan, vt
liu chi tit gia cng va cac yu cu v gia cng nhit.
- Quy trnh cng ngh va trnh t cac nguyn cng hay bc cng ngh trn
c s phn tch cac chuyn ng co th thc hin c trn mi mt may NC va cac
kha nng at chnh xac va cac yu cu ky thut khac.
- Cac thng s cua may NC: Nh cng sut co th ln nht cua truc chnh,
cua ban chay phi hay dao, cac thng s va khoang tc ct hay tc dch
chuyn co th cua may.
- Nm vng h iu khin cua may la 2D, 3D, 2D
2
1
, 4D hoc 5D va kha
nng x ly vi chnh xac cho phep.
- Nm vng cac loai dung cu, ma hoa cac s hiu dao, thng s ct got (v, s,
t) va tui bn cua dao.
- Bit cach s dung cac loai dung cu o o kim chi tit va dung cu ct
theo cach o trc tip trn dung cu hay o ngay trn may.
- Thng thao vi cac bang ma G code va M code.
- Bit xac nh quy ao dch chuyn cua li ct dung cu, xac nh cac thng
s ct got tai tng oan theo yu cu cua vt liu chi tit gia cng va ch gia
cng.
- Thng thao cac phep tnh toan lng giac.
lp chng trnh gia cng chi tit hoc soan thao mt chng trnh m
phong, ngi ta phai t no vao trong mt h toa c nh gn vi chi tit. Vic
t gc toa u la tuy thuc vao iu kin sao cho n gian nht trong qua
trnh lp trnh ( giam c khi lng tnh toan).
Qua trnh lp chng trnh gia cng chi tit co th s dung h toa tuyt i
va tng i hoc phi hp gia h toa tuyt i va h toa tng i.
43
5.1 phng phap chung khi lp chng trnh gia cng
Theo nguyn tc chung khi lp chng trnh gia cng th thng thng ngi ta
quan tm n cac yu t hnh hoc ma theo o cac lnh iu khin cac chc nng
dch chuyn dung cu theo mt quy ao a c thit lp trn ban ve. Vn chiu
day lp ct ti u hoc cach thc tin hanh n dao nh th nao thng thng a co
cac chc nng h tr nm trong cac chng trnh con hay cac chu trnh gia cng th,
ban tinh hoc tinh. Cac chu trnh nay c quy nh theo tng loai h thng iu
khin do nha ch tao cung cp va ngi can b lp trnh cn phai thng thao s
dung khi cn.
T ban ve ch tao chi tit va ban ve s nguyn cng, ta chia contua
(ng bin hay bin dang) thanh cac oan thng, cac ng cong, tnh toan toa
cua cac im ct nhau gia 2 oan thng, ng cong va oan thng hoc 2 cung
cong; tnh toan cac im tip xuc gia ng thng va ng cong hoc gia 2
ng cong da trn c s cua h toa Decard nh a noi trc y.
Chon hanh trnh ct va vit cac lnh dch chuyn li ct cua dung cu theo
cac im trn contua theo trnh t t toa cua im bt u n toa cua im
n cho n v tr cui cung cua bin dang.
La chon dao ct cho trn mi oan gia cng mt cach thch hp vi qua
trnh gia cng th hay tinh va tranh tnh trang xy ra s tip xuc hay va cham gia
mt sau dao va chi tit gia cng, gia may va ga... , b sung vao cac iu kin
khac nh dng may co thi gian, tam dng quan sat hay kim tra, ti hoc tt
dung dch trn ngui, thay dao...
B sung thm cac lnh v cng ngh lin quan n ch gia cng nh gia
cng th, tinh..., cac lnh bu dao, lnh s dung h thng toa , n v o...
Sau khi a soan thao xong chng trnh, cn phai a no vao h thng iu
khin s cua may thc hin vic gia cng. Ngi lp trnh phai bit s dung cac
chc nng va cac thao tac cn thit nh dch chuyn im gc, bu dao... trn cac
cum CNC.
Sau khi a chuyn chng trnh gia cng vao trong may, cn phai thc hin
chay th bng ky thut m phong kim tra lai ln cui va sa cha chng trnh
nu co sai sot. Ch khi nao am bao chc chn rng khng con li th mi co th
thc hin vic gia cng thc.
V du 1:
Gia cng cac l trn chi tit theo cac toa sau:
44
Ngi ta tin hanh thit lp toa cua cac im trong h toa tuyt i hay
tng i nh sau:
G90 G91










a. Lp chuong trinh gia cng trong h toa d tuyt di

%
N5 G90 G21G40 G97 G94 (H toa tuyt i; n v o mm; Huy
bo bu dao; Quy nh v tc ct la vg/ph, lng tin dao mm/ph)
N10 M06 T01 (Thay dao t ng , s hiu dao T01 la mui khoan)
N15 G00 X0 Y0 Z5 (Chay dao nhanh n toa X0, Y0 va Z5)
N20 M03 S1000 (Truc chnh quay theo chiu thun kim ng h,
tc quay 1000vg/ph)
N25 X40 Y40 (Chay dao nhanh n im P1)
N30 G01 Z-15 F100 M08 (Gia cng l 1 vi chiu su l gia cng la 15 mm,
lng tin dao 100mm/ph, ti dung dch bng phun tia)
N35 G00 X15 Y55 Z5 (Rut dao nhanh ln khoi l va
chay dao nhanh n im P2)
N40 G01 Z-15 (Gia cng l 2 vi chiu su 15mm, cac thng s
ct got nh khi gia cng l 1)
N45 G00 X15 Y15 Z5 (Chay dao nhanh n im P3)
N50 G01 Z-15 (Gia cng l 3 vi chiu su 15mm)
N55 G00 X105 Y15 Z5 (Chay dao nhanh n im P4)
im X Y
1 40 40
2 15 55
3 15 15
4 105 15
5 75 40
6 105 55
im X Y
1 40 40
2 -25 15
3 0 -40
4 90 0
5 -30 25
6 30 15
X
Y
O
120
15 15
1
5

1
5

7
0

40 35
3
0

Hnh 5-1: Ban ve ch tao chi tit
45
N60 G01 Z-15 (Gia cng l 4 vi chiu su 15 mm)
N65 G00 X75 Y40 Z5 (Chay dao nhanh v im P5)
N70 G01 Z-15 (Gia cng l 5 vi chiu su 15mm)
N75 G00 X105 Y55 Z5 (Chay dao nhanh n im P6)
N80 G01 Z-15 (Gia cng l 6 vi chiu su 15mm)
N85 G00 X0 Y-50 Z100 (Chay dao nhanh v im co toa X0,
Y-50 va Z100)
N90 M05 M28 (Dng truc chnh va t ng tr v im chun)
N95 M02 ( Kt thuc chng trnh)

b. Lp chuong trinh gia cng trong h toa d tuong di

%
N5 G91 G21 G40 G97 G94 (H toa tuyt i; n v o mm; Huy
bo bu dao; Quy nh v tc ct la vg/ph, lng tin dao mm/ph)
N10 M06 T01 (Thay dao t ng , s hiu dao T01 la mui khoan)
N15 G00 X0 Y0 Z5 (Chay dao nhanh n toa X0, Y0 va Z5)
N20 M03 S1000 (Truc chnh quay theo chiu thun kim ng h,
tc quay 1000vg/ph)
N25 X40 Y40 (Chay dao nhanh n im P1)
N30 G01 Z-15 F100 M08 (Gia cng l 1 vi chiu su l gia cng la 15 mm,
lng tin dao 100mm/ph, ti dung dch bng phun tia)
N35 G00 X-25 Y15 Z5 (Rut dao nhanh ln khoi l va
chay dao nhanh n im P2)
N40 G01 Z-15 (Gia cng l 2 vi chiu su 15mm, cac thng s
ct got nh khi gia cng l 1)
N45 G00 X0 Y-40 Z5 (Chay dao nhanh n im P3)
N50 G01 Z-15 (Gia cng l 3 vi chiu su 15mm)
N55 G00 X90 Y0 Z5 (Chay dao nhanh n im P4)
N60 G01 Z-15 (Gia cng l 4 vi chiu su 15 mm)
N65 G00 X-30 Y25 Z5 (Chay dao nhanh v im P5)
N70 G01 Z-15 (Gia cng l 5 vi chiu su 15mm)
N75 G00 X30 Y15 Z5 (Chay dao nhanh n im P6)
N80 G01 Z-15 (Gia cng l 6 vi chiu su 15mm)
N85 G00 X-105 Y-105 Z100 (Chay dao nhanh v im co toa
X-105, Y-105 va Z100)
N90 M05 M28 (Dng truc chnh va t ng tr v im chun)
N95 M02 ( Kt thuc chng trnh)
46
V du 2:
Co chi tit nh hnh ve, vit chng trnh gia cng trong h FANUC.

im X Z
1 0 0
2 0.6 0
3 1 -0.2
4 1 -0.7
5 1.6 -1
6 1.8 -1.8
7 2 -1.1
8 2 -1.9
9 2.2 -2
11 3 -2.6
12 3 -3
13 3.4 -3
14 3.5 -3.05
15 3.5 -4
16 4 -4


Chng trnh gia cng:
Kch thc phi: ng
knh 4; Chiu dai 5.
Dung cu: Dao tin phai ct th #1; Dao tin phai ct tinh #2.

%
N5 G90 G20 G40 [ H toa tuyt i; n v o inch;
huy bo bu ban knh dao]
N10 T0101 [Thay i dung cu]
N15 M03 [ Truc chnh quay theo chiu kim
ng h]
N20 G00 Z0.1 M07 [Dch chuyn nhanh n toa
Z0.1; M dung dch bi trn]
N25 G71 P30 Q105 U0.05 W0.05 D625 F0.012 [Goi chu trnh gia cng th
n dao doc, Block bt u N30, Block kt thuc N105,
4.0
3.0
0.6 2.0
1.0 0.2
0.1x45
o
R0.3
Z
1
2
3 4
5
6 7
8
10
11
13
X
14 15
16
12
9
0.6 1 2 2.6 3 3.5 4
R0.05
R0.1
Hnh 5-2: Ban ve chi tit gia cng
47
lng d con cha lai cho gia cng tinh theo ban knh
0.05 va doc truc 0.05, chiu su lp ct 0.0625, lng
chay dao 0.012inch/vg]
N30 G01 X0 Z0 [ Ni suy ng thng n #1]
N35 X0.6 [Ni suy ng thng n #2]
N40 X1 Z-0.2 [ Ni suy ng thng n #3]
N45 Z-0.7 [Ni suy ng thng n #4]
N50 G0.2 X1.6 Z-1.0 I0.3 K0 [Ni suy vong tron theo chiu kim
ng h n #5]
N55 G01 X1.8 [Ni suy ng thng n #6]
N60 X2.0 Z-1.1 [ Ni suy ng thng n #7]
N65 Z-1.9 [Ni suy ng thng n #8]
N70 G02 X2.2 Z-2.0 I0.1 K0 [Ni suy vong tron theo chiu kim
ng h n #9]
N75 G01 X2.6 [Ni suy ng thng n #10]
N80 X3.0 Z-2.6 [Ni suy ng thng n #11]
N85 Z-3.0 [Ni suy ng thng n #12]
N90 X3.4 [Ni suy ng thng n #13]
N95 G03 X3.5 Z-3.05 I0 K-0.05 [Ni suy vong tron ngc chiu kim
ng h n #14]
N100 G01 Z-4.0 [Ni suy ng thng n #15]
N105 X4.0 [Ni suy ng thng n #16]
N110 G00 Z3.0 T0100 [Dch chuyn nhanh n Z3.0]
N115 T0202 [ Thay dao #2 -T0202]
N120 G00 Z0.1 [ Chay dao nhanh n Z0.1]
N125 G70 P30 Q105 F0.006 [Goi chu trnh gia cng tinh vi
lng chay dao F=0.006 inch/vg]
N130 G00 Z3.0 M09 [ Chay dao nhanh v Z3.0 va tt
dung dch trn ngui]
N135 T0200 M05 [Huy bo bu ban knh dao #2 va
dng truc chnh]
N140 M02 [ Kt thuc chng trnh]

48