Chng 6 K THUT NN VIDEO S

6-1. KHI NIM V K THUT NN VIDEO S

1. Khi qut chung

Trong tt c cc dng tn hiu th tn hiu truyn hnh chim di tn ln

nht cho mt knh thng tin. Tn hiu video s thnh phn (s ho 8 bit) c
tc bit bng 216 Mbit/s. Di ph cn thit truyn tn hiu ny phi c
b rng khng di (3/4)x216 = 162 MHz, Trong studio, truyn tn hiu
bng cp, rc ni cht lng cao v vi khong cch ngn vic nn di tn
ch mang tnh kinh t, vic truyn tn hiu c th thc hin m khng cn
nn. Song s rt kh khn, thm ch khng th thc hin c vic truyn tn
hiu video s qua v tinh vi rng di ln mt knh 27 MHZ hoc qua h
thng truyn hnh qung b trn mt t vi liu chun 7-8 MHZ, cho mt
knh truyn hnh tiu chun. Do vy, nn tn hiu video l cng on khng
th thiu khc phc c nhng kh khn trn.
Nn v c bn l mt qu trnh trong lng s liu (data) biu din
lng thng tin ca mt nh hoc nhiu nh c gim bt bng cch loi b
nhng s liu d tha trong tn hiu video. Cc chui nh truyn hnh c
nhiu phn nh ging nhau. Vy tn hiu truyn hnh c cha nhiu d liu
d tha, Ta c th b qua m khng lm mt thng tin hnh nh. l cc
phn xo dng, xo mnh, vng nh tnh hoc chuyn dng rt chm, vng
nh nn ging nhau, m cc phn t lin tip ging nhau hoc khc
nhau rt t. Thng Th chuyn ng trong nh truyn hnh c th c d
bo, do chi cn truyn cc thng tin v chuyn ng. Cc phn t ln cn
trong nh thng ging nhau, do chi cn truyn cc thng tin bin i.
Cc h thng nn s dng c tnh ny ca tn hiu video v cc c trng ca mt ngi (l
km nhy vi sai s trong hnh nh c nhiu chi tit v Cc phn t chuyn ng).
Qu trnh sau nn nh l dn nh to li nh gc hoc mt xp x nh gc.
S pht trn ca k thut s v vic s dng cng ngh s vo k thut
truyn hnh lm cho khi nim "nn video" tr thnh ti nng hi trong nhng nm gn y.
Tht ra khi nim nn video c t nhng nm 1950 cng vi s ra i ca
cc h truyn hnh mu. l nn rng bng tn bng k thut tng t.
y, ba tn hiu thnh phn mu (R,G,B ) vi lng b rng di thng 15
MHz c nn trong mi tn hiu video mu tng hp duy nht vi b
rng di thng bng 5 MHz. Di thng tn c gim ba ln, hay ni mt
cch khc, h s nn bng 3:1.
Nn video trong nhng nm 1950 c thc hin bng cng ngh tng

t vi t s nn thp. Ngy nay, cng ngh nn t c nhng thnh tu

cao hn bng vic chuyn i tn hiu video t tng t sang s. Cng ngh
nn s i hi nng lc lnh Uin nhanh, song vi s pht trin ca cng
ngh thng tin, nht l t khi Shannon trnh hy quan nim xc sut v thng
tin v cch biu din truyn v nn chng, th iu ny khng cn l tr
ngi v nn nh cng tr nn quan trng.
T nhng nm 1980, cc nh khoa hc t c nhng thnh tu
quan trng trong vic nn tn hiu video v audio. C rt nhiu hng sn xut
thit b nn, nhng u da trn hai nh dng nn rt ph bin l JPEG v
MPEG
2. M hnh nn nh

H thng nn video gm ba thnh phn c bn nh hnh 6-1

.

Hlnh 6-1. M hinh h thng nn vdeo.

tng u tin ca b m ho video, tn hiu video c trnh by di

dng thun tin nn c hiu qu nht. im ct yu l phi xc nh ci g
c m ho. S biu din c th cha nhiu mu thng tin m t tn hiu
hn l chnh tn hiu, nhng hu ht cc thng tin quan trng ch tp trung
trong mt phn nh ca s m t ny. Trong cch biu din c hiu qu, ch
c phn nh d liu l cn thit truyn cho vic ti to li tn hiu video.
Hot ng th hai ca b m ha l lng t ho, gip ri rc ho
thng tin c biu din. truyn tn hiu video qua mt knh s, nhng
thng tin biu din c lng t ho thnh mt s hu hn cc mc.
Hot ng th ba l gn cc t m. Cc t m ny l mt chui bit dng
biu din cc mc lng t ho. Cc qu trnh s ngc li trong b gii
m video.
Mi hot ng c gng loi b phn d tha trong tn hiu video v tn
dng s gii hn ca h thng nhn ca mt ngi. Nh b i cc phn t d
tha, cc thng tin ging nhau hoc c lin quan n nhau s khng c
truyn i. Nhng thng tin b i m khng nh hng n vic nhn, cng s
khng c truyn i.

3. D tha thng tin trong tn hiu video

Nn s liu l qu trnh gim lng s liu cn thit biu din cng

mt lng thng tin cho trc. Cn phi phn bit gia s liu v thng tin.
Thc t s liu v thng tin khng ng ngha vi nhau, s liu (v do tn
hiu) ch l phng tin ng truyn ti thng tin. Cng mt lng thng
tin cho trc c th biu din bng cc lung s liu khc nhau. V d, nu
hai ngi khc nhau dng s t khc nhau k cng mt cu truyn, s c
hai vcrsion khc nhau ca cu truyn v mt c cha s liu khng ch yu;
n bao gm s liu hoc t khng cho thng tin thch hp ln xc nh
bit. l do n cha d tha s liu.
d tha s liu l vn trung tm trong nn nh s. nh gi cho
qu trnh thc hin gii thut nn l ti l nn (Cn) c xc nh nh sau:
Nu N1 v N2 l lng s liu trong hai lp hp s liu cng dc dng
biu din mt lng thng tin cho trc th d s liu tng i R u ca lp
hp s liu th nht so vi tp hp s liu th hai c th c nh ngha nh
sau:
R 0 = -HC n \
(6-1)
trong :
Cy = Ay/V,
(6-2)
Trong trng hp N1 = N2 th Cn = 1 v R 0 = 0, c ngha l so vi tp s
liu th hai th lp s liu th nht khng cha s liu d tha. Khi N 2 N, th
Cn tin ti v cng v R lin ti mt, c ngha l d tha s liu tng
i ca lp s liu th nht l kh ln hay tp s liu th hai c nn kh
nh.
dy c s kt hp gia t l nn v cht lng hnh nh. T l nn
cng cao s lm gim cht lng hnh nh v ngc li. Cht lng v qu
trnh nn c th thay i tu theo c im ca hnh nh ngun v ni dung
nh. nh gi cht lng nh c ngh tnh s bit cho mt im trong
nh nn (N h ). N c xc nh l tng s bit nh nn chia cho tng s
im:
D

Nb = S bt nn/ s im

(6 - 3 )

Ta tm hiu hai loi d tha trong nh s l d tha thng k v d tha

do cm nhn sinh l cua mt ngi.
a) D tha thng k
Hu nh tt c cc nh n cha cc thng tin trng lp. Trong cc h
thng khng s dng k thut nn, cc thng tin trng lp ny c lp i lp
li trong dng tn hiu to li nhng vng hnh nh trng nhau trong ton
b bc nh, v to ra s d tha thng tin. S d tha thng tin ny khng

ch tn ti trong phm vi mt bc nh (gi l d tha theo khng gian), m

cn c trong cc bc nh lin nhau trong chui cc bc nh to thnh
khung cnh truyn hnh (gi l d tha theo thi gian). V d, khung cnh
mt bu tri xanh s to ra rt nhiu im nh mang thng tin nh nhau, v
chng ch c m ho mt ln ti b m ho, ri sau c gii m li
nhng v tr cn thit ti u thu to li khung cnh ny. Qu trnh xc
nh gi tr (im nh trng hp trong mt khung hnh c gi l qu trnh
gii tng quan d liu. Bin i cosin ri rc l mt qu trnh nh th, trong
bin i ny, hu ht nng lng ca mt khi cc im nh c tp trung
vo cc phn t c h s bin i thp nht.
b) D tha do cm nhn sinh l ca mt ngi
Cc gi tr mu c s ho trong mt bc nh khng hon ton ng
nht vi h thng cm nhn ca mt ngi. Khi h thng cm nhn nh sng
khng nhn thy mt li no , li ny s khng lm nh hng n cht
lng nh ti li. Nh vy, c th ct bt hoc thm ch loi b mt s mu
m khng lm gim kh nng thu c nh trung thc ca ngi xem. Thc
nghim cho thy rng trong nh truyn hnh cha nhiu cc thng tin c th
loi b i nh th.
4. Sai lch bnh phng trung bnh
Mt nh gi thng k khc c th nh gi cho nhiu gii thut nn l
sai lch bnh phng trung bnh so vi nh gc RMS (Rooi Mcan Square)
c tnh bi biu thc:
(6-4)
Trong d: RMS- sai lch bnh phng trung bnh;
A" - gi tr im nh ban u;
X, - gi tr im nh sau khi gii
nn; n - tng s im nh trong
mt nh.
RMS ch ra s khc nhau thng k gia nh ban u v nh sau khi nn.
a s trng hp khi nn cht lng gia nh nn l tt vi RMS thp. Tuy
nhin, trong mt s trng hp c th xy ra l cht lg nh nn vi RMS
cao tt hn nh nn vi RMS thp hn.

6-2. L THUYT THNG TIN - ENTROPY

Lng thng tin cha ng trong mt chi tit hnh nh t l nghch vi kh
nng xut hin ca n. Ni mt cch khc, mt s kin t xy ra s cha ng
nhiu thng tin hn mt s kin c nhiu kh nng xut hin. i vi hnh
nh, lng thng tin ca mt hnh nh bng tng s lng thng tin ca tng
phn t (pixel) nh.
Entropy o gi tr thng tin trung bnh cha ng trong mt bc nh.
V theo d, entropy cng xc nh lng thng tin trung bnh nh nht biu
din bi mi gi tr nh phn qua qu trnh m ho, bo ton c kh
nng khi phc nh tt. Theo l thuyt, di trung bnh ca mt t m
(cng tng ng vi tc bit thu c) qua mt phng php nn khng
th no nh hn entropy ca bc nh c m ho. Ngc li, tc bit sau
khi nn nh hn gii hn entropy ca bc nh, mt s thng tin ca bc nh
s b mt.
Theo quan im ca l thuyt thng tin, lng thng tin ca tng phn
t nh c nh ngha l logarii c s hii ca nghch o xc sut xut hin
ca phn t nh :

(6-5)

Nu mt hnh nh c biu th bng cc phn t x1,x2,x3... Xc sut

xut hin ca tng phn t tng ng s l P ( X 1 ) , P(x2), P(x 3 )...
Bit c lng tin tc ca tng phn t nh cha , cn cn phi bit
dc lng tin tc bnh qun ca c tp hp cc phn t nh ca hnh nh.
Lng tin tc bnh qun y ngi la gi l entropy, c hiu din bng biu
thc bnh qun thng k sau: Gi lng thng tin trung bnh ca hnh nh l
H(x) (entropy ca hnh nh), ta c:

(6-6)
di trung bnh ca mt t m l gi tr trung bnh thng k ca tt c
cc t m trong mt b m. CE.Shannon ch ra rng " di Trung bnh

ca mt t m khng Th no nh hn entropy ca ngun s liu c m

ho". Do vy, entropy ca hnh nh l mt gi tr c ngha quan trng, bi
n xc nh s lng bit trung bnh ti thiu cn thit biu din mt phn
t nh .
Trong cng ngh nn khng tn hao, entropy l gii hn di ca ti s
bit/pixel. Nu ln hiu vieo c nn vi li s bil/phn l nh hn entropy,
hnh nh s b mt thng tin v qu Trnh nn s c tn hao.
V d Xl hai block nh trn hnh 6-1, mi block c 8x8 = 64 phn t
nh. Block nh 1 hao gm 63 phn t c gi tr 0" v mt phn t c gi tr
"1. Rloek nh 2 bao gm 32 phn l c gi Tr "0 v 32 phn l c gi tr
"1.
Theo (6-6) la c entropy ca block nh 1 bng:
Chng 6 K THUT NN VIDEO S.............................1
6-1. KHI NIM V K THUT NN VIDEO S.............1
6-2. L THUYT THNG TIN - ENTROPY..................5
6-3. CC PHNG PHP NN VIDEO s...................7
1.Nn khng mt thng tin...........................7
a)Ly mu con (Subsampling)..............................8
6-4. K THUT NN VIDEO THEO THI GIAN.............10
1. M hnh.........................................10

Kntropy ca block nh 2 bng:

Hnh 6-2. Lng thng tin trong nh

Nh vy, s lng bit trunti bnh ti Thiu cn thii d truyn mt phn

t nh i vi block nh 1 bng 0,116 bit/phn l v i vi block nh 2
bng 1 bit/phn l, lc l, block nh 2 cha lng thng tin nhicu hn block
nh ].
6-3. CC PHNG PHP NN VIDEO s
1. Nn khng mt thng tin
Nn khng mt thng tin cho php phc hi li ng tn hiu ban u
sau khi gii nn. y l ml qu trnh m ha c tnh Thun nghch. H s
nn ph Thuc vo chi tit nh c nn. H s nn ca phng php nn
khng mt thng tin nh hn 2:1. Cc k Thut nn khng mt thng tin bao
gm:
a) M ho vi di (ca t m) thay i (VLC)
Phng php ny cn c gi l m ho IIutTman v m ho entropy,
da trn kh nang xut hin ca cc gi tr bin trng hp trong mt hc
nh v thil lp ml l m ngan cho cc gi tr c ln sut xul hin cao nh
v l m di cho cc gi tr cn li. Khi thc hin gii nn, cc Thi. lp m
trng hp s c s ng UU) li gi tr ln hiu ban u. M ho v gii
m IIulTman c Th' c Thc hin mi cch d dng bng cch s dng
cc bng tim kim.
b) M ho vi do di (ca t m) ng (RI ')
Phng php ny da trcn s lp li ca cng gi tr mu ' lo ra cc
m c bil hiu in s ht u v ki hc ca gi Tr dc lp li. Chi cc
mu c gi tr khc khng mi dc m ho. S mu c gi tr bng khng s
c truyn i dc theo cng dng qut. Cui cng, cc chui 0 c to ra
hng qu trnh gii tng quan nh phng php DCT hay DPCM.
c) S dng khong xo dng r mnh

Vng thng nn xo c loi b khi dng tn hiu truyn i vng

Thng tin lch cc ca nh. Theo phng php , thng lin xa dng v xo
mnh s khng c ghi gi v truyn i. Chng c thay bng cc d liu
ng b ngn hn tu theo cc ng dng.
d) Bin di cosin ri rc (DCT) .

Q trnh DCT thun v nghch c coi ] khng mt thng tin nu

di l m h s l 13 hoc 14 bng tn i vi dng video s s dng K bit
biu dicn mu. Nu di l m h s ca php bin i DCT nh hn, qu
Trnh ny tr nOn c ml thng tin.
2. Nn c mt thng tin
Nn c mt thng Ln s dng hai hoc nhiu hun cc k thut x l
nhm chu di.' ml s biu din m ho thun li tn hiu hnh nh. Ncn c
mt thng tin l L' h s nn cao hn so vi phng php nn khng
ml Thng n, vo c 2:1 n 100:1. Sau khi nn, mt s thng n s b mt
v cht lng nh b suy hao do qu trnh lm trn v loi b gi tr trong
phm vi khung hnh hay gia cc khung hnh. Suy hao cht lng nh s
khng trm trng khi k Thut nn nm trong gii hn ca s cm nhn ca
mi ngi. H s nn c th thay i Theo chi lit nh, v cho php lo ra
ng bt c lc khng i, phc v cho cc ng dng lu tr v truyn
dn. Tc dng s liu i c trong h thng nn c mt thng lin ph
thuc vo yu cu chi lng nh cn c.
a) Ly mu con (Subsampling)
y l ml phng php nn rt c hiu qu, song d phn gii ca nh
sau khi gii nn gim so vi nh ban u. V vy, k Thut ly mu con
khng p dng cho tn hiu chi. Phng php ly mu con tn hiu mu,
chng hn nh cu trc ly mu 4:2:0 hay 4:1:1 dc tng trong ng dng
ghi, trong khi cu trc 4:2:0 c, s dng trong cc ng dng sn xut v
truyn dn chng trnh MPKG.
b) )iu xung m vi sai (DPCM)
L mt phng php m ho d on, thay v truyn i ton b cc
mu, k Thul ny ch m ho v truyn i s khc nhau gia cc gi tr
mu. Gi tr sai lch dc cng vo gi tr mu c gii m trong qu
trnh gii nn lo li gi tr mu cn thl.
Qu trnh DPCM lm giam lng entropy ca tn hiu ban u. Tl c
cc gi tr s a i l c h g i a c c m u l p t ru ng qu an h g i t r 0 VI t r o ng c c nh s x u t h i n
c c v ng tiu c kh nng cao. Vi cc nh c chi lil cao. cc gi Tr sai
lceh ln gia cc mu c Th c lng t ho th (bng lng t ho

tuyn tnh), do cm nhn ca mt ngi gim theo chi t ca nh. Cc

phng php nn kt hp s dng lng t ho Th cc gi tr sai lch v k
thui m ho VLC cho cc n hiu thu c.
Nhm trnh cc li c The xut hin trong khi truyn, ml mu y d
dc gi i thco chu k nhl nh, cho php cp nht c cc gi Tr chnh
xc. M ho DPCVl cng s dng thm cc k thui d on v lng l ho
thch nghi hon thin thOm k thul nn ny.
c) Lng t ho v m ho VLC cc h s DCT
Phi hp hai k thut ny cho php biu din mt khi cc im nh
bng mt s t cc bt, do lm c mt hiu qu nn rt cao.

6-4. K THUT NN VIDEO THEO THI GIAN

1. M hnh
Mt tnh cht na ca tn hiu video l c cha thng tin d tha trong
min thi gian. iu ny c ngha l, vi mt chui lin tc cc nh, lng
thng tin cha ng trong mi nh thay i rt t t nh ny sang nh khc.
Tnh ton s dch chuyn v tr ca ni dung hnh nh l mt phn rt quan
trng trong k thut nn lin nh. M hnh k thut nn video theo thi gian
c ch ra trn hnh 6-21. Cc im ca nn lin nh chnh l "k thut xp
x v b chuyn ng.

Hnh 6-20. Bin i DCT ngc cho khi 8x8 v

sai s so v i khi ban u.

10

Mt chui video l mt chui cc nh tnh c hin ra vi tc nhanh s

cho cm gic chuyn ng lin tc. Mc d mi frame c s khc nhau, cn
thit phi c tc frame cao t c cm gic chuyn ng thc s.
T to ra nhiu d tha tm
thi gia cc frame khc nhau. S
b chuyn ng chnh l loi
b phn d tha tm thi ny.
Tt nhin trong qu trnh b chuyn ng lng hiu qut nn, cn s
dng k thut nn trong nh x l d tha trong khng gian trong
phn tha b chuyn ng
.
2. K thut d on b chuyn ng
Nhiu thay i v cng sng t 1rame ny n tramc k tip a
do chuyn ng ca i lng. Trung m b chuyn ng, trame hin hnh
c d bo l amc trc bng cch xp xi chuyn ng gia hai frame
v b chuyn ng . S khc nhau gia 1rame hin hnh v d ho ca
tramc gi l phn d tha ca b chuyn ng v phn d tha ny s
c m ho,
i vi mi chui vico bnh thng, c trng v nng lng ca
phn d tha thp hn rt nhiu so vi nng lng trong tn hiu video gc
do loi b nhng Thnh phn d tha lm thi. M ho phn d tha thay
v m ho vico gip m ho thng tin d Tha lm thi khng phi m
ho lp li.
Nh vy. vic xc nh phn nh ng l "xp x chuyn ng. Qu
trinh khi phc mi nh bng cch dng cc phn nh l nh trc cng
vi thng tin v chuyn ng chnh l "b chuyn (.lng".
S dng xp x v h chuyn (.lng l thay hai yu cu trong h
thng m/gii m. u lin b gii m phai lu nh trc trong khi to li
nh p theo. Sau , b m ho phi lo li mi nh sau khi m ho n
d bo b gii m to li nh nh th no. iu ny l cn thii v b gii
m khng c bt k mi nh gc no c Th lo li cc khi b chuyn
ng.
Phng php d on gia cc mnh i c hiu qu cao i vi
cc nh lnh hay mi phn ca nh tnh. Tuy nhin, i vi cc nh chuyn
ng phng php ny tr nn khng thun li.
Mt phng php d on d tm ra cc chi tit nh thay th gia hai
khung hnh lin nhau v lo ra mt vcctor chuyn ng ch r v tr mi
ca chi lit nh ny trong khung hnh lng ng v trn hnh 6-22. Theo
, vector chuyn ng s phi hp ti c cc khi c nn trong khung

hnh trc m khi cc im nh ny li c lp li li mt v tr mi.

Phng php ny c gi l d on b chuyn ng gia cc khung
hnh.

D on chuyn ng c thc hin bng cch s dng cu trc khi

cho cc im chi. Hnh 6-22 minh ho cc phn t ca mt cu trc khi.
Vector thay th c d on cho mi cu trc cc khi (macroblock). Cc
vector chuyn ng v cc m ho DCT khc nhau ca cu trc khi hin
ti v cu trc khi tham chiu, c ch ra bng cc vector ny, s c
truyn i - s to ra mt phng php c hiu qa hn l m ho trc tip
cu trc khi hin ti bng DCT.
V tri khi 8x8
im

Vng
tim
kim

Vi tri khi trc

d

Vi
tr
khi
"
hin tai

khung hnh trc

(n)

khunq hnh hin ti

(n+1)

Vc
t
chuyn
dng

Hnh 6-22. Vector chuyn ng gia hai khung hnh lin nhau.

C nhiu cc k thut khc nhau xc nh vector thay th. Mt

trong s cc phng php ny c tn gi l phi hp cc khi (block
matching). Khi s liu im nh c la chn, gi l khi tham chiu,
trong khung hnh hin ti chuyn ng trong phm vi tm kim khung
hnh trc . Cc gi tr khi DCT tham chiu c so snh vi cc gi tr
khi 8x8 im trong vng tm kim tm ra khi thch hp nht, tng
ng khi s sai khc l nh nht. Mt vector xc nh theo khong cch gia
v tr tham chiu v v tr phi hp tm thy c to ra. Thng tin s
liu v vector chuyn ng c truyn ti b gii m cng vi khi h s
DCT sai lch.
Cc khi phi hp trong s cc khi ca khung hnh trc s dng
nh thnh phn d on trong h m ho DPCM, thnh phn d on c
ly l u vo to ra mt khung d on sai s t thng tin. Sai lch gia
khi hin ti v d on ca n thuc khung hnh trc s to ra khi d
on b chuyn ng.
Vng tm kim c xc nh quanh cu trc cc khi trong khung
hnh hin tai bao ph ton b cc chuyn ng gia hai khung hnh. Cc
ta ca vng tm kim xc nh c truyn i trong khung hnh trc
tm ra v tr trc ca cu trc khi ny.
Kch thc vng tm kim c xc nh bng phc tp ca qu
trnh phi hp khi. Trn vng tm kim c kch thc 16x16 im, c v

tr khi theo chiu ngang phi hp vi 16 vi tr khi theo chiu ng.

gim qu trnh tnh ton vector chuyn ng, phn gii ca nh
c th c gim xung theo c hai chiu ngang v chiu thng ng.
Bng cch ny c th lm gim s bit cn x l v d on cc phn chnh
c thay th trong khung hnh. Chng hn mt nh vi phn gii y
720x480 c th c gim n mc 360x240. nh vi phn gii
thp c th s dng cho vng d on ln hn. Mt d on chuyn ng mc
thp (gn ng) u tin s c tin hnh trn cc nh c phn gii thp ny. Sau ,
mt php d on vector chuyn ng chnh xc s thc hin tnh ton v
tr thay th chnh xc ca cc i tng gia hai khung hnh.
Qu trnh d bo s c thc hin qua nhiu bc thu c s d
bo chnh xc cui cng.
Cc i tng chuyn ng nh c th c b qua trong giai on
d on chuyn ng gn ng, v do to ra cc vector d on mang
sai s. Trng hp ny s s dng cc khi nh hn. Vi mt vng thay
th c kch thc ln, sai s trong qu trnh phi hp c th tr nn ln
hn gia cc khi c cng mc xm song khng c lin h v chuyn
ng. Hn na, nhiu kiu chuyn ng trong bc nh c th lo ra cc s
xung t gia cc vng tm kim. gii quyt vn ny cn c s phn
chia trong vic phi hp cc khi.
3. nh d on trc (nh P)

Phng php m ho nh d on trc s dng xc sut cc nh lin

lc trong chui nh truyn hnh. Nh xc sut ny, phn ln cc nh trong
chui c th nhn bit gn ging nhau trn c s thng tin cha ng trong
nh (xut hin trong chui trc). Nh vy nh d on trc l cc frame
d bo theo hng thun (ngha l cc d bo t cc pixel ca frame hin
th trc).
Phng php ny rt c hiu qu khi chui nh biu din l nh tnh
hon ton: Trong trng hp ny ch truyn nh u tin l v thng tin
ln lt mi nh khng khc my so vi nh trc. Khi xut hin vt th
chuyn ng no trong nh, th cn phi pht hin cc vt th ny v
hiu im c trng v s thay i v tr ca n. Bng cch ny v trn c
s phn tch cc nh trc, c th d bo gn ng ni dung nh ang xt.
Trong trng hp khi nh ang xt khc vi d bo ca n, th cn
phi truyn thm cc thng tin v s khc nhau gia cc nh ni trn.
Nu tt c cc vt th chuyn ng c pht hin, th d bo nh s rt
gn vi nh thc v truyn thng tin gia chng ta chi cn s liu nh
l . Tuy nhin, vt th xut hin trong nh c th c nhiu loi v ta phi

tm gii php kt hp t pht hin v xp loi chng khng qu kh

khn.
Khi v tr block c biu din bng vector biu din s dch
block ny so vi v tr MB trong nh d bo trc. Vector ny biu din s
phi hp (tng phn hoc tt c) cha trong MB, c gi l "vector
chuyn ng

Khung d on
(P)= Khung trc
- Ktiung hin
ti + Vecto
chuyn ng

Khung hinh trc

(n)

Khung
hnh
hn
tai (n+1)

Khung (B)= Khung trc -Khung hin ti

Vector chuyn ng hai
hng

a) Vect chuyn ng n hng Vi tr ni suy

b) Ni suy b
chuyn ng
Hnh 6v hai chiu

Khung

Khung hinh trc (n-1)

hinh Khung hinh hin
tip(n+1)

23, D on b chuyn ng mt chiu

ti

(n)

Tuy nhin, cc chuyn ng ngoi vng tm kim khng th c thc hin

d on b chuyn ng t khung hnh trc, nh trong v d trong hnh 623a. Mt khi im nh cho trc trong khung hnh hin ti nm ngoi
vng tm kim nh vy s khng c phi hp khi trong khung hnh trc.
Trng hp ny, khi im nh s c m ho bng phng php nn
trong nh.
Hnh 6-24 ch ra qu trnh to nh d bo trc, nh trc
(Previous framc) c lu tr trong b nh vi y phn gii, y
d liu.

Hnh 6-24. nh d on trc.

Vecto chuynn ng

Trong khi "Xc nh vector chuyn dng" (Motion Estimation), vi vector

16

chuyn ng tnh ton sao cho nh hin ti dc d on mt cch chnh xc

nht. Hiu gia nh hin ti v nh d bo s cho nh khc bit u ra.
S liu v vector chuyn ng v nh khc bit s c truyn i (nn lin nh khng
truyn ton b nh. Trong trng hp vector chuyn ng c xc nh
ng, th nh khc bit s cha rt t thng tin v cng ngh nn s t
hiu qu mong mun. Tuy nhin, hn ch ca m hnh trn l khng th
biu din phn ln cc chuyn ng c th c nh cc chuyn ng quay,
gim hoc tng ln v cc chuyn ng phc tp khc.
4. nh d on hai chiu (nh B)
D on hai chiu thco thi gian, hay cn gi l ni suy b chuyn
ng, s dng thng tin trong mt khung hnh trc v mt khung hnh
tham chiu xut hin sau khung hnh hin ti d on khung hnh hin
ti - gi l khung hnh B (v d v d on hai chiu v trn hnh 6-23b).
D on hai chiu cho kh nng nn s liu cao hn so vi d on
mt chiu, hiu ng nhiu trong khung hnh hin ti gim bng mc nhiu
trung hnh ca khung hnh trc v khung hnh sau v c kh nng d on
ngoi phm vi ca vng tm kim nh cc khung hnh tip theo. Tuy nhin,
d on ngc chi thc hin c khi khung hnh tham chiu xut hin sau
c truyn i trc khung hnh hin ti B.
S khc nhau c b n gia hai mch, mch to nh d on trc v
mch to nh d on hai chiu, l b nh nh so snh. to nh d bo
trc ta ch cn nh nh trc . Trong khi , to c nh d on
hai chiu ta phi nh c hai nh : nh trc v nh sau nh ang xt.
C th coi nh on hai chiu nh l kt qu ni suy gia hai nh
xc nh chun ca n. V th to c nh d on hai chiu, b gii
m phi xc nh ni dung ca hai nh xc nh chun ca n, nn s lm
thay i th t truyn cc nh. B m ho u tin phi truyn c hai nh
chun, sau mi truyn n nh d on hai chiu.
iu ny dn n kt qu l:
- B m ho v gii m phi nh s li cc frame ln lm tng s
cng vic.
- B m ho v gii m phi dng b nh ln ( c th lu tr cc
nh chun).
Hnh 6-25 minh ho qu trnh to v truyn cc khung hnh theo th
t. Qu trnh sp xp li khi m ho v gii m to ra mt thi gian tr ph
thuc vo s khung hnh B gia hai khung tham chiu.
C th c nhiu hn mt khung hnh c d on B gia hai khung
hnh tham chiu xut hin trc v sau n. S lng cc khung hnh d

on ph thuc vo nhiu yu t. Khi s cc khung hnh R tng ln quan

h gia cc khung hnh B v khung tham chiu gim xung, v do vy, s
bit cn ng m ha khung B tng ln. Hn na, khi quan h gia
cc khung tham chiu cng gim do chng cch xa nhau. Vi cc chng
trnh video c nhiu cnh ngt s cn c t khung B hn i vi cc chng
trnh t cnh ngt.

Hlnh 6-25. nh d on hai chiu.

Qut xen k cho php thc hin nn gia cc khung hnh hoc gia
cc mnh. M ho d on gia cc khung hnh thng p dng cho cc chng trnh c t s
chuyn ng hoc chuyn ng vi tc chm, v s d tha khng gia
gia cc khung hnh nhiu hn l s d tha khng gia trong cc mnh.
Trong khi , m ho d on thco mnh c hiu qu cao khi ng dng
cho nn cc nh c tc chuyn ng cao, cc vector chuyn ng trong
mnh cha ng cc thnh phn tn s cao.