.

- 2012

1.
.

1) ! ( ' + ., + . 4 .
..

2) . . 4 + . + < . . + .!
., @ + + 4 , = , < .
( < = , < < . 4 4.

3) + ( < < @ .:

| | 0 , . . .

||= 0 = 0.

||>0 0.

4) @ + .-( 4-4 <,

( . < 4 (. .)!
. (, + @:
. (@ G .) < 4 . 4 4 . < @ 4 + 4 < . ..
. < . 4 + (@ @ ).
( < 4 . . < 4 (@ .
4 4) . 4 ..
( < . 4 + (@ @ ).
4 < 4 . . < 4 (@ .
4 4) . 4 <.
4 < . 4 + (@ @ ).
4 < 4 . . < 4 (@ . 4
4), . 4 < + 4 @ (+).

5) !
. <, 4 + < <, (:
. 4 . (@ 4 . . 4 @ 4 4)
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. + 4 + (@).
( ( 4 @ 2 + ..

6) . <: , , . / / .

@ 4 . 4 4 4, <:

, , 4 4 , , . , ( ..

7) . + < . < , , @ +

4 , . < = , = , ( @ 4 + 4

, .
. @ 4, ( <:
0 180 .

= 0 .

= 180 .
@ < 4 4 @ + . . 4 < ( . ( 4 G 4 @.

.
1) . . . +

. . ( ( @ = x i + y j , (:

< x i , y j + G . < i j 4, 4 4 4 < ( x'x y'y 4.

4 x y + + . +, x + + y

+ .

<: = x i + y j = (x ,y) .

, : 4 + . @ = x i + y j , (

+ + , 4 = (x ,y) .

2.

2) ( ) . (x ,y ) 4 +

4 + @ 4, ( 4 = (x ,y ) 4.

3) . = (x1 ,y1 ) , = (x 2 ,y 2 ) 4 < <, ( <:

x = x

2
= 1
.

y1 = y 2

@ ( . . . (, ( + .
@ M (@ + 4 . <).

x = 0
4) . = (x ,y) 4 + ., (: = 0
.
y = 0

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! + . 4 (, @ ( . . (, ( + . @ M (@ + 4 . <).
, !
x 0

.
= (x ,y) 4 + ., (: 0

y 0

5) . = (x1 ,y1 ) , = (x 2 ,y 2 ) 4 < <, (

<:

) + = (x1 + x 2 ,y1 + y 2 ) .

) = (x1 x 2 ,y1 y 2 ) .

) = (x1 ,y1 ) , .

) + = (x1 + x 2 ,y1 + y 2 ) , , .

6) . (x ,y ) , (x ,y ) 4 <
x + x y + y

4 (x ,y ) 4 + < @ , (
,
,
2
2
@ 4 x =

x + x
2

, y =

y + y
2

< ( 4 @ , . @ +, + + +
( < @. + G 4 @:
4 ( 4 + . 4.
4 ( 4 4 4.
+ ( ..
. 4 ( <.

7) . (x ,y ) , (x ,y ) 4 <

4, ( . + + = (x x ,y y ) .

4 (, ( < @ + ( <,
( 4 + @ +( .

8) . = (x ,y) 4 + ., ( | | = x 2 + y 2 .

9) ( ). (x ,y )
(x ,y ) 4 < 4, ( (@ (@ @ < @ )
4 () 4 ( < () = (x x )2 + (y y )2

, @
(), . < 4 @: () = x 2 + y 2

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10) . (x ,y ) +
4, (:
| x | 4 ( ( . y'y 4.
| y | 4 ( ( . x'x 4.
( ( @ ( 4 () = x 2 + y 2 .

E1) . (x ,y ) + 4, (:
) ( . x'x + (x ,y ) , @ 4
( ( 4 x, 4 y.
) ( . y'y + + (x ,y ) , @ 4
( ( 4 y, 4 x.
) ( @ ( (0, 0) + + (x ,y ) , @ 4 ( ( 4 <.
) ( ( 4 G 4 + + (y ,x ) , @ 4 ( ( . + +.

12) . (x ,y ) , (x ,y ) , (x ,y ) 4 + G ( G , ( + . + +

x + x + x y + y + y

,
.

3
3

13)
H'H. = (x ,y) + ( .

+,

4
<

= , ( . 4 4

. x'x 4, , . . x, 4 < ( .
@ ., + + 4 .
< 0 < 360 .

, ( 4 4, , 4 . = (x ,y)
. x'x, . @:
y
1 . ( ( < = .
x

2 . Q ( + , ( + 4 (

4 4 + , . 4 .
y
@ + = , (:
x
) 4 x > 0 , y > 0 , ( 4 = .
., ( < =

) 4 x < 0 , y > 0 , ( 4 = 90 + .
) 4 x < 0 , y < 0 , ( 4 = 180 + .
) 4 x > 0 , y < 0 , ( 4 = 270o + .
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1. @ . = (3, 3) . 4 ( 3
4 . x'x, ( 4 =
= 30 .
3

@ + 4 4 4, + 4 G (,
( 4 = 30 .

2. @ . = (3, 3) . 4 (
3
4 . x'x, ( 4 =
= 30 .
3

@ + 4 @ + @, + 4 <
(, ( 4 = 90 + 30 = 120 .

13) . , 4 < <, (

@ 4 < . + @, <, +:

1 : / / = , .

x y
2 : / / det( , ) = 0 , ( det( , ) = 1 1 = x1y 2 x 2y1 4 4
x 2 y2
< ..

3 : / / = , ( , + < , 4.

, ( . + 4 ., 2 , (
< 4, 4 4, @ + (' (
+ 2 @ + 4!).
( G . 1 @, G 3 @ ( 4 <
(( . ., + < + +, 4 4 + . + 4 @...).
+ < ( ( < . 4
( ( <! 4 G 4 (:

.
1) . , 4 <

. <, ( . ( ( G ( , 4 (

< = | | | | , ( 4 4 < ..

3.

. < 4 + ( < < + < .,

4 ( . + 4 < . (4 + 4 <).

( 4 = (x1 ,y1 ) , = (x 2 ,y 2 ) ),

( 4 < = x1x 2 + y1y 2 .

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< @ < + (:

) = .


) = 0 (@ (, ( +!)

) = | | | | .

) = | | | | .
!

) ( 4 ( . +, 4 @
. !

., < = , 4 . . , ( 4 ( .!


4, 4 . . ( + = 0 < = 0 @ = 0 !


!, 4 ( . ( + + = 0 < ( + ) = 0 , .
+ 4!
) @, ( . ( ( 4 + + ( <!

., 4 . . | | = | | | | , < . <
. +, . ( @ (. + ( (
@, | | = | | | | ), < + +, ( 4 ( < G G . <, . < ..

2) . 4 + ., ( ( + .
2
2

, 4 < = | |2 .
!

) <:

2 2
= , ( = .
2

= 0 , ( = 0 .
) S <:
2 2

= , ( = @ = .

2 2
( )2 = .
) . ( 4 . < ., . (
( ( < ., < ( (, 4 + ( + ( M, @:

2 2

2
( + ) = + + 2 .

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( )2 = + 2 .

2 2
( )( + ) = .

1 ( 44),
) ! 4 @ ( + @ | + | , , , ( G < +
,

, :
. . . <
@
()
..

., 4 ( | + | )
= 1| ,(
| +
| || |. // .


2 2 2

2
2
| + |2 = 12 )
( +
2
= 1 . // .
( ) =
)2 1
+
. +

( G ' @ + @, . ( . 4 .).

) ! 4 4 + + @ | + | , ,
, ( @ ( .( , +, .
@
4
+.

., 4 4
+ v |
, (
(
,
@
| +0|2.
(|

G @ .
4)
=+,
.

@
4
= ,

v .

+ .
.

M
3) . Q , <

<, 0 . @ + 4 , 4 <
v
A

= , = . ( + . <

M1 a

+ 1 4 + (+ @).

. 1 + @

1 v

, @ 4 1 = .

1 = v .
@ . 4 . < = .

,
) = , ' ( < ( . 4 .

v = v .

. .

) = , ' ( < ( . 4 . .

1.

, , :

= .
.
= .
.

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