13:

1.
1.1
1:
D (Domain)
R (Range) f.
D R .

.
C = f(Y) = a+b Y,
C .

.
..
a>0 b>0.
.
.
1.2 .
2:

y = f(x) = a x + b
b a
x (
x ).

a (x1,y1)
a
(x,y), :

a=

(y

y1 ) /( x

x1 )

(x1,y1) (x2,y2)
a=(y2y1) / (x2x1)
.

 3 :
:
2

y = f(x) = a x + b x+c
x1 x2 ( f(x)=0)

b2
2a

x1,2

4ac

a0

=b 4 a c < 0
2

= b 4 a c > 0 .
2

= b 4 a c = 0 .
:

x1

b
a

x2

x1 x2

c.
a

a>0 f (convex function)

( x, y ) (

b
b2
,c
).
2a
4a

a<0 f (concave function)

( x, y ) (

b
b2
,c
).
2a
4a

:
f(x) () x f(x)>0 (f(x)<0).
f(x)=a.
a
(:
. 4.1.3. , ).

P = k a Q,
P Q , k, a

2

TR = P Q = k Q a Q


TC = F+b Q

2

= TR TC = a Q + (K b) Q F
Q.

a<0

Q* = b/2a = (K b)/2a, *= {( K
.

b) 2 / 4a} F

2.

y = f(x) [, f()]
f'()
f'() f
:
f'() = lim
h

f (a

h)
h

f (a)

x
f :
f'(x) = lim
h

f ( x h)
h

f ( x)

y = f(x) [, f()] :
y f(a) = f'(a) (x a) y = ( f(a) f'(a) a ) + f'(a) x
f , ,
f .

dy
dx

df ( x)
(: , df
dx

f dx x
). df dx f x .
: df(x) = f'(x).dx
:
f''(x) =

d2 f
f ' (x
= lim
2
h 0
dx

h)
h

f ' ( x)

f(x) x , f(x)
x ( ), .

lim f ( x)
x

 x,
x , .

lim f ( x)

lim g ( x)
x

i.

lim [ f ( x)

g ( x)]

ii.

lim [ f ( x)

g ( x)]

A B

iii.

lim [ f ( x) * g ( x)]

A* B

iv.

lim [ f ( x) / g ( x)]

A / B ( 0)

v. lim [ f ( x)]

1. f(x) = A ( )
2. y = Af(x) y' = Af'(x)
3. x' = 1
4. f(x) = x

f ' ( x)

f'(x) = 0

5. [f(x) g(x)]' = f'(x) g'(x)

6. [f(x)g(x)]' = f'(x)g(x) + f(x)g'(x)
7.

f ( x)
g ( x)

'

f ' ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ' ( x)
[ g ( x)] 2

[ f ( x) n ]' nf ( x) n 1 f ' ( x)
x
x
9. [e ]' e
g ( x)
10. [ e
]' e g ( x ) g ' ( x)
1
11. [log e x]'
x
f ' ( x)
12. [log e f ( x)]'
f ( x)
1
13. [log x]'
x ln
g ' ( x)
14. [log g ( x)]'
g ( x) ln
8.

'

15.

f ( x)

16. (x)' = x
17. (x)' = x

f ( x)

f ( x)

f ' ( x)

y = f(u) u = g(x),
( f g )( x) f [ g ( x)] . g(x)
, f.
x u '
y ( ). :

dy
dx

dy du
du dx

f(x)*g(x).

x y ,

dy
dx

:
1. x y
x ( ).
2.

dy
.
dx

f " " ( )
, f g .
f g :
g'[f(x)]*f'(x) = 1,
g'(y) = 1/f'(x) f'(x) 0
:
1. , y = f(x).
2. x y, x = f(y).
3. x = f(y) y x ( ).
4. y = g(x) , g
.

,
.
y = f(x), :
yx

y/ y
x/ x

x
y

y
x

x
f ' ( x)
y

,
.
, ,
, .

3.
Bolzano
[,],

, f(a) f(),
[f(),f()]


.
f(a) f(). f(a).f() ,
. 0
. ( 2 . 123)


f(x).
f'(x) f(x)

, .
0, (
)
4.
( )
( ) ,
.

.
y

dy
dx

f (x) :

0 ( )

d2y
0 ( )
dx 2

dy
dx

0 ( )

d2y
0 ( )
dx 2
y

f (x)

1. f (x ) .
2. ( f (x)

0 )
, x f (x ) .

3. , f (x ) ,
, f (x ) .
4. x
2 .

f (x)
f (x)

0 f .
0 f .
0 f c, c f (

f (c )
f ).

[a,b]

[a,b], (
f'(x)=0)) ( f'(x)=0
f''(x)=0),
(a, f(a)) (b, f(b)).
5.

f(x) F(x)
F(x) f(x).
f(x) F(x) = f(x)dx

10.1

adx ax c

10.2

x n dx

10.3

x 1dx log e x c

10.4

f ( x)
dx log e f ( x ) c
f ( x)

10.5

f n ( x )dx

1
f n 1 ( x) c
n 1 f ( x)

10.6

e x dx

10.7

f ( x )e f ( x ) dx

1
n 1

ex

xn

e f ( x)

f ( x ) g ( x )dx

f ( x)g( x)

f ( x ) g ( x )dx

. F(x) f(x) F'(x) = f(x)
F(x) + C f(x) (F(x)+C)' = F'(x) +C' =
F'(x) +0 = f(x) .
(..
) C


f(x) a b

, x = x = b.

To f
b
a

f ( x )dx

F ( x)

x b
x a

f , F ( x )

a x

F (b) F ( a ) F

f ( x) .

f(x) a b,
F(x).

. (
,
)

b
a
b
a
a
a

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx

f ( x )dx

f ( x )dx 0
b

kf ( x )dx k

f ( x )dx

f ( x )dx

f ( x )dx

c
b

f ( x )dx

f ( x )dx

c
a

f ( x )dx

b
a

g ( x )dx