(Decimal System)

_:.¸¸ (9,...,2,1,0
2 2 - ..-| 2 222
100 2 + 10 2 + 2 =
10
2
2 + 10
1
2 + 10
0
2 =
(222)
10
= 200 + 20 + 2 =
2 1 0 ...

10

(100)
8

(100)
2
(100)
10
(100)
16
(Binary System)
(Bit) 1 , 0
(Binary Digit)
(+5V)

2
0 1 2 ...
::
2
5
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0


32

16

8

4

2

1
(Octal System)
0 .. 7 8
(0,1
_:.¸ \ 8 9 0 .. 7
_i. .,i,·.. _:.¸¸ .8 0 1 2 ...
8
4
8
3
8
2
8
1
8
0

4096

512

64

8

1
(Hexadecimal System)

.L.¸

..-. 16
16 2 ,1 , 0
16
4
16
3
16
2
16
1
16
0

65536

4096

256

16

1
::
10

\.,

16
10 11 12 13 14 15 0 1 ... 9 A B C D E F
A B C D E F
10 11 12 13 14 15
0 0000 0 0
1 0001 1 1
2 0010 2 2
3 0011 3 3
4 0100 4 4
5 0101 5 5
6 0110 6 6
7 0111 7 7
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
(64)
10
64 2
0 32 2
0 16 2
0 8 2
0 4 2
0 2 2
0 1 2
1 0
(LSB)
(MSB)
(1000000)
2
= (64)
10
(77)
10
77 2
1 38 2
0 19 2
1 9 2
1 4 2
0 2 2
0 1 2
1 0
(1001101)
2
= (77)
10


( )
2
= (39)
10
2
5
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0

32

16

8

4

2

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

(100111 )
2
= (39)
10
( )
2
= (77)
10
2
6
2
5
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0


1 0 0 1 1 0 1
64 32

16

8

4

2

1

1 0 0 1 1 0 1
( 1001101)
2
= (77)
10
· ,,¸.:

( )
2
= (100)
10
.( )
2
= (55)
10
.( )
2
= (90)
10
(101)
2
2
2
1 + 2
1
0 + 2
0
1 = (101)
2
4 1 + 2 0 + 1 1 =
5 = 4 + 0 + 1 =
(5)
10
= (101)
2
(1110)
2
2
3
1 +

2
2
1 + 2
1
1 + 2
0
0 = (1110)
2
8 1 + 4 1 + 2 1 + 1 0 =
14 = 8 + 4 + 2 + 0 =
(14)
10
= (1110)
2
· ,,¸.:
( )
10
= (11111)
2
( )
10
= (10101010)
2
( )
10
= (1111001)
2
(..-|¸ ...-)

(LSB)
( )
16
= (011011110011)
2
(011011110011)
2

6 F 3
(6F3)
16
= (011011110011)
2
( )
16
= (111111000010101100)
2
(00111111000010101100)
2

3 A 0 F C
(3A0FC)
16
= (111111000010101100)
2

( )
2
= (1000)
16
(1 0 0 0)
16

0001 0000 0000 0000
(1000000000000)
2
= (0001000000000000)
2
= (1000)
16

( )
2
=(A29)
16

(A 2 9)
16

1010 0010 1001
(101000101001)
2
( A29)
16
«i:.x|





2

( )
2
= (15)
10
( )
2
= (70)
10
( )
2
= (88)
10
( )
10
= (101100101010)
2
( )
10
= (111001010)
2
( )
10
= (0011010101010)
2
( )
16
= (101100101010)
2
( )
16
= (111001010)
2
( )
16
= (0011010101010)
2
( )
2
= (4A55)
16
( )
2
= (FEC)
16
( )
2
= (25893)
16
:
,,-, (1 0

|.-|¸

(0 V) ¸
((+5 V)
(Truth Tables)

n ,,- .( 2
n
)
4 2
2
(A,B)
(Buffer) (NOT) \ .(OR) (AND)
{·..·..|) .(XOR NOR NAND
(XNOR
AND
F = A . B

F
A
B
F = A . B B A
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 1 1
A B
5V
100
AND

+6V
F
A
B
10K
10K
4.7K
2N2222
2N2222
A
B
F
4.7K
+6V
7408
OR
F = A + B

F
A
B

F = A + B B A
0 0 0
1 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 1
A
B
5V
100
OR
F
A
B
10K
10K
4.7K
+5v
::
7432
NOT

1
A F
F = A
F = A
1 0
0 1
5V
100
BUFFER
F = A
+5V
F
A
RC
RB
::
F A
F= A A
0 0
1 1
F
RC
A
VCC
NAND
F = A.B
F
A
B
A
B
F
F B A
1 0 0
1 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
+6V
F
A
B
10K
10K
4.7K
2N2222
2N2222
NAND 7403
NOR
F = A +B
F
A
B
A
B
F
F B A
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 1 1
+6V
A
B
10K
10K
4.7K
2N2222
F
A
10K
4.7K
B
10K
F
2N2222
2N2222
+6V
7402
XOR
F = A B+ AB
= A B
F
A
B
F B A
0 0 0
1 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
XNOR
:
F =A.B +A.B
= A B
= A B
F
A
B
F B A
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 1 1
NOT XOR XNOR .,|¸, _.. ,.¸
XNOR
74135
A
B
F
XNOR XOR NOR NAND NOT OR AND INPUT
A B A B
A +B
A + B A . B B A
1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
F = AB + CD + A D
_>|
F
A
B
C
D
F
A
B
C
D
F
A
B
C
()
F
A
B
C
F = A. (B + C)
F = AB + CD
F =AB + AB + CB + A B C
A=1, B= 0
F
A
B
Y2
Y3
Y5
Y4
·F
F = 1

Y1 = Y2 + Y3
Y2 = Y5. A
Y3 = Y4 . B
Y4 = A
Y5 = B
F = A B + A B = A B
F A B B B A
0 0 0 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 1

F C B A
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
1 1 1 0
0 0 0 1
1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1
¸
A 1, A 0
F = ABC + A B C + AB C
F
A
B
F
A
B
F = AB + A B + AB
F = AC + BD
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
A + B = B + A
A.B = B.A
(A + B) +C = A+ (B + C)
(A.B).C = A.(B.C)
A.(B + C) = A.B + A.C
A + (B.C) = (A + B).(A+C)
A + A = A
A.A = A


A = A
A = 1 A 0
A = 0 A 1
A + A.B = A
A.(A + B) = A
1 + A = 1
1.A = A
0 + A = A
0.A = 0
+ A = 1
.A = 0
( ) = .
(A.B) = A + B
A.(B + C) = A.B + A.C
A.B+A.C A.C A.B A.(B+C) B +C C B A
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

A.(B+C) = A.B + A.C
(A+B) = (A.B)
A.B A + B B A
1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1

(A+B) = (A.B)
F = ABC + AC
F = A.B.C+ A.C
= C.(A.B+ A)
= C.((A + B) . (A + A))
= C.(A +B) . 1
= C.(A+ B)
F = A.B.C + A.C = C.(A+B)
F = A.B.(D + C.D) + B.(A+ A.C.D)
F = A.B.(D + C.D) + B.(A+A.C.D)
= A.B.D + A.B.C.D + A.B + A.B.C.D
= A.B.D + A.B + A.B.D (C+ C)
= A.B.D+ A.B + A.B.D
= A.B.(D + D) + A.B
= A.B + A.B
= B.(A + A) = B . 1
F = A.B.(D + C.D) + B.(A+ A.C.D) = B
NAND AND, OR, NOT
NAND
A F
A
F = (A.A) = A
NOT
F
A
B
A
B F = (A.B) = A.B
AND
A
B
F
A
B
F = (A.B) = A + B = A + B
OR
A
B
F
A
B
F = (A.B) = (A+B)
NOR
NAND
F
A
B
C
B
C F
A
NOT
Buffer NOT AND OR
XNOR XOR NOR NAND
X
NAND NOT
NOT
A = A
1+A = 0
NOT .,|¸,¸ AND .,|¸,
· NOR
1 0
A B C F(A,B,C) Product terms
0 0 0 0 0 A B C
1 0 0 1 1 A B C
2 0 1 0 1 A B C
3 0 1 1 0 A B C
4 1 0 0 0 A B C
5 1 0 1 1 A B C
6 1 1 0 1 A B C
7 1 1 1 0 A B C
F (A, B, C) = A B C +A B C +A B C+A B C F
n ,,- 2
n

Karnaugh Map
(Sum-of-product)

AB + AB = A
A1 A(B+B)
A 1A
AB + AB = A
(K-MAP) Karnaugh Map
AB - AB A K-MAP
6 K-MAP .:¸¸i
Quine-Mckluskey
_:.¸ (Product term) K-map
K-map
(Product term)
1 (Product term)

AB + AB K-map
1
1 A B

|.-
1 AB
A B,A,B,A
A AB+AB A

B+B
0 1
0
1
1 1
A
B
AB + AB K- map
0 1
0
1
2 3
A
B
0 1
B
B
A
A
A B+A B +A B
AB 1
AB 1
A B 1
A B , A B
A

1=B+B
B A B , A B
A B+A B+A B= A+B A + B
K-map
MAP-K

..,.¸) .|¸i\|

K-map
1
1
1
A
B
0 1
0
1
B
B
A
A
K- map
A B +A B + A B
00 01 11 10
0
1
A
BC
C
C
C
B
A
A
B
0 1 3 2
000 001 011 010
4 5 7 6
100 101 111 110
K- map
A B C F Product terms
0 0 0 0 1 A B C
1 0 0 1 0
2 0 1 0 0
3 0 1 1 1 A B C
4 1 0 0 0
5 1 0 1 0
6 1 1 0 0
7 1 1 1 1 A B C
F = A B C + A B C + A B C
.¸.- ..;·,

(.,|¸, 11)

15
K-Map
ABC , ABC
BC 1=A+A
..|. .-,

A B C
F = BC + A B C
B
0
1
A
A
B
00 01 11 10
A
BC
C
C
C
1 1
1
F = A B C + A B C + A B C K- map

(6 15
F

F = BC + A B C
K-MAP F = A B C+ A B C+A B C
K-map
A B C F Product terms
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
2 0 1 0 1 A B C
3 0 1 1 1 A B C
4 1 0 0 0
5 1 0 1 1 A B C
6 1 1 0 1 A B C
7 1 1 1 1 A B C
F = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
:K-map
1
00 01 11 10
0
1
A
BC
C
C
C
B
A
A
B
1 1
1 1 1
K- map
F = A B C+ABC+ABC+ABC+ABC
C,C A,A
AC,B,B B _:,.¸¸_-i.
F = B + AC AC
23 9
3
NAND
F = B + AC
F = A B C + A B C+A B C K-map
AB+AC+BC = AB+AC _- K-map
F
1
1
1 1
B
0
1
A
A
B
00 01 11 10
A
BC
C
C
C

.Combinational Logic Circuit
Decoder
D0.D1.D2.D3 (x.y)
,
2

AND NOR NAND

(Active Low)

D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
Y X
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 1
X
Y
D
0
= X . Y
D
1
= X . Y
D
2
= X . Y
D
3
= X . Y
x y z
enable D7 --- D0
3 ÷ to - 8 line Decoder .
X
Y
D
0
= X . Y . Z
D
1
= X . Y . Z
D
2
= X . Y . Z
D
3
= X . Y . Z
D
4
= X . Y . Z
D
5
= X . Y . Z
D
6
= X . Y . Z
D
7
= X . Y . Z
Z
Enable _:.

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 z y x
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
_:.
3 x 8
Decoder

4028
Q9 --- Q0 A B C D
4028
MuItipIexer
control lines
, ,,- .

2
,
X x1.x2.x3.x4
4-Ìnput Multiplexer. A.B

B A
X0 0 0
X1 1 0
X2 0 1
X3 1 1
A
B
O/P 4x1
0
1
2
3
A
B
X
0
X
1
X
2
X
3
Out
74358
DemuItipIexer
control lines

2
,
ÌN OUT0,OUT1,OUT2,OUT3
4-Output Multiplexer . A,B
.(1) ÌN
B A
D0 0 0
D1 1 0
D2 0 1
D3 1 1
A
B
Ì/P 1x4
D0
D1
D2
D3
A
B
ÌN
D0
D1
D2
D3
74237
Sequential Logic Circuit
.--|¸ .¸.-.
FIip FIops
RS
JK
D
T
RS
Reset¸ Set

Q  Q