.

, ,
.
,
. ,
. ,
,
, ,
( ), ,

( 1023 ) .
, ,
.

, .

,
.
, , . ,
,
.
, ,
,

.
1

- .
:

~ =
rot H

~
1 @E
c @t

~=
rot E

4

~j

; 1c @@tH

~ =0
div H
~ = 4
div E
,
, -
, .

l - , L , , a -
. a  l  L.
L

, , , , .

 : 0

   T , 0- ,

- ,

- (
).

f (~r ; t)

< f (~r ; t) > f (~r0 ; t0 ) 

1
2 V

Z+ Z

t0 

dt

t0 

dV f (~r ; t);

~r0

- .

1
@f
<
>=
@t
2 V

Z
V

Z+

t0 

dV

t0 

@f (~r; t)
dt
@t

dV

 f (~r; t

0 +  ) ; f (~r ; t0 ;  ) :
2

tZ
0 +
Z
@ 1
@
< f >=
dV
dtf (~r ; t) =
@t0
@t0 2 V
t0 ;
V


Z
@ F (~r; t0 +  ) ; F (~r; t0 ;  )
1
=
dV
=
V
@t0
2

Z
V

dV

 f (~r; t

0 +  ) ; f (~r ; t0 ;  ) :
2

, ,

<

@f
@
>=
<f >:
@t
@t0

< grad f >= grad < f > :

,
,

<f >

. ,
,

< f (~r ; t) >

2

R
V

Z+ Z

w(~r ):

t0 

w(~r )dV

dt

t0 

dV w(~r)f (~r ; t)

.
3

 .
:

~ (~r; t)  ~e(~r ; t);

E

~ (~r; t)  ~h(~r; t):

H

:
rot ~
h=

e
1 @~
c @t

rot ~
e=

4

~j

; 1c @@th

div ~
h=0
div ~
e = 4
:

@
+ div ~
j = 0;
@t
.

,
, .
,
( ),
,
( ).

~j

 =  + 

= ~j + ~
j

@
@t

@
@t

+ div ~
j = 0

+ div ~
j = 0:

.
4

@ <  >
+ div < ~j >= 0:
@t
~ , P~ - <  >= ; div P
@ <  >
+ div < ~
j >= 0
@t

.
div

@ P~
< ~j > ;
@t

!
=0

< ~j > ;

~
M

@ P~
@t

~
c rot M;

- .

<  >= ; div P~ ;

@ P~
@t

< ~j >=

~
P~ ; M

P~

~:
M

~:
+ c rot M

,
, .

~jM

 c rot M~ .

~jP

 ; @@tP

, :

~
< ~e > E;

~
< ~h > B;

E~

<  > ;

< ~j > ~j :

~
B

- -

.
:

~=
rot B

~
1 @E
c @t

4

< ~j > +

4

~j

~=
rot E

; 1c @@tB

~ =0
div B
~ = 4
div E

<  + 4
~ =E
~ + 4 P~ D
~
~
~
H = B ; 4 M ()

. :

~ =
rot H

~
1 @D
c @t

4

~=
rot E

< ~j > +
~

; 1c @@tB

~ =0
div B
~ = 4
div D

4

~j


,

.
.

P~

- -

<  >= ; div P~ . -

, , ,

@ + div ~j = 0

@t

!
~
@
P
div < ~
j > ; @t = 0
,

~
< ~j > ; @@tP

~
c rot M;

M~ - , () -

P~ ; M~ .

, . , .

d~ =

dV <  > ~r = ; dV ~r div P~

1

~q:

Z
~
~qd = ; dV (~r~q) div P~ :

~ (~r~q) = div[(~r~q)P~ ] ; P~ ~q:

~r~q) div P~ = div[(~r~q)P~ ] ; P~ r

-:

~qd~ =

Z
~
~
(~
r~q)P dS + dV P~ ~q:

S <  >, , P~ , -

, .


Z
~
~
q~ d ; dV P = 0:

d~ =

~q,

dV P~ :

..

P~

~
P~  Vd ;
-

(
).

P~

P~ .

~jM = c rot M~ .
Z
Z
1
1
~
m
~ = 2c dV [~rjM ] = 2 dV [~r rot M~ ]:

~q:

m
~ ~q = 2c

Z
1
~
dV ~q[~rjM ] = 2 dV [~r rot M~ ]:

~q[~r rot M~ ] = [~q~r] rot M~

div[

M~ [~q~r]] = [~q~r] rot M~ ; M~ rot[~q~r];

~q~r] = 2~q

rot[

,
1

m
~ ~q = 2

Z
~
~
~ q:
dS [M [~q~r]] + dV M~

M~

= 0,

~q m
~ ; dV M~

m
~=

=0

~q

~
dV M:

, . (
).

; @@tP .

~ =
rot H

~
1 @D
c @t

~=
rot E

4

~j

; 1c @@tB

~ =0
div B

 ~j

~ = 4;
div D
-

.
, . ,

~ ,
p~; M

~ = E~ + 4 P~
D
~ + 4 M
~
B~ = H
,
. ,

Si

~ =D
~ (E;
~ H;
~ Si)
D
~ (E;
~ H;
~ Si);
B~ = B
,

.
(
).
1

 , .

~ =D
~ (E;
~ H
~)
D
~ = B~ (E;
~ H
~ ):
B
,

,
.
, , ( ).

D = d + " E + w H + : : :
B = b +  H + s E + : : :
~ B
~ , E
~ D
~ H
, , d - ,
b - ; "  - , w s -
.

~
E~ = 0; H

= 0,

D = d ; B  = b , d ; b

. - , .
-

w s :
B~ E~ ,

~
D

~
H

"

. , .
, , ,
.
2

~ = "E;
~
D

" 

~ = H;
~
B

- .

: , , , ,
. .
:

~ =
rot H

~
1 @D
c @t

~=
rot E

4

~j

; 1c @@tB

~ =0
div B

~ = 4
div D

~ = "E;
~
D

~ = H:
~
B

.
, .

@
~ + 4 div ~j = 0;
div D
c @t
c

~ = 4, div D
. ,
, .


.
.

.

:
rot

~
H~ = 1c @@tD + 4c~j

~
E~ = ; 1c @@tB
~ =0
div B
~ = 4
div D
~
~
D~ = "E;
B~ = H:
rot

, , .
.
- ,
.
: div

B~ = 0.

~
B~ = rot A;
1

A~ - . -

~
E~ + c @@tA

rot

=0

, , , - .

~
~ ;
E~ + 1c @@tA = ;r
- .

~
E~ = ;r~  ; 1c @@tA
B~ = rot A~ !
~  + 1 @ A~
D~ = ;" r
c @t

H~ = 1 rot A~
~ .
,  A

 =  ; 1c @f
@t
~ f;
A~ = A~ + r
0

f = f (~r; t) - , ~ E~ ; H;
~ D~ .
B;

, ..

" = const;  = const.



2A
~
"
@
4
"
@
~
~
~
~
4A ; c2 @t2 = ; c j + r c @t + div A
2

 " @

2
@
4
1 @
"
~
4 ; c2 @t2 = ; "  ; c @t c @t + div A
,
. ,

" @ + div A~ = F (~r; t) 6 0:

c @t
,

" @
c @t

+ div

A~

=0

" @
c @t

+ div

@ 2f
A~ + 4f ; "
c2 @t2
0

F (~r; t):

f (~r; t) -

@ f = F (~r; t):
4f ; "
2
c @t2
2

, ( ).

@ A = ; 4~j
4A~ ; "
2
c @t2
c
2

@  = ; 4 
4 ; "
2
c @t2
"
2

" @ + div A~ = 0:
c @t
, :

c ! pc" ; ~j ! ~j ;  ! " .

3

(~r; t) = " dV
1

j~r ; r~ j
0

V0

Z

A~ (~r; t) = c dV

p" !
~
j
~
r
;
r
j
 r~ ; t ;
c
~p
~j r~ ; t ; j~r ; r j "
0

j~r ; r~ j

!
:


-
.

~
rot H~ = 1c @@tD + 4c~j
~
c @t

rot E~ = ; 1 @ B
div B~ = 0
div D~ = 4

, . -
Z

div A~ dV =

A~ dS~

rot A~ dS~ =

A~ d~l:

dS~ S .
Z
I
@
1
D~ dS~ + 4 I;
H~ d~l =
l

c @t

I = ~j dS~ - S .
S

V ,
S .

I

D~ dS~ = 4  dV = 4Q;

Q - , V .
. .
I
Z
~H d~l = 1 @ D~ dS~ + 4 I
l

I
l

c @t

Z
~E d~l = ; 1 @ B~ dS~
c @t
I

B~ dS~ = 0

D~ dS~ = 4Q:

, . ,
,
.
, - .
, l0, ,
. ,
, l0,
.
2

 , ,
.
2h.
D

D







"1;
"2;

1
2

~n

dS~ = ~n dS


D

D

D















D

dS~ = ;~n dS

, B~ , . , .
S
(B~ 1~n ; B~ 2~n) = 0:
, B1n = B2n.
, 1H1n = 2H2n.

Z

S
(D1n ; D2n ) = 4 hlim

!0  dV:
V

, D1n ; D2n = 4,  - .

"1E1n ; "2E2n = 4

@1 = 4 :
2
"2 @
;
"
1

@n
@n
3

 , , ABCD .

D

~n








"1 ;
"2 ;

1
2

A
D

B ~
C






+




~

. , ABCD AB
(E1 ; E2 ) = 0.

E1 = E2 :

H ; H = 4~i ~:

c
ABCD, ,
H2 ; H1 = 4c~i~ :
2

1

[~n  (H~ 1 ; H~ 2)] = 4c~i:

:
E1 = E2 ; D1n ; D2n = 4;
B = B ; [~n  (H~ ; H~ )] = 4~i :
1n

2n

:
~
rot H~ = 1 @ D + 4~j
c @t

~
rot E~ = ; 1c @@tB
div B~ = 0
div D~ = 4:
, .
E~ , H~
. ,
~
~
~ @ B + 4 ~j E:
~
~ ;H
~ rot E = 1 E~ @ D + 1 H
E~ rot H
c

@t

@t

~
div[E~ H~ ] = H~ rot E~ ; E~ rot H;

~ = "E;
~
~ = H;
~
D
B
,


1
@ n ~ ~ ~ ~ o 4 ~ ~ 1 ~ 2 @" ~ 2 @
~
~
; div[E H ] = 2c @t E D + H B + c j E + 2 E @t + H @t :
1

 ,
,
:
@
w + div ~ + ~j E~ = 0;
@t

~ +H
~B
~ "E~ 2 + H
~2
E~ D
c ~
w=
=
;
~ = [E~ H
8
8
4 ]
w
~.
.
,
Z
Z
Z
@
; @t w dV = div ~ dV + ~j E~ dV:
V

,
Z
Z
@
d
w dV =
w dV
@t
dt
V

:
I
Z
d
; dt E = ~ dS~ + ~j E~ dV;
S
V
Z
E = w dV - ,
V

.
V
, ,
, V , .

 (
)

- .

~ =
rot H

~
1 @D
c @t

4

~j

; 1c @@tB

~=
rot E

~ =0
div B

~ = 4:
div D
, ..

, ,

. ,

~j  0.

~ =0
rot H
~ =0
rot E

~ =0
div B

~ = 4;
div D
,
.
1

~ = H
~,
B
~
= 0;  div H = 0.

- .

,

~
H

~
rot H

- . -

~
H

~
H

 0.

~ , E
~
~
, .. E = ;r.
~ = "E~ ,
, , D

4 + r""r = ; 4" :
~ ~

r" = 0)

( ~

4 = ; 4" :
:

E1

D1n ; D2n = 4:

E2 ;

"2

@2
@
;
"1 1
@n
@n

= 4:

1 = 2 + const).

1 = 2 , -

- ,
, .
, , .

E=

Z
V

~ E~
D
dV;
8

;r~ ,
E = ; 8
1

Z n

~)
div(D

;  div D~

dV:

E~

~ = 4
- div D

E = ; 8
1

~ dS~ +
D

1
2

=O

1
R

jD~ j = O

E = ;2
1

 dV:

1
R

! 1 .

(~r )(~r) dV:

, , .
.
, ,
( ). - .

 .

.

:
Z
1
~ 2 dV;
U =
E
8
V

~ 2 ~e2
E
~ = 0,
, , E
~
e2 = 0. ,
.
:

U =

1
8

~ grad ' dV =
E

1
8

~ ) dV + 1
div('E
8

~ dV:
' div E

,
~ = 0.
, div E
-:
1
U =
8

~ dS:
~
'E

( )

, ,
' = 0 . i

 'i , :
1
U =
8

XI
i

~ dS
~ = 1
'E
8

Si

X I
'i

~ dS;
~
E

Si

, , ( ).

U =

1X
Qi'i :
2 i

, ..

X
n

'i =

i = 1; 2; : : : ; n:

Sik Qk

=1

Sik . ,
,
. :

X
n

Qi =

i = 1; 2; : : : ; n:

Cik 'k

=1

Cik . Cii , Cik ; k = i -

.
:

U =

1X
1X
Cik 'i 'k =
Sik Qi Qk :
2
2
i;k

i;k

,
.
2

 , ,
Cii > 0;

Cik < 0

Cii Cjj > Cij2 :

(i = k )

, C; S ,
@ 2U

@Qi@Qk

@ 2U
@Qk @Qi

@U
@Qi

@U

= 'i ;

@'i

= Qi :

Tik =

;

ik

"

; 4

Ei Ek

E2

ik

~ -
" - , E
. , ~ , ""
dS
,
~ =
dF

;(;

ik

dSk ) = ik nk dS;

~n - . , ~ ,
E
~ =
F

"E 2

8
S

~
dS:

, .
,
1
U =
8

~E
~ dV = 1
D

' dV:
V

:
U =

(f~; ~r) dV;

U = 2U

U =

;U =

Z
'

' + '

~E
~
D

8

E2

; 8 " ; "

!
dV;

~ E
~
E

4

!
dV:

:
~ E
~ =
"E

~ (grad ') = ;"E

~ grad(') = ; divf"E'
~ g + divf"E
~ g' =
;"E
~ g + 4':
= ; divf"E'

,
U =

Z 

' + '

E2

"

; 8 " + 4
1

g ; '

~
div "E'

dV:

~
div "E'
dV =

!0

~
~
"E'
dS

U =

Z 
'
V

! 1,

E2

; 8 "

dV:

dV ,

1. ;
2. .

,  =
div(~r). ,  , ,  = div( ~r). :
" =

@"
;(~r grad ") ; @
 div(~
r):

,
U =

Z 

E2

E 2 @"

;' div(~r) + 8 ~r grad " + 8 @  div(~r)

dV:

f~~r dV .
' div(~
r) = div('~r) (grad '; ~r);
E 2 @"

8 @

 div(~
r) = div

 E 2 @"
8 @

;
;

 

 ~
r

~r; grad

 E 2 @" 
8 @

-,
U =

Z 
V

E2

; div('~r) + (grad '; ~r) + 8 ~r grad " + div

~r; grad

 E 2 @" 
8 @

dV =

I 
S

E 2 @"

;' + 8 @ 

E 2 @"

8 @


 ~
r

~+
~r dS

Z 

2
~ + E grad "
E
8

r
~
f~ = E

; grad

 E 2 @" 
8 @

~
r dV:

! 1 ,

E2

; 8 grad " + grad

 E 2 @" 
8 @

, , .

Tik =

"

;ik = ; 4

Ei Ek

E2

ik

~ - " - , E
. ,
~ , "" dS
,
~ = ( ik dSk ) = ik dSnk ;
dF

;;

~n - . :
~ = "
F
4

I 

~ (~
~)
E
nE

1 2
E ~
n dS:
2

 (
)

- .

~ =
rot H

~
1 @D
c @t

4

c
~
~ = ; 1 @B
rot E
c @t
~
div B = 0
~ = 4:
div D

~j

- , ,
.

~ =
rot H

4

~j

~ =0
rot E

~ =0
div B

~ = 4:
div D

~j
@
+ div ~j = 0,
@t
div ~j = 0:

 ,
, .

~j

~ );
(E~ + E

- .

~
~j = E:

. ,
div ~j = 0

j 1n

= j2n :

1
(E1n + E1n ) = 2
(E2n + E2n )

"1 E1n ; "2 E2n = 4
E1

E 2

1 H1n = 2 H2n
~1 ; H
~ 2 )] = 4~i:
[~
n  (H
c

,
:

H~ = 4c~j ;
~ = 0;
div B

rot

rot
div

E~ = 0;

D~ = 4:

A~ ,

~
B~ = rot A:
,

f . A~ div A~ = 0.
, ..  = const. ,
~ = grad div A~ ; 4A~ = ;4A~ , rot rot A

grad

~
4A~ = ; 4
c j:

-
:

B1n = B2n;

~n12  (H~ 2 ; H~ 1) = 4c~i:

j1n = j2n;

A~ (~r) = c

~j (r~ )
dV :
j~r ; r~ j
0

V
1

r  l, l - -

, .

~  ~r ;
A~ = m
r3

Z

m
~ = 2c ~r  ~j dV :
0

~:
~ )~r ; m
B~ = rot A~ = 3(~rrm
5
r3



.
--.

,
:

H~ = 4c~j
~ =0
rot E
~ =0
div B
~ = 4:
div D
rot

.
, ,
.
. div

I
S

~j dS~ =

Z
S1

~j dS~ +

Z
S

~j = 0

~j dS~ +

~j dS~ = 0:

S2

S , , jn = 0

. ,
, .

 , , ,
.

~j dl = j d~l:

~
4A~ = ; 4
c j:

Z
~A(~r) =  ~j (r~ ) dV
c j~r ; r~ j
V
0

Z

jdSd~l dV:
=
c j~r ; r~ j
V
0

j~r ; r~ j
0

Z
Z
Z
~

d
l
I
d~l :
A~ (~r) = c
j
dS
=
c j~r ; r~ j
j~r ; r~ j
0

B~ (~r) = rot A~ (~r) = Ic

rot

d~l :
j~r ; r~ j
0

rot

"

d~l

j~r ; r~ j
0

~
r~ dl ~
j~r ; r j


=

r~

"

d~l
j~r ; r~ j
1

"

Z
~B = I d~l ~r ; r~
c
j~r ; r~ j3
0

Z
=

--

"

~
dB~ = Ic d~l ~r ;~r 3 :
j~r ; r j
0

~
dB:

~r

~
d~l ~r ;~r 3 :
j~r ; r j
0


.
.

.

, .
Z
1
E = 8 B~ H~ dV:
V

B~ = rot A~ ,

~
div A~ H~ = H~ rot A~ ; A~ rot H;
:
Z n h i
o
1
~
~
~
E = 8 div AH + A rot H dV:
V

-, ,
rot H~ = 4c ~j .

I h i
Z
1
1
E = 8 A~ H~ dS~ + 2c A~~j dV:
S

,
~ H~
.
R ! 1 A;

 1  
jA~ j = O R ; jH~ j = O R12 ,
.
Z
1
E = 2c A~~j dV:
,
,

A~ (~r) = c

Z ~j (r~ )
~ j dV :
j
~
r
;
r
V
0

Z Z ~j (~r)~j (r~ )

E = 2c2 dV dV
~j :
j
~
r
;
r
V
V
0

N .
N
X
~jk (~r):

~j (~r) =

k=1

X
A~ (~r) = A~ m(~r);
N

m=1

A~ m(~r) - -, m- .
Z ~j (~r)~j (r~ ) X
N Z
N Z
N
X
X
1

k
m
~
E = 2c
Am~jk dV = 2c2
dV dV
~ j = k=1 Ekm ;
j
~
r
;
r
k=1 V
k=1 V
V
0

m=1

m=1

m=1

Z Z ~j (~r)~j (r~ )  Z

Ekm = 2c2 dV dV k m~ = 8 H~ k H~ m dV:
j~r ; r j
V
V
V
0

 k = m Ekm
, k- ; k 6=
m Ekm k- m-
. , ~jk (~r) k- , . , N , :
N
X
1
E = 2c2 LkmIk Im:
k=1
m=1

Lkm k = m k- , k 6= m -
k m.
,
.
.

I
N Z
N
X
X
1
1
~
~
E = 2c
jk (~r)A(~r) dV = 2c Ik d~lk A~ (~r):
k=1
k=1
V

Lk

Lk

d~lk A~ (~r) =

Z
Sk

dS~ rot A~ =

Z
Sk

B~ dS~ = k :

k - , k- .
N
X
1
E = 2c Ik k :
k=1

N
X
1
k = c Lkm Im:
m=1


, .

E I
E = 1c I :

 .
.
.

~ H;
~ D;
~ B
~
E;

, .
.
1.

l,

l  :

,
.
2.
,

" 

,

. , , ,
,

, ,

.
1

~
@D
4 @t
1

3. ~
j =

~j

(E~ + E~ )


 1

4

~
@D
 @t

 (E~ + E~ ) :

,
:

~ =
rot H
~=
rot E

4

~j
~

; 1c @@tB

~ =0
div B

~ = 4:
div D
, div ~
j = 0,

@
@t

= 0.

.

:

~ = "E;
~
D

~ = H;
~
B

~j

~
E:

. .

~ =
: rot rot H

r~ div H~ ; 4H~ ,

~ +r
~ div H:
~
rot E
4H~ = ; 4
c

@H
4H~ = 4
:
2
c @t
2

 = 0,

@E
:
4E~ = 4
2
c @t
,

@j
4~j = 4
:
2
c @t
,

~
@B
@t

~
;c rot E;

~ H;
~ ~j ,
E;

~j

c
~
rot H;
4

~
E

~j
:



(
).
-.

,
(

y>

y<

= 0 -

0) (-

0).

H~

~ =H
~ 0 e;i!t;
H

~ 0 = fH0 ; 0; 0g = const.
H
y = 0
B1n = B2n ;

H1

H2 :

@H
4H~ = 4
2
c @t

~ = H (y )e;i!t~ex :
H

d2 H (y )
dy 2

; 4i!
H (y ):
c2
1

H (0) = H0 :
,

H (y ) = ey :
, ,

2 = ;

=

i!
c2

c
p2!
.

; 22i ;

; iy

H (y ) = C1 e 

C2 e

; 1 ; i y

, :

jH (y)j < 1 y > 0.

;1 ; iy

H (y ) = H0 e

~
H

;i(!t ; y ) ; y

H~ = H~ 0 e

y.


- (,

e ).
c
, ~
j = rot H~ .
4
~j = ; c @H ~ez = c 1 ; i H~ez :
4 @y
4 

jE~ j =

~ ~j
E;

c ~
jH j;
4

j~j j =

c ~
jH j;
4
2

~
H

.
4
0,

, .

-.

~
H~ = 1c @@tD + 4c~j
~ = ; 1 @ B~
rot E
c @t
~ =0
div B
~ = 4:
div D

rot

, :

~
D~ = "E;

~
B~ = H:

-, , ,

, .
:
rot

~h = 1 @~e + 4~j
c @t c
rot

~
~e = ; 1c @@th
1

~h = 0
div ~
e = 4
div

( ). -
- .
, .
,
.
.
.

0 0 e e e 1
x
y
z
B
C;
;
e
0
;
h
h
fik = B
@ ;exy hz 0 z ;hyx C
A
;ez ;hy hx

@f ik = ; 4 j i;
@xk
c
@fik + @fkm + @fmi = 0;
@xm @xi @xk

j i = fj 0 = c; ~j g - ,

@j k = 0:
@xk
,
.

xi. , , < ~e >

E; < ~h > B~ ,
@Fik + @Fkm + @Fmi = 0;
@xm @xi @xk
Fik =< fik > - :
0 0 E E E 1
0 0 ;E ;E ;E 1
x
y
z
x
y
z
B
C
B
;Ex 0 ;Hz Hy C ; F ik = B Ex 0 ;Hz Hy C
Fik = B
@ ;Ey Hz 0 ;Hx A
@ Ey Hz 0 ;Hx C
A:
;Ez ;Hy Hx 0
Ez ;Hy Hx
0

~
E~ = ; 1c @@tB
~ = 0:
div B

rot

. , :

k
k
@j
@j
=
@xk
@xk = 0:
k >,
j k < j
k > j k + < j k > :
< j

k >
< j
k >
, , < j

k >= c @m ;
< j
@xi
ki

mki = ;mik .

P~ ; M~ .

0
<  >= 1c < j
>= ; div P~ ;

mik

@m00 + @m01 + @m02 + @m03 :

@x0 @x1 @x2 @x3
mik , m00 = 0
m0 = ;(P~ ):

; div P~ = @m
@xi

0i

i
 >= c @m = @ P~
< j
@xi
@t

0 0 P
x
B
;
P
0
x
mik = B
@ ;P ;M
y

;Pz My

c (rot M~ ):

Pz
0
;Px ;Py ;Pz
C
B
;My C ; mik = B Px 0 Mz ;My C
@ Py ;Mz 0 Mx C
A:
0
Mx A
;Mx 0
Pz My ;Mx 0
Py
Mz

@fik + @fkm + @fmi = 0:

@xm @xi @xk
Qik = F ik + 4mik ,
@Qik = ; 4 j i:
@xk
c
~ = E~ + 4P~ ; H~ = B~ ; 4M~ ,
D
0 0 D D D 1
0 0 ;D ;D ;D 1
x
y
z
x
y
z
B
C
B
;Dx 0 ;Hz Hy C ; Qik = B Dx 0 ;Hz Hy C
Qik = B
@ ;Dy Hz 0 ;Hx A
@ Dy Hz 0 ;Hx C
A:
;Dz ;Hy Hx 0
Dz ;Hy Hx
0

@Qik = ; 4 j i
@xk
c

rot

~
H~ = 1c @@tD + 4c~j
~ = 4:
div D
4

 , :

@Qik = ; 4 j i;
@xk
c
@Fik + @Fkm + @Fmi = 0:
@xm @xi @xk

.
, ,

K.

K,
0

, .

D

"; .

;

z D
 ;;


; 

;
;









,
x
`


y





,

~v

~
D

"E~ ;

~
B

~:
H
0

K:
0

~
D
~
D

~
D

=
1

r
?

0
k

~ ;
D

~
H

~]
[~
vH

~
H

v
1;
c2
~ =B
~ ;
B
2

~
B

B~

E~

0
?

; 1c [~vE~ ]

r
?

v2
1;
c2

~ ;
H

~
H

; 1c [~vD~ ]

r
?

; vc2

0
k

E~

~ ;
E
k

E~

r
?

~ D;
~ B;
~ H
~:
E;

~]
[~
vB

; vc2

~
D
~
D

r
?

"E~ ;

~
B

~]
[~
vH

~
E

v2
1;
c2

~
B

; 1c [~vE~ ]

r
?

v2
1;
c2

"

r
?

~ ;
H
k

~]
[~
vB

v2
1;
c2

~
H

; 1c [~vD~ ]

r
?

v2
1;
c2

8


1
1
>
>
< D~ + c [~vH~ ] ; " E~ + c [~vB~ ] = 0;
 1 
1
>
>
~
~
: B ; [~vE ] ;  H~ ; [~vD~ ] = 0:
c

B~ =

( )

~ ; 1 [~vD
~]
[~
vE~ ] +  H
c
c

B~

~ ] = " E~ +
~ + [~vH
D
c
~
D
~ ] = [~vE~ ] = 0; ~v D
~ = ~v E
~
[~
vD

k

~
D

"v 2 ~
D
1;
c2

~
D

~ ; E~
D

= 0,

" E~

E~

E~

 

v2 ~
1;
E
c2

" ; 1 ~
[~
vH ]:
c

n2 = ",

~
D

 ~

~ ]] :
[~
v[~vE~ ]] + [~vH
];
[~
v[~vD
c
c
c2

~:
B

~
D

"E~ ;

v2
" 1 ; 2 E~
c

n2 ; 1 ~
[~
vH ]
c

n2 v 2
1;
c2

~ = H
~ ;
B

n2 ; 1 ~
v2 ~
[~
vE ]
 1; 2 H
;
c
c
:
n2 v 2
1;
c2

~
B

, ,

K ,
0

, .

; nc2v

2 2

= 0 . -

~ H
~,
E;

~ B~
D;

, -

. ,

~ B
~
E;

~ 1 B:
~
H


~ = "E;
~
D

E;
~ H~ ,

( )

n2 v 2
1;
c2

. -

; nc2v 6= 0.
~:
() H
2 2

~
H

B~ ; [~vE~ ]
c
c


+

~]
[~
vD

( ) ,
, ,

~
D



"

v2
1;
c2

~
D

"E~ ;
k

v2 ~
E
1;
n2 c2

n2 ; 1 ~
+
[~
vB ] ;
n2c

B~ ;

 n2v2 
1
 v2  1 ; c2 B~
 1; 2
c
~
H

~
H

n2 ; 1 ~
+
[~
vE ] :
c

"

~ =
D
1

~
H



; vc2
1

v2
 1; 2
c

v 2 ~ n2 ; 1 ~
n2 ; 1 ~
1;
E
;
(~
v
E
)~
v
+
[~
vB ] ;
n2 c2
n2 c2
n2c



n2 v 2 ~ n2 ; 1 ~
n2 ; 1 ~
1;
B + 2 (~v B )~v +
[~
vE ] :
c2
c
c

P~

M~

~ E;
~ D;
~ H;
~ P~ ; M~ .
B;
Fik ; Qik ; mik .
K
K , ~v , :
0

t ; ~vc~2r
~
r
;
~
v
t
r~ = r
; t =r
;
2
2
v
v
1 ; c2
1 ; c2
r~ = ~r :
k

i @x k
@x
ik
A = @xl @xm Alm;
, Aik F ik ; Qik ; mik ,
D~ = D~ ; H~ = H~ ;
D~ + 1c [~vH~ ]
H~ ; 1c [~vD~ ]
D~ = r
; H~ = r
:
2
2
v
v
1 ; c2
1 ; c2
0

 P~ ; M~ :
P~ = P~ ;

M~ = M~ ;

M~ + 1c [~vP~ ]
M~ = r
;
2
v
1 ; c2

P~ ; 1c [~vM~ ]
;
P~ = r
2
v
1 ; c2
~ B~ :
E;
?

B~ = B~ ;

E~ = E~ ;

B~ ; 1c [~vE~ ]
B~ = r
;
2
v
1 ; c2
0

E~ + 1c [~vB~ ]
E~ = r
:
2
v
1 ; c2

: , .


.
.

. ~j
 K ,
, K , K ~v.
0

~j

~j

=r

+  ~v
0

v2

1 ; c2

~j ~v
+ 2
r c 2:
1 ; vc2
0

~j

= ~j

0
?

=

K ,
..  = 0, E~ = 0. ~j = E~ ,
0

~j

=r

E~

0
k

2
1 ; vc2

~j

= E~ ;

=

~
E

0
k

= E~ ;
k

E~

+ 1c [~vB~ ]
= r
;
v2
1 ; c2
~
E

E~ ~v
k

2
1 ; vc2


~j

E~

=r
;
v2
1 ; c2
k

~j

~
 E


1
+ [~vB~ ]

c
2
1 ; vc2

=

 1 
~ + [~vB
~]
 E
~v
E~
c
~j =
r
;
= r
:
2
v2
v
1 ; c2
c2 1 ; 2
c

rE ~v 2 :
v
c2 1 ; 2
c
k




-.

,
(

y>

y<

= 0 -

0) (-

0).

~
H

~ =H
~ 0 e;i!t;
H

~ 0 = fH0 ; 0; 0g = const.
H
y = 0
B1n = B2n ;

H1

H2 :

@H
4H~ = 4
2
c @t

~ = H (y )e;i!t~ex :
H

d2 H (y )
dy 2

; 4i!
H (y ):
c2
1

H (0) = H0 :
,

H (y ) = ey :
, ,

2 = ;

=

i!
c2

c
p2!
.

; 22i ;

; iy

H (y ) = C1 e 

C2 e

; 1 ; i y

, :

jH (y)j < 1 y > 0.

;1 ; iy

H (y ) = H0 e

~
H

;i(!t ; y ) ; y

H~ = H~ 0 e

y.


- (,

e ).
c
, ~
j = rot H~ .
4
~j = ; c @H ~ez = c 1 ; i H~ez :
4 @y
4 

jE~ j =

~ ~j
E;

c ~
jH j;
4

j~j j =

c ~
jH j;
4
2

~
H

.
4

-.
,

! 0,

, .

- -

,
;

H~

= 0.

-, ..
, .
,
,
.

""
.
(T = const)
d~v
~ P ; 1 [B
~
~

=
;
r
dt
4 rot H ];
@
@t

+ div(~v) = 0;
P = P ( );

@B
@t

= rot[~vB~ ];

div B~ = 0:
:
1.
v

 c;

2.  ! 1,
3.




j~j j   @@tE  :

,
"" .
1

~ )~v ; (~vr
~ )B
~ + ~v div B
~ ;B
~ div ~v
rot[~vB~ ] = (B~ r
, div B~ = 0,
~
@B
~ )~v ; (~vr
~ )B
~ ;B
~ div ~v:
= (B~ r
(1)
@t
:

@
@t

~  = 0:
+  div ~v + ~vr


div ~v = ; 1


@
@t

~
+ ~vr

(1)
~
@B
@t

r ; r

= (B~ ~ )~v

(~v ~ )B~ +

@
@t

 :
~
1 @ B~ ; B~ @ + 1 (~vr
~ )B
~ ; B (~vr
~ ) =
 @t
c2 @t

2
,
@ 1
=;1
@t 

r~ 1 = ; 12 r~ ;

@
;
 2 @t

+ (~v ~  ) :

d
dt

~
B
~


@
@t

~v:

~ ):
+ (~vr

B :
d
dt

~
B


~
B
~


~v:

- . - t ~r, - ~r + ~l.
~l(t + 4t) ; ~l(t)
d~
l = lim
:
4 !0
dt
4t
t


~v(~r; t)4t, - ~v(~r +~l; t)4t.

~v (~r + ~l; y ) = ~v(~r; t) + (~l~ )~v(~r ; t):

~l(t +

4t) = ~l(t) + (~lr~ )~v(~r; t)4t:

d~l
dt

~ )~v:
= (~lr
, t = 0 ~
~l =  B ,  - 
, t
~
~l(t) =  B (t) :
 (t)
, - ,
. ,
.
""
 ! 1 - (, , )
. , ,
,
.

@
@t

~2
"E~ 2 + H
8

c
~H
~ ] + ~j E~
div[E
4

= 0:

, .
,

Z
V

Z
V

"E~ 2
dV
8
~2
H
dV
8

N
X

2 a=1

Sab qa qb;

b=1

N
X

2c2 a=1

Lab IaIb :

b=1

c
4

~H
~ ] dV
div[E

c
4

~H
~]
[E

~
dS:

, , ,

~ H
~
! 1 E;
1

jE~ j

1

jH~ j

R2

 
1

R2

, .

~
~j E
,

~j

Z
V

~ja2
dV


~j


~2

; E~ ) = j ; ~j E~

N
P
~j , -

a=1

~j E~ dV

V
=

= (~
j;

Ia Ra ;

N Z
X
a=1 V

Z
V

~ja2(~r )
dV


~ dV
~ja E

N Z
X
a=1 V

Z
=

~ dV:
~ja (~r )E

jan dS

I
la

~ ; d~la) =
(E

IaEa :

8
9
N
N
N
<
= X
@ 1X
1 X
Sab qaqb + 2
Lab IaIb + (Ia2Ra ; Ia Ea ) = 0:
; a=1
@t : 2 a=1
2c a=1
b=1

b=1

@
S = 0;
@t ab

@
L = 0;
@t ab

@
@t

d
;
dt

d
q = Ia Lab ; Sab
dt a
)

N (X
N 
X
1
dIb
Ia
Sab qb + 2 Lab
+ IaRa ; Ea = 0:
c
dt
a=1
b=1
dIb
dt

d2 qb
,
dt2

N 
X
1
d2 qb
dq
Sab qb + 2 Lab 2 + Ra a = Ea :
c
dt
dt
b=1
2

, .
, ..
, .
,

P (~r; t)

~v

= ~
v(~r ; t),
 (~r; t). -

@
@t

+ div(~
v) = 0

d
dt

d~v
dt

@
~ ) -
+ (~
vr
@t

;r~ P + f;~
,

f~ - -

, .
1
~ ];
f~ = E~ + [~j B
c

 - , , ~j

- -

P (; T );

T.

4

~ =
rot H

~j ;
~

; 1c @@tB ;

~=
rot E

~ = 0;
div B

~ = 4:
div D

~j

~ H
~.
E
( = 0)

(v

 c),


~j =

~+
 E
r

1
,

~j



~+
E

, -

~]
[~
vB

; vc2

~]
[~
vB

, .
, , , , , .
2

 ! 1.

~
E

; 1c [~vB~ ]:

~j

~
@B
@t

c
~
rot H;
4

~ ]:
= rot[~
vB

, ,

v
c

=1

~
B

~
 H:

(T = const)

d~v
dt

;r~ P ; 41 [B~ rot H~ ];

@
@t

+ div(~
v ) = 0;

P = P ( );
@B
~ ];
= rot[~
vB
@t
~ = 0:
div B

:
1.

v  c;

2.

 ! 1,

3.

j~j j 
3

~ 
@E
:
@t 

""
, ~ , , B
. . ,
.
,
~ 0.
H
, .. , .
, ,
:

d~v
~ P ; 1 [B
~ rot H
~ ];
= ;r
dt
4
@
+ div(~v) = 0;
@t
P = P ( );
@B
~ ];
= rot[~vB
@t
~ = 0:
div B

:
1.

v  c;

2. 

! 1,

3.




j~j j   @@tE  :

,
~ =H
~ .
 1, B
:

d~v
~P
= ;r
dt

; 41 [H~ rot H~ ];

@
+ div(~v) = 0;
@t
P = P ( );
@H
~ ];
= rot[~vH
@t
~ = 0:
div H
~ ~v, E~ :
H
~ ]:
~ = ; 1 [~vH
E
c
, :

~ =H
~0 + H
~1 + H
~2 + :::;
H
 = 0 + 1 + 2 + : : : ;
@P
P ( ) = P (0 ) +
( ) + : : : ;
@ 0 1
~v = ~v0 + ~v1 + ~v2 + : : : ;
0 , 1 - , , 2 , ..
2

 , ~v0 = 0.

P (0 )  P0 ;

@P
( )  u20 > 0;
@ 0

u0 - .
. ,
- ,
.
~ 0 = 0, ~v0 = 0:
rot H

@0
= 0:
@t

r~ P0 = 0;

,
,
.

0

d~v1
~ 1 ; 1 [H
~ 0 rot H
~ 1 ];
= ;u20 r
dt
4
@1
+ 0 div(~v1) = 0;
@t
@H1
~ 0 ]:
= rot[~v1H
@t

~ :
E

~ 1 = ; 1 [~v1H
~ 0 ]:
E
c

~1 = H
~ 10 exp i(~k~r
: H
!t) , ~v1 = ~v10exp i(~k~r !t) , 1 = 10 exp i(~k~r !t) .
:

1 ~ ~~
0 !~v1 = u20 1~k + [H
0 [k H1 ]];
4

~ 1 = [~k [H
~ 0~v1 ]];
!H
3

!1 ; 0~k~v1 = 0:
,

1 =

0 ~
k~v :
! 1

0 !~v1 =

~1
H
u200 ~ ~ ~k ~ ~
~ 0 );
(k~v1)k +
(H0 H1 ) ;
(~k H
!
4
4
~1 = H
~ 0 (~k~v1) ; ~v1(~k H
~ 0 ):
!H

, , y
~ 0 yz :
~k , H

~k = f0; k; 0g;

~ 0 = f0; H0 ; H0 g:
H
y

~ 1 = [~k [H
~ 0~v1 ]] , ~k H
~ 1,
! H
~ 1 = fH1 ; 0; H1 g;
H
x

~v1 = fv ; v ; v g:

, ,
x:

kH0
H1 = 0;
4
!H1 + v kH0 = 0;

0 !v +

y z :

k
u20 0 2
k v + H0 H1 ;
!
4
kH
!0 v = ; 0 H1 ;
4
!H1 = kH0 v ; kH0 v :

!0 v =

vx H1x .
, ,

k 2H02
0 ! ;
=0
4
2

!=

k jH0 j
p
:
4
y

 vx,
H1x :

v 

!
;
k

v 

v = v =
a

@!
:
@k

0 j
pjH4
 c;
y

.
,

H
v = ;p 1 :
40
x

0 j
pjH4

, va = va =

- .

vx
:

~ = f0; 1; ;1g Hp0 H1 :

E
c 40
z

, .

vy ; vz ; H1z .
:


k 4 u20 H02
H02
2
+ u0 +
= 0:
! ;k !
40
40
! ! > 0:
4

!1 2 =
;

2 2

v
u
u
t 2

u0 +

H02

40

u20

2

H2
+ 0
40

0 u0
; H
:
2

,
: ,

!
@!
1
v = v = 1 = 1 = p
k
@k
2

v
u
u
t 2

u0 +
5

H02

40

s


u20

H2
+ 0
40

2

; H0 u0 ;
2

 , ,

!
@!
1
v = v = 2 = 2 = p
k
@k
2

v
u
u
t 2

u0 +

H02

40

s


u20

H2
+ 0
40

2

0 u0
; H
:
2

vv = v u0:

v =
y

k!H0
H1 ;
40(! 2 ; u20 k 2)
z

v =;
z

kH0
H1 :
40 !
y

,
( H0z = 0),
;
.

.

~k

~
H

E~ ,

!.

, .
,
. , .

~ =
rot H

~
1 @D

~=
rot E

c @t
~ = 0;
div B

; 1c @@tB ;

~ = 0:
div D

(1)

, .
.

~ ;i(!t ; ~k~r) ;
E~ = Ee
~ = "(! )E;
~
D

~ = He
~ ;i(!t ; ~k~r) ;
H
~ = (! )H:
~
B

(2)

, ,
, ,

 = 1.

~]=
[~
kH

!" ~
E;
c

[~
kE~ ] =

"~k E~ = 0;

~k H
~

!~
H;
c

= 0:

(3)

"(! )

= 0.

(3)

!" ~
E;
c

~]=
[~
kH

~] =
[~
kE

!~
H;
c

~k H
~

~
H

= 0:

= 0. [~
k E~ ] = 0,

..
.

, "(! ) = 0. -

(3) .

~]=
[~
kH

!" ~
E;
c

[~
kE~ ] =

!~
H:
c

(4)

, ,

~ = c [~k E
~ ]
H
!
.

~k; E;
~ H
~

! 2 " (! ) ~
E = 0:
k ;
c2
2

~ = 0), (E
,

k2 ;

! 2 "(! )
c2

= 0:

" = " + i" ,

~
~
~
k = k + ik :
0

.
0

00

00

;k

00

!2
" (! );
c2

2~
k ~k

00

!2
" (! ):
c2
00

 ,
,

~k ~k . ~
~
, k k .
~k = ! n~e, ~e - , c
~
k ; ~k .
k ;k
0

00

00

00

00

n2 = "

+ i"

n = n + in
0

00

00

- ,

00

n2;n

00

"

2+

";

; 2n n

sp

"

2+

00

"

00

, ..

sp

00

":
00

"2+"

00

;" :
0

" (! )  j" (! )j:

0

";

00

00

 0:

() , ..

j" (!)j  " (!):

00

 n  j" (2!)j :

00

00

, ()

v =

!
k

c
;
n
0

v =

d!
dk

dn
n +!
d!

,
.

j~kj
jE~ j = !c jH~ j:

3

j~kj =

k2+k
0

00

2=

!p 2
n +n
c
0

2 =

00

!p
4
"2+"
c
0

2.

00

H0 = 4 " 2 + " 2E0 :

,

' = arctg

n=n
n
n

+ in =
00

00

n 2 + n 2ei';
0

00

00
0

i' = H:
~

[~
eE~ ]e

~
E~ H

'.

, .
,
. , .

rot

~
H~ = 1c @@tD ;
div

rot

B~ = 0;

~
E~ = ; 1c @@tB ;

div

D~ = 0:

(1)

, .
.

E~ = E~ e;i(!t ; ~k~r);
~
D~ = "(!)E;

~ ;i(!t ; ~k~r);
H~ = He
~
B~ = (!)H:

(2)

, ,
, ,

 = 1.

~kH~ ] = ; !" E~ ;
c

~kE~ ] = ! H;
~
c

[
1

"~kE~ = 0;

~kH~ = 0:

(3)

"(!) = 0. ,  ! .

, ().

!2
"(!) = 1 ; !p2 ;

!p2 = 4Ne
m ;
2

!p - ( ).
" = 0. (3)
~kH~ = 0:
~
[~
kH~ ] = 0; [~kE~ ] = !c H;

! < !p :

H~ = 0. [~kE~ ] = 0,

..
.

"! 6

, ( ) = 0. (3) .

~kH~ ] = ; !" E~ ;
c

~kE~ ] = ! H:
~
c

(4)

, -

~k; E~ ; H~ .
c
H~ = ! [~kE~ ] .

2 " (! ) 
!
2
k ; c2 E~ = 0:
~ 6= 0), (E
,

2
k2 ; ! c"2(!) = 0:

" = " + i" ,

~
~
~
k = k + ik :
0

.
0

00

00

,
2
!
k ; k = c2 " (!);
2

00

2~
k ~k

00

2
!
=
c2 " (!):
00

 ,
,

~k ~k . ~
~
, k k .
~k = ! n~e, ~e - , c
~
k ; ~k .
k ;k
0

00

00

00

00

n2 = "

n = n + in , n
0

00

i" :
00

- ,

n2;n 2 = ";
0

00

nn

sp
"2+" 2+"
n=
2
0

00

":
00

00

00

, ..

00

00

sp
"2+" 2;" :
n =
2

" (!)  j" (!)j:

0

n  ";
0

00

n  0:
00

() , ..

j" (!)j  " (!):

00

n  n  j" (2!)j :
0

00

00

, ()

v = !k = nc ;
0

v = d!
dk =

c :
n + ! dn
d!
0

,
.

j~kj
jE~ j = !c jH~ j:

3

p
p
p
j~kj = k 2 + k 2 = !c n 2 + n 2 = !c " 2 + " 2.
p 2 2
0

00

H0 = 4 "

n = n + in
0

' = arctg nn

00

00

00

" E0:
00

n 2 + n 2ei';
0

00

00

~
~eE~ ]ei' = H:

E~ H~ '.

( ) , . V , ,
.
,
V :
I
I
 = ~ dS~ = ~~n dS;
(1)
S

~n - S.
 < 0, -  > 0.
(1)
Z
 = div~ dV:
V

n
o
c
c
~
~
~
~
~
~
div~ = 4 div[E H] = 4 H rot E ; E rot H :

(
)
~
~
1
@
B
@
D
div~ = ; 4 H~ @t + E~ @t :
,


1
@
@
~
~
~
~
div~ = ; 4 Re H @t Re B + Re E @t Re D :
1

 Re A~ = 12 (A~ + A~ ),


1
 @ ~

 @ ~

~
~
~
~
~
~
div~ = ; 16 (H + H ) @t (B + B ) + (E + E ) @t (D + D ) :
, ,
, ,
n
o
i!
 ~

 ~

~
~
~
~
~
~
div~ = 16 (H + H )(B ; B ) + (E + E )(D ; D ) :

~
D~ = ("0 + i"00)E;
B~ = H~
i! n(H~ 2 ; H~ 2) + "0(E~ 2 ; E~2) + i"00(E~ 2 + 2E~ E~  + E~2)o :
div~ = 4

ZT
ZT
1
1
 = T dt ; div~ = T dt div~:
0

,
00
00
!"
!"

~
~
div~ = ; 8 E E = ; 8 jE~ j2:
div~  ": "00 > 0,
div~ < 0 V (  < 0) .
, .

. ,
.

!t

; ~k ! ~r
(

= const ;

; ~k~v

= 0:

~
k,

~
v

!
k

(1)

,
, , ,
.

, -

,

. ,

 .
(:

).

Z+

!0 
(~
r; t) =

;i !t ; ~k~r
(

(! )e

d!;

 !0:

!0 

(~
r; t) =

Z

0 +  ) exp

(!

;

n
;i !0
(

!0 +  .

 )t + i~
r~
k (!0 +  ) d:

~k (!0 +  )

 d~k
~
k (!0 ) +
1! d!

 2 d2~k

2!

d! 2

::::

,
,

~k

(1) -

.
.

d~k

0 !0 ; t ; d! ~r

(~
r; t) =

f;i!0t

exp

i~r~k (!0 ) :

d~k

0 !0 ; t ; d! ~r

! Z

d~k
d!

;

(
0 +  ) exp

(!

"

d~k

;i t ; d!

#)
0

(! )~
r

d

(! )

.
, ,

~
r

~ (t),
R

dk
; d!

~
v

~ (t) = const;
(! )R

~
dR
dt

~v

d~k
d!

dk
; ~v d!

= 0:

d!
dk