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Eurocode vs AISI: Cold-Formed Steel Design

This document summarizes some key features of the European Norm (EC3) for cold-formed steel design compared to the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) specification. EC3 covers a wide range of materials, geometries, and limit states including local buckling, distortional buckling, member resistance, and design assisted by testing. It also provides an example calculation for local and distortional buckling of Z/C beams.

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376 views71 pages

Eurocode vs AISI: Cold-Formed Steel Design

This document summarizes some key features of the European Norm (EC3) for cold-formed steel design compared to the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) specification. EC3 covers a wide range of materials, geometries, and limit states including local buckling, distortional buckling, member resistance, and design assisted by testing. It also provides an example calculation for local and distortional buckling of Z/C beams.

Uploaded by

Moonze
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Introduction: Provides an introduction to the presentation, setting the context for the comparison between European Norm and AISI specifications.
  • The Eurocodes: Describes the various Eurocodes, which are standards for structural design in Europe, focused on design bases and different construction materials.
  • Eurocode 3: Details Eurocode 3, specifically focused on steel structures, and its subdivisions such as general rules, fire design, and cold-formed steel.
  • Comments on Eurocodes: Provides commentary on the status and flexibility of the Eurocodes, including their adaptability through national documents.
  • Principle of Verifications: Explains the core verification principles used in structural design, including limit state design and safety factors.
  • Basic Notations: Defines fundamental notations used in the context of structural engineering and design value calculations.
  • Scope of EC3 Part 1.3: Outlines the scope of Eurocode 3 Part 1.3, covering cold-formed profiled sheeting and beams/columns.
  • Materials: Covers the types of materials specified in the Eurocodes, including yield strength and standards compliance.
  • Hardening due to Cold-forming: Discusses the effects of cold-forming on steel, focusing on yield strength and its application to effective sections.
  • Rounded Corners: Explores the consideration of rounded corners in design, with limitations and necessary tests.
  • Geometrical Limits: Sets out geometrical limits for cold-formed sections, ensuring compliance with AISI specifications and web inclination limits.
  • Buckling - General Procedure: Describes the general procedures for assessing buckling, including stress calculations and effective width methods.
  • Local Buckling: Focuses on local buckling conditions and effective width approaches, modified for Eurocode applications.
  • Distortional Buckling: Addresses distortional buckling, detailing the calculation of reduced thickness and the necessity for numerical methods.
  • Distortional Buckling for C/Z Sections: Specifically addresses distortional buckling for C/Z sections, including critical stress and stiffener reduction factors.
  • Bending Moment Resistance: Explores the resistance of bending moments in cross-sections, differentiating between partially and fully effective situations.
  • Torsional Moment Resistance: Discusses considerations for torsional moment resistance and how stresses are combined with other actions.
  • Buckling Resistance for Compression: Covers the resistance to buckling under compression, using reduction factors and effective areas.
  • Buckling Resistance for Bending: Examines methods used to determine bending buckling resistance, including the use of buckling curves and effective areas.
  • Serviceability Limit States: Defines the serviceability limits in structural designs as per relevant Eurocodes, particularly for cold-formed applications.
  • Design Assisted by Test: Illustrates how design principles are assisted by tests, with examples of structural tests included.
  • Beams Restrained by Sheeting: Describes models for analyzing beams restrained by sheeting, including verification methods.
  • Numerical Example: Provides a worked example focusing on local and distortional buckling for beams.

Some Features of the European Norm for Cold-Formed Steel Design in comparison with the AISI Specification

S. dny*, B. Schafer** *Budapest University of Technology and Economics **Johns Hopkins University

Outline
Introduction Some features of cold-formed EC3
Materials Geometry Local and distortional buckling Member resistance Design assisted by testing Beams restrained by sheeting

Numerical example

The Eurocodes
Eurocode 0 (EN 1990) Basis of the design Eurocode 1 (EN1991) Actions (loads) Eurocode 2 (EN 1992) Concrete structures Eurocode 3 (EN 1993) Steel structures Eurocode 4 (EN 1994) Composite (steel/concrete) str. Note: ENV, prEN certain preliminary versions

Eurocode 3
Part 1.1 General rules Part 1.2 Fire design Part 1.3 Cold-formed steel Part 1.5 Plated structures Part 2 Steel bridges

Some comments on Eurocodes


Not ready - some parts exist only in a very first draft version Continuously changing Flexible everything is allowed if the safety is OK National Application Document (NAD) can modify almost everything

Principle of verifications
Limit state design:

Rk Rd gG,Q,...yEk Ed gM
Partial safety factor for the resistance: gM Partial safety factor for the loads: gG, gQ Combination factor: y

Basic notations
Design value of resistance subscript Rd Design value of actions subscript Ed Yield strength: fy Slenderness: l Reduction factor for buckling: c

Scope of EC3 Part 1.3


Cold-formed profiled sheeting
Cold-formed beams / columns Thickness: 0.45 mm tcor 15 mm (can be further limited by NADs)

Materials
60+ standardized steel material
Yield strength: 220 700 MPa (32 101 ksi) According to EN and ISO standards Restrictions may apply for higher strength materials Other materials are allowed Requirements for other mats. are given

Hardening due to cold-forming


Basic yield strength (fyb) average yield strength (fya)
To be applied for the whole section For fully effective sections, only The formula:

Rounded corners
In general: fictitious plane elements are introduced

Upper limit: r 0.04tE/fy test is necessary Lower (optional) limit: r 5t and r 0.1bp the effect can be neglected

Geometrical limits
b/t ratios, similar to AISI Spec. + limit for web inclination

+ limit for edge stiffeners

Buckling - general procedure


1. critical stress calculation (in function of half-wave length) 2. identification of buckling modes 3. calculation of effective widths based on the minimum local buckling stress 4. calculation of reduced thickness based on distortional buckling stress

5. calculation of reduction factor for overall buckling resistance based on effective cross-section

Local buckling
Effective width approach
Effective width: similar to Winter formula, but modified for outstand elements for stress gradient Effective sections:

Distortional buckling
Reduced thickness is determined for the stiffeners (or other distorted parts)
For C/Z sections: hand method is given For other sections: numerical method is necessary Effective widths must be calculated prior to reduced thickness !

Distort. buckl. C/Z sections


The basic model:
Equivalent spring stiffness is given only for C/Z sections: Dist. buckl. stress critical stress of a bar on elastic foundation

Reduction factor for the stiffener:


Iteration for the thickness is necessary

Bending moment resistance


If the cross-section is not fully effective:
elastic resistance If the cross-section is fully effective: elastic resistance with hardening If fully effective, + uniaxial bending about principal axis, + no torsion, + no any of torsional buckling, + web inclination is less than 30:

partial or full plastic resistance

Bending moment resistance


If first yielding is in the tension flange:
partial plastic resistance Bending moment redistribution is allowed. Effect of shear lag must be considered. (only a reference is given)

Torsional moment resistance


Torsion must be considered: t from St Venant torsion t and s from warping No formulae given how to calculate stresses from torsion. Stresses from torsion must be summarized with stresses from other actions. Hardening effect can be considered. For shear, torsion: gross cross-section For normal force, bending moments: effective section

Other cross-sectional resistances


Tension: increased yield strength (fya) is used Compression: hardening may be considered shift of neutral axis must be considered Biaxial bending: linear interaction Shear: plastic and buckling resistances webs with longitudinal stiffeners are handled Crippling: detailed empirical formulae webs with longit. stiffeners are handled Interaction: shear+axial+bending is handled

Buckling resistance for compression


Buckling resistance is obtained from cross-sectional axial resistance, with a reduction factor (c) For reduction: the European buckling curves are used Flexural buckling: Resistance is calculated on the effective area However, a reduced slenderness is used to calculate the reduction factor fya can be used for fully effective sections

Buckling res. for comp. - torsion


Torsional and torsional-flexural buckling: basically the same as flexural buckling numerical methods for calculation of critical force is allowed with the gross cross-section guidance for end-conditions is given for some practical cases

Buckling resistance for bending


The given method can only be used: for practically rigid cross-sections if no significant angle between principal axes of gross and effective cross-sections Buckling resistance is obtained from cross-sectional bending resistance, with a reduction factor (cLT) For reduction: a special LT buckling curve is used Resistance is calculated on the effective area However, a reduced slenderness is used to calculate the reduction factor fya can be used for fully effective sections

Buckling res. for bending contnd.


Second-order moments may be necessary to consider Interaction for double symmetrical cross-sections: reference to Part 1.1 two methods (German vs. French)

Interaction for other cross-sections

Serviceability limit states


Relevant norms: EN 1990 (Basis of design) EN 1993-1-1 (General rules for steel) EN 1993-1-3 (Cold-formed) Only guidance is given, limit values (deflection, etc) must be agreed with the client For cold-formed: Fictitious moment of inertia is proposed Influence of slip must be considered

Design assisted by test


Long list of principles are given: planning, execution, evaluation and documentation Several specific tests are described Tests on profiled sheets (single-span, double-span, internal support, end-support tests) Tests on beams/columns (stub column, member buckling, cross-s. tension, c.s. bending) Tests on assemblages / structures (acceptance, strength, prototype failure, calibration) Tests on torsionally restrained beams (, )

Design assisted by test contnd.


Combination of tests and mathematical models is allowed Evaluation of test results: Measured data Adjusted results Mean value Characteristic value Design value

Beams restrained by sheeting


Basic model:

Verification: Normal force + vertical bending + lateral bending Buckling

Simplified method is also available

Numerical example
A numerical example has been worked out Local and distortional buckling of Z/C beams
EXAMPLE

Thank you.

elastic

plastic

elastic with hardening


To Figure

elastic

plastic

shear buckling

shear yielding

Some Features of the European Norm for Cold-Formed Steel Design in comparison with the AISI Specification S. Ádány*, B.
Outline • Introduction • Some features of cold-formed EC3 – Materials – Geometry – Local and distortional buckling – M
The Eurocodes • Eurocode 0 (EN 1990) – Basis of the design • Eurocode 1 (EN1991) – Actions (loads) • Eurocode 2 (EN 1992)
Eurocode 3 • Part 1.1 – General rules • Part 1.2 – Fire design • Part 1.3 – Cold-formed steel • Part 1.5 – Plated structu
Some comments on Eurocodes • Not ready - some parts exist only in a very first draft version • Continuously changing • Fl
Principle of verifications • Limit state design: • Partial safety factor for the resistance: gM • Partial safety fa
Basic notations • Design value of resistance – subscript „Rd” • Design value of actions – subscript „Ed” • Yield strength:
Scope of EC3 Part 1.3 • Cold-formed profiled sheeting • Cold-formed beams / columns • Thickness: 0.45 mm ≤ tcor ≤ 15 m
Materials • 60+ standardized steel material • Yield strength: 220 – 700 MPa (32 – 101 ksi) • According to EN and ISO stand
Hardening due to cold-forming • Basic yield strength (fyb)  average yield strength (fya) • To be applied for the whole s

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