Design of Members: Rui Simões

DesignofMembers
RuiSimes
DepartmentofCivilEngineering
UniversityofCoimbra
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples Brussels,16 17October2014
Contents
Introduction
Designofcolumns
Designofbeams
Designofbeamcolumns
INTRODUCTION
Main internal forces and
combinations
Bending+Shear
Compression+Bending+Shear
Tension/Compression
Torsion less common

Building master example (Cardington - UK)
INTRODUCTION
Member design:
i) resistance of cross sections;
ii) member buckling resistance.
RESISTANCE OF CROSS SECTIONS

Cross section classification - Class 1; Class 2; Class 3 and Class 4. Vz
Clause 6.2 of Eurocode 3, part 1.1 provides different My G
approaches, depending of cross section shape, cross section

class and type of internal forces (N, M+V, N+M+V,.):
elastic criteria (clause 6.2.1(5)); NEd
My,Ed
2 2 2

x , Ed
z , Ed
x , Ed z , Ed 3 Ed 1
fy M 0 fy M 0 fy M 0 f y M 0 fy M 0

INTRODUCTION
linear summation of the utilization ratios class 1/2/3 (clause 6.2.1(7));
N Ed M y , Ed M z , Ed
1
N Rd M y , Rd M z , Rd
nonlinear interaction formulas class 1/2 (clause 6.2.1(6)).
Section properties gross section, net section

(deduction for holes) or effective section (class 4 or shear
lag effects) (clause 6.2.2 of EC3-1-1).
MEMBER BUCKLING RESISTANCE

Buckling resistance (clause 6.3 of Eurocode 3,
part 1.1) must be checked in all members
submitted to compressive stresses, which are:
members under axial compression N;
members under bending moment M;
or under a combination of both (M+N).
DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
Column cross sections and applications
Rolled open or closed sections, welded sections or built-up sections The

objective is to maximize the second moment of area in the relevant buckling
plan in order to maximize the buckling resistance.
DESIGNOFCOLUMNS NEd
Compression resistance (clause 6.2.4 of EC3-1-1)
fy
NEd is the design value of the axial compression;
NEd
1.0 Nc,Rd is the design resistance to axial compression,
Nc , Rd
given by the minimum of: A
i) Plastic resistance N c , Rd A f y M 0 (class 1, 2 or 3)
N c , Rd Aeff f y M 0 (class 4)
Aeff - effective area
ii) Buckling resistance Nb,Rd, in general the flexural buckling

resistance, which is analysed hereafter.
DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
Column Buckling
Flexural buckling is in general the buckling mode, which govern the design of
a member in pure compression. For this mode in a pinned column, the elastic
critical load Ncr, defined as the maximum load supported by the column, free
from any type of imperfections, is given by the well known Eulers formula:
N
d 2y
N
EI Ny 0
dx 2
Ncr
2 E I
L
x y(x) Ncr
L2
y y(x)
E I Bending stiffness
(z)
0
L Buckling length
N Buckling in a bending mode (LE for other support conditions)
In specific cases (e.g. members with cruciform cross sections) buckling may
occur in other modes: torsional buckling or flexural-torsional buckling.
DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
Column Buckling
2 E I 2 E I 2 E
LE I
Ncr cr 2 i
LE
2
A LE
2
i A
Critical stress Slenderness Radius of gyration
2 E E Af y
cr f y 1
12 fy
1 Ncr
fy
N Non-dimensional

A slenderness
1.0
Eulers curve
fy
Eulers curve
2 E

2 1.0
E fy
Imperfections or real columns (geometrical

L
E imperfections and material imperfections).
1
i
DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
Buckling Resistance
(clause 6.3.1 of EC3-1-1)
N b.Rd A f y M1 (Class 1, 2 or 3)
Theoretical behaviour
N b.Rd Aeff f y M1 (Class 4)
is the reduction factor for the

relevant buckling mode
1
but 1.0
2 2

0.5 1 0.2

2

Neglect BUCKLING if:
0.2 or NEd Ncr 0.04
DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
Buckling Resistance
Flexural buckling
Lcr 1
A fy Ncr (Class 1, 2 or 3)
i 1
Lcr Aeff A
Aeff fy Ncr (Class 4)
i 1
1 E f y 93 .9 235 f y
Torsional or flexural-torsional buckling

T A f y Ncr (Class 1, 2 or 3)
T Aeff fy Ncr (Class 4)

- buckling in flexural buckling mode about z
axis
DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 1
Safety verification of a column member of the building represented in the
figure.
A C E
A B C D E F
6.00 m
3
4.50 m
2b
2.50 m
2a
2.00 m
2
6.00 m
1
4.00 m 4.50 m 4.50 m 4.00 m Building master example
i) The inner column E-3 represented in the figure, at base level, is selected. This member has
a length of 4.335 m and is composed by a section HEB 340 in steel S 355.
In this column the bending moments (and the shear force) may be neglected; the design
axial force (compression) obtained from the previous analysis is given by NEd = 3326.0 kN.
DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 1
ii) Cross section classification section HEB 340 in pure compression.

Geometric characteristics: A = 170.9 cm2, b = 300 mm, h = 340 mm, tf = 21.5 mm,
tw = 12 mm, r = 27 mm, Iy = 36660 cm4, iy = 14.65 cm, Iz = 9690 cm4, iz = 7.53 cm.
Mechanical properties of the steel: fy = 355 MPa and E = 210 GPa.
c
Web in compression (Table 5.2 of EC3-1-1)
c (340 2 21.5 2 27)

20.25 33
t 12
33 0.81 26.73 (class 1)
Flange in compression (Table 5.2 of EC3-1-1)

c 300 2 12 2 27
5.44 9 9 0.81 7.29 (class 1)
t 21.5
HEB 340 cross section, steel S 355, in pure compression is class 1.

DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 1
iii) Cross section verification - class 1 in pure compression.
A fy 170 . 9 10 4 355 10 3
N Ed 3326 . 0 kN N c , Rd 6067 . 0 kN .
M0 1 .0
iv) Buckling resistance.

Buckling lengths Assuming that the design forces were obtained by a second order
structural analysis, the buckling lengths are considered (conservatively) equal to the real
lengths (mid-distance between floors), given by:
Buckling in the plan x-z (around y) - LEy 4.335 m
Buckling in the plan x-y (around z) - LEz 4.335 m
Determination of the slenderness LEy 4.335 y

y 29.59 y 0.39
coefficients iy 14.65 102 1
210 106 LEz 4.335 z

1 3
76.41 z 57.57 z 0.75
355 10 iz 7.53 10 2 1
DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 1
Calculation of the reduction factor min z

h 340
1.13 1.2 and tf 21.5 mm 100mm 340
b 300 y
flexural buckling around y curve b ( 0.34) 300 HEB 340
flexural buckling around z curve c ( 0.49).
As z 0.75 y 0.39
and
curve c curve b
min z
DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 1

z 0.5 1 z 0.2 z 2

z 0.5 1 0.49 0.75 0.2 0.752 0.92
z 0.69
1
z 0.69
2 2
0.92 0.92 0.75
min z 0.69
v) Safety verification
z 0.75
Nb,Rd z A fy M1 0.69 170.9 104 355 103 1.0 4186.2 kN
As, NEd 3326.0 kN Nb,Rd 4186.2 kN
safety is verified with the cross section HEB 340 in S 355 steel.
DESIGNOFBEAMS
Beam cross sections and applications
A beam may be defined as a member subjected
essentially to bending and shear force.
Castellated beams
Hot-rolled sections (IPE, HEA or HEB, RHS,.)
Welded sections
Welded sections in non-uniform beams

DESIGNOFBEAMS
Cross section resistance
Uniaxial bending (clause 6.2.5 of EC3-1-1)
M Ed
1 .0
M c.Rd
Class 1 or 2 Mc.Rd Wpl fy M 0
Class 3 Mc.Rd Wel. min fy M0
Class 4 Mc.Rd Weff .min fy M0
Bi-axial bending (clause 6.2.9 of EC3.1.1) I or H 2; 5 n but 1
CHS 2
M y , Ed M z , Ed 1.66
1 .0 RHS 2 but 6
M pl , y.Rd M pl , z.Rd 1 1.13 n
n NEd N pl , Rd
DESIGNOFBEAMS
Cross section resistance
VEd
Shear (clause 6.2.6 of EC3-1-1) 1.0
Vc,Rd
PLASTIC RESISTANCE Vpl.Rd ELASTIC RESISTANCE
Vpl.Rd Av fy
3 M0 VEd fy
Ed
3 M0
1.0 Ed
VEd S
It
Vz
Av Shear area Av

(obtained from clause G
y
6.2.6 (3) of EC3-1-1 or My G
e. n. a.
from tables of profiles).
f 3
f
y
y 3 z
Shear stresses -
Shear buckling for webs without stiffeners should be verified in accordance with EC3-1-5, if:
hw and tw are the height and thickness of the web and is in
hw
72 235 / fy accordance with EC3-1-5.
tw
DESIGNOFBEAMS My,V.Rd
Cross section resistance z
Bending and Shear Interaction Vz

fy
My y fyr
VEd 50% Vpl , Rd NO REDUCTION hm +
fyr
VEd 50 % Vpl , Rd REDUCED MOMENT tw

fy
(M y) (Vz )
fyr 1 fy 2 VEd Vpl.Rd 12
For I and H cross sections of equal flanges, with bending about the major axis y, the
bending moment resistance My,V,Rd is given by (clause 6.2.8 of EC3-1-1):
Aw 2 f
M y ,V .Rd
Wpl , y y M AW hw tw
4 tw y , c , Rd
M0

DESIGNOFBEAMS
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Instability phenomenon characterized by the occurrence of large transversal
displacements and rotation about the member axis, under bending moment
about the major axis (y axis).
This instability phenomenon involves lateral bending (about z axis) and torsion of
cross section.
z
My
y
DESIGNOFBEAMS
In the study of lateral-torsional buckling of beams, the Elastic Critical Moment Mcr
plays a fundamental role; this quantity is defined as the maximum value of bending
moment supported by a beam, free from any type of imperfections.
For a simple supported beam with a double symmetric section, with supports prevent
lateral displacements and rotation around member axis (twist rotations), but allowing
warping and rotations around cross section axis (y and z), submitted to a uniform
bending moment My (standard case), the elastic critical moment is given by:
2 E IW
E
Mcr G IT E I z 1 2
L
L L G IT
My
C
My
x
A B Which depend mainly of:
Loading and support conditions;
x Length between lateral braced sections (L);
z z
a) Elevation Lateral bending stiffness (E Iz);
Torsional stiffness (G IT);
Warping stiffness (E Iw).
DESIGNOFBEAMS z z
Lateral-Torsional Buckling CG y
G y
Elastic critical moment C
0.5
E I z k z IW k z L2 G IT
2 2
Mcr C1
2 k

C2 z g C3 z j 2

C2 z g C3 z j
k z L w Iz 2 E Iz

z g z a z s Mcr,1>Mcr Mcr Mcr,2<Mcr

P
z j z s 0 .5 y 2 z 2 z dA I y
C

P C C
- applicable to member with symmetric and mono-symmetric cross sections,

- include the effects of the loading applied below or above the shear centre;
- several degrees of restriction to lateral bending (kz) and warping (kw);
- several shapes of bending moment diagram (C1, C2 and C3 in the next tables).
DESIGNOFBEAMS
Elastic critical moment
- Publication n 119 do ECCS

(Boissonnade et al. 2006).
- LTBeam software
http://www.cticm.com
DESIGNOFBEAMS
Lateral-torsional buckling resistance (clause 6.3.2 of EC3-1-1)
M Ed
1 .0 Mb.Rd LT Wy fy M1
M b.Rd
Wy = Wpl.y Class 1 and 2;

Wy = Wel.y Class 3;
Wy = Weff.y Class 4.
LT is the reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling, which can be calculated

by one of two methods, depending of member cross section.
DESIGNOFBEAMS
i) General method
1
LT LT 1.0

LT LT LT
2

2 0.5

LT 0 .5 1 LT LT 0 .2 LT 2

LT Wy fy Mcr 0.5 Table 6.4 -
Mcr - Elastic critical moment

DESIGNOFBEAMS
ii) Alternative method (rolled sections or equivalent welded sections)
1 LT 1.0 LT ,0 0.4
LT
2
LT LT LT
2 0.5
LT 1 LT 2 0.75

LT 0 .5 1 LT LT LT ,0 LT 2
(may be specified in National
Annexes of Eurocode 3)
LT Wy fy Mcr 0.5 Table 6.5 -
Mcr - Elastic critical moment

DESIGNOFBEAMS
LT LT ,mod 1.0
LT ,mod
f

f 1 0.5 1 k c 1 2.0 LT 0.8
2

f 1.0
Neglect LTB if:
LT LT ,0
2
M Ed M cr LT ,0
DESIGNOFBEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
Safety check of a beam of the building illustrated in the figure (along line E). The beam is composed by a
IPE 600 with 9 m length at the central span; the lateral spans with 6 m length (the governing spans) are
composed by a section IPE 400 in steel S 355. For the lateral buckling check, two cases are considered:
a) a beam with 6 m length, laterally braced only at the end support sections;
b) a beam with 6 m length, laterally braced at the end support sections and at mid-span section.
A C E
A B C D E F
The geometrical and mechanical properties of 4
6.00 m
the section IPE 400 in S 355 steel are:
3
A = 84.46 cm2, b = 180 mm, h = 400 mm, 4.50 m
tf = 13.5 mm, tw = 8.6 mm, Iy = 23130 cm4, 2b

2.50 m
2a
iy = 16.55 cm, Iz = 1318 cm4, iz = 3.95 cm, 2
2.00 m
IT = 51.08 cm4 ; Iw = 490x103 cm6; 6.00 m
fy = 355 MPa and E = 210 GPa. 1

4.00 m 4.50 m 4.50 m 4.00 m
Building plan master example

DESIGNOFBEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
139.1 kN
a) Beam laterally braced at supports
75.9 kN 75.2 kN
i) The internal forces (neglecting the
Vz,Ed
axial force) are represented in the figure.
70.7 kN 71.6 kN
The design values are MEd = 114.3 kNm
140.1 kN
and VEd = 75.9 kN. 255.7 kNm 246.3 kNm
93.7 kNm 111.4 kNm 99.2 kNm 109.7 kNm
ii) Cross section classification My,Ed
Web (an internal part) in bending: 114.3 kNm 113.6 kNm
c 331 163.0 kNm

38 .49 72 72 0 .81 58 .32
t 8 .6
Flange (outstand part) in compression:
c (180 2 21 8 .6) 2
4 .79 9 9 0 .81 7 .29
t 13 .5
The cross section is class 1

DESIGNOFBEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
iii) Cross section verification

Bending resistance:
MEd 114.3 kNm Wpl,y fy M0 1307 106 355 103 1.0 464.0 kNm
Shear resistance:
Av fy 42.69 10 4 355 103
VEd 75.9 kN Vpl , Rd 875.0 kN
M0 3 1.0 3
hw 373 .0 0 .81
43 .4 72 72 58 .3
tw 8 .6 1 .0
So, it is not necessary to verify the shear buckling resistance.
Bending + Shear:
VEd 75.9 kN 0.50 Vpl,Rd 0.50 875.0 437.5 kN
So, it is not necessary to reduce the bending resistance to account for the shear force.
Cross section resistance is verified.

DESIGNOFBEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
iv) Lateral buckling resistance
Assuming the support conditions of the standard case and the loading
zg=200 mm
applied at the upper flange level, the elastic critical moment can be CG
400
obtained from the following equation, with L = 6.00 m, kz = kw = 1.0, IPE 400
C1 1.80 and C2 1.60 (Boissonnade et al., 2006) and zg = 200 mm.
180
0.5
E I z k z k L G IT C z C z 2
2 2 2
IW
Mcr C1 z2
C2 z g C3 z j
A C
k z L2 kw
2 g 3 j
Iz E Iz

3m 3m
Mcr 164.7 kNm 6m
93.7 kNm 111.4 kNm
(Using LTBeam My,Ed

> Mcr = 175.64 kNm)
114.3 kNm
93.7 111.4 0.84

DESIGNOFBEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
Mcr 164.7 kNm ; Wy Wpl ,y 1307 cm3 LT 1.68 LT Wy fy Mcr 0.5
Table 6.4 -
General method:
Rolled cross section IPE 400 with

h/b=400/180=2.2>2 - Curve b
LT 0.34
LT 2.16
LT 0.28
LT 0 .5 1 LT LT 0 .2 LT 2

355 10 3
M b, Rd 0 .28 1307 10 6 129 .9 kNm 114.3 kNm 1
LT

1 .0
2 2 0.5
LT LT LT
So, the safety is verified (utilization ratio = 114.3/129.9=0.88).
DESIGNOFBEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
A B C
b) Beam laterally braced at supports and mid-span

i) Cross section verifications are not changed. 3m 3m
6m
ii) Lateral buckling check:

93.7 kNm 111.4 kN
As the beam is laterally braced at mid span cross 93.7 114.3 0.82
section, the critical moment can be evaluated
My,Ed
with L = 3.00 m and a conservative hypothesis of
kz = kw = 1.0. For the given bending moment 114.3 kNm
shape between lateral braced cross sections,
M M
C1 = 2.6 (Boissonnade et al., 2006) . 1.0 2.06 1.000 0.850
0.5 2.15 1.000 0.650

0
.
5
E Lz
I 2
kz
L
G Iz
IT
kzkw
IWIz
2

2 E
2 k

Mc
C1
C2
zg
C3
zj
C2
zg
C3
zj
1.0 2.35 1.000 1.3 1.2 f
2
0.5 2.42 0.950 0.77 f

1.0 2.60 1.000 0.55 f
0.5 2.45 0.850 0.35 f

Mcr 1778.8 kNm
1.0 2.60 f f
(Using LTBeam Mcr = 1967.7 kNm) 0.5 2.45 0.125 0.7 f 0.125 0.7 f
DESIGNOFBEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
Mcr 1778.8 kNm ; Wy Wpl ,y 1307 cm3 LT 0.51 LT Wy fy Mcr 0.5

Table 6.4 -
General method:
Rolled cross section IPE 400 with

h/b=400/180=2.2>2 - Curve b
LT 0.34
LT 0.68
LT 0.89

LT 0 .5 1 LT LT 0 .2 LT 2

6 355 10 3 1
M b, Rd 0 .89 1307 10 412 .9 kNm 114.3 kNm LT
1 .0
So, the safety is verified (utilization ratio = 114.3/412.9=0.28).
2
LT LT LT
2 0.5
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
Cross section resistance (clause 6.2.9 of EC3-1-1)
Class 1 or 2 Uniaxial bending
MEd MN,Rd
Double-symmetric I or H sections
1n N
M N , y , Rd M pl , y , Rd but MN , y , Rd M pl , y , Rd
1 0 .5 a N pl
Eixo de about
Bending menor inrcia
minor axis -- zz
M N , z , Rd M pl , z , Rd if n a
1.0
Eixo deabout
Bending maior inrcia
major axis - -y y
n a
2
M N , z , Rd M pl , z , Rd 1
1 a if n a
n NEd N pl.Rd a A 2 b t f A 0.50

My
No reduction if HEA
, Mz
NEd hw tw fy M0 (z axis) M pl , y M pl , z
N Ed 0.25 N pl , Rd
(y axis) 0
NEd 0.5 hw tw fy M 0 0 1.0
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
Cross section resistance (clause 6.2.9 of EC3-1-1)
M
z,Ed
Class 1 or 2 Bi-axial bending
M y,Ed
NEd

I or H 2; 5 n but 1

M y , Ed M z , Ed
1 .0 Circular hollow sections 2
M N , y.Rd M N , z.Rd
1.66
n
NE
Rectangular hollow sections 6

1 1.13 n2
d
p
l
R
d
,
fy N Ed M y , Ed M z , Ed
Class 3 or 4 x , Ed x , Ed z y
M0 A Iy Iz
Bending, shear and axial force (clause 6.2.10 of EC3-1-1) Similar to bending
and shear interaction.
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
Member stability
Members with high slenderness subjected to bending and compression, may fail
by flexural buckling or lateral-torsional buckling.
Flexural buckling and lateral-torsional buckling (doubly-symmetric
cross-section):
NEd My.Ed My , Ed M z.Ed M z , Ed
k yy k yz 1.0 (Eq. 6.61 of EC3-1-1)
y NRk M1 LT My , Rk M1 M z , Rk M1
eN,y NEd (class 4)
N Ed M y.Ed M y , Ed M z.Ed M z , Ed
k zy k zz 1.0 (Eq. 6.62 of EC3-1-1)
z N Rk M1 LT M y , Rk M1 M z , Rk M1
kyy, kyz, kzy and kzz - interaction factors, which are dependent of instability phenomena
and plasticity Annex A of EC3-1-1 (Method 1) or Annex B (Method 2).
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
Member stability
i) Members with closed hollow sections or open sections restrained to torsion are
not susceptible to torsional deformation.
ii) Members with open sections (I or H sections) are susceptible to torsional
deformation.
Members not susceptible to torsional deformation checking of flexural

buckling against y-axis and z-axis, considering eqs. (6.61) and (6.62) with
LT = 1.0 and interaction factors kyy, kyz, kzy and kzz in members not susceptible to
torsional deformation.
Members susceptible to torsional deformation checking of lateral-torsional

buckling, considering eqs (6.61) and (6.62) with LT according to 6.3.2 of EC3-1-1
and interaction factors kyy, kyz, kzy and kzz in members susceptible to torsional
deformation.
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
Member stability
Method 2
(Annex B of EC3-1-1)
Interaction factors for members not
susceptible to torsional deformations
(Table B.1 of EC3-1-1).
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
Member stability
Method 2 (Annex B
of EC3-1-1)
Interaction factors for
members susceptible to
torsional deformations
(Table B.2 of EC3-1-1).
DESIGNOF
BEAMCOLUMNS
Member stability
Method 2
(Annex B of EC3-1-1)
Equivalent factors of
uniform moment Cmi
(Table B.3 of EC3-1-1)
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
Safety check of a beam-column of the first storey of the building illustrated in the figure. The
member, composed by a HEB 320 cross section in steel S 355, has a length of 4.335.
The relevant geometric characteristics of HEB 320 cross

section are: A = 161.3 cm2; Wpl,y = 2149 cm3,
Iy = 30820 cm4, iy = 13.82 cm; Iz = 9239 cm4,
iz = 7.57 cm; IT = 225.1 cm4 and IW = 2069 x 103 cm6.
The mechanical characteristics of the material are:
fy = 355 MPa, E = 210 GPa and G = 81 GPa.
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
The design internal forces obtained through the structure

z
analysis (second order) for the various load 65.5 kNm
y
combinations are illustrated in the figure. Two
201 kN 53.0 kN 72.3 kNm 29.8 kNm
simplification are assumed for the subsequent design
verifications: i) the shear force is sufficient small so can 417 kN 41.1 kN 58.6 kNm 32.0 kNm
be neglected; ii) the shape of the bending moment

diagram is linear.
630 kN 41.1 kN 57.1 kNm 29.3 kNm
Design values are: NEd = 1704 kN; My,Ed = 24.8 kNm 841 kN 40.2 kN 55.9 kNm 27.9 kNm
at the base cross section.

1053 kN 39.3 kN 53.8 kNm 29.0 kNm
i) Cross section classification 1262 kN 43.2 kN 68.6 kNm 54.5 kNm
As the compression force is high, the cross section is

1496 kN 50.5 kN 73.5 kNm 10.6 kNm
classified under compression only (conservative approach).
As the section HEB 320 is a stocky section, even under this 1704 kN 29.4 kN 24.8 kNm
load condition, is class 1. NEd Vz,Ed My,Ed

DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
ii) Cross section resistance

The design internal forces: My,Ed = 24.6 kNm and NEd = 1704 kN (compression).
NEd
N pl ,Rd A fy M0 161.3 104 355 103 1.0 5726.2 kN
My,Ed
As, NEd 1704 kN N pl ,Rd 5726.2 kN, the axial force resistance is verified.
Since, NEd 1704kN 0.25 Npl, Rd 1431.5 kN ,
in accordance with clause 6.2.9.1(4) of EC3-1-1, it is necessary to

reduce the plastic bending resistance (to MN,y,Rd):
Wpl ,y fy 2149 106 355 103
M pl ,y ,Rd 762.9 kNm A 2 b tf 161.3 2 30 2.05
Mo 1.0 a 0.24
A 161.3
1n 1 0.30
MN,y , Rd M pl , y , Rd 762.9 606.9 kNm NEd 1704
1 0.5 a 1 0.5 0.24 n 0.30
N pl ,Rd 5726.2
As, M y , Ed 24 .8 kNm M N , y , Rd 606 .9 kNm , the bending resistance is verified.

DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
iii) Verification of the stability of the member
In this example the Method 2 is applied. As the member is susceptible to torsional

deformations (thin-walled open cross section), it is assumed that lateral-torsional buckling
constitutes the relevant instability mode. Since Mz,Ed = 0, the following conditions must be
verified:
NEd My , Ed
k yy 1.0
y NRk M1 LT My ,Rk M1
N Ed M y , Ed
k zy 1 .0
z N Rk M1 LT M y , Rk M1
Step 1: characteristic resistance of the cross section
NRk A fy 161.3 10 4 355 103 5726.2 kN
M y , Rk Wpl , y f y 2149 10 6 355 10 3 762 .9 kNm

DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
z
Step 2: reduction coefficients due to flexural buckling, y and z
y
h 320 tf 20.5 mm 100mm 320
1.07 1.2 and
b 300 HEB 320
300
flexural buckling around y curve b ( 0.34)

flexural buckling around z curve c ( 0.49).
Plane xz - LE,y = 4.335 m.

LE,y 1 4.335 1
y 0.41
iy 1 13.82 102 93.9 0.81
y 0.62 y 0.92
Plane xy - LE,z = 4.335 m

LE , z 1 4.335 1
z
i z 1 7.57 10 2

93.9 0.81
0.75

0 .5 1 0 .2
2

1
0.5
2
2
z 0.92 z 0.69
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
Step 3: calculation of the LT using the alternative method applicable to rolled or equivalent
welded sections (clause 6.3.2.3 of EC3-1-1)
5 kNm 10.6 kNm
The length between braced sections is L = 4.335 m. The critical
moment Mcr assuming a linear diagram, in this example obtained
just by LTBeam software, is given by:
0.5
24.8 kNm
Mcr 5045.1 kNm 6 3
LT 2149 10 355 10 5045.1 0.39
My,Ed
Rolled I or H sections with h b 320 300 1.07 2
curve b, and LT 0.34 Table 6.4 -
Taking LT ,0 0.4 and 0.75

LT 0 .5 1 0 .34 0 .39 0 .4 0 .75 0 .39 2
0 .56
1
LT 0.99
2
0.56 0.56 0.75 0.39
2 0.5
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
Step 3: calculation of the LT using the alternative method applicable to rolled or equivalent
welded sections (clause 6.3.2.3 of EC3-1-1)
The correction factor kc, according to Table 6.6 of EC3-1-1, with = 10.6/(-24.8) = - 0.43, is
given by:
1 1
kc 0.68
1.33 0.33 1.33 0.33 (0.43)

f 1 0.5 1 kc 1 2.0 LT 0.8
2

1 0.5 1 0.68 1 2.0 0.39 0.8 0.89
2

The modified lateral-torsional buckling reduction factor is
given by:
LT ,mod 0.99 0.89 1.11 1.00
So, LT ,mod 1.00 must be adopted.

DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
Step 4: interaction factors kyy and kzy.

The equivalent factors of uniform moment Cmy and CmLT are obtained based on the bending
moment diagram, between braced sections according to the z direction in case of Cmy and
laterally in case of CmLT. Assuming the member braced in z direction and laterally just at the
base and top cross sections, the factors Cmy and CmLT must be calculated based on the bending
moment diagram along the total length of the member.
Since the bending moment diagram

is assumed linear, defined by:
My,Ed,base= -24.8 kNm;
My,Ed,top = 10.4 kNm, from Table B.3
of EC3-1-1, is obtained: 5 kNm 10.6 kNm
My,Ed,top My,Ed,base 10.6 24.8 0.43
C my C mLT 0.60 0.4 0.43 0.43 ( 0.40) 24.8 kNm

My,Ed
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
Because the member is susceptible to torsional deformations, the interaction factors kyy and kzy
are obtained from Table B.2 of EC3-1-1, through the following calculations:

k yy C my 1 y 0.2
NEd

0.43 1 0.41 0.2
y NRk M1
1704
0.46;
0.92 5726.2 1.0

NEd k yy 0.46
As k yy C my 1 0.8 0.54 , then
y NRk M1

0.1z NEd Step 5: Finally, the verification of equations 6.61
k zy 1
CmLT 0.25 z NRk M1 and 6.62 of EC3-1-1 yields:
0.1 0.75 1704
1 0.82 1704 24.8
0.43 0.25 0.69 5726.2 1.0 0.46 0.34 1.0
0.92 5726.2 1.0 1.00 762.9 1.0
0.1 NEd
As k zy 1 0.76
C mLT 0.25 z NRk M1 1704
0.82
24.8
0.46 1.0
0.69 5726.2 1.0 1.00 762.1 1.0
then k zy 0.82
Section O.K.
Free software for design of steel members in accordance

with EC3-1-1.
Beam-columns design
Design of cellular beams
http://www.constructalia.com
http://www.steelconstruct.com
Thank you for your attention

rads@dec.uc.pt

Design of Members: Rui Simões

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Torsion less common

RESISTANCE OF CROSS SECTIONS

Clause 6.2 of Eurocode 3, part 1.1 provides different My G

approaches, depending of cross section shape, cross section

Section properties gross section, net section

MEMBER BUCKLING RESISTANCE

Rolled open or closed sections, welded sections or built-up sections The

i) Plastic resistance N c , Rd A f y M 0 (class 1, 2 or 3)

ii) Buckling resistance Nb,Rd, in general the flexural buckling

Critical stress Slenderness Radius of gyration

Imperfections or real columns (geometrical

is the reduction factor for the

Torsional or flexural-torsional buckling

T Aeff fy Ncr (Class 4)

ii) Cross section classification section HEB 340 in pure compression.

Web in compression (Table 5.2 of EC3-1-1)

c (340 2 21.5 2 27)

Flange in compression (Table 5.2 of EC3-1-1)

HEB 340 cross section, steel S 355, in pure compression is class 1.

iii) Cross section verification - class 1 in pure compression.

iv) Buckling resistance.

Buckling in the plan x-z (around y) - LEy 4.335 m

Buckling in the plan x-y (around z) - LEz 4.335 m

Determination of the slenderness LEy 4.335 y

210 106 LEz 4.335 z

Calculation of the reduction factor min z

flexural buckling around z curve c ( 0.49).

Nb,Rd z A fy M1 0.69 170.9 104 355 103 1.0 4186.2 kN

As, NEd 3326.0 kN Nb,Rd 4186.2 kN

Hot-rolled sections (IPE, HEA or HEB, RHS,.)

Welded sections in non-uniform beams

Uniaxial bending (clause 6.2.5 of EC3-1-1)

Class 1 or 2 Mc.Rd Wpl fy M 0

Class 3 Mc.Rd Wel. min fy M0

Class 4 Mc.Rd Weff .min fy M0

Bi-axial bending (clause 6.2.9 of EC3.1.1) I or H 2; 5 n but 1

Bending and Shear Interaction Vz

VEd 50 % Vpl , Rd REDUCED MOMENT tw

fyr 1 fy 2 VEd Vpl.Rd 12

z g z a z s Mcr,1>Mcr Mcr Mcr,2<Mcr

- applicable to member with symmetric and mono-symmetric cross sections,

Elastic critical moment

- Publication n 119 do ECCS

Lateral-torsional buckling resistance (clause 6.3.2 of EC3-1-1)

Wy = Wpl.y Class 1 and 2;

LT is the reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling, which can be calculated

Mcr - Elastic critical moment

LT Wy fy Mcr 0.5 Table 6.5 -

Mcr - Elastic critical moment

Neglect LTB if:

The geometrical and mechanical properties of 4

tf = 13.5 mm, tw = 8.6 mm, Iy = 23130 cm4, 2b

IT = 51.08 cm4 ; Iw = 490x103 cm6; 6.00 m

fy = 355 MPa and E = 210 GPa. 1

Building plan master example

ii) Cross section classification My,Ed

Web (an internal part) in bending: 114.3 kNm 113.6 kNm

c 331 163.0 kNm

Flange (outstand part) in compression:

The cross section is class 1

iii) Cross section verification

So, it is not necessary to verify the shear buckling resistance.