Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapte75543r 9
Chapte75543r 9
v;k;&9
varjkZ"Vh; O;kikj
gj tuojh esa iQly dVkbZ dh rq osQ ckn xqokgkVh ls 35 fd-ehnwj tkxhjWkM esa tkWu chy esyk yxrk gS vkSj laHkor% ;g Hkkjr dk
,dek=k esyk gS] tgk fofue; O;oLFkk vkt Hkh thfor gSA bl esys
osQ nkSjku ,d cMs+ ckkkj dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gS vkSj fofHkUu
tutkfr;ksa rFkk leqnk;ksa osQ yksx viuh oLrqvksa dk vknku&iznku
djrs gSaA
vkSj fons'kh oLrqvksa osQ lkFk O;kikj osQ lkFk gh O;kikj osQ
,d u, Lo:i dk mn; gqvk] ftls ^nkl O;kikj* dgk x;kA
iqrZxkfy;ksa] Mpksa] Lisfu'k yksxksa o vaxzskksa us vizQhdh
ewy fuokfl;ksa dks idM+k vkSj mUgsa cyiwooZ Q] ckxkuksa esa Je
gsrq u, [kksts x, vesjhdk esa ifjofgr fd;kA nkl O;kikj
nks lkS o"kks ls Hkh vf/d le; rd ,d ykHknk;d O;kikj
jgk tc rd fd ;g 1792 esa MsuekoZQ es]a 1807 esa xzVs fczVus
esa vkSj 1808 esa la;qDr jkT; esa iw.kZ:is.k lekIr ugha dj
fn;k x;kA
vkS|ksfxd kafr osQ i'pkr~] dPps eky tSls&vukt]
ekal] u dh ekx Hkh c<+h] ysfdu fofuekZ.k dh oLrqvksa dh
rqyuk esa mudk ekSfnzd ewY; ?kV x;kA
vkS|ksxho`Qr jk"Vksa us dPps eky osQ :i esa izkFkfed
mRiknksa dk vk;kr fd;k vkSj ewY;ijd rS;kj eky dks okil
vukS|ksxho`Qr jk"Vksa dks fu;kZr dj fn;kA
19oha 'krkCnh osQ mkjkZ esa] izkFkfed oLrqvksa dk
mRiknu djus okys izns'k vf/d egoiw.kZ ugha jgs vkSj
vkS|ksfxd jk"V ,d nwljs osQ eq[; xzkgd cu x,A
varjkZ"Vh; O;kikj
83
(ii)
84
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
vkSj lsokvksa osQ izdkj esa ifjorZu gq, gSAa fiNyh 'krkCnh osQ
vkjaHk esa] izkFkfed mRiknksa dk O;kikj iz/ku FkkA ckn es]a
fofufeZr oLrqvksa us ize[q krk izkIr dj yh vkSj orZeku le; esa
;|fi fo'o O;kikj dk vf/dka'k fofuekZ.k {ks=k osQ vkf/iR;
esa gS] lsok {ks=k ftlesa ;k=kk] ifjogu rFkk vU; O;kolkf;d
lsok, lfEefyr gS]a mifjxkeh izof` k n'kkZ jgk gSA
$
fcfYk;u
fcfYk;u
oLrq,
lsok,
12000
10500
10500
9000
9000
7500
7500
6000
6000
4500
4500
3000
3000
1500
1500
19
00
98
20
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
0
82
80
12000
o"kZ
O;kikj dk ifjek.k
f;kdyki
vki D;kaas lksprs gSa fd fiNys n'kdksa esa O;kikj dk ifjek.k c<+k
gS\ D;k bu vkdM+ksa dh rqyuk dh tk ldrh gS\ 1955 dh rqyuk
eas 2005 esa fdruh o`f gqbZ gS\
10
15
20
O;kikj la;kstu
rkfydk 9-1 % fo'o % vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr (;w-,l- nl yk[k Mkyjksa esa)
fu;kZr
oqQy O;kikfjd eky
vk;kr
oqQy O;kikfjd eky
1955
1965
1975
1985
1995
2005
95]000
1]90]000
8]77]000
19]54]000
51]62]000
1]03]93]000
99]000
1]99]000
9]12]000
20]15]000
52]92]000
1]07]53]000
varjkZ"Vh; O;kikj
85
laxr lsok,
Hkkx
35
10 ls 15
50
1 ls 2
O;kikj dh fn'kk
,sfrgkfld :i ls] orZeku dkfyd fodkl'khy ns'k ewY;ijd
oLrqvksa rFkk f'kYi vkfn dk fu;kZr fd;k djrs Fks tks ;wjksih;
ns'kksa dks fu;kZr dh tkrh FkhA 19oha 'krkCnh osQ nkSjku O;kikj
dh fn'kk esa izR;korZu gqvkA ;wjksih; ns'kksa us fofuekZ.k oLrqvksa
dks vius mifuos'kksa ls [kk| inkFkZ rFkk dPps eky osQ cnys]
fu;kZr djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA ;wjksi vkSj la;Dq r jkT; vesfjdk
fo'o esa cMs+ O;kikfjd lk>snkj osQ :i esa mHkjs vkSj
fofuekZ.k oLrqvksa osQ O;kikj esa vxz.kh cusA ml le; tkiku
Hkh rhljk egoiww.kZ O;kikfjd ns'k FkkA 20oha 'krkCnh osQ
mkjkZ esa fo'o O;kikj dh ifr esa rhoz ifjorZu gq,A
;wjksi osQ mifuos'k lekIr gks x, tcfd Hkkjr] phu vkSj
vU; fodk'khy ns'kksa us fodflr ns'kksa osQ lkFk izfrLi/kZ 'kq:
dj nhA O;kikfjr oLrqvksa dh izo`Qfr Hkh cny xbZA
Mai djuk
ykxr dh n`f"V ls ugha oju~ fHkUu&fHkUu dkj.kksa ls
vyx&vyx dher dh fdlh oLrq dks nks ns'kksa esa
fo; djus dh izFkk Mai djuk dgykrh gSA
f;kdyki
lksfp,! os dkSu ls dkj.k gSa ftuls O;kikjh ns'kksa osQ fy, Mafiax
xgjh prk dk fo"k; curh tk jgh gS\
87
,oa fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ O;kikj ij yxs izfrcak dks gVkus osQ
ms'; ls vfLrRo esa vk, gSaA vkt 120 izknsf'kd O;kikj lewg
fo'o osQ 52 izfr'kr O;kikj dk tuu djrs gSAa bu O;kikj
lewgksa dk fodkl varr% izknsf'kd O;kikj dks xfr nsus esa
oSf'od laxBuksa ds vliQy gksus ds izR;qkj esa gqvk gSA
izknsf'kd
lewg
eq[;ky;
lnL; jk"V
mRifk
oLrq,
ASEAN
tdkrkZ
baMksusf'k;k
czqusbZ] baMksusf'k;k
eysf'k;k] lxkiqj]
FkkbZySaM] fo;ruke
vxLr]
1967
lh-vkbZ-,l-
eld]
csyk:l
vkjehfu;k] vkjcStku]
csyk:l] tkWftZ;k]
dkk[kLrku] f[kjfxLrku]
ekWYMksok] :l]
rkthfdLrku] rqoZQesfuLrku]
;wozsQu vkSj mkcsfdLrku
vFkZO;oLFkk] izfrj{kk
vkSj fons'k uhfr osQ
ekeyksa ij leUo;
,oa lg;ksx
bZ-;w;wjksih;
la?k
czqlsYl
csfYt;e
vkWfLV;k] csfYt;e]
MsuekoZQ] izQkal] fiQuySaM]
vk;jySaM] bVyh]
uhnjySaM] yDtecxZ]
iqrZxky] Lisu] LohMu
vkSj ;wukbVsM fdaxMe
bZ-bZ-lhekpZ
1957
bZ-;wiQjojh
1992
LAIA
1960
ysfVu
vesfjdu
baVhxzs'ku
,lksfl,'ku
NAFTA
&
1994
vksisd
fo;uk
(vkxsZukbks'ku
vkWI+kQ
iSVksfy;e
,DliksfVx
oaQVhk)
vYthfj;k] baMksusf'k;k]
bjku] bZjkd] oqQoSr]
yhfc;k] ukbthfj;k]
drj] lnh vjc]
la;qDr vjc vehjkr
vkSj osustq,yk
1949
lkVk
(lkmFk
,f'k;u
izQh VsM
,xzhesaV)
ckaXykns'k] ekynho
HkwVku] usiky] Hkkjr]
ikfdLrku vkSj Jhyadk
tuojh
2006
varj&izknsf'kd
O;kikj osQ djksa dks
?kVkuk
vkfl;ku
ukFkZ vesfjdu
izQh VsM
,lksfl,'ku
88
&
iku
varjkZ"Vh; O;kikj oQh nqfu;k osQ eq[; izo's k }kj iksrkJ; rFkk
iku gksrs gSaA bUgha ikuksa osQ }kjk tgkkh eky rFkk ;k=kh
fo'o osQ ,d Hkkx ls nwljs Hkkx dks tkrs gSaA
iku tgkk osQ fy, xksnh] yknus] mrkjus rFkk HkaMkj.k
gsrq lqfokk, iznku djrs gSAa bu lqfokkvksa dks iznku djus osQ
ms'; ls iku osQ izkf/dkjh ukSxE; }kjksa dk j[k&j[kko] jLlksa
o ctjksa (NksVh vfrfjDr ukSdk,) dh O;oLFkk djus vkSj
Je ,oa izcakdh; lsokvksa dks miyCk djkus dh O;oLFkk
djrs gSaA ,d iku osQ ego dks ukSHkkj osQ vkdkj vkSj
fuiVku fd, x, tgktksa dh la[;k }kjk fuf'pr fd;k tkrk
varjkZ"Vh; O;kikj
89
(iii)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
vH;kl
1.
90
(iii)
2.
3.
varjkZ"Vh; O;kikj
91