X L TN HIU S

TI LIU THAM KHO

Bi ging ny !

X l tn hiu s
X l tn hiu s v lc s

Chng 1

TN HIU V H THNG
RI RC

Nhng ni dung cn nm vng:

Chng 1

Cc tn hiu ri rc c bit (xung n v, bc n v, hm m, tun

hon)

Cc php ton vi tn hiu ri rc (nhn vi h s, cng, php dch)

Quan h vo-ra vi h TT-BB:

Tn hiu vo (tc ng), tn hiu ra (p ng), p ng xung
Cch tnh tng chp y(n) = x(n) * h(n)

Cc tnh cht ca h TT-BB

nhn qu, n nh

Quan h vo-ra thng qua PT-SP-TT-HSH

H TT-BB xt trong min tn s:

p ng tn s (p ng bin , p ng pha)

Ph tn hiu (ph bin , ph pha)

Nhng ni dung cn nm vng:

Chng 2

nh ngha bin i z (1 pha, 2 pha)

Min hi t ca bin i z
Cc tnh cht ca bin i z
Phng php tnh bin i z ngc (phn tch thnh cc phn
thc hu t n gin)
Cch tra cu bng cng thc bin i z
ng dng bin i z 1 pha gii PT-SP
Xt tnh nhn qu v n nh thng qua hm truyn t H(z).

Nhng ni dung cn nm vng:

Chng 3
Phn loi b lc s (FIR, IIR)
Phng php thc hin b lc s (phn cng, phn mm):
- S khi
- Lp trnh gii PT-SP
Cc thuc tnh ca b lc:
Nhn qu, n nh, hm truyn t, p ng xung, p ng tn
s (bin , pha), tnh cht lc (thng cao, thng thp, thng
di, chn di)

Min thi gian

T.h. vo x(n)
T.h. ra y(n)
p ng xung h(n)

y(n) = x(n) * h(n)

Nhn qu
n nh
(th hin qua p
ng xung)

Mt phng z

X(z)= Z[x(n)]
Y(z)= Z[y(n)]
H(z)=Z[h(n)]=
Y(z)/X(z)
Y(z) = X(z). H(z)

Min tn s
Ph X(ejw)=F[x(n)]
Ph Y(ejw)=F[y(n)]
p ng tn s
H(ejw)= Y(ejw)/ X(ejw)
=F[h(n)]
Y(ejw)= X(ejw). H(ejw)

Nhn qu:
n nh:
(V tr ca im cc
ca H(z) so vi
ng trn n v)

1.1 Khi nim v phn loi

Tn hiu l biu hin vt l ca thng tin

V mt ton, tn hiu l hm ca mt hoc nhiu bin c lp.
Cc bin c lp c th l: thi gian, p sut, cao, nhit
Bin c lp thng gp l thi gian. Trong gio trnh s ch xt
trng hp ny.
Mt v d v tn hiu c bin c lp l thi gian: tn hiu in
tim.

Phn loi:

Xt trng hp tn hiu l hm ca bin thi gian

x(n)

Tn hiu tng t: bin (hm), thi gian (bin) u lin tc. V

d: x(t)
Tn hiu ri rc: bin lin tc, thi gian ri rc. V d: x(n)

Phn loi tn hiu

Thi gian lin tc

Thi gian ri rc

Bin
lintc

Bin
ri rc

Tn hiu lng t ha

Tn hiu s

10

X l s tn hiu
Tn hiu
s

Tn hiu
tng t

Ly mu &
bin i
tng t-s

ADC

X l
tn hiu
s

Bin i
s
tng t

Tn hiu
tng t

DAC

11

Ti sao li x l tn hiu s ?
c th x l t ng (bng my tnh)
Gim c nhiu
Cho php sao lu nhiu ln m cht lng
khng thay i
Cc b x l tn hiu s (DSP)
khi c ch to hng lot c cht lng x l
ng nht v cht lng x l khng thay i
theo thi gian

12

Bin i tng t-s

Ly mu sau
lng t ha

Ly mu
(ri rc ha thi gian)
Chu k ly mu Ts
Tn s ly mu Fs = 1/Ts
Lng t ha
(ri rc ha bin )
Fs >= 2Fmax (Fmax: tn s ln nht ca tn hiu)
nh l Shannon (ly mu)

13

1.2 K hiu tn hiu ri rc

Dy gi tr thc hoc phc vi phn
t th n l x(n), -<n<+
n ly gi tr nguyn
Qu trnh ly mu u (Ts = hng s),
gi thit Ts = 1 -> Fs = 1
ws = 2pFs.
x(n) = x(nTs)

14

Mt s tn hiu ri rc c bit

Xung n v
1
(n)
0
(n)

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

n0
n0

5 n

15

Tn hiu bc n v
u(n) 1 n 0
0 n<0

u(n)

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

5 n

16

Tn hiu hm m
x(n)=an

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

17

Tn hiu tun hon

x(n)=x(n+N), N>0: chu k

x(n)

x(n)=sin[(2p/N)(n+n0)]
18

1.3. Cc php ton vi tn hiu ri rc

Php nhn 2 tn hiu ri rc

y(n)
x(n)

x(n).y(n)

Php nhn tn hiu ri rc vi h s

a
x(n)

a x(n)

19

1.3. Cc php ton vi tn hiu ri rc

Php cng 2 tn hiu ri rc
y(n)
x(n)

x(n)+y(n)

Php dch
nu dch phi n0 mu, x(n) tr thnh y(n)
y(n) = x(n-n0)

20

1.3. Cc php ton vi tn hiu ri rc

Tr 1 mu
x(n)

D
Delay

x(n-1)

Mt tn hiu ri rc bt k x(n) lun c th

c biu din

x(n)

x(k)(n k)

21

y(n) =x1(n-1)
1
0,5
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
x2(n)
-1

0,5

-3 -2
0 1 2 3
-0,5

22

1.4. Phn loi cc h x l tn hiu ri rc

T[ ]
x(n)

y(n)

y(n)=T[x(n)]

x(n): tn hiu vo (tc ng)

y(n): tn hiu ra (p ng)
Phn loi da trn cc iu kin rng buc i vi
php bin i T

H tuyn tnh nu tha mn nguyn l xp chng

23

1.4. Phn loi cc h x l tn hiu ri rc

x1(n)

y1(n)

x2(n)

y2(n)

T[ax1(n)+bx2(n)] =aT[x1(n)]+bT[x2(n)]
=a y1(n) + b y2(n)
x(n)

x(k)(n k)

y(n) = T[x(n)]

Nu h tuyn tnh:

y(n)

x(k)T[(n k)]

hk(n) T[(n k)]

24

R1

5v

2v

R2
3v

25

1.4. Phn loi cc h x l tn hiu ri rc

Nu h bt bin theo thi gian
Tc ng (n) cho p ng h(n)
Tc ng (n-k) cho p ng h(n-k)
Vi h tuyn tnh bt bin (TTBB):
y(n)

x(k) h(n k)

h(n) l p ng xung ca h
y(n) x(n)*h(n)

*: Php tng chp

26

1.4. Phn loi cc h x l tn hiu ri rc

V d H TTBB
(n)

(n)

(n)

(n-1)
(n-1)

(n-2)

(n)

(n-1)

(n-2)

27

1.4. Phn loi cc h x l tn hiu ri rc

di tn hiu: S lng mu khc 0 ca tn hiu
Phn bit cc h TTBB da trn chiu di ca p ng xung

FIR: H c p ng xung hu hn
(Finite Impulse Response)
IIR: H c p ng xung v hn
(Infinite Impulse Response)
Nng lng tn hiu

x(n)

28

1.4. Phn loi cc h x l tn hiu ri rc

Tnh tng chp

V d 1 Tn hiu vo v p ng xung ca h TTBB

nh hnh v. Hy tnh tn hiu ra
h(n)

-2

-1

x(n)

0.5
-2

y(n)

-1

x(k)h(n k)

x(k)h(n k)

k 0

29

1.4. Phn loi cc h x l tn hiu ri rc

Tnh tng chp

V d 1

y(n)=x(0)h(n-0)+x(1)h(n-1)=0,5h(n)+2h(n-1)
0,5h(n)
0,5
-2

-1

2h(n-1)
2

-2

-1

1
y(n)

2
2,5

3
2,5
2

0,5
-2

-1

30

V d 2

Cho x(n) v h(n) nh hnh v. Hy tnh y(n)

x(n)

-2

-1

x(n) =anu(n)

x(k)

0<a<1
1

-2

-1

1
h(n) =u(n)

-1

-2

-1

-2

-1

h(1-k)

-2

-1

h(-k)

h(n)

-2

h(-1-k)

31

V d 2
n <0: y(n)=0
n=0: y(n) = 1
n>0: y(n)

n1
1
a
k
a

1 a

k 0

n1
1
a
y(n)
u(n)
1 a

Vi mi gi tr ca n:

y(n)

1
1 a

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

6 n

32

1.5.Tnh cht ca h TTBB

Giao hon
Kt hp

y(n)=x(n)*h(n)=h(n)*x(n)

[y(n)*x(n)]*z(n)=y(n)*[x(n)*z(n)]

33

1.5.Tnh cht ca h TTBB

Cc h tng ng

x(n)

x(n)

h1(n)

h2(n)

h2(n)

h1(n)

x(n)
x(n)

h1(n) *h2(n)
h2(n) *h1(n)

y(n)

y(n)
y(n)
y(n)
34

1.5.Tnh cht ca h TTBB

Phn phi
x(n)*(h1(n)+h2(n))=x(n)*h1(n)+ x(n)*h2(n)
h1(n)
x(n)

x(n)

h2(n)

h1(n) +h2(n)

y(n)

y(n)
35

1.5.Tnh cht ca h TTBB

H c nh v khng nh
Khng nh: tn hiu ra ph thuc tn hiu
vo cng thi im.
V d
y(n)=A.x(n)
C nh: tn hiu ra ph thuc tn hiu vo
nhiu thi im
V d

y(n) = x(n) x(n-1)

36

1.5.Tnh cht ca h TTBB

H ng nht
Tn hiu ra bng tn hiu vo
y(n) = x(n)
H A l o ca h B nu mc ni tip 2
h ny ta c 1 h ng nht

37

1.5.Tnh cht ca h TTBB

H o(A) v h kh o (B)
H A
x(n)

H B
y(n)

z(n)

x(n) = z(n)
hA(n)*hB(n)

h(n) =hA(n)*hB(n)=(n)
H(z)=HA(z).HB(z) = 1
38

1.5.Tnh cht ca h TTBB

H nhn qu
Tn hiu ra ch ph thuc tn hiu vo hin
ti v qu kh
Cha c tc ng th cha c p ng
p ng khng xy ra trc tc ng
Nu x(n) =0 vi n < n0 th y(n) =0 vi n < n0
y(n)

x(k)h(n k)

Nu h nhn qu th y(n) khng

ph thuc x(k) vi k >n

h(n-k) = 0 vi k > n tc l h(n) = 0 vi n < 0

39

1.5.Tnh cht ca h TTBB

H nhn qu
Vi h nhn qu cng thc tnh tn hiu ra tr thnh
y(n)
y(n)

x(k)h(n k)

h(k)x(n k)

k 0

Ch c h nhn qu th mi thc hin c trn

thc t.

Tn hiu nhn qu: x(n) = 0 vi n <0

40

1.5.Tnh cht ca h TTBB

H n nh
Vi tn hiu vo c gi tr hu hn th tn hiu
ra cng c gi tr hu hn
Gi thit |x(n)|<B

y(n)
y(n)

h(k)x(n k)

h(k) x(n k)

y(n) B

y(n) c gi tr hu hn:

h(k)

h(k)

41

V d p ng xung ca h n nh v khng n nh

h(n)

n nh

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

5 n

h(n)

Khng n nh

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

5 n

42

V d Xt tnh nhn qu v n nh ca h c p ng xung

h(n) = anu(n)

y l h nhn qu v h(n) = 0 vi n < 0

Xt tnh n nh

h(n)

n0

y l chui ly tha, chui ny

hi t nu |a|<1
phn k nu |a|1
H ch n nh nu |a|<1

43

1.6. p ng tn s ca h TTBB
p ng tn s: cho bit tnh cht truyn t ca h i
vi cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau ca tn hiu vo
K

Thng thp

Thng cao

Thng di

Chn di

xt biu din tn s ca h TTBB, tc ng ca h

c dng:

x(n) ejwn

H c p ng xung h(n)
44

1.6. p ng tn s ca h TTBB
p ng ca h:

y(n)

h(k)x(n k)

j
w
n
e

h(k) ejw(nk)

k
h(k)e jwk x(n).

H(ejw)

H(ejw)

h(k)ejwk

H(ejw) cho bit s truyn t ca h i vi mi

tn s w nn H(ejw) l p ng tn s ca h.
45

1.6. p ng tn s ca h TTBB
H(ejw) l hm phc nn c th c biu din
theo phn thc, phn o:
H(ejw)= HR(ejw) +jHI(ejw)
hoc theo bin -pha:
H(ejw)=

|H

jw)]
jarg[H(e
jw
(e )| e

|H (ejw)|: p ng bin
arg[H (ejw)]: p ng pha

46

V d H TTBB c p ng xung h(n)=anu(n), |a|<1

Xc nh p ng tn s ca h.

j
w
H(e )

j
w
n
n
ae

(aejw)n

n0

n0

jw
Tng cp s nhn li v hn: H(e )

|H(ejw)|

1
1 aejw

6
5
4
3
2
1
0

2p w
47

Nhn xt
H(ejw) l hm lin tc theo w v tun hon theo w
vi chu k 2p.
Nu h(n) l thc, p ng bin i xng
trong khong 0 w 2p.
Nu p ng xung l thc, ch cn xt khong
tn s 0 w p.

48

1.7. Php bin i Fourier ca tn hiu ri

rc

j
w
H(e )

h(n)ejwn

(1)

(1) c th c xem l biu din chui Fourier ca H(ejw)

Cc h s ca chui l h(n)
p

h(n) 1 H(ejw)ejwndw (2)

2p p
(1), (2) l cp bin i Fourier ca h(n)

(1) l cng thc bin i Fourier thun (phn tch)

(2) l cng thc bin i Fourier ngc (tng hp)
49

Pulse
Tone

50

V d Xt mch lc thng thp l tng

H(w)

1 w wC
0

wC w p

Hy xc nh p ng xung h(n)
w

C
j
w
n
j
w
n
1
1
h(n)
e dw
e

2p w
2pjn
w

1 e
2pjn

jw n
C

sinwCn

pn

jw n

51

Trng hp wC =p/2, fc = 1/4

|H(f)|

-1

-1/2 -fc

fc 1/2
arg[H(f)]

h(n)

-3
-6

-5

-4

3
-2

-1

n
52

Cc cng thc (1),(2) ng cho bt k

dy no c th ly tng theo (1).
Vy vi tn hiu x(n) bt k ta c:

j
w
X(e )

n
p

x(n)e jwn

x(n) 1 X(ejw)ejwndw
2p p
Theo tn s f:

X(f)

x(n)

x(n)ej2pfn

n
1/2

X(f)ej2pfndf

1/2

X(f) l hm phc ca bin thc f, tun hon

theo f vi chu k = 1. X(f) = X(f+1)
53

Ph bin v ph pha
X(f) X(f)ejarg[X(f)]
|X(f)|: Ph bin , arg[X(f)]: Ph pha
p ng xung h(n)

tn hiu x(n)

F
F-1
F

H(ejw)

p ng tn s

X(ejw) ph

F-1

54

1.8. Mt s tnh cht c bn ca php bin i

Fourier
Tnh tuyn tnh
F aX (ejw) bX (ejw)
ax1(n) bx2(n)
1
2

Tnh tun hon

X(ejw) tun hon chu k 2p
X(f) tun hon chu k l 1
Bin i Fourier ca tn hiu tr
F X(ejw)
x(n)
F ?
x(n n0)
55

1.8. Mt s tnh cht c bn ca php bin i

Fourier

F x(n n0)

t n-n0 = m

F x(m)

x(n n0)ejwn

m
jwn0

x(m)e jw(mn0)

x(m)e jwm

e jwn0X(ejw)

Nhn xt
Tn hiu tr c ph bin khng thay i
cn ph pha dch i 1 lng

wn0

56

1.8. Mt s tnh cht c bn ca php bin i

Fourier
Nu x(n) thc:
p ng bin l hm chn theo w

|X(ejw)|=|X(e-jw)|
p ng pha l hm l theo w
arg[X(ejw)]=-arg[X(e-jw)]
c = a.b -> |c| = |a|.|b|
arg[c] = arg[a] + arg[b]
d = a/b -> |d| = |a|/|b|, arg[d] = arg[a] arg[b]
57

1.9. Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh

h s hng (PT-SP-TT-HSH)

x(t)

H tng t

y(t)

H tng t c quan h vo-ra theo phng trnh vi phn

x(n)

H ri rc

y(n)

H ri rc c quan h vo-ra theo PT-SP-TT-HSH

58

1.9. Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh

h s hng (PT-SP-TT-HSH)
Dng tng qut

k 0

k 0

aky(n k) bkx(n k)

ak, bk: cc h s ca PT-SP

Trng hp N = 0

y(n)

M b
k

a0 x(n k)

k 0

So snh vi cng thc tng qut:

bk
h(k) a0
0

y(n)

h(k)x(n k)

0 k M
k cn l i

H c p ng xung hu hn (FIR), hay h khng truy hi

59

1.9. Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh

h s hng (PT-SP-TT-HSH)
Trng hp N > 0
M

N
1

y(n) a bkx(n k) aky(n k)

0
k 0

k 1

H c p ng xung v hn (IIR), hay h truy hi

60

1.10. p ng tn s ca h biu din bng

PT-SP-TT-HSH
N

k 0

k 0

aky(n k) bkx(n k)

Ly bin i Fourier c 2 v:

n
N

aky(n k) e jwn

k 0

akn

k 0

y(n k) e jwn

bkx(n k) e jwn

n
M

k 0

bkn
x(n k) e jwn

k 0
M

k 0

k 0

Y(ejw)

ake jwk X(ejw) bke jwk

H(ejw)

bke jwk

Y(ejw) k 0
X(ejw) N a e jwk
k
k 0

p ng tn s xc nh bi cc h s ca PT-SP
61

62

Bi tp chng 1 (1/3)
1. Gi s x(n) = 0 vi n < 2 v n > 4. Vi mi tn hiu sau
y, hy xc nh gi tr n cho tn hiu tng ng bng 0.
a) x(n3)
b) x(n+4)
c) x(n)
d) x(n+2)
e) x(n2)
2. Xt h S c tn hiu vo x(n) v tn hiu ra y(n). H ny c
c bng cch mc h S1 ni tip vi h S2 theo sau. Quan h
vora i vi 2 h S1 v S2 l:
S1 :
y1(n) = 2x1(n) + 4x1(n1)
S2 :
y2(n) = x2(n2) + (1/2)x2(n3)
vi x1(n), x2(n) k hiu tn hiu vo.
a) Hy xc nh quan h vora cho h S
b) Quan h vo ra ca h S c thay i khng nu thay i
th t S1 v S2 (tc l S2 ni tip vi h S1 theo sau).
63

Bi tp chng 1(2/3)
3. Tn hiu ri rc x(n) cho nh hnh v sau. Hy v cc tn hiu:
a) x(n4)
b) x(3n)
c) x(2n)
d) x(2n+1)
e) x(n)u(3n)
f) x(n-1)u(3-n) g) x(n2) (n2)
h) (1/2)x(n)+(1/2)(-1)nx(n)
i) x((n-1)2)
1
0,5

0,5

-4 -3
-7 -6 -5
-1

-2 -1 0 1

2 3

4 5

6 7

-0,5

64

Bi tp chng 1(3/3)
4. Cho

x(n) = (n) + 2(n1) (n3) v

h(n) = 2(n+1) + 2(n1)

Hy tnh v v kt qu ca cc tng chp sau:

a) y1(n) = x(n) * h(n)
b) y2(n) = x(n+2) * h(n)
5. H TT-BB c PT-SP: y(n)=(1/2)[x(n)-x(n-1)]
a) Xc nh p ng xung ca h
b) Xc nh p ng tn s v v dng p ng bin

65

Gii bi tp chng 1 (1/8)

1. a) n-3 < -2 v n-3 >4. Vy n<1 v n > 7
2.
x(n)=x1(n)

S1

S2
y1(n)=x2(n)

y(n)=y2(n)

y1(n) = 2x1(n) + 4x1(n1)

x2(n) = 2x(n) + 4x(n1)

y2(n) = x2(n2) + (1/2)x2(n3)

y(n) = x2(n2) + (1/2)x2(n3)

x2(n) = 2x(n) + 4x(n1)

x2(n-2) = 2x(n-2) + 4x(n3)

(1/2)x2(n-3) = x(n-3) + 2x(n4)

y(n) = 2x(n2) + 5x (n3)+ 2x(n4)

66

Gii bi tp chng 1 (2/8)

3.

1
0,5

0,5

-4 -3
-7 -6 -5
-1

-2 -1 0 1

2 3

4 5

6 7

-0,5

a) x(n4) do x(n) tr (dch phi) 4 mu

b) x(3n): ly i xng x(n) qua n=0 c x(-n), sau
dch x(-n) sang phi 3 mu c x(3-n)
c) x(2n) l x(n) ly ti cc thi im 2n
1
0,5
-2
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3

-1 0 1
-1

2 3

4 5

6 7

n
67

Gii bi tp chng 1 (3/8)

3.

1
0,5

0,5

-4 -3
-7 -6 -5
-1

-2 -1 0 1

2 3

4 5

6 7

-0,5

d) x(2n+1) l x(n) ly ti cc thi im 2n+1 (ch khng

phi do x(2n) dch tri 1 mu)
e) x(n)u(3n):

Vy

u(3-n) = 1 nu 3-n 0 tc l n 3
u(3-n) = 0 nu 3-n <0 tc l n > 3

x(n)u(3n) = x(n) nu n 3
x(n)u(3n) = 0 nu n > 3

68

Gii bi tp chng 1 (4/8)

3.

1
0,5

0,5

-4 -3
-7 -6 -5
-1

-2 -1 0 1

2 3

4 5

6 7

-0,5

f) x(n-1)u(3-n) l tch ca 2 tn hiu x(n-1) v u(3-n)

g) x(n2) (n2) l tch ca 2 tn hiu x(n2) v (n2)
h) (1/2)x(n)+(1/2)(-1)nx(n) = y(n)
Nu n chn hoc n = 0:(-1)n = 1 nn y(n) = x(n)
Nu n l :(-1)n = -1 nn y(n) = 0
i) x((n-1)2) l x(n) ly ti cc thi im (n-1)2

x(n-n0) do x(n) dch phi n0 mu (tr)

x(n+n0) do x(n) dch tri n0 mu

69

Gii bi tp chng 1 (5/8)

4.

x(n) = (n) + 2(n1) (n3)

h(n) = 2(n+1) + 2(n1)
2

x(n)

h(n)

1
3
-1

1 2

4
-1

a)

y(n) x(n) * h(n)

-1

h(k)x(n k)

k 1

y(n)=h(-1)x(n+1)+h(1)x(n-1)=2x(n+1)+2x(n-1)
2x(n+1) = 2(n+1) + 4(n) 2(n2)
2x(n-1) = 2(n-1) + 4(n2) 2(n4)
y(n) = 2(n+1) + 4(n)+ 2(n-1) + 2(n2) 2(n4)
70

Gii bi tp chng 1 (6/8)

4.

y(n)

2
4
-2

-1

-2

b) y(n) x(n) * h(n)

h(k)x(n 2 k)

k 1

y(n)=h(-1)x(n+3)+h(1)x(n+1)=2x(n+3)+2x(n+1)
2x(n+3) = 2(n+3) + 4(n+2) 2(n)
2x(n+1) = 2(n+1) + 4(n) 2(n2)
y(n) = 2(n+3) + 4(n+2)+ 2(n+1) +2(n) 2(n2)
71

Gii bi tp chng 1 (7/8)

5. H TT-BB c PT-SP: y(n)=(1/2)[x(n)-x(n-1)]
a) Xc nh p ng xung ca h
h(n)=y(n) khi x(n) = (n) vy h(n)=(1/2)[(n)-(n-1)]
b) Xc nh p ng tn s ca h

w
w
w
jw
j jwn j
j
H(e )jw F 1h(n)1 jw 1
h(n)e
H(e ) e n e 2 e 2 e 2
2 2
2

1
1
jw
jwn
jwn
H(e )
(n)e
w (n 1)e

j
w
2 njw) j sin e 22 n
H(e
2

w
| H(e ) | sin
2
jw

72

Gii bi tp chng 1 (8/8)

b) V dng p ng bin
| H(e jw ) | sin

w
2

|H(ejw)|
1

p/2

p w

73

Chng 2
PHP BIN I Z

74

2.1. nh ngha

Bin i z ca tn hiu ri rc x(n) c nh ngha nh sau:

X(z)

x(n)zn

X(z) l hm phc ca bin phc z. nh ngha nh trn

l bin i z 2 pha. Bin i z 1 pha nh sau:
X(z)

x(n)zn

n0

Xt quan h gia bin i z v bin i Fourier. Biu din

bin phc z trong to cc
z = rejw

75

2.1. nh ngha

j
w
X(re )

x(n)(rejw)n

j
w
X(re )

n
x(n)r ejwn

Trng hp c bit nu r = 1 hay |z|=1 biu thc trn

tr thnh bin i Fourier

X(z)

zejw

X(ejw)

Bin i z tr thnh bin i Fourier khi bin ca bin z

bng 1, tc l trn ng trn c bn knh bng 1 trong
mt phng z. ng trn ny c gi l ng trn n v.

76

2.1. nh ngha
ng trn n v

Im

z=ejw

Mt phng z
w

Re

77

iu kin tn ti bin i z
Min gi tr ca z chui ly tha trong nh
ngha bin i z hi t gi l min hi t.
p dng tiu chun C-si xc nh min hi t
Chui c dng

un u0 u1 u2 ...

s hi t nu

n0

1/n 1
|
tha mn iu kin nlim|u
n

X(z) X1(z) X2(z)

x(n)zn

x(n)zn

n0

p dng tiu chun C-si cho X2(z)

n |1/n 1
lim|x(n)z
n

1/n|z1| 1
lim|x(n)|
n

78

iu kin tn ti bin i z
Gi thit

1/n R
lim|x(n)|
x
n

Vy X2(z) hi t vi cc gi tr ca z tha mn
|z|>R
Tng t,x- X1(z) hi t vi cc gi tr ca z tha mn |z|<Rx+
vi:
1
R x
1/n
lim|x(

n)|
n
Min hi t ca bin i z: 0 Rx |z| Rx
Im

Rx-

Rx+

Re

79

V d 1.
bin
X(z)

Cho tn hiu x(n)=u(n). Hy xc nh

i z v min hi t.

1.zn 1 1z1

n0

V d 2.

vi |z|>1 Rx-=1

Rx+=

Cho tn hiu x(n)=anu(n). Hy xc

nh bin i z v min hi t.

X(z)

an.zn

n0

(a.z1)n

n0

Im

1
z

vi |z|>|a|
1 az1 z a

Rx-=|a| Rx+=
a

Re

im khng: z = 0
im cc: z = a
Min hi t khng cha im cc

80

x(n)
X(z)

Z
Z1

X(z)

Bin i z thun

x(n)

Bin i z ngc

81

2.2. Php bin i z ngc

1 zk 1dz 1 k=0
2pj
0 k 0

p dng nh l C-si
X(z)

x(n)zn (1)

: ng cong khp kn bao gc ta trn mt phng z

m1
z
Nhn (1) vi
v ly tch phn:
2pj

1 X(z)zm1dz 1
x(n)znm1dz

2pj
2pj n
1 X(z)zm1dz x(n) 1 znm1dz

2pj
2pj
n
1 X(z)zm1dz x(m)
2pj

x(n) 1 X(z)zn1dz
2pj
82

2.3. Mt s tnh cht ca bin i z

Tnh tuyn tnh

Z X (z)
x1(n)
1

Z X (z)
x2(n)
2
Z X(z)
x(n) ax1(n) bx2(n)

X(z)

ax (n)+bx (n) z
1

n=-

a x1(n)z
n

b x2 (n)z n
n

aX1(z) bX2 (z)

Min hi t ca X(z) t nht s l giao ca 2 min hi t

ca X1(z) v X2(z)
Rx- = max[Rx1-,Rx2-]
Rx+ = min[Rx1+,Rx2+]
83

2.3. Mt s tnh cht ca bin i z

Bin i z ca tn hiu tr
Z
x(n)
X(z)
Z
x(n n0 )
?

Z x(n n0 )

i bin m=n-n0

x(n n )z
0

Z xx(m)

x(m)z(mn0 )

n0

x(m)zm

zn0 X(z)
Z
x(n n0 )
zn0 X(Z)

84

Z x(n n0 )

x(n n0 )z n

85

2.3. Mt s tnh cht ca bin i z

Bin i z ca tn hiu tr

x(n)

z-1

x(n-1)

x(n)

x(n-1)

86

2.3. Mt s tnh cht ca bin i z

Gi tr u ca dy
X(z)
Nu x(n)=0 vi n<0 th x(0) lim
z

X(z)

x(n)z

x(0) x(1)

o trc thi gian

Z x(n)

x(n)z

n 0

1
1
x(2) 2 ...
z
z
Z x(n) X(z),R x | z | R x
Z x(n) ?

1
m
x(m)z

z

n
m
1
1
| z |
R x
R x

x(n)z

87

2.3. Mt s tnh cht ca bin i z

Vi phn ca bin i z

dX(z)
(n)x(n)zn1
dz
n
Nhn 2 v vi - z

dX(z)
z
nx(n) zn Z nx(n)
dz
n

Bin i z ca tng chp

Y(z)=X(z).H(z)

y(n)=x(n)*h(n)
Y(z)

y(n)z

x(k)h(n k) z n
n k

x(k) h(n k)z n

k
n

x(k)z

n
h(n)z

X(z).H(z)
n

88

2.4. Mt s phng php tnh

bin i z ngc
Khai trin thnh cc phn thc hu t n gin
P(z)
X(z)

Q(z)

V d

Cho X(z)

Ai

i1 z zi
K

Ai (z zi )X(z) z z

1
1 3z

2z

vi |z|>2. Tm x(n) ?

Mu s c 2 nghim theo z-1: z-1=1 v z-1=1/2

X(z)

(z1

1/2
A1
A2
1
1
1
1)(z 1 / 2) (z 1) (z 1 / 2)

A1 (z1 1).X(z)

z1 1

A2 (z1 1 / 2).X(z)

z1 1 / 2

1
89

2.4. Mt s phng php tnh

bin i z ngc
Khai trin thnh cc phn thc hu t n gin
X(z)

1
1
2
1

z1 1 z1 1 / 2 1 2z1 1 z 1

Bit rng x(n) anu(n) X(z)

1
1 az1

Vy x(n)=2.2nu(n)-u(n)=u(n)[2n+1-1]

90

2.4. Mt s phng php tnh

bin i z ngc
Khai trin theo php chia
X(z) c dng l t s ca 2 a thc theo z. Tin
hnh php chia a thc c tng mu ca x(n)

V d

z1
X(z)
1 1, 414z1 z2

91

2.4. Mt s phng php tnh

bin i z ngc
Khai trin theo php chia
z-1

1-1,414z-1+z-2

z-1 -1,414z-2+z-3
z-1+ 1,414z-2+ z-3- z-5-1,414 z-6
1,414z-2-z-3
1,414z-2-2z-3+ 1,414z-4
z-3 - 1,414z-4
z-3 - 1,414z-4 + z-5
-5

z
X(z) x(n)zn
- z-5 + 1,414z-6 z-7
n
- 1,414z-6 + z-7
x(0)=0. x(1)=1. x(2)=1,414. x(3)=1. x(4)=0. x(5)=-1
n<0 x(n)=0
92

Mt s cp bin i z thng dng (1/2)

Tn hiu

Bin i z

Min hi t

(n)

Ton mf z

u(n)
-u(-n-1)
(n-m)
anu(n)
-anu(-n-1)

1
1 z1
1
1 z1

z-m
1
1 az1
1
1 az1

|z|>1
|z|<1
Ton mf z tr 0 nu
m>0, tr nu m < 0
|z|>|a|
|z|<|a|

93

Mt s cp bin i z thng dng (2/2)

Tn hiu

nanu(n)
-nanu(-n-1)

Bin i z
az1

1 az
1

az1

1 az
1

Min hi t

|z|>|a|
|z|<|a|

cos(Wn)u(n)

1 (cos W)z1
1 (2 cos W)z1 z2

|z|>1

sin(Wn)u(n)

(sin W)z1
1 (2 cos W)z1 z2

|z|>1

94

2.5. ng dng bin i z gii PT-SP

Gii PT-SP: Bit PT-SP, bit tn hiu vo, tnh tn hiu ra
V d

Cho PT-SP y(n) = x(n) + ay(n-1)

Bit: iu kin u y(-1) = K
Tn hiu vo x(n) = ejwnu(n)
Hy xc nh tn hiu ra

Ly bin i z 1 pha PT-SP:

n
n
n
y(n)z

x(n)z

a
y(n

1)z

n0

n0

n0

p dng cng thc tnh bin i z 1 pha ca tn hiu tr

Z y(n n0 ) z

n0

n0

r
Y(z) y(r)z
r 1

Z y(n 1) z1Y(z) y(1)

95

2.5. ng dng bin i z gii PT-SP

Y(z)=X(z)+az-1Y(z)+ay(-1)
X(z) ay(1)
Y(z)
1 az1

x(n) = ejwnu(n)

X(z)

1
1 e jwz1

aK
1
Y(z)

1
1 az
(1 az1 )(1 e jwz1 )
aK
a /(a e jw ) e jw /(a e jw )
Y(z)

1
1
1 az
(1 az )
(1 e jwz1 )

Bin i z ngc

p ng vi
iu kin u

n1
an1
e jw(n1)
y(n) a K

u(n)
jw
jw
ae
ae

p ng
qu

p ng i vi
tn hiu vo
96

2.6. Hm truyn t ca h TT-BB

y(n)=h(n)*x(n)

Y(z) =H(z).X(z)

Y(z)
H(z)
Z h(n)
X(z)

H(z): Hm truyn t

n
h(n)z

a) H(z) ca h nhn qu

H nhn qu nn h(n) = 0 vi n < 0

1/n

H(z) hi t vi | z | Rh lim | h(n)|

n

H(z)

h(n)z

n0

Min hi t khng cha im cc, vy:

Mi im cc ca h TT-BB nhn qu u nm trong
ng trn c bn knh Rh lim | h(n) |1 / n
n

97

2.6. Hm truyn t ca h TT-BB

b) H(z) ca h n nh
H n nh th p ng xung tha mn
Hm truyn t c xc nh theo:

H(z) h(n)zn
n

| h(n) |

(1)

Nu (1) tha mn th H(z) hi t ngay c khi |z|=1

Min hi t ca H(z) cha ng trn n v
th h s n nh

98

2.6. Hm truyn t ca h TT-BB

c) H(z) ca h nhn qu v n nh
Ton b im cc ca h nhn qu v n nh phi
nm bn trong ng trn n v.
d) H(z) ca h c trng bi PT-SP-TT-HSH
N

k 0

k 0

aky(n k) bkx(n k)

Ly bin i z c 2 v ca PT-SP
N
M
n
n
a
y(n

k)
z

b
x(n

k)

k
z
n k 0
n k 0

99

2.6. Hm truyn t ca h TT-BB

M


n
n
a
y(n

k)z

b
x(n

k)z
k n
k

k 0

0
n

Y(z) ak zk X(z) bk zk
k 0

H(z)

k 0

Y(z)

X(z)

b z

k 0
N

k
a
z
k

k 0

Biu din H(z) qua cc im khng zr v cc im cc pk:

M

H(z) H0

(z z )
r

r 1
N

(z p )
k

k 1

10
0

Bi tp chng 2 (1/2)
1. Cho tn hiu

1 0 n N-1
x(n)
0 n cn l i

Hy tnh bin i z ca tn hiu ny bng cch dng:

a) nh ngha bin i z
b) Tn hiu u(n) v tr ca u(n)
1 1

2. Tnh bin i z ngc ca X(z) ln 1 z vi |z|>1/2

2

3. ng dng bin i z 1 pha gii PT-SP:

y(n)-(1/2) y(n-1)=x(n)-(1/2) x(n-1)
Bit x(n) = (n), y(-1)=0.
10
1

Bi tp chng 2 (2/2)
4. H TT-BB c PT-SP:
y(n)=y(n-1)+y(n-2)+x(n-1)
a) Xc nh hm truyn t, im khng, im cc
b) Nhn xt tnh nhn qu, n nh
c) Xc nh p ng xung sao cho h nhn qu

10
2

Gii bi tp chng 2 (1/5)

1.

Tn hiu x(n):
1

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

N-1 N

1 z N
a) X(z) 1.z
1 z1
n 0
b) x(n) u(n) u(n N)
N1

1
z N
Z x(n) Z u(n) Z u(n N)

1
1z
1 z1

10
3

Gii bi tp chng 2 (2/5)

2.

dX(z)
(1 / 2)z2
1
z1
z
z

dz
2 1 (1 / 2)z 1
1 (1 / 2)z1
n1

1 1 1
x(n)
n 2 2

3.

11
u(n 1) u(n 1)
n2

Bin i z 1 pha c 2 v ca PT-SP:

Y(z) (1 / 2)[z1Y(z) y(1)] X(z) (1 / 2)[z1X(z) x(1)]

y(-1) = 0, x(-1)=0, X(z) = 1

Y(z) = 1

y(n)=(n)

10
4

Gii bi tp chng 2 (3/5)

4.

y(n)=y(n-1)+y(n-2)+x(n-1)
a) Bin i z c 2 v: Y(z)=z-1Y(z)+z-2Y(z)+z-1X(z)

Y(z)
z1
z
H(z)

X(z) 1 z1 z2 z2 z 1
Nghim mu s:
1 1 4
z1,2
1,62 v -0,62
2
H c 1 im khng ti z=0 v 2 im cc ti z=1,62;z=-0,62

10
5

Gii bi tp chng 2 (4/5)

4.

Im(z)

b)

1
z=-0,62

Re(z)
z=1,62

0 |z|0,62 :Khng nhn qu, khng n nh

0,62 |z|1,62 :Khng nhn qu, n nh
|z|>1,62 : Nhn qu, khng n nh
10
6

Gii bi tp chng 2 (5/5)

4.

c)

H(z) z.H1(z)

H1(z)

1
H1(z) 2
z z 1

1
A1
A2

(z 1,62)(z 0,62) z 1,62 z 0,62

1
0, 45
(z 1,62)(z 0,62) z 1,62
1
A2 (z 0,62)
0, 45
(z 1,62)(z 0,62) z 0,62

A1 (z 1,62)

0, 45
0, 45
H(z)

1
1 1,62z
1 0,62z1

h(n) 0, 45 (1,62)n (0,62)n u(n)

10
7

S = a0 + a1 + a2 + a3 + + aN-1
ai = ai-1.q
S = a0.(1-qN)/(1-q)
S = a0 + a1 + a2 + a3 + + aN-1+
ai = ai-1.q
S = a0./(1-q)

10
8

Chng 3
B LC S

10
9

3.1. Khi nim

Trong nhiu ng dng khc nhau, ta thng phi thay i
bin ca cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau ca tn hiu
hoc loi b i mt s thnh phn tn s no .
Qu trnh x l nh vy i vi tn hiu c gi l lc.
B lc s: l b lc dng lc tn hiu s
C th dng b lc tng t lc tn hiu s c khng ?

L
10010010

11
0

3.1. Khi nim

Xt h TT-BB c PT-SP
1
y(n) (x(n) x(n 1))
2
1
p ng xung ca h:
h(n) (n) (n 1)
2

p ng tn s ca h:
1
jw
H(e ) 1 e jw e jw / 2 cos w / 2
2
H(e jw ) cos(w / 2)

|H(w)|
1

p ng bin
ca b lc thng
thp

p/2

p w
11
1

3.2. B lc FIR
B lc FIR v IIR
N

ak y(n k)

k 0

bk x(n k)

k 0

M b
k

N=0: FIR
N>0: IIR

a0 x(n k) h(k)x(n k)

N=0

y(n)

M=1

y(n)=h(0)x(n)+h(1)x(n-1)

k 0

h(0)

x(n)

S khi

k 0

y(n)

D
x(n-1)

h(1)
11
2

3.2. B lc FIR
const
h0 = 0.5;
h1 = 0.5;
var
xn, xnt1, yn: real;
begin
xnt1 := 0;
repeat
(* Nhp tn hiu vo t bn phm *)
write(Nhp tn hiu vo xn = );
readln(xn);
(* Tnh tn hiu ra *)
yn:= h0 * xn + h1 * xnt1;
(* Tr tn hiu *)
xnt1 := xn;
until Ketthuc;
end.

11
3

3.2. B lc FIR
Trng hp tng qut
h(0)
x(n)

y(n)

D
h(1)

x(n-1)

D
x(n-2)

D
x(n-M)

h(2)

h(M)

11
4

3.3. B lc IIR
a0y(n)+a1y(n-1)=b0x(n)

H bc nht

Gi thit a0 = 1
x(n)

y(n)=-a1y(n-1)+b0x(n)

b0

y(n)

D
y(n-1)
-a1

11
5

3.3. B lc IIR
a0y(n)+a1y(n-1)=b0x(n)+b1x(n-1)

H bc hai

Gi thit a0 = 1

y(n)=-a1y(n-1)+b0x(n)+ b1x(n-1)
=-a1y(n-1) + w(n)
w(n)=b0x(n)+b1x(n-1)

b0

x(n)

w(n)

y(n)

D
b1

y(n-1)

-a1
11
6

3.3. B lc IIR
Tng qut (a0 = 1) y(n)

b x(n k) a y(n k)

k 0

k 1

w(n) ak y(n k)
k 1

w(n)

b x(n k)

k 0

11
7

3.3. B lc IIR
b0

x(n)

w(n)

y(n)

D
b1

Dng
trc
tip 1

-a1

D
b2

-a2

D
bM

-aN
11
8

3.3. B lc IIR

x(n)

x(n)

H 1

H 2

w(n)

z(n)

H 2

H 1

y(n)

y(n)

11
9

3.3. B lc IIR
z(n)

x(n)

y(n)

-a1

b1

D
b2

-a2

D
-aN

b0

D
bM
12
0

3.3. B lc IIR
z(n)

x(n)

b0

y(n)

D
-a1

Dng
trc
tip 2
(chun
tc)

b1

M>N

D
-a2

b2

D
-aN

bN

bM

12
1

3.4. Mc ni tip v song song cc h

H(z) ca h phc tp thng c phn tch thnh tng
hoc tch H(z) ca cc h n gin, tng ng vi vic
mc song song hoc ni tip cc h n gin

Mc ni tip
P

H(z) C Hk (z)

C: Hng s

k 1

x(n)

H1(z)

H2(z)

HP(z)

y(n)

12
2

3.4. Mc ni tip v song song cc h

Mc song song
Q

H(z) D Hk (z)

D: Hng s

k 1

x(n)

y(n)

H1(z)

H2(z)

HQ(z)

12
3

3.5.Kho st h bc 1
a0 = b0 = 1, a1 = -a
y(n) a y(n-1) = x(n)
Hm truyn t

Y(z) az1Y(z) X(z)

H(z) Y(z) 1
z
X(z) 1 az1 z a

H(z) c 1 im khng ti z = 0 v 1 im cc ti z = a

n nh: H n nh nu |a| 1
Nhn qu:
h(n) = anu(n) nu |z| > |a|
Phn nhn qu: h(n) = -anu(-n-1) nu |z| < | a|
H nhn qu v n nh nu |a| < 1
p ng tn s H(ejw) = H(z)|z = ejw
12
4

6
Magnitude (dB)

Magnitude (dB)

V d: p ng bin v pha

4
2
0

-4

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Normalized Angular Frequency (p rads/sample)

0.8

0.9

30

-5

25
Phase (degrees)

Phase (degrees)

-2

-2
-4

-10
-15
-20

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Normalized Angular Frequency (p rads/sample)

0.8

0.9

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Normalized Angular Frequency (p rads/sample)

0.8

0.9

20
15
10
5

-25
-30

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Normalized Angular Frequency (p rads/sample)

a=0,5

0.8

0.9

a=-0,5
12
5

3.6.Kho st h bc 2
a0 = b0 = 1
y(n) + a1 y(n-1)+a2y(n-2) = x(n)
Hm truyn t
Y(z) a1z1Y(z) a2z2Y(z) X(z)
2
Y(z)
1
z
H(z)

2
2 a za
X(z) 1 a z a z
z
1
1
2
2

1 im khng bc 2 ti z = 0
2 im cc
a1 a12 4a2
p1,2
2
12
6

 n nh v nhn qu: |p1| < 1, |p2| < 1

a1 a12 4a2 2

a1 a12 4a2 2

Ranh gii im cc thc v phc:

Xt im cc thc:

2 a1 a12 4a2 2

a12
a2
4

(*)

2 a1 a12 4a2 2 (**)

(*)

a1 a12 4a2 2 a2>-(1+a1)

a1 a12 4a2 2 a2>a1-1

(**) cho kt qu tng t

12
7

 Xt im cc phc:

a1 j 4a2 a12
p1
2
a1 j 4a2 a12
p2
2
p1 p2 a2 a2<1

12
8

a2

a12
a2
4

-2

-1

a2 = -1+a1

a2=1

1
-1

2 a1

a2 = -(1+a1)

H n nh v nhn qu nu a1 v a2
thuc min tam gic.
12
9

10

10

5
Magnitude (dB)

Magnitude (dB)

V d: p ng bin v pha

-5

-5

-10
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Normalized Angular Frequency (p rads/sample)

0.8

0.9

70

60

-10

50

-20

Phase (degrees)

Phase (degrees)

-10

40
30
20

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Normalized Angular Frequency (p rads/sample)

0.8

0.9

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Normalized Angular Frequency (p rads/sample)

0.8

0.9

-30
-40
-50
-60

10
0

-70
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Normalized Angular Frequency (p rads/sample)

0.8

0.9

1)

1) a1 = 1, a2 = 0,5

2)
2) a1 = -1, a2 = 0,5
13
0

V d:X l nh.
nh qua b lc thng thp (lm trung bnh)

13
1

V d:
nh qua b lc thng cao (o hm)

13
2

Bi tp chng 3 (1/2)
1. H TT-BB c quan h vo ra:

1
x(n 1) x(n) x(n 1)
3
a) Xc nh p ng tn s
b) Xc nh v v dng p ng bin . Nhn
xt tnh cht lc ca h.
y(n)

2. Hm truyn t ca b lc s c dng:
H(z) = 1 + 2z-1 + 4z-3
a) Xc nh PT-SP biu din quan h vo-ra
b) V s khi thc hin b lc

13
3

H(ejw)

h(n)

F-1

z=ejw

Z
Z-1

H(z)

13
4

Bi tp chng 3 (2/2)
3. H TT-BB c hm truyn t:
H(z)=(1+az-1)/(1+bz-1+cz-2) vi a,b,c l hng s.
a) Xc nh quan h vo-ra ca h
b) V s dng chun tc thc hin h.

13
5

Gii bi tp chng 3 (1)

1.

a) p ng xung: h(n)

1
(n 1) (n) (n 1)
3

p ng tn s:

1 jw
1
jw
jwn
jw

H(e ) h(n)e
e 1 e (1 2 cos w)
3
3
n
b) p ng bin :

|H(ejw)|=(1/3)|1+2cosw|

|H(w)|

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

2p/3

13
6

Gii bi tp chng 3 (2)

2.

a) H(z) = 1 + 2z-1 + 4z-3 = Y(z)/X(z)

Y(z) = X(z) + 2z-1X(z) + 4z-3 X(z)
y(n) = x(n) + 2x(n-1) + 4x(n-3)
b)

x(n)

y(n)
z-1

z-1
z-1

13
7

Chng 4
PHP BIN I FOURIER
RI RC

13
8

4.1. Chui Fourier ri rc ca tn hiu

ri rc tun hon
(DFS: Discrete Fourier Serie)
Xt tn hiu xp(n) tun hon vi chu k N:
xp(n) = xp(n+kN), k nguyn
Tn hiu ny khng biu din c bng bin i z nhng
c th biu din bng chui Fourier thng qua hm e m
phc vi cc tn s l bi ca tn s c bn 2p/N.
ek (n) e j(2p / N)nk

y l tn hiu tun hon theo k vi chu k N.

k = 0,1,2,,N-1
13
9

4.1. Chui Fourier ri rc ca tn hiu

ri rc tun hon
Chui Fourier biu din tn hiu ri rc tun hon:
2p

j nk
1 N1
xp (n) Xp (k)e N
N k 0

(1)

Xc nh cc h s Xp(k) theo xp(n) da vo tnh cht trc

chun:
2p
1 N1 j N nr 1 r=mN
m: s nguyn
e

N n 0
0 r mN
Nhn 2 v xp(n) vi e
N1

x (n)e

n 0

2p
nr
N

v ly tng t n=0 n N-1

2p
nr
N

2p

j (k r)n
1 N1 N1
Xp (k)e N
N n0 k 0

14
0

4.1. Chui Fourier ri rc ca tn hiu

ri rc tun hon
Thay i th t ly tng

N1

x (n)e

n0

2p
nr
N

1 N1 j2Np (k r)n
Xp (k) e

N
k 0
n0

N1

k r = mN [] = 1, k r mN [] = 0
k=r+mN v k < N m=0 v k = r
N1

x (n)e

S dng tnh cht trc chun ta c:

Hoc l: Xp (k)

N1

x (n)e

n 0

n0
j

2p
nk
N

2p
nr
N

Xp (r)

(2)

Nhn xt
Xp(k) tun hon theo k vi chu k N
Cc cng thc (1), (2) l biu din chui Fourier ca
tn hiu ri rc tun hon. (1): Tng hp. (2): Phn tch
14
1

4.1. Chui Fourier ri rc ca tn hiu

ri rc tun hon
Quan h vi bin i z

x (n) 0 n N-1
x(n) p
n cn l i
0

Xt 1 chu k ca xp(n):
X(z)

x(n)z

Mt khc

Xp (k)

x(n)z n
n 0

N1

x (n)e

n 0

N1

2p
nk
N

vy

Xp (k) X(z) z e j2Npk

Im(z)

2p/N
Re(z)

14
2

V d: Hy tnh cc h s chui Fourier ca dy tn hiu tun hon

sau
xp(n
)

-10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Xp (k) e

2p
nk
10

4 pk
10

n 0

sin(pk / 2)
sin(pk /10)

|Xp(k)|

-2 -1

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

k
14
3

4.2. Bin i Fourier ri rc ca tn hiu c

di hu hn
(DFT: Discrete Fourier Transform)
Ta xt cch biu din mt tn hiu ri rc tun hon bng
chui Fourier. Bng cch din gii thch hp ta cng c th
dng cch biu din nh vy cho cc tn hiu c di hu
hn.
C th coi tn hiu c di hu hn N l tn hiu tun hon
c chu k N trong mt chu k chnh l tn hiu c di
hu hn
xp (n)

x(n rN)

x (n) 0 n N 1
x(n) p
n cn l i
0

14
4

4.2. Bin i Fourier ri rc ca tn hiu c

di hu hn
Cp cng thc DFT
Bin i thun (phn tch)

2p
j nk
N1
0 k N 1
x(n)e N
X(k) n0
0
k cn l i

Bin i ngc (tng hp)

2p
j nk
1 N1
0 n N 1
X(k)e N
x(n) N k 0
0
n cn l i

14
5

4.3. Bin i nhanh Fourier

(FFT: Fast Fourier Transform)
Tnh trc tip DFT cn N2 php nhn s phc v N(N-1)
php cng s phc
Thut gii FFT: phn tch DFT ca dy N s ln lt
thnh DFT ca cc dy nh hn
iu kin p dng thut gii: N = 2m.
S lng php ton gim xung cn Nlog2N

14
6

4.4. Cc hm ca s
x(n)
n
N
Ly ra on tn hiu c di N phn tch
Tng ng nhn tn hiu vi hm w(n)

w(n) = 1 trong on tn hiu c ly

w(n) = 0 trong on tn hiu khng c ly
x(n) = x(n).w(n)
Mc nhin dng ca s ch nht !
14
7

4.4. Cc hm ca s
X(f) = X(f)*W(f)
Tn hiu c phn tch c di hu hn
gy ra X(f) X(f) c sai s khi tnh bin i Fourier
gim sai s c th tng N
Phng php hay dng l chn W(f) hay chn w(n)

Ca s ch nht gy sai s ln nn thng dng cc ca

s khc nh Hamming, Hanning, Kaiser, Blackman

14
8

4.4. Cc hm ca s
Hm ca s Hamming, Hanning:

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Hamming

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

Hanning

50

100

150

N=256

200

250 n

14
9

1. Gi thit tn hiu x(n) l tng ca 2 tn hiu x1(n) v x2(n).

x1(n) l tn hiu cosin c tn s gc l 0,1rad/s, x2(n) cng l
tn hiu cosin c tn s gc l 0,4rad/s. Ngi ta dng b lc
thng cao FIR c di p ng xung bng 3 vi gi thit h(0)
= h(2) = a v h(1) = trit tiu tn hiu x1(n) v cho qua
hon ton tn hiu x2(n). Hy xc nh cc h s a, v v s
khi thc hin b lc FIR ny.

2. Hm truyn t ca h TTBB nhn qu c dng nh sau:

az 1
H(z)
za

vi a l s thc.
a. Xc nh gi tr ca a sao cho H(z) ng vi mt h n nh
b. Ly 1 gi tr c bit ca a trong s cc gi tr ny, biu din
cc im cc, im khng v min hi t.
c. nh gi |H(f)|

15
0

Bi tp ln (1/2)
1.

B lc s FIR c PT-SP
y(n)=x(n) + 2x(n-1)-3x(n-3)+5x(n-4)

Hy lp trnh bng Pascal xc nh p ng

xung ca b lc ny.
-Khi to tn hiu tr = 0 (xnt1, xnt2, xnt3, xnt4)
-Gn xn = 1 (xung n v)
B vng lp:
- Tnh tn hiu ra yn (=hn) theo PT-SP
- Tr tn hiu vo xn:
xnt4 := xnt3;
xnt3 := xnt2;
xnt2 := xnt1;
xnt1 := xn;
( sau buc lp u tin phi gn xn := 0)
KT vng lp

15
1

Bi tp ln (2/2 )
2. B lc s IIR c cc h s nh sau:
a0

1.0000

b0

0.0252

a1

-9.7023

b1

-0.0615

a2

8.8979

b2

0.0684

a3

-12.7653

b3

-0.0800

a4

13.1148

b4

0.0976

a5

-4.0608

b5

-0.0800

a6

5.1226

b6

0.0684

a7

-1.7620

b7

-0.0615

a8

0.3314

b8

0.0252

Hy lp trnh bng Pascal xc nh 100 mu

u tin ca p ng xung ca b lc ny.
15
2

Cho tn hiu vo = xung n v, tnh tn hiu ra theo PT-SP

BEGIN
- Khi to cc tn hiu tr = 0 (xnt1,,xnt8,ynt1,,ynt8)
- Gn xung n v xn = 1
B vng lp
- Tinh wn theo cng thc (1)
M

w(n)

- Tnh y[n] theo cng thc (2)

bk x(n k)

k 0

y(n) w(n) ak y(n k)

(1)

(2)

k 1

- Tr tn hiu xn v yn
(* Sau bc lp u tin phi gn xn = 0)
KT vng lp
END
153

Kt qu c dng
0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

-0.05

-0.1

-0.15

-0.2

-0.25

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

15
4

BI TP
H TT-BB c tn hiu vo x(n) = u(n) u(n-2),
h(n) = u(n) u(n-2). Hy xc nh v v tn hiu ra y(n).
1)

2)

Cho h TT-BB c quan h vo ra:

y(n) = x(n) + 3x(n-1) 2x(n-3) + 5x(n-4)
a) Xc nh p ng xung ca h
b) H c n nh khng ? Ti sao ?
c) V s khi thc hin h.

3) Cho h TT-BB c PT-SP:

y(n) = x(n) x(n -1) 0,5 y(n -1)
a) Xc nh hm truyn t
b) V im cc im khng ca h, xt tnh n nh v nhn
qu
c) Xc nh p ng xung h nhn qu.
15
5