NGHIN CU, THIT K H THNG T NG THCH NG VI V TR MT TRI NHM NNG CAO HIU QU S DNG CC THIT B DNG NNG LNG

MT TRI L Ngc Thng, Vin Nng lng, B Cng Thng Tm tt: Thit b ng dng nng lng mt tri cung cp nng lng nhit v in pht trin mnh m trn th gii trong nhiu nm gn y. nng cao hiu sut thit b c nhiu nghin cu, nhiu sn phm c cu nh hng theo v tr mt tri lp cho tm thu bc x mt tri. C cu nh hng theo v tr mt tri c s dng a mt thu cc thit b lun hng v pha mt tri nhm thu nhiu nng lng nht. Vit Nam, c cu nh hng mt thu theo v tr mt tri cha c quan tm nhiu, c mt s th nghim t cc trng i hc quy m phng th nghim. Xut pht t thc t cn thit nghin cu ch to c cu nh hng theo v tr mt tri n gin p dng cho quy m cng sut nh, ti Nghin cu, thit k h thng t ng thch ng vi v tr mt tri nhm nng cao hiu qu s dng cc thit b dng nng lng mt tri c thc hin nghin cu, thit k h thng in mt tri c h thng nh hng theo v tr mt tri, th nghim ti a bn H Ni. Trn c s , xut ch to h thng quy m thng mi v ng dng cho cc vng trong c nc. 1. Mc tiu, ni dung v phng php nghin cu Mc tiu ca ti: Nghin cu cc h thng t ng iu chnh gc quay b mt thu nng lng mt tri theo v tr ca mt tri thu c nhiu nng lng. Thit k, ch to h thng t ng iu chnh gc quay b mt thu ca thit b pin mt tri h gia nh. Ni dung ca ti: Thu thp s liu kh tng ca cc trm kh tng chnh trong phm vi c nc, cp nht s liu mi nht. Nghin cu cc phng n t ng iu chnh gc quay b mt thu nng lng mt tri theo v tr ca mt tri t hiu qu cao. Thit k h thng t ng iu chnh gc quay b mt thu ca thit b pin mt tri h gia nh. o c s liu, nh gi hiu qu, xem xt kh nng ng dng ti Vit Nam. Phng php nghin cu: Nghin cu cc ti liu v cng trnh c, phn tch v chn cng ngh tin tin ph hp ca nc ngoi v nm vng cng ngh trin khai vo iu kin Vit Nam ch to ra sn phm phc v nng cao hiu sut h thng pin mt tri. a im th nghim Ti Vin Nng lng, s 6 Tn Tht Tng, ng a, H Ni 2. Kt qu nghin cu ca ti
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2.1.

La chn phng n

Trong khun kh ti ny h thng quang in cho quy m gia nh s c chn lm m hnh nghin cu th nghim.

Hnh 1. Cc loi m hnh 1 trc v 2 trc nh hng theo v tr mt tri

Cc h thng c b nh hng c th t cng sut gn nh ti a sut thi gian hot ng vo nhng ngy nng, quang my trong khi h thng c mt thu c nh ch t cng sut ti a trong mt vi gi trong gia ngy. H thng PV c b nh hng theo v tr mt tri s nhn c nhiu nng lng hn so vi h thng c mt thu c nh vo cc gi bui sng v bui chiu. iu ch ra rng cc dn pin c b nh hng s cn cng sut t nh hn so vi cc dn pin lp c nh m vn sn ra cng mc in nng. Th trng hin nay, c hai loi h thng nng lng mt tri nh hng, h thng nh hng theo trc n, v h thng nh hng theo trc kp. H thng nh hng theo mt trc duy nht s nh hng theo v tr mt tri t ng sang TTy trn mt trc t theo hng Bc Nam. H thng trc kp nh hng ng sang pha Ty v nh hng theo pha Bc n pha Nam. Qua nghin cu cc ti liu, nh gi u khuyt im ca cc h thng nh hng theo v tr mt tri trn th gii ti phn tch i n la chn mt phng n thit k ch to h thng, cn c phn tch nh di y:
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H thng nh hng theo mt trc nh hng theo v tr mt tri t ng sang Ty bng cch s dng mt trc duy nht Tng hiu sut thu nng lng mt tri ti 34% Thit k n gin, hiu qu Bo dng thp Chi ph thp hn so vi trc kp Gim thp kh nng h hng H thng nh hng theo hai trc nh hng theo v tr mt tri t ng sang Ty, v pha Bc n pha Nam bng cch s dng hai trc quay Tng hiu sut thu nng lng mt tri ti 37% Thit k phc tp h thng cc cm bin v iu khin ng c Chi ph u t cao hn do cc b phn b sung v thi gian lp tChi ph bo tr cao hn Cc b phn b sung thm tng thm kh nng h hng Da trn nhng phn tch, so snh trn y, ti la chn phng n h thng mt trc quay nh hng theo v tr mt tri. Cc nghin cu ca th gii ch ra h thng nh hng theo trc kp ch c th tng thm thm 3% nng lng so vi trc n. Vi chi ph thit b, chi ph bo tr cao hn, v c thi gian ngng sa cha cao, h thng nh hng theo trc kp thc t c th t kh nng pht trin mnh nh loi mt trc. 2.2. H thng in mt tri c b nh hng theo v tr mt tri. Mt s b phn chnh: Pin mt tri 85Wp B nh hng theo v tr mt tri B iu khin sc c quy,

Bng 1. Gc t mt thu hng Bc - Nam theo tng thng ti H Ni. Thng 1 Gc nghing mt thu () 41
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Hng mt thu Nam

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

32 21 9 1 2 1 9 21 33 41 44

Nam Nam Nam Nam Bc Nam Nam Nam Nam Nam Nam

Ngun cp cho h thng nh hng theo v tr mt tri c cp t c quy ring 7Ah, 12V (dng chung vi ngun ca b o m dng np tch ly).

Hnh 2. B iu khin nh hng theo v tr mt tri Chc nng: iu khin tm pin mt tri quay quanh trc c gn mt thu quay mt thu theo hng ng - Ty c tc dng a mt thu v v tr vung gc vi tia sng mt tri sut thi gian trong ngy; C cu: Thit b gm c: - Mt b iu khin in t - ng c bc truyn ng ti trc quay qua b truyn trc vt bnh vt - Khung gi tm pin mt tri - B cm bin quang tr Nguyn l hot ng: Khi h thng nh hng c cp in, s t ng t li v ch ta gc ban u, lc ny mt phng tm pin mt tri s vung gc vi nh nng mt tri ti thi im 7h sng. H thng s hot ng mt trong hai trng thi sau: Nu c nh nng, h thng s t nhn bit nh nng bng cm bin quang tr
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c chiu sng, thit b s t ng d v tr mt tri v iu chnh cho mt phng tm pin mt tri vung gc vi tia sng ca mt tri. Khi mt tri di chuyn v tr, h thng s t ng nhn bit v thay i theo. Nu tri khng c nng, h thng s t ng chuyn sang ch iu chnh hng ca mt phng tm pin mt tri theo rle thi gian thc. H thng in mt tri i chng Mt s b phn chnh: Pin mt tri 85Wp B iu khin sc c quy,

2.3.

Lp t tm pin mt tri (mt thu) nghing v pha nam gc c nh theo bng di: Bng 2. Gc nghing mt thu theo v khi lp c nh V 0-15 15-25 25-30 2.4. M hnh th nghim M hnh th nghim bao gm: - H thng in mt tri c b nh hng theo v tr mt tri (TB 01) - H thng in mt tri i chng (TB 02) - H thng o, ghi s liu M hnh th nghim c thit k ch to theo iu kin kh hu, kh tng H Ni. 15 Bng v Cng thm 5 vo v a phng Gc nghing mt thu

Hnh 3. H thng th nghim

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Hai h thng in mt tri th nghim v i chng c u ni qua h thng o cng lc c th o c c hai thng s dng. TB 01 bn tri, TB 02 bn phi. Hai c quy u song song c cng in p v dung lng nh nhau cho hai h thng (TB 01 v TB 02). Ngun in cp cho b o m dng np t c quy ring (hnh 6)

Hnh 4. S u ni h thng in mt tri v h thng o Thit b o dng np c qui gm c 2 knh o dng l: P1,N1 v P2,N2. Hai knh o ny cho php o song song 2 dng np cho 2 c qui. Dung lng c qui c tnh bng cng thc:

C l phn din tch c gii hn bi ng bin dng v hiu thi gian t1-t0 nh th bn di.

t0

t1

Hnh 5. Biu o dng np theo thi gian

Thc t tnh c din tch trn bng s ha, thit b o dng ny s thc hin vic m tch ly dng np theo thi gian v c p dung bi cng thc sau:

Vi bc thi gian o l 1 giy, tc l sau mi giy b m s o v tnh tng theo phng php cng dn dng np, tng lng dng np c o trong mt gi s ra s Ah. Vy trong cng mt n v thi gian, thit b s o tng dng np ca mi knh, qua ch s s nh gi c hiu qu ca thit b. Cc menu ca b ghi dng np tch ly: t thi gian Ghi d liu Xem dung lng Xa tng ngy Xa tt c

Hnh 6. B o ghi Ampe t ng Sau nhiu ngy o trong thng 10 v thng 11 nm 2012, cho thy khi c nng, thi gian t 8 gi sng n 10 gi sng v 2 gi chiu n 4 gi chiu, o dng np ca thit b th nghim TB 01 lun c gi tr o ln hn gi tr o ca thit b i chng TB 02, c thi im ti 2 ln. Nu xt trung bnh trong mt ngy o, tng dng np tch ly ca thit b th nghim so vi h thng i chng cao hn t 30% n 35%. Trong thi tit ma h vo thng c bc x cao, thit b th nghim c th cho hiu qu cao hn. c bit vi cc vng t Hu tr vo pha Nam iu kin c iu kin kh hu thun li hn nhiu so vi v tr th nghim H Ni. 3. Kt lun ti t mc tiu, nghin cu cc h thng t ng iu chnh gc quay b mt thu nng lng mt tri theo v tr ca mt tri thu c nhiu nng lng. Thit k, ch to hon chnh h thng t ng iu chnh gc quay b mt thu ca thit b pin mt tri h gia nh, c thit b i chng. C h thng o t ghi dng np tch ly chnh xc. c s nh gi hiu qu ca h thng. Tuy nhin cn hon chnh thit k c th thng mi ha sn phm h thng in mt tri c nh hng theo v tr mt tri cho c cng sut 200Wp 400Wp;