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12-1

.
-

. -

. -

12-2

12

12-3

12


12-4

12
, :

12-5

z-or t-

12-6

:
McNemar :
Cox Stuart :

12-7



Mann-Whitney U :
t:
:
Kruskal-Wallis
Friedman :


2

:

12-8

( )

.

,
.

(
).

12-9



.

:

12-10



().
:

A ()

H0:Me=MH

H1:MeMH

()

H0:MeMH

H1:Me>MH

()

H0:MeMH

H1:Me<MH

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i (n)
:

di Xi M H

,
+ -. 1, 2 .
.
+ -,
d i .
(W+)
.
n

W R i
i 1


n(n+1)/2.

12-12

W+
:
M W

n (n 1)
4

n (n 1)( 2n 1)
24

k n .
30 , H0
:
Z

W M W
W

12-13

.
:


.

() .

12-14




1 ,
2 .
:

A ( )

H0:Me1=M2

H1:Me1M2

( )

H0:Me1M2

H1:Me1>M2

( )

H0:Me1M2

H1:Me1<M2

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:
WA WB

n (n 1)
2


M=n1(n+1)/2 2=n1n2(n+1)/12.
:

n1 (n 1)
WA
2
Z
n1n 2 (n 1)
12

12-16


.

.

12-17



(0:P(+)=P(-))
:

A ( )

H1:P(+)P(-)

( )

H1:P(+)<P(-)

( )

H1:P(+)>P(-)

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()
.

,
.

M np

n p q

S M
z

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;
(Kruskal Wallis -
)
(Friedman - ).

12-20

Kruskal Wallis -


.
Kruskal Wallis ;


(
)

.

12-21

Friedman -

F-
.
Friedman - -
.

12-22

:
n
6 d2
i
rs 1 i1
d = R(x ) - R(y )
i
i
i
2
n(n 1)
:
H :s = 0
0
H :s 0
1
:
z = rs (n 1)

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