Hng dn s dng SPSS

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HNG DN S DNG SPSS

TRONG NGHIN CU MARKETING

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Hng dn s dng SPSS

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NG DNG TIN HC VO PHN TCH D LIU TRONG NGHIN CU

MARKETING
Ngy nay, vic ng dng tin hc phn tch d liu trong nghin cu marketing l ht sc ph
bin. C mt s phn mm c s dng phn tch d liu trong nghin nghin marketing,
mi loi u c nhng u nhc im nht nh. Do vy, cn xc nh phn mm no c s
dng trong qu trnh phn tch t c hiu qu cao nht.
Trong khun kh hc phn ny, chng ti s gii thiu phn mm SPSS FOR WINDOWS
(Statistical Package for Social Sciences) phn tch d liu. u im ca phn mm ny l tnh
a nng v mm do trong vic lp cc bng phn tch, s dng cc m hnh phn tch ng thi
loi b mt s cng on (bc) khng cn thit m mt s phn mm khc gp phi.
t c kt qu nh mong mun, cn phi:
- Nm vng mc tiu nghin cu d n
- Nm vng v tun th nhng cam kt ca d n v thi gian, chi ph, ngun nhn lc...
Trn c s xc nh bng cu hi v m hnh phn tch (k hoch phn tch d liu), qu trnh
nhp liu v phn tch c th thng qua mt s cng on nh sau:
NHP LIU:
Giao din nhp liu
Kch hot SPSS, chng ta thy giao din ca SPSS nh sau:

hoc:

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Hng dn s dng SPSS

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Trong :
+ Variable Name: tn bin (di 8 k t v khng c k t c bit)
+ Type: kiu ca b m ha
+ Labels: nhn ca bin, trong phn ny chng ta c th nhp nhiu gi tr ca nhn ph hp vi
thit k ca bng cu hi. Sau khi nhp xong mi tr ca m ho, nhn Add lu li cc gi tr
trn.
+ Value: Gi tr ca tng gi tr m ha (value) tng ng vi nhn gi tr (value label) ca n.
+ Missing: k hiu cu tr li ng ra phi tr li nhng b b qua (li), ch l gi tr ny phi
c nt c th ring bit so vi gi tr khc d dng phn bit trong qu trnh tnh ton.
+ Column: thit t ln ca ct mang tn bin v v tr nhp liu ca bin ny.
+Measure: thang o lng. Trn c s 4 cp thang o lng (biu danh, th t, khong cch
v t l), SPSS s phn ra thnh 3 thang o (biu danh (nominal), th t (ordinal) v scale
(khong cch v t l).
Mt s ch khi nhp liu
Nhp gi tr khuyt
Trong qu trnh phng vn, c nhng cu hi m ng ra c c phng vn phi tr li cu
hi , tuy nhin, do mt s nguyn nhn, ngi c phng vn b qua mt hoc vi cu hi
(hoc cu tr li) gi l gi tr khuyt.
m bo thng tin trong qu trnh phn tch, chng ta cn phi nh ngha nhng gi tr ny
nh sau: Nhn Missing - Hp hi thoi Missing Values xut hin.
-

Nhn Discrecte missing values, t cc tr missing values vo cc trng, tr c nhp ti

cc trng s i din cho nhng gi tr khuyt.
Chng ta c th nh ngha cc gi tr khuyt theo mt khong gi tr no bng cc nhn v
nhp liu vo Range plus one optional discrete missing value.
Tt c cc gi tr khuyt s khng tham gia vo qu trnh phn tch.

Chn mt bin mi hoc bng ghi mi

- Nhn Data/Insert Variable
- Nhn Data/Insert Case
- Tm n bng ghi cn thit: Go to Case

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Sp xp bng ghi
- Nhn Sort Case
- Sp xp theo bin ti Sort by vi chiu tng (Ascending) hoc gim (Descending)
Bin mt bin thnh mt bng ghi
- Nhn Data/Transpose
- Variable(s) l nhng bin cn thay i
Kim tra gi tr nhp
- Nhn ton b gi tr: Nhn View/ Value Labels
- Kim tra mt bin no : Utilities/Variables
- Kim tra b m ho Utilities/File Info, vi b m ho ny, ta c th kim tra li mt ln na
cng vic nh ngha cc bin hoc cng c th lm danh b cho vic nhp s liu sau ny.
To bin mi khng hoc c rng buc mt iu kin
Trong qu trnh nhp liu, c th rt ngn thi gian nhp liu hoc phc v mc ch phn
tch, chng ta cn c th to ra bin mi t cc d kin v cu trc ca bin nhp.
-

To bin mi khng iu kin: Gi s theo s liu thng k nh trn, bit c s nm

cng tc cn li trc khi ngh hu l bao nhiu nm na (gi s mi lao ng c ngh hu
sau 25 nm cng tc). Nh vy ta thnh lp mt bin mi nghihuu s bng 25-nam
+ Nhn Transform/Compute
+ Trong Target Variable nhp bin mi (nghihuu), trong chng ta cn phi nh ngha
Type&Label tin cho vic qun l v so snh cc gi tr sau ny.
+ Trong Numeric Expression nhp gi tr cn gn cho bin mi t bin ch cho trc.
Ch : Khi gp cc bin thuc kiu chui, ngy thng... chng ta cn phi tm mt hm tng
ng quy cc gi tr ny v gi tr tng ng m chng ta c th so snh c (s dng
hm Function)

To bin mi c iu kin: Cng nh v d trn nhng chng ta cn phn chia ra thnh

nam v n th sau khi thit t cc gi tr nh trn xong.

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Nhn If tip theo nhn Include if case satisfies condition trong hp hi thoi thit t
iu kin (p dng cho nhng ngi c gii tnh l nam th iu kin thit t l
gioitinh=1 nh trong hp hi thoi:

M ho li bin:
Trong mt s trng hp, do nhu cu ca qu trnh phn tch, chng ta cn phi m ha li cc
bin. C hai hnh thc m ho nh sau:
- M ho dng li tn bin c:
+ Nhn Transform/Recode/Into Same Variables
+ a bin cn m ho li vo Numeric Variable

+ Nhn If thit t cc iu kin (nu c)

+ Nhn Old and New Values thay i b m ho
* Trong Old Value l gi tr c, v New Value l gi tr mi cn nhp
* Nu nhp gi tr mi thang im biu danh, khong cch, t l th nhp ti Value.
* Nu m ho gi tr vi thang im khong cch - Nhn Range
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Hng dn s dng SPSS

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V d: phc v cho vic phn tch, ta m ho li tui ca sinh vin theo thang im
khong cch nh sau:
1 :
2 :
3 :

Di 7 nm
T 7 n 14 nm
Trn 14 nm

* Gi tr trn 14 nm bm Range/throught Highest v nhp liu

* Gi tr di 7 nm bm Range/Lowest throught v nhp liu
* C th gi nguyn gi tr khuyt hay cn thay i, nu gi nguyn cn ch l gi tr
c ri vo cc trng hp m c m ho khng khi nh hng n cc gi
tr phn tch.
- M ho dng li khng dng tn bin c (lu trn bin mi):
+ Nhn Transform/Recode/Into Different Variables
+Tn bin mi c t Name vi cc thng s tho mn mt bin bnh thng.
+ Nhn ca bin c thit t ti Label, sau nhn Change lu.
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+ Cc thng s khc c thc hin nh m ho dng li bin c.

PHN TCH M T (THNG K M T):
Bng phn b tn sut
Bng phn phi tng sut c th hin vi tt c cc bin nh tnh (ri rc) vi cc thang o
biu danh, th t v cc bin nh lng (lin tc) vi thang o khong cch hoc t l.

Nhn vo la chn cc thng s o

lng (mode, median, trung bnh)
Nhn vo v th cc tng sut
ca bin s

Central tendancy: o lng

khuynh hng hi t: tham
s trung
bnh
(mean),
median, mode, tng (sum)
Dispersion: o lng
phn tn: lch chun
(std. deviation), phng sai
Distribution:
Kim
nh
phn phi
chun
(skenessv kurtosis)

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Tn sut
xut hin
Valid

T l
phn trm

Loai hinh doanh nghiep

Frequency
88

Percent
44.0

Valid Percent
44.0

Xay dung

56

28.0

28.0

72.0

Cong nghiep

56

28.0

28.0

100.0

200

100.0

100.0

Dich vu thuong mai

Total

Cumulative Percent
44.0

So lao dong
Frequency
Valid

Tu 1 den 5
Tu 6 den 20
Tu 21 den 200
Tu 200 den 300
Tren 300
Total

25
61
63
45

Percent
12.5
30.5
31.5
22.5

Valid Percent
12.5
30.5
31.5
22.5

Cumulative Percent
12.5
43.0
74.5
97.0

6
200

3.0
100.0

3.0
100.0

100.0

Loai hinh doanh nghiep

Cong nghiep
28.0%

Dich vu thuong mai

44.0%

Xay dung
28.0%

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Hng dn s dng SPSS

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Lp bng so snh

Bng so snh 2 nhn t:

Loai hinh doanh nghiep

So lao
dong

Tu 1 den 5
Tu 6 den 20
Tu 21 den 200
Tu 200 den 300
Tren 300

Group Total

Dich vu thuong mai

Count
Row %
7
28.0%
26
42.6%
26
41.3%
27
60.0%
2
33.3%
88
44.0%

Xay dung
Count
Row %
6
24.0%
21
34.4%
19
30.2%
7
15.6%
3
50.0%
56
28.0%

Cong nghiep
Count
Row %
12
48.0%
14
23.0%
18
28.6%
11
24.4%
1
16.7%
56
28.0%

Phn tch mt bin nh lng

c lng tham s trung bnh (mt nhm)

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Gi tr
trung bnh

lch
chun

One-Sample Statistics
N
Thu nhap nam (trieu)

Mean
33224.00

200

Std. Deviation
12932.72

One-Sample Test

Std. Error Mean

914.48

Gii hn trn
ca c lng

Gii hn di
ca c lng

Test Value = 0

Thu nhap nam (trieu)

t
36.331

df
199

Sig. (2-tailed)
.000

Mean
Difference
33224.00

95% Confidence Interval of

the Difference
Lower
31420.68

Upper
35027.32

c lng s khc bit gia hai tham s trung bnh (c lp hoc ph thuc)
KIM NH THAM S
Kim nh t i vi tham s trung bnh mu
Nh chng ta bit, thu nhp trung bnh ca cc i tng phng vn l 33,224 triu/nm, c
gi thit cho rng thu nhp ca i tng m chng ta phng vn trn tng th l 32 triu/nm,
chng ta cn kt lun nhn nh c ng khng.
Khi , gi thit ca bi ton l:
H0 : = 0= 32 (triu) v H1: 0 = 32 (triu)
Nhn Analyze Compare Means One sample T test.
Chn bin cn phn tch vo Test Variable(s), t gi tr 0 vo Test Value.

Nhn Option thit t

tin cy
(gi s tin cy l 95%)

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Bm Continue v bm OK hp hi thoi ban u, kt qu thu c nh sau:

Descriptive Statistics
N
Thu nhap nam (trieu)
Valid N (listwise)

200
200

Minimum
10750

Maximum
82500

Mean
33224.00

Std. Deviation
12932.72

One-Sample Statistics
N
Thu nhap nam (trieu)

200

Mean
33224.00

Std. Deviation
12932.72

Std. Error Mean

914.48

One-Sample Test

Thu nhap nam (trieu)

t
1.34

df
199

Sig.
(2-tailed)
.182

Test Value = 32000

95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference
Mean
Upper
Difference
Lower
1224.00
-579.32
3027.32

Gi tr t-student
= 1,34

Gi tr p-value
=0,182>0,05

Ti cc biu trn, ta c th bit gi tr trung bnh, lch chun ca mu. Ngoi ra t=1,34 nn
p-value=0,182>0,05 nn chng ta cha c c s bc b H0 hay cha c c s chp nhn H1.
Kim nh tham s trung bnh hai mu (hai mu c lp)
Gi s ta mun so snh thu nhp trung bnh gia nhng ngi c gii tnh nam v n trn tng
th c khc nhau hay khng, ta c gi thit:
H0: Thu nhp trung bnh ca ngi nam v ngi n bng nhau trn tng th
H1: Thu nhp trung bnh ca ngi nam v ngi n khng bng nhau trn tng th
Nhn Analyze Compare Means Independent sample t-test.
Chn bin thunhap vo Test Variables v bin gioitinh vo Grouping Variable

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Nhn vo Define Groups

nh ngha cc nhm vi
Nam=1 v N = 0

Nhn vo Define Groups

nh ngha cc nhm vi
Nam=1 v N = 0

Kt qu nh sau
Group Statistics
Thu nhap nam (trieu)

Gioi tinh
Nam
Nu

Mean
37053.23
26976.32

124
76

Std. Deviation
13962.42
7763.42

Std. Error Mean

1253.86
890.52

Trung bnh ngi c

gii tnh l Nam

Trung bnh ngi c

gii tnh l N
Independent Samples Test
Levene's
Test for
Equality of
Variances

Thu
nhap
nam
(trieu)

Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances
not assumed

t-test for Equality of Means

df

Sig.
(2-ta
iled)

Mean
Difference

Std. Error
Difference

95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference

Sig.

17

.000

5.77

198

.000

10076.91

1747.75

6630

13524

6.55

196.4

.000

10076.91

1537.92

7044

13110

Nu sig. trong kim nh phng sai<0,05 th

phng sai gia hai mu khng bng nhau,
ta s dng kt qu kim nh t dng th 2

Gi tr t ca
kim nh

Lower

Upper

p-value ca
gi tr t

Kim nh Leneves (gi thit H0: phng sai ca hai mu (bin) bng nhau, H1: phng sai
ca hai mu (bin) khng bng nhau) s cho php kim nh phng sai hai mu c bng nhau
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hay khng, trong trng hp ny nu sig. ca F (trong thng k Leneves) < 0,05 ta bc b H0,
chp nhn H1 ngha l phng sai ca hai mu khng bng nhau, do vy gi tr t m ta phi tham
chiu l gi tr t dng th 2. Ngc li nu sig. >0,05 th phng sai ca hai mu bng nhau, ta
s dng kt qu kim nh t dng th nht.
i vi kim nh t, ta nhn thy rng t=6,55 v p-value = 0,000<0,05 nm ta c th bc b H0
v chp nhn H1, c ngha l thu nhp trung bnh gia ngi nam v n s khc nhau.
Kim nh tham s trung bnh hai mu (hai mu ph thuc)
Nhn Analyze Compare Means Paired sample t-test. Chn bin cn phn tch vo
Paired Variables.

Nhn Option thit t

tin cy
(gi s tin cy l 95%)

Kt qu:
Paired Samples Statistics
Pair
1

Mean
42.9333

TRUOCQC
SAUQC

44.1333

15

Std. Deviation
30.6419

Std. Error Mean

7.9117

15

28.1422

7.2663

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences

Pair 1

TRUOCQC - SAUQC

Mean
-1.200

Gi tr c lng
(gii hn di)

Std.
Deviation
5.7842

Std.
Error
Mean
1.4935

95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Upper
-4.4032
2.0032

Gi tr c lng
(gii hn trn)

t
-.803

Gi tr t-student
= -0,803

df
14

Sig.
(2-tailed)
.435

Gi tr p-value
=0,435>0,05

V gi tr t=-0,803 v p-value = 0,435>0,05 nn chng ta cha c c s bc b H0 tc l

cha c c s chp nhn H1.

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Phn tch phng sai (Analysis of variance ANOVA)

Gi s chng ta mun so snh thu nhp trung bnh ca cc i tng lm trong nhng lnh vc
dch v - thng mi, xy dng v cng nghip c khc nhau hay khng. Gi thit v i thit s
l:
H0: Thu nhp trung bnh ca nhng ngi lm trong lnh vc dch v - thng mi, xy dng
v cng nghip bng nhau
H1: Thu nhp trung bnh ca ngi lm trong lnh vc dch v - thng mi, xy dng v cng
nghip khng bng nhau (c ngha l tn ti t nht mt thu nhp trung bnh ca mt ngnh
khc vi t nht mt thu nhp trung bnh ca hai ngnh cn li)
Nhn Analyze Compare Means One-way ANOVA.
Chn bin cn phn tch (nh lng) vo Dependent List v bin phn loi vo Factor

Nhn Post Hoc chn loi kim nh nhm xc nh c th s khc bit gia cc
nhm
(nhm no khc vi nhm no). Chng ta c th chn Bonferroni hoc Tukeys-b (hai thng k
ny u cho ra cng mt kt qu).
Nu phng sai gia cc nhm cn so snh khng bng nhau, chng ta chn Tamhanes T2
(ng dng cho kim nh t tng cp nu phng sai ca chng khng bng nhau).

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Nhn Continue, nhn Option thit t cc la chn.

Trong Homogeneity-of-variance kim nh s bng nhau phng sai cc nhm, Means

plot lm cho hnh minh ha.
Test of Homogeneity of Variances
Thu nhap nam (trieu)
Levene Statistic

df1
.414

df2
2

Sig.
197

.661

V Sig. >0,05 nn ta c th khng nh l phng sai ca cc nhm l bng nhau, tha mn

iu kin ca phn tch ANOVA.
ANOVA
Thu nhap nam (trieu)
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total

Sum of Squares
87185676.623
33196619123.377
33283804800.000

df
2
197
199

Mean Square
43592838.312
168510756.971

F
.259

Sig.
.772

Vi F=0,259 v p-value = 0,772>0,05 nn cha c c s bc b H0 hay cha c c s

chp nhp H1
Trong cc trng hp khc, nu ta bc b H0 v chp nhn H1, vi thng k Bonferonni ta c
th bit c s khc nhau tng cp ca cc tham s trung bnh.
Means plots

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Hng dn s dng SPSS

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------35000

34000

33000

32000
Dich vu thuong mai

Xay dung

Cong nghiep

Loai hinh doanh nghiep

Hi quy tuyn tnh

Gi s chng ta mong mun tm mi tng quan gia hai bin nm lm vic (bin c lp) v thu
nhp hng nm (bin ph thuc) trn tng th, chng ta s thc hin nh th no.
V s , kim tra bng th gic mi quan h
Vo Graphs, nhn Scatter

Chn Simple v bm Define

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Chn cc bin vo Y Axis (bin ph thuc) v X Axis (bin c lp), bm OK

100000

80000

60000

40000

20000

0
6

10

12

14

16

18

20

Nam lam viec

Chng ta c th xem ng hi quy l thuyt ca dy d liu bng cch click hai ln

vo chut.
Sau khi mt mn hnh mi hin ra, vo Chart Option, hi hi thoi tip theo s hin ra
Bm OK Hi hi thoi s l:

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Bm Fit Options chn Linear regression

Bm Continue v OK
100000

80000

60000

40000

20000

0
6

10

12

14

16

18

20

Nam lam viec

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R rng trn hnh v bn, ta c th hnh dung c mi quan h tuyn tnh (theo ng thng) gia
s nm lm vic v thu nhp/nm. kim tra mt cch chnh xc, ta thc hin thao tc hi quy.
Vo Analyze v Regression chn cc bin vo cc tng ng

ANOVAb
Model
1

Sum of Squares
449.294
1250.926
1700.220

Regression
Residual
Total

df
1
198
199

Mean Square
449.294
6.318

F
71.115

Sig.
.000a

a. Predictors: (Constant), Thu nhap nam (trieu)

b. Dependent Variable: Nam lam viec

V F=71,115 v p-value=0,000 nn chng ta c th khng nh tn to m hnh hay tn ti mi

quan h gia hai bin nm lm vic v thu nhp trn tng th.
Model Summary
Model
1

.514a

R Square
.264

Adjusted R Square

Std. Error of the Estimate

.261

2.51

a. Predictors: (Constant), Thu nhap nam (trieu)

Ta c:

H s tng quan R

H s xc nh R

H s tng quan R o lng mc tng quan gia hai bin

H s xc nh R nh gi mc ph hp ca m hnh th hin mi quan h tng quan

tuyn tnh

R = 0,264 c ngha l bin s nm lm vic s gii thch 26,4% thu nhp/ nm ca nhn vin
(cn li l nhng bin s khc).
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Ta c R a =0,261, ta c th kt lun mi quah h gia hai bin ny rt yu v R a =0,261<0,3.

2

Tng quan mc thp

Tng quan mc trung bnh

Tng quan kh cht ch

Tng quan cht ch

Tng quan rt cht ch

- Nu

R <0,3

- Nu

R <0,1

- Nu

0,3 R <0,5

- Nu

- Nu

0,5 R <0,7

- Nu

0,25 R <0,5

- Nu

0,7 R <0,9

- Nu

0,5 R <0,8

- Nu

0,9 R

- Nu

0,8 R

0,1 R <0,25

Coefficients a

Model
1

(Constant)
Thu nhap nam (trieu)

Unstandardized Coefficients
B
Std. Error
9.970
.491
1.162E-04
.000

Standardized
Coefficients
Beta
.514

t
20.304
8.433

Sig.
.000
.000

a. Dependent Variable: Nam lam viec

Bng coefficient cho php chng ta kim nh cc h s gc trong m hnh, ta c t1 = 8,433 v pvalue = 0,000<0,05 nn ta khng nh tn ti mi quan h gia hai bin vi h s gc b1=0,00011
c ngha l khi tng mi nm lm vic, thu nhp hng nm tang 110 ngn ng. Ta c th thnh
lp c phng trnh hi quy nh sau:
yi = 9.870 + 0,00011xi + e
KIM NH CHI BNH PHNG V TNH C LP HAY PH THUC GIA HAI
BIN (CROSSTABS)
Kim nh phn phi (kim nh s ph hp)
Tnh hung: Trong mt nghin cu c tnh ca b Y t, ngi ta mong mun kim tra gi thuyt
rng tn sut s dng dch v bnh vin ca cc ngy trong tun l nh nhau v gim 25% vo
cui tun. Mt mu gm 52 000 bnh nhn c phn phi sau:
Ngy
Th hai
Th ba
Th t
Th nm
Th su
Th by
Ch nht

S bnh nhn (quan st)

8623
8308
8420
9032
8754
4361
4502
52000

S bnh nhn (l thuyt)

8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
6000
6000
52000

Khi , gi thit v i thit:

H0: Nhu cu khm cha bnh l nh nhau tt c cc ngy trong tun v gim 25% vo cui
tun
H1: Nhu cu ny c mt dng phn phi khc
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Hng dn s dng SPSS

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Kim nh chi bnh phng v tnh cht c lp hay ph thuc (kim nh hng ct hay
kim nh mi quan h gia hai bin biu danh)
Ngi ta dng kim nh Chi bnh phng kim nh s kt hp gia bai bin (biu danh hoc
th t). C mt s ch nh sau:
2

- c thit lp xc nh c hay khng mt mi lin h gia hai bin, nhng n khng ch

ra c cng ca mi lin h . Trong trng hp ny, cn s dng cc o lng kt
hp.
2

- cho php tm ra nhng mi lin h phi tuyn tnh gia hai bin.
- Vi kim nh Chi bnh phng, ta thnh lp c cc bng cho. H s V Cramer c p
dng cho tt c cc loi bng cho vi k l chiu b nht ca bng cho. Cng ca n bin
ng t 0 n 1.
2

V=

n(k 1)

Gi s ta chn phn tch tnh c lp gia hai bin nh tnh quy m doanh nghip (quymo) v
loi hnh kinh doanh (loaihinh). Cc bc tin hnh nh sau:
H0: Hai bin quy m doanh nghip v loi hnh doanh kinh c lp vi nhau trn tng th
H1: Hai bin quy m doanh nghip v loi hnh doanh kinh ph thuc vi nhau trn tng th
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21

Hng dn s dng SPSS

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Vo Descriptives statistics Crosstab chn cc bin vo cc tng ng

Bm Statistics thit lp cc thng k

Gi tr kim nh
Chi bnh phng

Gi tr kim nh
p-value

Bm Cells thit lp cc t l phn trm theo dng, ct hay tng cng

Chi-Square Tests
Pearson Chi-Square
Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear Association
N of Valid Cases

Value
38.665a
50.910
36.280

df

Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

2
2

.000
.000

.000

104

a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 12.92.

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Hng dn s dng SPSS

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Loai hinh doanh nghiep * Quy mo doanh nghiep Crosstabulation

Loai hinh
doanh nghiep

Dich vu thuong mai

Xay dung

Cong nghiep

Total

Quy mo doanh nghiep

vua va nho
lon
11
26
22.1
14.9
10.6%
25.0%
16
16
19.1
12.9
15.4%
15.4%
35
0
20.9
14.1
33.7%
.0%
62
42
62.0
42.0
59.6%
40.4%

Count
Expected Count
% of Total
Count
Expected Count
% of Total
Count
Expected Count
% of Total
Count
Expected Count
% of Total

Total
37
37.0
35.6%
32
32.0
30.8%
35
35.0
33.7%
104
104.0
100.0%

Symmetric Measures
Value
Nominal by
Nominal

Phi
Cramer's V

N of Valid Cases

Approx. Sig.
.610
.610
104

.000
.000

a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

Trong kim ny, ta thy gi tr Chi bnh phng = 38,665 v p-value=0,000<0,05 nn ta bc b

H0 v chp nhn H1 tc hai bin ph thuc ln nhau trn tng th.
H s Phi = 0,61 khng nh mi quan h gia hai bin ny kh cht ch.
KIM NH PHI THAM S
Kim nh hai mu ph thuc (Wilcoxon, kim nh du, kim nh Nemar)
Vi v d v nh gi hai loi kem trn, ta cgi thit:
Vi gi thit v i thit l:
H0: Khng c s khc bit trong mc a chung gia A, B trong tng th
H1: C s khc bit trong mc a chung gia A, B trong tng th
Cc bc thc hin nh sau:
Vo Analyze Nonparametric Tests - 2 Related Samples

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Hng dn s dng SPSS

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Kt qu thu c:
Ranks
N
B-A

2a
5b

Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Ties
Total

Mean Rank
1.50
5.00

Sum of Ranks
3.00
25.00

2c
9

a. B < A
b. B > A
c. A = B

Test Statistics

B-A

-1.876a
.061

Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
a. Based on negative ranks.
b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test

Nhn vo bng trn ta c th d dng din gii d liu, vi Z = -1,876 v p-value=0,61>0,05

nn ta cha c c s bc b H0 tc cha c c s chp nhn H1 hay cha c c s khng
nh c s khc bit trong mc a chung gia A, B trong tng th.
Ch : Kim n du v Nemar c th thc hin tng t
Kim nh nhiu hn hai mu ph thuc (Friedman, Kendalls W, Cochrans Q)
Trong trng hp ging nh v d trng hp kim nh wilcoxon, nhung by gi ta c 3 sn
phm A, B, C, khi
KH
1
2
3

Kem A
4
5
2

Kem B
3
5
5

Kem C
5
5
5

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Hng dn s dng SPSS

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4
5
6
7
8
9

3
3
1
3
2
2

2
5
5
3
5
5

5
5
5
5
5
5

Vo Analyze Nonparametric Test K Related Samples chn cc bin vo phn tch

Kt qu:
Ranks
Mean Rank
A
B
C

1.39
2.00
2.61

Test Statistics

N
Chi-Square
df
Asymp. Sig.

9
9.308
2
.010

a. Friedman Test

Vi Chi bnh phng = 9,308 v p-value=0,01<0,05 nn ta bc b H0 tc chp nhn H1 hay

c s khc bit trong mc a chung gia A, B, C trong tng th.
Kim nh cho hai mu c lp (Mann-Whitney U)
Tnh hung: C hai loi my n Toshiba v Yamaha ang tiu th ti Vit Nam, mt nh phn
phi mun kim tra mc tiu hao nguyn vt liu ca hai loi sn phm ny.
Nh phn phi gp cc khch hng s dng hai loi sn phm, tin hnh iu tra mc tiu hao
nguyn vt liu, tng s khch hng iu tra l 18 ngi trong 10 ngi s dng sn phm
Toshiba v 10 ngi s dng sn phm Yamaha, kt qu thu c nh sau:
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Hng dn s dng SPSS

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KH
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Toshiba
4000
3800
4600
4300
5000
5300
4900
4700
4000
5200

Yamaha
4200
4300
3400
3500
3800
4200
4300
3400

Vo Analyze Nonparametric Test 2 Independent Samples chn cc bin vo phn tch

Nhn Grouping Define nh ngha cc bin

Kt qu nh sau
Ranks
TIEUHAO

NHANHIEU
Toshiba
Yamaha
Total

N
10
8
18

Mean Rank
12.15
6.19

Sum of Ranks

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121.50
49.50

26

Hng dn s dng SPSS

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Test Statistics b
TIEUHAO
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)]

13.500
49.500
-2.364
.018
.016a

a. Not corrected for ties.

b. Grouping Variable: NHANHIEU

Ta thy gi tr Mann-Whitney U = 13,5, gi tr Z = -2,363 v p-value=0,18 nn ta bc b H0, chp

nhn H1 tc l c s khc nhau v mc tiu hao nhin liu trung bnh ca hai loi sn phm l
khc nhau.
Kim nh nhiu hn hai mu c lp (Kruskal-Wallis H)
Gi s nh chng ta c 3 nhm sn phm (thm mt sn phm ca hng Sonix), cch thc thc
hin nh sau:
Vo Analyze Nonparametric Test K Independent Samples chn cc bin vo phn tch

Vo Grouping Variable nh ngha bin, hin ti chng ta c 3 bin, chng ta t gi tr

maximum l 3, nu chng ta so snh 2 bin th chng ta nh s 2 (gi tr 1, 2, hay 3 ph thuc
vo cc nh ngha value label ca bin nhanhieu.

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Hng dn s dng SPSS

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ranks
TIEUHAO

NHANHIEU
Toshiba
Yamaha
3
Total

Mean Rank
10
8
8
26

Test Statistics

18.55
9.63
11.06

a,b

TIEUHAO
Chi-Square
df
Asymp. Sig.

7.318
2
.026

a. Kruskal Wallis Test

b. Grouping Variable: NHANHIEU

Ta thy gi tr Chi bnh phng = 7,318 v p-value=0,026 nn ta bc b H0, chp nhn H1 tc l

c s khc nhau v mc tiu hao nhin liu trung bnh ca ba loi sn phm l khc nhau.

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28