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EVALUATION OF THE NEGEV BEDOUIN EXPERIENCE OF URBANIZATION: FINDING OF THE
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lands in the Negev given that the land laws of the State of Israel, as
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www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/indigenous/rapporteur/docs/A-HRC-18-35-Add-1.pdf
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LATER LEGISLATION
AND
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THE
LAND LAWS CONTAINING
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Treasury... But if anyone has broken up and cultivated land of this kind without leave,
there shall be exacted from him payment of the tapou value of the piece of land which
.he has cultivated and it shell be granted to him by the issue of a title-deed ,FISHER
77
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ABRAHAM GRANOTT, THE LAND SYSTEM IN PALESTINE: HISTORY AND STRUCTURE 92

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RICHARD CLIFFORD TUTE, THE OTTOMAN LAND LAWS WITH A COMMENTARY ON THE :
).OTTOMAN LAND CODE OF 7TH RAMADAN 1274, 98 (1927
).WILHELM PADEL & LOUIS STEEG, DE LA LGISLATION FONCIRE OTTOMANE 38 (1904
' 6 103" qui se trouvent a
une distance telle des endroits habits qu'on ne puisse y entendre un cri pouss a
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absolute ownership, nor the grazing ground of any town or village, nor a place where
wood can be gathered, and which is remote from civilisation. That is to say, a place
where the voice of a person who is shouting from the outskirts of a town or village
) cannot be heard _www.iium.edu.my/deed/lawbase/al_majalle/al
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82
83
Of late, the sites of many towns and villages have... been :

greatly extended, and new inhabited sites have been formed. This means that the limits
.of the Mewat have retreated with the advance of habitation ,TUTE " ,79
' .98
" , . ,TUTE " ,79
' The expression dead land (mevat) means vacant (khali) land, such as :97
mountains, rocky places, stony fields, pernallik and grazing ground which is not in
possession of anyone by title deed nor assigned ab antiquo to the use of inhabitants of a
.town or village ) (Ongley' 103" Empty (khali) :
.places such as Otlak, Pernallik, kiraj[,] Tashlik (stony place), and Kuhi (hill)...:
F. ONGLEY, THE OTTOMAN LAND CODE 54 (Clowes & Sons, 1892), available at
ia700302.us.archive.org/22/items/ottomanlandcode00turkuoft/ottomanlandcode00turku
) oft.pdf ( . ,PADEL & STEEG
" ,80' ,38 " les terrains incultes tells :
que montagnes, endroits rocailleux, broussailles, terrains ou croit une herbe trop courte
") pour quelle puisse etre coupee etc , ,
84
85
, / "
(.
, " ,53' ) 48 (.
,' .4746
" .130118
30
"
" " :
, , .
, 86.
103" , " " ,

. 1275' , ,
, , 87. 1276'
, < ,
88.
103"
,
.
"%< " 89 ' ,
* ) ,(1280
< .
) 1281 .(1286
) 90.(1289
' ' ""
. ,
91.
_____________________________________
86
87
88
89
90
91
" : , ,
)( ,
) (Immemorial user . '
1271 ' , , , ,
". , " ,53' .48 :
).FREDRIC M. GOADBY & MOSES J. DOUKHAN, THE LAND LAW OF PALESTINE 44 (1935
' 1270'
.
CHARLES A. HOOPER, THE CIVIL LAW OF PALESTINE AND TRANS-JORDAN 329 (1938) :
(Article 1275. Vivification consists of sowing seed, planting trees, ploughing the land,
) .watering it, or opening water-channels or canals, in order to irrigate it
.www.iium.edu.my/deed/lawbase/al_majalle/al_majalleb10.html
Article 1276. If any person builds walls round dead land, or with a view to :
protecting it from flooding, makes a dam round it by raising the sides thereof, such land
.is considered to have been vivified www.iium.edu.my/deed/lawbase/
.al_majalle/al_majalleb10.html
, " ,53' .480

,' .54
" ' 496/89
," )) (1991) 350 ,343 (4 :" .(
31
,
"

" :
, ,
92". , ""
, . 103"
.
,
) (
.

"" , /
' .
, ,
,
. .
, " " ,

93.
.2
1917 ,
.1920 1922
"" , 94.
' ,
_____________________________________
92
93
94
, " ,76' .78

, . ,TUTE
" ,79' .69
CLINTON BAILEY, BEDOUIN LAW FROM SINAI AND THE :
) .NEGEV: JUSTICE WITHOUT GOVERNMENT (2009
) (2000) 48 ,1 "

...
. "(.
3.
).ASSAF LIKHOVSKI, LAW AND IDENTITY IN MANDATE PALESTINE 21 (2006
32
"
" " :
95.
96. ,
' ,
97.
, ,1922

/ , 98.
,
, . ,
, /
" " " " )99.(public land, public domain
, ,
6
) (close settlement 100.

, 101.

) :( ; )( .
_____________________________________
95
96
97
98
:
).LAND POLICIES IN PALESTINE 19171936, 1 (2007
MARTIN BUNTON, COLONIAL
).Sally Engle Merry, Law and Colonialism, 25 LAW & SOCY REV. 889, 909917 (1991
,BUNTON " ,95' .4938
' .
' 6 ,2 11 The Mandate for Palestine (July 24, 1922), available at :
www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/The+Mandate+
) for+Palestine.htm : (.
Martin Bunton, Inventing the Status Quo: Ottoman Land-Law During the Palestine
99
) .Mandate, 19171936, 21 INTL HIST. REV. 28 (1999 ,Shehadeh " .61
100 , " ,54' .4342 ,BUNTON " ,95' .3331' 6
, " ,98Art. 6. The Administration of Palestine, while :
ensuring that the rights and position of other sections of the population are not
prejudiced, shall facilitate Jewish immigration under suitable conditions and shall
encourage, in co-operation with the Jewish agency referred to in Article 4, close
settlement by Jews, on the land, including State lands and waste lands not required for
.public purposes , " ,98' .11
101 ,BUNTON " ,95' .5857
33
,
"
)(
, ,
,
. . ,
'

)
( . , ,
, , .
, .
,
. ,

. 1918
102, 1920 ,
.
16.2.1921 )
( 103. 103 ' ,
,
. :
_____________________________________
102 , " ,54' ;35 , " ,53' ,GRANOTT ;389372

" ,77' ;7574 ,STEIN " ,61' .4339
103
!/
. , ,
,1921
, ,
it is necessary that the Administration obtain forthwith a complete :
.record of all such lands ,BUNTON " ,95' .43
Letter to Foreign Office, FO 371/1/6387/E1758; Report of the Land Settlement :
.Commission, August 1920, CO 733/18, 592
34
"
" " :
(a) Any person who, without obtaining the consent of the Administration,
breaks up or cultivates any waste land shall obtain no right to a title-deed
for such land, and, further, shall be liable to be prosecuted for trespass.104
, :
' " "
, ,
1921 .
) (a ,
.
) ,(b :
(b) Any person who has already cultivated such waste land without
obtaining authorisation shall notify the Registrar of the land registry
within two months of the publication of this ordinance and apply for a
title-deed.

,
, ,
, . ,
,
" " . ,
) (b
105.
3 ,
.
(a) , ,
) .(consent of the Administration
" "... " : ...
"... , ,

. ""
_____________________________________
104 .LEGISLATION OF PALESTINE vol. I 135136 (Norman Bentwich ed., 1926) :

,GOADBY & DOUKHAN " ;86 , " ,61' .147
105 .3
35
,
"
) , (16.2.1921
, , (b) .

. , '
.

) Any person who has already
.(cultivated such waste land
) ,(without obtaining authorization
.

,1921 ) ,(a ) (b
.

. 117,000 )4.4% ,
!( / 1921
) 106.(b
.
"" ,1921 ,
.
) (b ,
.
) (
, , 107.
, ,
,
1921 ,

, .
, ,
" ,
_____________________________________
106 , " ,54' .119

107 ) ( ,
! , ,1928 ! .
1928 5% !/ . , " ,54'
.119 )2(.
36
"
" " :
, , .
,
108".
1934
/ .1933 ,
" " ) ,(Drayton ) (b
) ,(1921 .
, 1934
,
, 1921
, 109.
,
,
.
' 110. ,
; .1921
, '
. ' , ,
, ' .
"" , . ,
, . ,
,1921
' "" ) ,
(
.
, ,1921
2,845,000 . , ) (
, '
.
_____________________________________
108 , " ,53' .50 138

)" :(1925 , , ,
, ".
THE LAWS OF PALESTINE: IN FORCE ON THE 31ST DAY OF DECEMBER 1933 vol. II 852 109
).(rev. ed., prepared by Robert Harry Drayton1934
110 .1
37
,
"
, ,
/ ,
, 111.
, , '
,
,
,
.
,
,

112. ,
, ,
, .
,
,

.

) Ghannameh v. The Attorney General (1927

113.

114.
115.
) (b 116.
_____________________________________
111
112
113
114
115
116
, ," , " .91

, , .
.
' 1273' ,
, ,
.

,
.
)) Ghannameh v. The Attorney General, 1 P.L.R. 162 (S.T., 1927 : ':(
The Section [(b) of the Mewat Ordinance] says no more. It does not say if the squatter
38
"
" " :
) (b
1921 .
.
) Debbas v. The Attorney General et. al. , ,(1943
.
" " ,
.
) ...the Defendants had, at any rate, strong moral
,(claims to this land...
< 117. ,

< , .
, ,
118.
119.
, ,
' , ,1912
"" .
120. Dajani v. Colony
) of Rishon le Zion ) (1926 : ' ,( '
_____________________________________
is to get a title deed or not, or if so, if he is to get it as of right or at the discretion of the
.Registrar, nor does it say if he is to get it gratis or on payment of the value
117 :
& , , .
,
.
) Debbas v. The Attorney General, [1943] A.L.R. 205 118 : .(
119 ,' Now, it is quite true that if there had been no arrangement a Settlement :207
Officer would not have had any power to award this land to the Appellants on payment
of badl misl. He is quite correct in this statement, but we know of no rule by which a
.Settlement Officer would be prevented from giving a judgement by consent...

. "" :
& ,$
.
120 Habbab v. Government of Palestine, 14 P.L.R. 337, 339
)) (S.C., 1947 : .(
39
,
"
.
,
"" ,
,
; 121 " ) ( 122".
,
' 123, ) Krikorian v. The Attorney General .(1942
, ,1921
1936
,
1921 124.

' , ' . Habbab v.
_____________________________________
121
122
123
124
" , " ,13' 6 .

, - ,GOADBY & DOUKHAN " ,86' ,4948
, " ,53' ,5251 ) " (124
) " ,120' .(343
.The wilderness must be made to blossom " ... ,
" . , " ,53' .51

..." . , ,
, .
) ( ,
, ,
". , " ,53' .52
) ,Chavivi v. Govt of Palestine, 7 P.L.R. 288 (S.C., 1940
, ,
&- , ' 78" ,
. ""
.
.1
)) Krikorian v. The Attorney General, 10 P.L.R. 302, 2 A.L.R. 463 (S.C., 1943
: .( 1921
, .
1936 .
, 690 ,
"" 20 .
' , "" , ,
.
40
] :[1a
"
"
" " :
) Government of Palestine (1947

125.
.

, . 1051' ',
.
1275 1276' , , ,,
, ,
126.

,
) (
, , ,
127. ,
128

,
' , "" ""

129.
, .
, '
.
,
,
. , ,
. , ,
_____________________________________
125
126
127
128
129
, " ,120' .339

. :
).LA PROPRIETE IMMOBILIERE EN DROIT OTTOMAN 115 (1906
, " ,120' .340
)( , !
, , ,
, . .
, " ,120' ...the settlement officer went too far when he :341
NEJIB CHIHA, TRAITE DE
stated in paragraph 34(3) of his decision, that he would not consider the cultivation of
cereals and vegetables in pockets of good land with the sand dunes to be effective
revival, unless it was accompanied by real reclamation work to fix the sand and render
.such pockets permanently cultivatable
41
,
"
,
130.

) (short-term crops
,
.
, ,
, .
, ,
131.
1273' , " "
. .
,
1936 .
1921
.
) .(Rural Property Tax
,
,
132.
Abu Hana v. The
) Attorney General ,(1938
. ,
.
, " " ) ab antiquo
.(right , ,
_____________________________________
130 " " '

.
, , ' 68" ,
, , .
, ' .
" 8584.
131 , " ,120' .341
132 ,' .346 ,
" " ,
"" . ,' .347
42
"
" " :
) 133.(unassigned State Domain

, ,
134.

) (deed of grant or dedication .

. ,
.

. ,
,
135.

. ,
" " .
) , , ' ,
( ) , (
,
. ,
) '
_____________________________________
133
565 . '
) ( ,
.
,
.
, " .
,Forman & Kedar, Colonialism, Colonization and Land Law in Mandate Palestine
" .46
134 , ,
.
135 , ,
, . ,
, ,
. , ,
, Abu Hana v. The Attorney .
)) General, P.L.R. 221, 225 (S.C., 1938 : .(
43
,
"
,( ) ( , ,
.

,
, ,
,
,1921 . ,

,

, ,
.
, .
< . ,

,
.
, '',
29 ,1921 .
29 1921 :
The secretary of state for the colonies reaffirmed the assurances already
given in Beersheba by the High Commissioner to the Sheikhs that the
special rights and customs of the Bedouin tribes of Beersheba will not be
interfered with.136
, 137,1922
,
138.1924
, ' .
_____________________________________
136 '' Public Records Office, C.O. 733/2/21/21698/folio 77,
.March 1921, London '' ,STEIN " ,61
' .6160
137' 45 ! 1922 , ,1947 "
," , , .
" ,
".
.The Establishment of Courts Order Gaz., 3 (August 1, 1924) 138
44
"
" " :
,
,
' .

, ,
.

, , " "
"" ) * ( ,
.

, .
) Ghandour v. Abou Ghaban 1930 ,(1934 ,
,
139.
, ,
:
In view of the absence of title deeds to land in the Beersheba area and the
necessity for the production of a title deed under article 24 of the
Magistrates Law, a case such as this appears to be one of those for which
the application of tribal custom under article 45 of the Palestine Order in
Council is specially intended.140
,
,
. , , ) Farhan v. Ali Kirreh (1936
1915 141.
_____________________________________
139 , .
).P.L.R. 458 (S.C., 1934
140 , , ) ,(Magistrates Act
,
.
Ghandour v. Abou Ghaban,
Farhan v. Ali Kirreh, 3 P.L.R. 30 (1936) (The respondent to this appeal, Khalaf ibn Ali 141
Kirreh, relies upon a sanad of sale of land in Beersheba District in which the name of the
alleged vendor, the father of the present appellant, Eid ibn Farhan Abu Abed, has been
45
"
,
( 1939 )Kirret v. Ghannam el Saneh ,

Abu Hassan v. Irfan 142.
,( 1944 )

The custom prevailing in Beersheba is that mortgage-deeds are written in
one copy and are kept with the mortgagees.143
, ,(1942 )El Baik v. Gharbieh

It is common ground between the parties that the land in question is not
registered and never has been registered. It is also well within the
knowledge of the members of this Court that this is a common practice in
regard to the Beersheba lands and the law as to the compulsory
registration of sales has not been strictly enforced in the Beersheba
District.144
,
, :
,
, , .(1921 )
;

, .
;
_____________________________________
written by the person by whom the sanad itself was written. The sanad is duly stamped.
One witness has signed it; another Aitiyeh Odeh, has affixed his seal. The names of
.other witnesses have been written by the writer of the sanad)
. ,

.Kirret v. Ghannam el Saneh, 6 P.L.R. 513, 514 (S.C., 1939) 142
.Abu Hassan v. Irfan, 11 P.L.R. 556, 557 (S.C., 1944) 143
Twenty : .El Baik v. Gharbieh, 9 P.L.R. 397, 397 (S.C., 1942) 144
time that this particular law as to the years have now passed, and it is more than
.registration of sales should be applied even in Beersheba
,
, ,
.
46
"
" " :
, ,
145. ,
, , . ,
, ,
/ ,
.
)(

. '
,
,
1928 ) ( ) : (146.
/ ,
" " 147.
. , , ,
, .

.
. ,
,1969
,
148.

5,000,000 , 20%
)(
.
_____________________________________
145
146
147
148
)3(.
, " ,53' ) 390 , .(18 ,
" ,54' .155150
,GRANOTT " ,77'
;7574 , " ,53' .389372 ""
, .,
" ,61' .296295 ,290 , " ,54' 156 ,139136 ,35
.161
] [ ," ,1969" .292
, " .93
47
,
"
) .(Settlement Area
149.
,
, , ,
150.
,
. ,
. ,
.
@ ,
151.
, ,
152.
" " .3
, "
. , ,
. 80%
,1948 , ,
, . ,
. 11,000
"" )' ""(,
_____________________________________
Yitzhak Oded, Land Losses among Israel's Arab Villagers, 7 NEW OUTLOOK 10, 13 149
) .(1964
. , " ,54
' ;205 ,203 ,201 , " .76
150 !/ ,
.

. , " ,BUNTON ;54 " ;95 , " ,55'
;579 " " .(1990) 170
151 , " ,54' .2925
152 ' ,
. ,1947
. .
, " .44
48
"
" " :
1,000,000 153. ,
, .
.
,
. , , 1948
154.
, ,
.
, ,
) ( ," ,1953
," 155.1950
156.
, , ,
157.
_____________________________________
153HELMUT MUHSAM, BEDOUIN OF THE NEGEV: EIGHT DEMOGRAPHIC STUDIES 24 :
(1966); BENNY MORRIS, THE BIRTH OF THE PALESTINIAN REFUGEE PROBLEM REVISITED
).528 (2004
154 521,000
, .
,
, 2008
. , " ,13' .90 ,80
155 4,865,334 .
1,700,000MICHAEL R. FISCHBACH, .
RECORDS OF DISPOSSESSION: PALESTINIAN REFUGEE PROPERTY AND THE ARAB-ISRAELI

) .CONFLICT 30, 5051, 80 (2003
' ,Forman & Kedar, From Arab Land to 'Israel Lands " ,46' .812
1,250,000 137,400 ,
. 36 :
).(2009
156 " ) ;10.11.1961
" "( .
,
,
! , )) (29.5.1964.. .' ,74 /5733 , ,(3520/11
" " ,
, " ,93' ,345 .29
157 1975-
. , " .47
49
,
"
,
. 1971 1979
3,220 1,500,000 158.
.1948 ,
) ( ,
. "" ,
" .
.
,
,
159. ,
,
. ,
160.
)( 1975 ,
1975 ""
" 161.
_____________________________________
158
159
160
161
,
. , , " ,47
1,500,000 , 600,000
. , , ,2.5.1971
24.10.1979 3,220 776,856 .
, 2008 2,749 549,000 .
, " ,13' 2,478 .3531 3,220

, .1,281 389 , 292
. , 200,000150,000
)! ( ,
. , " ,44' ,73
.75
' 38 ,34 55 ] [ ,") 1969 :
(.
, ,
2005 . - , ,
,
.
, " .47
50
"
" " :
.15.8.1976 ,
" ,
, .

. , " " 30,000
" " , "
.

162."... " "
" " . , " " ,
. , " "
, " " ,
. 1965 "
" " " .
, ,
, .
,
163. :

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)( ,1921
1921 ,
.
,
,
, ,
164.
_____________________________________
162 , ) (.
163 - . ,
! ,
,
, .
164 , " ,47' .1
51
,
"

.
, .
, " , ' 218/74
1984 " "165.
,
.
,
"":
... ,
, ,
,
,
,
166.1858

.
, .
100 ,
, 400 .
20%
167.
" " , ,
.
, ,
_____________________________________
165" , " .13

166 , " ,47' .1
167 400
20% , .
400 100
, . ,
" " . ,Yahel " .15
52
"
" " :
168.
"
,
169".
1978 2006
150,000 . 220,000 , 2006
1,500,000 620,000 .
500,000 ,
.
.
, 400,000 ,
170.
)(
, ,
.

171.
,
.
) ' ,(1962
_____________________________________
168
169
170
171
, .
) (.
, ,

.
, ,
.
, " ,47' .2 , " .11
, "
" .(2006) 54 ,38 , 80,000
<- .
, " ;13 ) (,
" .1980 , " ,42' .2119
, " Kedar, The Legal Transformation of ;52
,Ethnic Geography " .46
53
,
"
172.
"
, )(
" 173.

% ,
, .
, , 78
' )"( .
.
, 6"
. ' )(1
; ) (2 ;
) (3 174. ..." :

175". , ,
,
1921 , 176. ,
. '
, ,
177. , "
.
, , )(.
_____________________________________
172
173
174
175
176
177
" , " .74 , " ;52

,of Ethnic Geography " .46
" , " ,74' .1719
' 6" ) , " ,53' (466 " .75
' 103" , ' 1270' .
" 74.
" , " ,74' .1720
" , ' 26/62" 1722
) ,(1962 ,1962 ; "
, ' 274/62" ) (1962) 1946 :" ( ,
;1962" , ' 55/63" )(1966) 3 (2
) :" ( , ,1966
.
,1 " 84.
Kedar, The Legal Transformation
54
"
" " :
, .
178"...
, 54
) (1928
,
179. , ' ,
180. 181. ,

,1921 , 54 ) (1928
.

. ,
.
:

.

. , ,
) (
, ,
182.
,
.,
" " .
'
. '
, . ,
_____________________________________
178
179
180
181
182
, " ,53' ) 48 (.
,2 " 102.
,
.
,2 " 113.
" , " ,74' ) 1720 (.
55
,
"
' "" , "

" " " 183.
, ,1921
" "184.
, ,1928
" ,1969" " "'" :'
,
185"...
, " " 1858
. '
) ,(Tute " "
, 186. ""
1858 ;
, 187.
""
,
.
, 1928 " "
"" . ,
,
. ,
_____________________________________
183 " 78.
184Public Notice: Demarcation of Government Lands, 4 (1.12.1921); GENERAL :

REPORT OF THE COMMISSION TO ENQUIRE INTO THE CONDITIONS OF LAND SETTLEMENT IN
)) PALESTINE 10 (1921) (PRO CO 733/18, 174761 : (.
185' 1 ] [.
186 ,1 " .8279
187 )2( .
" ""
.
" .#
, " ,53' .4139 ),
( , ,

.
56
"
" " :
, .
188.
. 29
" ,
... " ][
)"(" 189.
.,

190. , , ,
191.

""

.1921 , ) (1921
,1921
192.
,
. ""
, ,
.

,
.1921

.
""
_____________________________________
188
189
190
191
192
" , ' 17/62" ;(1963) 1191" , "

,176' ;54" , ' 298/66" ).(1967) 374 ,372 (1
' 29 ) .(1928
" , ' 472/59" ) (1961) 648 "
, " .
(.
" , ' 25/62" ) (1962) 1485
-( . " , ' 342/61"
) (1961) 2475 ,2469 :" ( . " , ' 452/59
" .(1961) 1392
" 103.
57
,
"
1921 ,
. :
... )( 1921

,
) '( .
1921 . ,
,
,
.
,

. ,

.
193...
, ,
, 1921
.1921
,1921 .
,
. , ,3
' ,
, , .
, , "" .
<?
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: "
... ,,

_____________________________________
193" , " ,74' ) 17211720 (.
58
"
" " :
) 103 , '(" 194.

"" ?
.
' , ,
.1858
, , , .
,
195. :
If the burden of proof is imposed on a certain side or social category,
when it comes to the making of decisions, it turns out that rarely, if ever,
can the burden of proof be met. What a surprise! This is the way law
works: it is more likely to reach the conclusions it starts out
assuming...196
.
,
.
,
. " " , , " "
. " " ,
,
" " . ,
,
_____________________________________
194 ,' ) 17211720 (.

195
. ,U.N ESCOR, Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples: :
Indigenous People and Their Relationship to Land (second progress report on the
working paper, prepared by Erica-Irene A. Daes), 4662, U.N. Doc.
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/18 (June 3, 1999), available at www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/
Huridoca.nsf/TestFrame/154d71ebbbdc126a802567c4003502bf (para. 55: A particular
problem that has been repeatedly brought to [our] attention... is the use or misuse of
).claim procedures to deprive indigenous peoples of their rights... to land and resources
Nell Jessup Newton, Indian Claims in the Courts of the Conqueror, 41 AM. U. :
L. REV. 753, 820 (1992); Guadelupe T. Luna, Chicana/Chicano Land Tenure in the
).Agrarian Domain: On the Edge of a Naked Knife, 4 MICH. J. RACE & L. 39 (1998
Steve Wexler, Burden of Proof, Writ Large, 33 U. BRIT. COLUM. L. REV. 75, 78 (1999 196
).2000
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231 , ,ROSEN-ZVI , " ,50' HUSSEIN ABU HUSSEIN & FIONA ;4946
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234 , " ,170' ,Yahel ;6045 " ) 15
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254
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256
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" www.snunit.k12.il/ (1977) 121 4
,ABU-RABI'A ;heb_journals/katedra/04047.html " .37
200192
) ;(2000 , " ,37' .5352
,; ,MEIR " Clinton Bailey, Dating the Arrival of the Bedouin ;40
).Tribes in Sinai and the Negev, 28 J. ECON. & SOC. HIST. ORIENT 20 (1985
74
"
" " :
, 257.
, .
' , ,
"" , , ,
. ' "'" )(
"" )
( "" ) ( .
:
...From the type of taxes levied on the nomadic jamaa we assume there
must have been stages of development between a nomadic and an
agricultural way of life... There are some jamaas which pay taxes for
wheat and other field crops in exactly the same way as to the villages...
for the purposes of registration they were too widely scattered to be
attributed to particular villages... the mazraa were usually small arable
areas, dispersed amongst the hills...258
' 2,000
"" / , .

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259.
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1596 ' 260.
_____________________________________
WOLF HUTTEROTH & KAMAL ABDULFATAH, HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF PALESTINE, 257
).TRANSJORDAN AND SOUTHERN SYRIA IN THE LATE 16TH CENTURY (1977
258 ,' .2928

259 ,' .29
260 " : , " )(2006
David Amiran, ;www.geog.bgu.ac.il/fastSite/coursesFiles/bedouins/publications/meir.pdf
).The Pattern of Settlement in Palestine, 2 ISR. EXPLOR. J. 65 (1953
75
,
"

.
, ,
.
)(

.
, ,

. ,
, 261. ,,
1839 ,
"",
, :
...[We] went off to the left towards the N. to a place where the Bedawin
have their magazines of grain, called Nuttar al-Lukiyeh.262
:1854
Our course now lay north-north-east by the still remnant foundations of
the city of Beer Sheba, which had last year been used as threshing floors,
in consequence of which some part of the grains of corn that had been left
had sprung up of themselves.263
) ,(W.M. Thomson 1856

' , ,
" , " 264. ""
_____________________________________
261WILLIAM M. THOMSON, THE LAND AND THE BOOK: OR, BIBLICAL ILLUSTRATIONS :
DRAWN FROM THE MANNERS AND CUSTOMS, THE SCENES AND SCENERY OF THE HOLY
) ;LAND 556 (1910 , ,
: )( ) .(1982 ,
EDWARD ROBINSON & ELI SMITH, BIBLICAL RESEARCHES IN PALESTINE, MOUNT SINAI 262
).AND ARABIA PETRAEA: A JOURNAL OF TRAVELS IN THE YEAR 1838 vol. I 306 (1841
CHARLES VAN DE VELDE, NARRATIVE OF A JOURNEY THROUGH SYRIA AND PALESTINE IN 263
).1851 AND 1852 vol. II 139 (1854
,THOMSON 264 " ,261' .557556
76
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, ...
.

... 266...
) ,(Hull .1883
, .
, ,
, ,
:
We therefore pressed for another day's march to Tel abu-Hureira... The
country we traversed was spread a deep covering of loan of a very fertile
nature... the district is extensively cultivated by the Terabin Arabs, and by
little parties of fellahin... The extent of the ground which is cultivate, as
well as all the way to Gaza, is immense, and the crops are wheat, barley,
and maize must vastly exceed the requirements of the population. In fact,
_____________________________________
265.
266 18641863
) 279 .(1975 ,
77
,
"
large quantities of agricultural produce raised in this part of Palestine are

annual exported from Jaffa and other towns...267
' ) ,(Jaussen ,1905

,
. ) , (
,
:
The south of Palestine... is neither the beautiful plains of Gaza, neither
those of Bir as-Saba', which were always cultivated by the inhabitants of
the plain or by the villagers living close by... I attract the attention on the
plowing fields that spread more or less, with some interruptions of hills
and dry plains, until... The farmable land is, for a good reason, strongly
;appreciated by Bedouins, it is their strength, their source of livelihood
they sometimes know to claim it with energy.268
269,
, ,1863
, 1868
_____________________________________
) EDWARD HULL, MOUNT SEIR, SINAI AND WESTERN PALESTINE 138139 (1885) 267
(.
) ANTONIN JAUSSEN, COUTUMES DES ARABES AU PAYS DE MOAB 246247 (1908) 268
" ).((Cdric Parizot
269 ) ,(Wilton , ,1863 ,
- ' ) ,
( ,
, )' .(229222
) (Schumacher
.,
,1886 ,
' ,' , ) .(4
.
, ,
. .ULRICH JASPER SEETZEN, :
REISEN DURCH SYRIEN, PALSTINA, PHNICIEN, DIE TRANSJORDAN LNDER, ARABIA
PETRAEA UND UNTER-AEGYPTEN (1855); MAX FREIHERR VON OPPENHEIM, DIE
BEDUINEN: BANK II: DIE BEDUINENSTMME IN PALSTINA, TRANSJORDANIEN, SINAI,
).HEDJAZ (1983
78
"
" " :
. ,
. ,
,
270. 1880
) (memoirs , ,
271. B% ,
.1902
, ) ( 272
.
273.

.
,
. ,
. ,
, .
,
,
, .
_____________________________________
270 , " .261 , ,

' ' , ! ,
. , ) ,
( ' ) ( ,
150
" .EDWARD PALMER, THE DESERT OF THE EXODUS: JOURNEYS ON FOOT IN THE :
) .WILDERNESS OF THE FORTY YEARS WANDERINGS (1872 ),
' (381380 ,
, , .
CLAUDE CONDER & HERBERT KITCHENER, THE SURVEY OF WESTERN PALESTINE: 271
MEMOIRS OF THE TOPOGRAPHY, OROGRAPHY, HYDROGRAPHY AND ARCHAEOLOGY:
).JUDAEA 392 (Edward Palmer & Walter Besant eds., 1883
272 )( ,MUSIL " ,391 .
273
) (1946) 228227 ' ,
( .
, .PHILIP J. BALDENSPERGER, :
THE IMMOVABLE EAST: STUDIES OF THE PEOPLE AND CUSTOMS OF PALESTINE 247252
).(Frederic Less ed., 1909
79
,
"
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1882 ,

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_____________________________________
274 ) 37 ,"( ) (.
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277"...
. " ,
. ,
,1920 ,
278. ,
.
2,660,000 , 35% . ,
.50%
, 90 , :
770,000 , (20%) 140,000.
_____________________________________
275
276
277
278
,' ) 3736 (.
) (1941) 187186 ( . ,
, .19131912
, , : .(1974) 2/5/1/1
) ) (1920 , :
( . , , ,L/2/6289
,33/1 .L 18/127/2
81
,
"
1,120,000 , (40%) 640,000.

, ) "" , , (,
26,250 40%.
' 66,000 , (60%) 38,000.
778,750 , (35%) 272,000279.

/ . , ,
. "
, ...
" ) .(2
,
/,
,
.
, " . ,
' . , ,1921
.
, 2,800,000
280. ,
" " ,
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,
'
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_____________________________________
279 , "" ,' .1 , ,

, , ' . The marked area is owned by the :
.great tribe of the Tayaha' 26! PDF .
280 , " ,184' .2928 ,109
82
"
" " :
.
" " , ,
, "" , , ) ,
( .
, .
)(
',
.

. ' ) ,(Yasemin Avci,

:
More importantly, there was an abundant supply of water drawn mainly
from seven wells, and the surrounding country had already been under
cultivation.281
, , ,
, ,1980 " ...
, .
' '" 282.
. , , ,
, 1953
)
,( :
The interesting point is the Bedouin... process of settlement. Bedouin
population have turned semi-nomadic during recent centuries, first by
growing cereals... then by using houses for storing their harvest, and
_____________________________________
Yasemin Avci, The Application of Tanzimat in the Desert: The Bedouins and the 281
Creation of a New Town in Southern Palestine (18601914), 45 MIDDLE EAST. STUD.
).969, 976 (2009
Clinton Bailey, The Negev in the Nineteenth Century: Reconstructing History from 282
)) Bedouin Oral Tradition, 14 ASIAN & AFR. STUD. 35 (1980 ,' 40 ,35
.(41
83
,
"
eventually by occupying houses themselves... All Bedouin engage in

some sort of agriculture...283
"
" . ""
.
, .
, , ,
.
' ) , ( , ,
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, ,
( .
,
, , 284.
, ,

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... 19
19 ...
285...
, '
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. ,
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_____________________________________
,Amiran 283 " ,260' .65

284 " "
) 23 ;(1994 ,

;(2004)
.(1994) 216213 '
285 " " , " ,260' ) 54 (.
84
"
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, ,
. ,
.
,
. , , )( 1939
) "" ,( 2.1 3.5 .
,
2.1 , , " " ,
286. , '' ,
, ,
,1938 , ,
, , , ,
287.
,
, "" ) ,(cultivated or cultivated in patches
. , ,
,
288.

,
.
, '
, .
_____________________________________
286.Eliahu Epstein, Bedouin of the Negev, 71 PALEST. EXPLOR. Q. 59, 70 (1939) :

G.E. Kirk, Archaeological Explorations in the Southern Desert, 70 PALEST. EXPLOR. Q. 287
).211, 214216 (1938
288 , , Beersheba Hebron ,(sheets 12, 15) 1936
. .
85
,
"
, ,
.
.1948 ,
, , ,
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_____________________________________
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86
"
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:
The relationship between the intellectuals and the world of production...
is, in varying degrees, mediated by the whole fabric of society... of
which the intellectuals are, precisely, the functionaries... the
spontaneous consent given by the great masses of the population to the
general direction imposed on social life by the dominant fundamental
;]group [i.e., through their intellectuals who act as their agents or deputies
this consent is historically caused by the prestige (and consequent
confidence) which the dominant group enjoys...292
, ,
,
,
293. ,
, ,

294.
_____________________________________
291
292
293
294
MICHEL FOUCAULT, DISCIPLINE & PUNISH: THE BIRTH OF THE PRISON 101, 106 :
(1995); ARUNDHATI ROY, POWER POLITICS (2002); ANTONIO GRAMSCI, SELECTIONS
).FROM THE PRISON NOTEBOOKS (1971
, ,GRAMSCI , ,' .1512
,ROY " ,291' .7
Shlomo Swirski, Transparent Citizens: Israel :
) .Government Policy Towards the Negev Bedouins, 8 HAGAR 25 (2008
. , , "
" , " Ghazi Falah, The ;19

Development of the 'Planned Bedouin Settlements' in Israel 19641982: Evaluation and
) .Characteristics, 14 GEOFORUM 311 (1983 ,Abu-Sitta " .44
87
,
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JUSTIN :
MCCARTHY, THE POPULATION OF PALESTINE: POPULATION HISTORY AND STATISTICS OF
) .THE LATE OTTOMAN AND THE MANDATE (1990 "
"19531948 ,
.(1997) 398 ,389 ,7
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Noam Levin, Ruth Kark & Emir Galilee, Maps and the Settlement of Southern 317
)Palestine, 17991948: An Historical/GIS Analysis, 36 J. HIST. GEOGRAPHY 1, 6 (2010
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322 , " ,284' .268267

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326
, " .309
327 ,' .7876 ""
' Avinoam Meir, Contemporary State Discourse and Historical :
Pastoral Spatiality: Contradictions in the Land Conflict Between the Israeli Bedouin
).and the State, 32 ETHNIC & RACIAL STUD. 823 (2009
328 ) ,FISHER " ,(76
) ,ONGLEY " ,83' .(6
99
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" ,1969" " "'" :'

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329 , " .184

330' 1 ] [.
U.N GAOR, Report of the Ad-Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question, U.N. Doc. 331
).A/AC.14/32 (1947
100
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333 ,' .79 ,70
101
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. ,,
1980 :
The desert-dwelling Bedouin often lived in a state of virtual independence
from the Turkish authorities, resident in the town of Gaza... the Ottoman
authorities were hence unable to know what was transpiring within the
Bedouin population, or to report on current events with any degree of
accuracy...334
2009 , ,
, BEDOUIN LAW FROM SINAI AND THE NEGEV: JUSTICE
335,WITHOUT GOVERNMENT
,
. , ,
, .
" " , , .
, ,
, .
, ,
336. ':
The difficulties of the Ottoman government in controlling the Bedouins
are described in detail in innumerable archival documents, dating back to
the 1840s... The Bedouin community, as a social and political
organization, had all the attributes which the state claimed for itself,
_____________________________________
334 ,Bailey " ,282' .35

,BAILEY 335 " .93
336 " )( '"
) 163 ;(2008 ,
, " .44
102
"
" " :
namely loyalties and allegiances, a code of conduct, a system of

arbitration and justice. Therefore, the Bedouins obviated any effective
government...337
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339
340
341
342
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, " ,Abu-Sitta ;255 " .44
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343 " ) 37 () 255 ,() 273 ,(.
Roy S. Fischel & Ruth Kark, Sultan Abdlhamid II and Palestine: Private Lands and 344
).Imperial Policy, 39 NEW PERSP. TURKEY 129 (2008
105
,
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:
. ;
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. 345.
'
, .
' 1903
. ,
. , ':
An imperial edict, issued in 1903, directed that the Beersheba meclis
[council] should also sit as a Court of the First Instance (bidavet
mahkemesi) in cases related to land-holding.346
,

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351 , " ,273 www.snunit.k12.il/beduin/arti/book421.html
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352 , " ,255' .166165

353 '' ,STEIN " ,61' .6160
354 ' 45 ! 1922 , " :1947
," , , .
" ,
".The High Commissioner may by order establish such separate :
Courts for the district of Beersheba and for such other tribal areas as he may think fit.
Such courts may apply tribal custom, so far as it is not repugnant to natural justice or
.morality
,The Establishment of Courts Order 355 " .138
109
"
,

. ,
... ...1920 ":
, 356".''
(waste land) 1930
.
,
," ) "
.('
,

357. , ,
. 1931
,(land-owners) " " 75%

.(sufferance)

,(normal assignment)
:1931 . ,
298. The number of earning land-owners is 7,869, and that of tenants is
2,508... the land-owners tend, on the whole, to cultivate their lands
directly. A land-owner in Beersheba is a land-owner on sufferance... In
the strict sense most of the land may be described as mewat not having
been assigned or disposed by deed. Nevertheless, the privileges of the
nomads have been confirmed from time to time, and it is, undoubtedly
part of the customary law, as opposed to formal law, to recognize the
nomadic traditional cultivation in this area as normal assignment.358
_____________________________________
.59 ' ,37 ", 356
Waste lands belonging to Government are the coastal sand-dunes, the desert area south- 357
east of Beersheba... In some of these areas, too, Arabs have grazing rights... Report by
His Majestys Government in the U.K. of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the
Council of the League of Nations on the Administration of Palestine and Transjordan for
the Year of 1930 (December 31, 1930), available at unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/
.0/C2FEFF7B90A24815052565E6004E5630
.( ) ERIC MILLS, CENSUS OF PALESTINE 1931 vol. I, part I (1932) 358
110
:" "
"
1937
. , ,
.
"
, ."
: . ,
The cultivable land in the Beersheba sub-district is regarded as belonging
to the Bedouin tribes by virtue of possession from time immemorial... in
the past the lands have been occupied entirely as tribal land, but in recent
years the practice of allotting tribal holdings has come into existence, thus
enabling sales to be made to Jewish interests.359
.
( Village Statistics) " "
, 12,500,000 1945
65,000 ,( 15.39%) 1,900,000
( Survey of Palestine) " " 360.(0.52%)
" 1946
:
it is not safe to assume that all the empty lands south of Beersheba or east
of Hebron, for instance, are mewat.361
, 2,000,000
:
Some 12,577 square kilometers lie in the deserts of Beersheba. It is
possible that there may be private claims to over 2000 square kilometers
_____________________________________
) 359
.(( ) Government of Palestine, 1937, DCF/ 32-72 !
VILLAGE STATISTICS 1945: A CLASSIFICATION OF LAND AND AREA OWNERSHIP IN 360
PALESTINE 35 (Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center, 1970), available at
VILLAGE : )www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html
.(STATISTICS OF PALESTINE
Government of Palestine, A Survey of Palestine: Prepared in December 1945 and 361
January 1946 for the Information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry 256
.(1946), available at www.palestineremembered.com/Acre/Books/Story831.html
111
,
"
which are cultivated from time to time. The remainder may be considered
to be either mewat or empty miri.362
,
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) 364.(7
_____________________________________
362 ,' .257

363
,Kedar, Colonialism, Colonization and Land Law in Mandate Palestine " .46
364 ;(1996) 80 ,
" ,37' ;52 ,FISCHBACH " ,155' No registers ) 273 ,260259
& Forman
of title or tax records were thus available for Beersheba land. The only documents from
112
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_____________________________________
Beersheba available to Hadawis staff were sixty registers of deeds for the area that were
.(in the Israelis possession
365 , " ,244' ") 5655 ,

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366 ,' .76
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369 , " ,150' ) 172 (.
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( 372. , , ,
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371 ,' .3
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373
) 1926 , ; (.
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375 ,FISCHBACH " ,155' ,VILLAGE STATISTICS OF PALESTINE ;273 ,260259
" ,360' .37
116
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376
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389 ,Bailey, The Negev in the Nineteenth Century " ,282 ' ;4140
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121
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,SEETZEN " ,270' .3332

) .ALOIS MUSIL, ARABIA PETRAEA vol. III (1908 , " ,273'
.3837
,OPPENHEIM " ,269' .112
, " ,273' .272270
,
.(1998) 103
,ROBERT JARDINE & MCARTHUR DAVIES, A GAZETTEER OF THE PLACE NAMES :
).WHICH APPEAR IN THE SMALL-SCALE MAPS OF PALESTINE AND TRANS-JORDAN (1940
" .848854/1959
122
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426' 4 ' ) 8.11.1951
; " .(233834/1953
130
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427...
, ,1966 ' , '
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_____________________________________
427 ' , )) (21.4.1958 (.

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)) (18.11.1951 " .(281834/53
' , )) (20.6.1966
428
,! , , , .(17003/1
131
,
"

1928 .
.

) .(indigenous ,
" ,
. ,
, , ,
,
. ""
. " "
.
,
.
, ""
) ,(transitional justice
.
,
429.
.
,
,
, ,
430.

,
. , ,
_____________________________________
Ruti G. Teitel, Transitional Justice Genealogy, 16 HARV. HUM. RTS. J. 69 (2003); Aeyal 429
Gross, The Constitution, Reconciliation, and Transitional Justice: Lessons from South
).Africa and Israel, 40 STAN. J. INTL L. 47 (2004
,Teitel 430.
132
"
" " :

.
, " ".
" 350
431.
.
,
, .

. "" ) (indigenous " "
.
, ,
. ,
, " .

. 1957 ) (ILO
' 107 , ,
432. 1 ,
:
(a) members of tribal or semi-tribal populations in independent countries
whose social and economic conditions are at a less advanced stage than
the stage reached by the other sections of the national community, and
whose status is regulated wholly or partially by their own customs or
;traditions or by special laws or regulations
(b) members of tribal or semi-tribal populations in independent countries
which are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the
_____________________________________
431 U.N. ESCOR, Study of the Problem of :
Discrimination Against Indigenous Populations by Jose R. Martinez Cobo, Special
Rapporteur of the Sub-commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of
).Minorities, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/7, vol. I, pp. 1012 (1986
International Labour Organization [ILO], Indigenous and Tribal Populations 432
Convention, C107, June 5, 1957, available at www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.
.pl?C107
133
,
"
populations which inhabited the country... at the time of conquest or

colonisation.433
, , ,
1989
) ' 434.(169
, , ,1.2
[s]elf-identification as indigenous or tribal shall be regarded as a
fundamental criterion for determining the groups to which the provisions
of this Convention apply.435
7.1
[t]he peoples concerned shall have the right to decide their own priorities
for the process of development... and to exercise control, to the extent
possible, over their own economic, social and cultural development.436

: ;
; ;
. 1996 "
" " ,
:
.1 ;
.2 , , ,
, , ;
.3
;
.4 , , , ,
437.
_____________________________________
433 ,' .1
International Labour Organization [ILO], Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 434
.C169, June 27, 1989, available at www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ddb6d514.html
435 ,' .1.2

436 ,' .7.1
U.N. ESCOR, Working Group on Indigenous Populations, Standard-Setting Activities: 437

Evolution of Standards Concerning the Rights of Indigenous People, 69, U.N. Doc.
134
"
" " :

"
" " , ,2007 143 4 11
. . ,
. "
, ,
. ,
.
" 438:
:2 ,26
, ,
,
...
:3 ,26
,
]
[ .
,
.

439. , . ,'
) ,(Rodolfo Stevenhagen ) Special
(Rapporteur " ,
:
_____________________________________
E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/1996/2 (prepared by Erica-Irene A. Daes) (June 10, 1996),
available at www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/E.CN.4.Sub.2.AC.4.
1996.2.En?Opendocument ((a) Priority in time, with respect to the occupation and use
of a specific territory; (b) The voluntary perpetuation of cultural distinctiveness, which
may include the aspects of language, social organization, religion and spiritual values,
modes of production, laws and institutions; (c) Self-identification, as well as recognition
by other groups, or by State authorities, as a distinct collectivity; and (d) an experience
of subjugation, marginalization, dispossession, exclusion or discrimination, whether or
).not these conditions persist
438 " www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/
.DRIPS_en.pdf
439 , " ,244' .93
135
"
,
The history, culture, ecology, economic and social organization of the

Negev shows that Bedouins fall under the definition of indigenous
peoples. The emerging international law of indigenous peoples, including
its human rights provisions, certainly applies to the Bedouin population,
and should be so considered by government authorities and legal
experts.440
( Coates) , , .
' 441;
, ,(Berman) 442;
( al-Krenawi) 443;
,( Graham)
," "444;
, "
,(Miloon Kothari)
445. ,

, , , 446.
,
"
_____________________________________
" ), ' 440

, ' 17 .(
.(11772/1970 ( ) ; "20.6.1966)
KEN S. COATES, A GLOBAL HISTORY OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES: STRUGGLE AND SURVIVAL
.185 (2004)
.38 ",Abu-Saad
Gerald S. Berman, Social Services and Indigenous Populations in Remote Areas: Alaska
.Natives and Negev Bedouin, 49 INTL SOC. WORK 97 (2006)
ALEAN AL-KRENAWI & JOHN R. GRAHAM, HELPING ;38 ",
.PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE WITH INDIGENOUS PEOPLES: THE BEDOUIN-ARAB CASE (2009)
HABITAT INTERNATIONAL COALITION, THE GOLDBERG OPPORTUNITY: A CHANCE :
FOR HUMAN RIGHTS BASED STATECRAFT IN ISRAEL 13 (2010), available at
.www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cescr/docs/ngos/HIC_Israel47.pdf
AL- ;38 ",Abu-Saad ;444 ",Berman ;442 ",COATES
Rebecca Tsosie, Land, Culture and Community: ;444 ",KRENAWI & GRAHAM
Envisioning Native American Sovereignty and National Identity in the 21st Century, 2
.HAGAR 183 (2001)
441
442
443
444
445
446
136
:" "
"

,(James Anaya) ( ' 2011 ), 447.2005
, "
: ,
First, the Special Rapporteur acknowledges the position of the State of
Israel that it does not accept the classification of its Bedouin citizens as an
indigenous people given that Bedouin tribes arrived to the Negev area late
in the Ottoman era, mainly from Saudi Arabia and Egypt, to an already
existing legal regime. The Special Rapporteur notes, however, the
longstanding presence of Bedouin people throughout a geographic region
that includes Israel, and observes that in many respects, the Bedouin
people share in the characteristics of indigenous peoples worldwide,
including a connection to lands and the maintenance of cultural traditions
that are distinct from those of majority populations. Further, the
grievances of the Bedouin, stemming from their distinct cultural identities
and their connection to their traditional lands, can be identified as
representing the types of problems to which the international human
rights regime related to indigenous peoples has been designed to respond.
Thus, the Special Rapporteur considers that the concerns expressed by
members of the Bedouin people are of relevance to his mandate and fall
within the ambit of concern of the principles contained in international
instruments such as the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples.
...
Second, the Special Rapporteur would like to respond to Israel's position
that Bedouin people do not have customary rights to lands in the Negev
given that the land laws of the State of Israel, as developed from the
Ottoman and British laws that preceded them, do not recognize Bedouin
custom as a source of private land rights. In the view of the Special
Rapporteur, such a position, which is based in colonial era laws and
policies, should be reviewed. Far from providing a justification for the
_____________________________________
, 447
.
.
137
"
,
current failure to recognize indigenous peoples' land rights based on their

customs, the historical denial of these rights and the dispossession of
indigenous peoples from their traditional lands are acts that are now
understood to be inconsistent with international human rights standards.
In this regard, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples specifically requires that States must provide redress, by means
that can include restitution or, when this is not possible, just, fair and
equitable compensation, for the lands, territories and resources which
they have traditionally owned or otherwise occupied or used, and which
have been confiscated, taken, occupied, used or damaged without their
free, prior and informed consent (article 28). Finally, the Special
Rapporteur does recognize the need for an orderly administration of land
and a respect for the rule of law. However, legal and administrative
policies related to land must also be consistent with international human
rights standards and accordingly must also be adjusted where they fall
short of those standards.448

449.
:
According to the information the Special Rapporteur has received from
other sources, possible explanations for the Government's demolitions of
unrecognized Bedouin villages include the need to concentrate the
Bedouin people into recognized towns and settlements so as to assist in
the delivery of services to them. Another reason identified for the
demolitions is to clear the way for maintaining a Jewish presence
throughout the Negev, in order to offset the high population growth of the
Bedouin, which is one of the highest in the world. With respect to the first
of these possible justifications, there are questions regarding the nondiscriminatory application of this policy, since according to the
information received Jewish settlements in the Negev are provided with
essential services while Bedouin settlements of comparable sizes and
_____________________________________
.27 ,25 ' ,VI ,16 ",Anaya Report 448

.26 ' ,VI , 449
138
"
" " :
populations are not. The second of these possible justifications assisting

in maintaining a Jewish presence in the Negev in order to offset the high
population growth of the Bedouin is racially discriminatory on its face,
and thus, even if it were established by law, could not count as a
legitimate limitation on Bedouin land rights that comports with relevant
international standards.450

" ,
.

.

451.
, ,
, ,
452.

) Mabo 453.(1992
, ,
(native title) .
,
) (
, .
, , ,
_____________________________________
450
451
452
453
, ,VI' .11
,Kedar, On the Legal Geography of Ethnocratic Settler States " ,24'
.405
,COATES " ,Berman ;442 " ,Tsosie ;444 " ;447 ,
" .38
.Mabo & Ors v. The State of Queensland, (1992) 175 C.L.R. 11
PETER H. RUSSELL, RECOGNIZING ABORIGINAL TITLE: THE MABO CASE AND :
) .INDIGENOUS RESISTANCE TO ENGLISH-SETTLER COLONIALISM (2005 Paul :
Havemann et al., Traditional Use of Marine Resources Agreements and Dugong
Hunting in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area, 22 ENVTL & PLAN. L.J. 258
).(2005
139
,
"
454.

.
, ,
,
455.
Mabo " " ) ,(terra nullius
, ,
,
, , , 456.
" "
457. " "

.
,
.
. " "?
" "
, ,
. " " :
_____________________________________
454
455
456
457
,Mercer " Richie Howitt, A Nation in Dialogue: Recognition, ;36

).Reconciliation and Indigenous Rights in Australia, 2 HAGAR 277 (2001
.The Constitution Act, :
1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act, 1982, c. 11 (U.K.), s. 35(1) (The existing
aboriginal and treaty rights of the aboriginal peoples of Canada are hereby recognized
) .and affirmed
.Fact Sheet: The Nisga'a Treaty, :
.www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100016428 Angelia K. Means, Narrative :
Argumentation: Arguing with Natives, 9 CONSTELLATIONS 221 (2002); Lisa Strelein,
'Beliefs, Feelings and Justice': Delgamuukw v British Colombia: A Judicial
Consideration of Indigenous Peoples' Rights in Canada (1998), www.aiatsis.gov.
.au/ntru/docs/publications/issues/ip98n22.pdf
,RUSSELL " ,454' .365335
, " ;11 , " ,Falah ;38 " .294
140
"
" " :
.
, .
, :
" " .
?
' ,
, , , .
. " "
,
, .
,
, , .

, "" '
. ,
,
. ,
,
. ""
,
.

1921 .
? ,
, 1921
" " ,
,1921 , .
,
"" .
. ,

1921 .1921
,
, ,1921
, .
.
1921 .
141
,
"
? 1921 .
1921
32 .
? 1921 .
, ,
"" , .
"" ,
, .
? .
, ,
. ,
, , '
, 1950
) ( ,".1980
' .
? , ,
'
, .
, ,
,1901 . :
' , , ,
.

, .
" " .
?
, " "
, " " . "
" ) ,(terra nullius " " ,
. ,
" " ,
.
" '

:
The Government [of Israel] should ensure that all laws and administrative
practices related to lands and development align with international
142
"
" " :
standards concerning rights of indigenous people to lands, territories and

resources. To this end, the Government should undertake a
comprehensive review of its land and development policies that affect
Bedouin people living in the Negev... As part of this review, Israel should
establish a mechanism to identify and protect the lands in the Negev over
which Bedouin people have legal entitlement, in accordance with relevant
international standards...
The Government should embrace a long-term vision for social and
economic development of the Negev, including in the unrecognized
Bedouin villages, bearing in mind the historical and cultural importance
of these villages to the Bedouin and to the society at large.458
, ,
" " .

. " " ,
. "
" .

, ,
, , .
' , .
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
, .

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) """ ,"" ,"" ,"" ," ( ,
"" ) (
_____________________________________
,Anaya Report 458 " ,16 ,VI' .21 ,17
143
,
"
.

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,
.
,
, ,
, ,
.
"" , '
1858 ;
, ;
;
(!)90
) ,(1921
.
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, :

] [
. , ][ ]
[ 459.
" ",
.

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. ,

. ,
_____________________________________
,Blomley 459 " ,30' .129 ,LAW'S VIOLENCE " ;30

,VIOLENCE, AND THE POSSIBILITY OF JUSTICE " .30
144
LAW,
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_____________________________________
460
461
462
463
"! , ' 1661/05" ) ,481 (2' 3130

).(2005
,' 28 .
" , ' 1188/92" )483 ,463 (1
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) ;(2000"! , ' 244/00"
) ,25 (6' 39 ).(2002
146
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.

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147

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" ":

" " .www.haaretz.co.il/misc/1.1114865 21.6.2006

"   " .www.dukium.org/heb/?page_id=7680

 " : " 473

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Nicholas Blomley, Law and Geography, in INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE

 ' "   "

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Oren Yiftachel, ;www.adalah.org/newsletter/heb/dec04/ar1.pdf (2004) 8

Eliahu Stern & Yehuda Gradus, Socio-Cultural Considerations ;(2001) 32

;37 ",; Villages in the Israeli Negev, 4 HAGAR 203 (2003)

;  " THE BEDOUIN TOWNS IN THE NEGEV (2000)

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