Fiber to the Home

Erik Radius, Jan Martijn Metselaar

Colloquium SNE Master

March 3, 2010

Winitu Consulting Tolnasingel 1 2411 PV Bodegraven The Netherlands slide

Agenda

1 2 3 4

Introduction

Fiber to the Home technology Broadband networks Network Architecture

Discussion!

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Agenda

Who are we?

Winitu Consulting is an experienced consultancy company providing knowledge of data- and telecommunication, IT and business process management. Winitus customer potfolio ranges from large service providers to small enterprises in both profit and non-profit sectors.

Winitu consultants are experienced in design,

implementation, optimisation and management of complex networks, IT and processes.

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Introduction Winitu Consulting

What do we do? Winitu Portfolio

Strategic / Tactical
Technical business
consultancy

Innovation
New technology

Operational Excellence
Process consultancy Problem solving

Development
Hands-on experience

Auditing
Business Modelling Project Management Proces design and

Network design and

implementation IT design and implementation Network optimisation

implementation
IT and network management

Network and IT testing

Service and business development
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Introduction Winitu Consulting

Organisation
WinITu Gold BV

100%

100%

100%

40%

Winitu Consulting BV

Winitu Communications BV

igilde BV

Infodation

About the Winitu Group:

WinITu Gold was founded January 2000 Winitu Communications is a, OPTA registered, (wholesale) unified communications provider igilde is a full service IT service provider focused on network technology Infodation is a software development company using remote sourcing in Vietnam

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Introduction Winitu Consulting

Introduction of the speakers of today

Erik Radius Jan Martijn Metselaar

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Introduction

Agenda

1 2 3 4

Introduction

Fiber to the Home technology Broadband networks Network Architecture

Discussion!

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Agenda

FTTH technology: a closer look at optics

Optical fiber is a compact, low-loss carrier for broadband signals Optical fiber consists of 3 main parts
1: glass core 2: glass cladding 3: plastic buffer coating

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FTTH technology

Optical fiber inner workings

Optical signal is contained within the fiber

Higher index of refraction in core than in cladding
Total internal reflection at the core/cladding boundary

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FTTH technology

Multimode versus Singlemode (1)

Multimode
Bigger core: 50 / 62,5mm
Multiple optical modes supported/transmitted

Bandwidth*distance product is limited

Only suitable for shorter

distances (<1km)

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FTTH technology

Multimode versus Singlemode (2)

Singlemode
Small core: 9mm
1 optical mode is supported/transmitted
Signal may be carried over very large distance

More information online, e.g.

http://www.rp-photonics.com/fibers.html

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FTTH technology

Transmitter & receiver

Optical fiber is only a passive waveguide

Active components at the end points:

Signal source: laser diode Receiver: photo diode

(Amplitude)modulation of the data stream

Light signal is the carrier wave

Both digital and analog transmission possible

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FTTH technology

Signal loss in optical fiber is wavelength dependent

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13

Power budget

14 source: http://www.thefoa.org/
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Optical power budget

Fiber link design: what is involved
Fiber type (single mode? multi mode?) Fiber length (km) Licht source: output power (dBm)

Detector: receiver sensitivity (dBm)

Elements in the link that cause additional signal loss

Fiber link budget or optical power budget

the amount of light available to make a fiber optic connection Provides the maximum distance with the available optics Take a minimum of 3dB margin into account
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power budget

Optical power budget: case #1

Laser power: Fiber attenuation: Fiber length: Receiver sensitivity: Splice loss: Connector loss: # of connectors: # of splices: -7 0,4 20 -29 0,1 0,5 2 4 dBm dB per kilometer km dBm dB (max.) dB (max.)

Calculate Link budget: laser power receiver sensitivity

Calculate Margin: laser power receiver sensitivity [link losses]

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power budget

Optical power budget: case #2

Laser power: Fiber attenuation: Fiber length: Receiver sensitivity: Splice loss: Connector loss: # of connectors: # of splices: +1 40 -12 0,1 0,5 4 8 dBm km dBm dB (max.) dB (max.)

0,25 dB per kilometer

Calculate Link Budget: laser power receiver sensitivity

Calculate Margin: laser power receiver sensitivity [link losses]

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power budget

Pros and cons of optical fiber

Question for you all... Give me

3 advantages of optical fiber over metallic wiring

... and ...

3 disadvantages

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FTTH technology

Fiber networks
Transport networks layers
Core (+ international) network Metro(politan) network

Access network

Access network for telecom/cableTV partial fiber

Telecom
Optical fiber up to central office Copper connection into the home

Cable TV
Optical fiber up to street cabinet coax connection into the home

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FTTH technology

International networks (submarine cable systems)

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20

National networks

source: GIGAport website

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21

City networks (metro rings)

source GIGAport website

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22

Fiber penetration in the access network

Fiber.
to the Node
Central office, >300m

to the Curb/Cabinet
Straatkast, <300m

to the Building/Basement
Multi-storey buildings

to the Home
into the meterkast

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/FTTX.png

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FTTH technology

FTTH cabling concept

Access network branches off multiple times between

central office and the home

Installed: underground or above ground (!)

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FTTH technology

Fiber installation above ground: example

FTTH in Romenia (Bucharest)

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FTTH technology

Underground installation
Several underground deployment methods available 1: modular tubes; insert fiber as needed (blown fiber) 2: fiber inside rugged cable (buried fiber) Blown fiber explained in more depth

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FTTH technology

Miniduct system for access network

1, 7, 12, 24 thin tubes in a rugged outdoor cable Branching off one or multiple tubes is relatively simple

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FTTH technologie

Fiber in mini duct

Install thin cable into duct using airflow

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FTTH technologie

Fiber connection in the home

Example optical fiber network terminal Services for end user:
Internet

(Analogue) television
Phone

Most often installed in the utility cabinet (meterkast)

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Fiber connection in the home

Fiber, the movie

FTTH installation in a Dutch neighborhood
Blown fiber concept using branching off of individual tubes for house connections In the home: miniduct in the utility cabinet Installation of network terminal Testing & activation

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FTTH technologie

Watch the movie

movie link is on your desktop somewhere

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Fiber architectures (1): Point-to-point

point-to-point
1 on 1 fiber connection between Central office and Home

POP

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FTTH technology

Fiber architectures (2): PON

point-to-multipoint (PON: passive optical network)

optical splitter in the link, to send same signal to
multiple end points

POP

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FTTH technology

PON: shared medium

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34

Point-to-point versus PON

PON popular with telcos
USA Japan Australia closed business/network model

Point-to-point mostly popular in Europe

Scandinavia
Netherlands, France, etc open network model
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FTTH technology

Bidirectional data transmission popular in FTTH

Single fiber bidirectional for data

Different signal wavelengths for up vs down
1500nm downlink 1310nm uplink

Reason?
Less fiber needed in the field
fiber management is expensive Space in the Central Office is scarce

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FTTH technology

POP fiber management

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FTTH technologie

Transport of services

3 services in the access network

Internet
Voice/telephony Television

Various ways to realise this... e.g.

Internet: via data fiber (IP)

Voice: via data fiber (VoIP)

Television: via CATV fiber (overlay network) or via IP
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FTTH technology

Agenda

1 2 3 4

Introduction

Fiber to the Home technology Broadband networks Network Architecture

Discussion!

slide 39

Agenda

Quizzz

Dual play, Triple play, Multi play

IP all the way! But what does the end-user care?

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Broadband services

Current broadband services over FTTH networks

Internet access
Unicast IP (Duh)

Television
IP unicast for video-on-demand IP multicast for broadcast television (the default package of 50 channels)

Telephony
SIP signaling, RTP for transport
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Broadband services

Current broadband services over FTTH networks

Nice those triple play services, but how do

you get the content to the subscribers?

Smart network architecture

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Broadband services

Network Architecture Layered model

Access
Lots of individual connections Focus on physical aggregation of lines Security

Distribution
Connection towards access layer Focus on logical aggregation of connections Route summarization

Core
Connection towards the distribution layer Focus on traffic volume No identification of individual connections
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Broadband services

Network Architecture Layered model

Service provider 1
Service provider 2

Core network

core

metro

access

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44

Discussie / Quizzz

The how and why of current broadband

networks
Protocols? Speeds? Possibilities?

Restrictions?

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Broadband services

Network Architecture Ethernet as uniform transport protocol

Leased line

ATM
Ethernet
PPP

Frame Relay

X.25

Ethernet

Packet over Sonet (POS)

SONET

SDH

STM-1, 4, 16

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Broadband services

Network structure Domain separation

Access

Distribution / Core

Core

NT backbone

ISP 1 WWW ISP 2 ISP 3 PSTN/ISDN

subscriber domain

Operator domain

service provider domain

Wholesale model: operator delivers network facilities to different content and service providers.
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Network Architecture Access: connection model How is the connection between subscriber and network realized?
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) IP over PPP over Ethernet PPP session from the modem into the distribution layer IP address assignment in PPP session setup via RADIUS connection oriented

Ethernet Bridging DHCP model IP over Ethernet IP address assigment through

DHCP
connection less QoS via Ethernet Class of service

Multiple PPP sessions for QoS

guarantees

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Broadband services

Network Architecture Core: MPLS VPN

Ethernet Bridging

MPLS VPN

NT

VPN ISP SP 1 VPN 1 Distributie / Core apparatuur VPN ISP 2 SP 2 backbone VPN ISP 3 SP 3 City PoP

ISP 1 ISP 2 ISP 3

subscriber domain

Operator domain

service provider domain

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49

Network Architecture Core Network

MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching) Support for VPNs Traffic Engineering (used for fast reroute and ip multicast traffic)

Ethernet transport over MPLS

IP Routing IGP
For distributing next-hop routing information OSPF or IS-IS

M-BGP
For distributing IPv4 prefixes
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Broadband services

Network Architecture MPLS primer: labels

IP packet L1 IP packet L2 IP packet L3 IP packet

IP packet

Label Switched Router (LSR) MPLS enabled router Forwarding based on Labels, forwarding control separated from forwarding plane Labels are distributed via Label Distributie Protocol (LDP) LDP hello packets are UDP and transported via broadcast of multicast Multiple labels (stack) per packet possible (note that MTU must be large enough!)

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51

Network Architecture MPLS primer: forwarding

Routing information exchange

Control plane inside a node

IP routing protocols IP routing table Label information Base (LIB) MPLS IP routing control

with other routers

Label binding exchange with different routers

Data plane inside a node

Forwarding Information Base (FIB) Label Forwarding information Base (LFIB)

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52

Network Architecture Increasing complexity

Complexity

Triple play

Dual play

Single play

Multiplay

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Broadband services

Quizzz

What about Quality of Service?

What about Security?

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Broadband services

Network Architecture Quality of Service

Core network
QoS only relevant if congestion can occur
Used to be irrelevant in broadband networks as bandwidth was plenty. FTTH and Docsis3 has changed this. QoS policy of most providers was: upgrade capacity. Currently large providers are running into technological limits: 10GE is not fast enough and 100GE is not yet there! Cost for service providers is increasing rapidly Traffic is becoming more symmetrical

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Broadband services

Network Architecture Quality of Service

Access networks
Multi-play services all use the same connection
Voice traffic needs to be protected Video needs to get enough bandwidth (otherwise youll see blocks) Video and voice need protection from general internet traffic(especially P2P and news traffic)

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Broadband services

Network Architecture Quality of Service

QoS enforcement downstream traffic

QoS parameters On incoming traffic

NT
backbone ISP 2

QoS transparent QoS parameters upstream

traffic
IP QoS: precedence bits, diffserv Ethernet QoS: Class of Service (priority bit in vlan header) MPLS QoS: Exp. bits
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Network Architecture Security

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Security

Network Architecture Security

Network
Access to network elements
Access to network management systems Protocols Security by obscurity Control plane protection

Services platform
Policy: every service is responsible for its own platform Where possible network security can provide additional protection

Separate users
Spoofing filters User isolation Protocol filters (note that new OS like Windows Vista and 7 bring new

challenges, like IPv6 default enabled).

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Security

Network Architecture Security Attack Vectors

ARP flood attack, plus spoofing

DHCP flood attack MAC flood attack, plus spoofing IGMP flood attack IPv4 broadcast flood attacks IPv4 unicast flood attack TTL=1 attack IP options attack IPv6 MLD some others.

Focused on the control plane of the routers and switches in the network. Most are denial of service attacks, but some can be used for a man-in-the-middle attack.
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Security

Network Architecture Security

(DHCP) Spoofing filters Arp filtering

Security by obscurity
(that which is not reachable is secure)

NT
backbone ISP 2

Reverse path check NT configuration Security force configuration Private vlans vlan filtering

from a central server

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61

Network Architecture FTTH networks Security toolbox

DHCP snooping Dynamic Arp Inspection Private VLAN

PFC based special case

Hardware limiters

VACL Layer-2 filtering: -Allow ethertypes 0x800 and 0x806 -Broadcast ARP filtering -Multicast filtering -Broadcast redirection

NT

Multicast route limit Control plane policing uRPF STP filtering ARP rate-limiting DHCP rate-limiting IGMP group filtering IGMP group limiting UUFB UMFB Port-security IPSG Storm-control Ethertype filtering: - 0x800 0x806 (IP & ARP) Ip local proxy-arp PIM neighbor filtering

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62

Quizzz

Network management?
Why does that seem to be so difficult

for most Service Providers?

slide 63

Broadband services

Network IT - Network Management tools

MRTG

NAGIOS
HP Openview

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Broadband services

Network IT - Provisioning

We like zero touch , flow through

provisioning. Service providers would like to

focus on exception management only

Bullshit or ?

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Broadband services

Network IT Provisioning

The success of network provisioning and

order management is correct and complete

information:
Orders Connections

Automation is the key, every manual action increases the chance of mistakes
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Broadband services

Network and IT Systems

Bouw & Field Operations
Locatie, apparatuur & verbindingen Uitbreidingen

Exploitanten Customer Services

Service Providers
Beschikbaarheid Incident

Na-aansluiting

Back-office Order systeem

Incident Management Systeem

Network Inventory

Communicatie bus

Looking glass

Master Provisioning System

BECS

BECS

Provisioning

Packetfront Packetfront FTTH Netwerk FTTH Netwerk

Packetfront Packetfront FTTH Netwerk FTTH Netwerk

Leverancier XYZ Leverancier XYZ FTTH Netwerk FTTH Netwerk

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67

Agenda

1 2 3 4

Introduction

Fiber to the Home technology Broadband networks Network Architecture

Discussion!

slide 68

Agenda

Thats all for now!

Questions?
Dont hesitate to send us an email:

erik @ winitu.com
janmartijn @ winitu.com

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questions