Week 1 Welcome / Introduction to Law I. 1. 2. 3. 4.

. Introduction to Law Not Not Not Not Divine Law, law of religion and faith Natural Law, justice, fairness and righteousness Moral Law, norms of good and right conduct h!sical Law, order or regularit! in nature "ources of Law i# i# $onstitution % &undamental Law of the land ii# ii# Legislations % assed '! "enate and (ouse of )e*resentatives iii# iii# +dministrative issuances % ,uasi Legislative &unctions iv# iv# -uris*rudence % Decisions of the "u*reme $ourt ."$)+# "tare decisis v# v# /reaties and 0enerall! acce*ted *rinci*les of International Law 1 +rt II "ec 2, acta sund servanda vi# vi# $ustoms % ha'its and *ractices through long and acce*ted usage have 'ecome 'inding rules of conduct vii#vii# rinci*les of -ustice and 23uit! % common law jurisdiction a. '. '. c. $haracteristics of Law 1 1 1 1 )ule of $onduct 4'ligator! romulgated '! legitimate authorit! 4f common o'servance and 'enefit

a. a.

4rgani5ation of courts 1 "u*reme $ourt 1 $ourt of +**eals, "andigan'a!an, $ourt of /a6 +**eals 1 )egional /rial $ourt

1 Metro*olitan /rial $ourt, Munici*al /rial $ourt 1 ,uasi -udicial 7odies 1. 1. $omelec 2. 2. NL)$ 3. 3. L/&)$ 4. 4. 2)7 ,uantum of 2vidence 1 $riminal cases8 Dou't roof 7e!ond )easona'le

c. d. -

1 $ivil cases8 re*onderance of 2vidence1 greater weight of all the evidence which as a whole shows that the act sought to 'e *roved is more *ro'a'le than not. 1 +dministrative cases8 "u'stantial 2vidence % "uch evidence that a reasona'le mind might acce*t as ade3uate to su**ort a conclusion 2ffects and +**lications of law

d. e. -

)e3uirement for *u'lication 1. 1. 19 da!s after *u'lication in 40 or news*a*er 2. 2. Ignorance of the law e6cuses no one from com*liance 3. 3. Due rocess Law is *ros*ective e6ce*t8 1. 1. If the law *rovides for retroactivit! 2. 2. enal law insofar as it favors the accused 3. 3. )emedial or curative law 1. 1. 2. 2. to 3. 3. $om*uting time :ear is 12 calendar months Month is 3; da!s, e6ce*t when it refers a calendar month &irst da! e6cluded, last da! included

$onflict of Laws rovisions i. i. enal laws a**l! to all who sojourn to hils

ii. ii. &amil! Law and inheritance 'ased on national law of the *art! regardless of where he lives iii. iii. &orms and solemnities of contracts and other instrument 'ased on the *lace where it is e6ecuted e. f. 4'ligations and $ontracts Defined

/he 'od! of rules which deals with the nature and sources of o'ligations and the rights and duties arising from agreements and the *articular contracts. 4'ligation % + -uridical relation where'! a *erson ma! demand from another the o'servance of a determinative conduct .giving, doing, not doing#, and in case of 'reach, ma! demand satisfaction from the assets of the latter. $ontract % Meeting of the mind 'etween two *ersons where'! one 'inds himself, with res*ect to the other, to give something or to render some service. + contract necessaril! gives rise to an o'ligation 'ut an o'ligation does not alwa!s need to have a contract. f. g. $or*oration and artnershi* Defined

artnershi* % /wo or more *ersons 'ind themselves to contri'ute mone!, *ro*ert!, or industr! to a common fund, with the intention of dividing the *rofits among themselves. $or*oration % +rtificial 'eing created '! o*eration of law, having right of succession and the *owers, attri'utes, *ro*erties e6*ressl! authori5ed '! law or incident to its e6istence. Weeks 2 to 4 Obligations I. 0eneral rovisions, Nature and 2ffects of 4'ligations a. 0eneral rovision 1 -uridical Necessit! % enforce com*liance< see= damages

1 1 .i# .i# do# .ii# .ii# .iii#.iii# .iv#.iv#

/o give, to do, and not to do % 26am*les &our essential re3uisites of an o'ligation + *assive su'ject .De'tor % to give< 4'ligor % to +n active su'ject .$reditor>4'ligee# 4'ject . restation# % su'ject matter -uridical tie .?inculum# % "ource of 4'ligation

1 &orm as a manifestation of intent< 'ut no s*ecific form unless re3uired '! law @inds of 4'ligations 1. 1. +ccording to su'ject matter a. a. )eal 4'ligation % to give '. '. ersonal 4'ligation % to do i. i. ositive % to give or do ii. ii. Negative 1 not to do or not to give + 'orrower agreed to *a! his de't in A; da!s, and in case of non1*a!ment to render free service as driver>servant. Bhen due date came, 'orrower refused to render free service. Decide. 2. 2. +ccording to *erson o'liged a. a. Cnilateral '. '. 7ilateral .)eci*rocal or non1reci*rocal#

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.c# .c#

"ources of 4'ligation 1. 1. L+B % Im*osed '! law 1 + wife was a'out to deliver a child. (er neigh'or 'rought her to hos*ital. Bho should *a! the hos*ital 'ill % (us'and or Neigh'orD 1 .D. 191E grants the right of first refusal to *erson who has leased for more than 1; !ears an ur'an land and who construct his house thereon. Lessee of a $ondo in Manila now claims his right of first refusal 'ecause he has 'een living in the unit for almost 19 !ears. Decide. 4'ligations derived from law are not *resumed.

1 In a news*a*er ad, there was an offer to re*lace 3; sachets of /ide for one ?enetian cut 0lass until the end of the !ear. +t the end of the !ear, !ou *resent !our tide sachets, 'ut /ide refused to honor it an!more since the ad was *osted more than half a !ear ago. Decide. A9E

a. a. ,uasi1contracts % -uridical relations 'ased on the *rinci*le that no one shall 'e unjustl! enriched or 'enefited at the e6*ense of another. i. i. Negotiorum 0estio % Bhen a *erson voluntaril! ta=es charge of the management of a 'usiness or *ro*ert! of another that has 'een neglected or a'andoned, without an! *ower from the latter, as a conse3uence of which, he is o'liged to continue the same until the termination of the affair or to re3uire the owner to su'stitute him. 26. N + infested area &ish*ond ii. ii. "olutio inde'iti % Bhen a *erson undul! delivers a thing through mista=e to another who has no right to demand it. .melon 'an= v. -avier# '. '. $rimes .acts or omission *unished '! law#

If !ou commit a crime, !ou are lia'le 'oth criminall! and civill! for the conse3uence of !our acts or omissions such as restitution, re*aration for damages caused and indemnification for conse3uential damages. 26. "u**ort for im*regnated ra*e victim< loss of earning ca*acit! of murder victim c. c. ,uasi delict or /orts % /he fault or negligence of a *erson who, '! his act or omission, inde*endent from an! contractual relation, causes damage to another *erson

+ 31!ear1old child was 'itten '! a dog of her neigh'or. +s a result, she got infected

'! ra'ies and died. $an the neigh'or 'e held lia'le for the acts of the dogD

+ sign'oard of hanging out of a 'uilding dro**ed on a car resulting in total wrec= of the car. /he car owner sues the 'uilding owner and demand to re*lace the car. 7uilding owner cites the strong wind as force majeure condition indicating no fault on his *art. Decide. $ontracts

2. 2.

II.

(ave the force of law 'etween the contracting *arties and should 'e com*lied with in good faith. "incerit! and (onest!

Nature and 2ffect of 4'ligations .a# .a# "*ecific v. 0eneric /hing 1. 1. "*ecific is designated or *h!sicall! segregated from others of the same class. 2. 2. 0eneric refers to a class or genus and cannot 'e determined with *articularit!. Duties of de'tor in deliver! of generic thing 1. 1. /o deliver! a thing which must neither 'e of su*erior nor inferior 3ualit! .124A# 2. 2. /o *a! damages in case of 'reach .11E;# Duties of de'tor in deliver! of s*ecific thing 1. 1. /o deliver the thing which he has o'ligated himself to give 2. 2. /o ta=e care of the thing with the *ro*er diligence of a good father of a famil! /he ordinar! care that an average or reasona'l! *rudent *erson e6ercises over his *ro*ert! +nother standard of c are ma! 'e re3uired '! law or '! sti*ulation of the *arties 3. 3. /o deliver all the accessions and accessories 4. 4. /o *a! damages in case of 'reach

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(c) .c#

.d# .d#

)emedies of $reditors in 'reach of o'ligation 1. 1. /o 0ive Determinate /hing a. a. /o com*el s*ecific *erformance '. '. /o recover damages 2. 2. /o 0ive Indeterminate /hing a. a. /o as= for *erformance of the o'ligation '. '. /o as= that o'ligation 'e com*lied with '! another at e6*ense of de'tor c. c. /o recover damages 3. 3. /o Do a. a. /o have the o'ligation *erformed at de'torFs e6*ense '. '. /o recover damages 4. 4. Not to Do a. a. Cndone at his e6*ense '. '. /o recover damages

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)ules on &ruits 1. 1. @inds of fruits a. a. Natural % *roduct of the soil, !oung and other *roducts of animals '. '. Industrial % *roduced thru cultivation or la'or c. c. $ivil % derived '! juridical relations 2. 2. $reditor has rights to the fruits from the time the o'ligation to deliver arises 3. 3. )eal rights ac3uired onl! when delivered to him a. a. )eal rights 1 right over a s*ecific thing without an! *assive su'ject, directed against the whole word. b. '. ersonal rights % right to demand from another de'tor the fulfillment of the latterFs o'ligation

.f# .f#

+ccessions and accessories +ccessions % fruits of a thing or additions to or im*rovement u*on a thing +ccessories % joined to or included with the *rinci*al thing for 'etter use or com*letion.

1. 1. 2ven if not mentioned, accessories follow the *rinci*al 2. 2. 7ut o'ligation to deliver accessions or accessories does not include the *rinci*al .g# .g# Legal Dela! 1. 1. &rom the time o'ligee judiciall! or e6tra1 judiciall! demand fulfillment< not mere notice 2. 2. No demand from creditor necessar! in following cases8 a. a. Bhen o'ligation or law e6*ressl! so declares '. '. /ime is of the essence .controlling motive# c. c. Bhen demand would 'e useless 3. 3. In reci*rocal o'ligation, from the moment one *art! fulfills his o'ligation, dela! '! the other 'egins. 4. 4. @inds of Dela! a. a. Mora solvendi % dela! on the *art of de'tor '. '. Mora accci*iendi % dela! of creditor c. c. $om*ensatio more % dela! in reci*rocal o'ligation 9. 9. 2ffects of Dela! a. a. Lia'le for interest and damages '. '. Lia'le even for fortuitous event when the o'ligation is to deliver! a determinate thing .h# .h# &ortuitous 2vents 1. 1. +n! event which cannot 'e foreseen or which though foreseen is inevita'le, inde*endent of the will or from aggravation of the de'tor, render im*ossi'le the fulfillment of o'ligation 2. 2. No *erson shall 'e res*onsi'le for fortuitous events, e6ce*t8 a. a. Bhere e6*ressl! s*ecified '! law or sti*ulated in contract '. '. Bhen nature of the o'ligation re3uires assum*tion of ris= c. c. Bhen de'tor incurs dela!

d. d. Bhen de'tor *romises to deliver same thing to two or more *ersons e. e. Bhen o'ligation to deliver arises from criminal offense f. f. Bhen o'ligation is generic .i# .i# &raud .deceit or dolo# Deli'erate or intentional evasion of the normal fulfillment of an o'ligation< 1. 1. Dolo incidente .Incidental &raud# 1 committed in the *erformance of *re1e6isting o'ligation, remed! is damages 2. 2. Dolo causante .$ausal &raud# % &raud em*lo!ed at the time of the e6ecution of a contract in order to secure consent, remed! is annulment 'ec of vitiation of consent 3. 3. Demanda'le in all o'ligations 4. 4. Baiver of future fraud is void .j# .j# Negligence .cul*a# 4mission of that diligence which is re3uired '! the nature of the o'ligation, 'ut no malice 1. 1. $ul*a contractual % Negligence in the *erformance of contractual o'ligation, a. a. re1e6isting contract '. '. Lia'le for damages 'ased on 'reach of contract c. c. roof of contract and 'reach is enough for recover! of damage d. d. Negligence of em*lo!ee conclusive *resum*tion of em*lo!erFs negligence e. e. roof of due diligence in the selection of em*lo!ee not a defense 2. 2. $ul*a a3uiliana % Negligence 'etween *arties not so related '! an! *re1e6isting contract, a. a. 4'ligation for damages 'ased on 3uasi delict '. '. No *re e6isting contract c. c. Negligence must 'e *roved for recover! of damage d. d. Negligence of em*lo!ee *rima facie *resum*tion of em*lo!erFs negligence e. e. Due diligence in the selection and su*ervision of em*lo!ee is a valid defense

3. 3. $an 'e regulated '! the $ourt de*ending on circumstance 4. 4. Baiver of future negligence allowed .=# .=# resum*tions 1. 1. )ecei*t of *rinci*al without reservation as to interest G *resum*tion of interest *aid 2. 2. )ecei*t of later installment of de't without reservation of *rior ones G *resum*tion that *rior ones *aid )emedies to satisf! claim 1. 1. 26haust *ro*ert! of de'tor 2. 2. "u'rogated to rights and actions of de'tors, e6ce*t those inherent to *erson 3. 3. Im*ugn all of acts '! de'tor done to defraud creditor

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II.

Different @inds of 4'ligations .a# .a# ure and $onditional 4'ligations 1. 1. ure 4'ligation % 4ne whose effectivit! or e6tinguishments does not de*end u*on the fulfillment or nonfulfillment of a condition or u*on the e6*iration of a term or *eriod. $haracteri5ed '! Immediate Demanda'ilit!. 2. 2. $onditional 4'ligation % 2ffectivit! is su'ordinated to the fulfillment or non1fulfillment of a future or uncertain fact or event *arties a. a. "us*ensive v. )esolutor! In sus*ensive condition, fulfillment give rise to an o'ligation % ac3uisition of rights In resolutor! condition, fulfillment e6tinguishes o'ligation % loss of rights ac3uired $asual, otestative, Mi6ed $asual % De*ends on chance or will of third *art! .?alid# otestative % De*ends on the will of one of the contracting *arties (1) .1# If sus*ensive condition de*ends on will of de'tor, the o'ligation is void .2# .2# If resolutor! condition de*ends on will of de'tor, the o'ligation is valid .3# .3# If de*ends on will of creditor, it is valid. &uture and uncertain event or ast event and un=nown to the

'. '.

Mi6ed % De*ends *artl! u*on the will of a *art! and *artl! u*on chance or third *art! .?alid# Im*ossi'le $onditions 1 h!sicall! Im*ossi'le or legall! im*ossi'le 1 If Hto doI, whole o'ligation is void 1 If Hnot to doI, o'ligation is valid, as if not written 1 If divisi'le, *art not affected '! im*ossi'le condition is valid. ositive v. Negative

c. c. d. d.

i. i. ositive $ondition .event will ha**en# e6tinguished8 +s soon as time e6*ires without the event ta=ing *lace +s soon as it 'ecomes indu'ita'le that the event will not ta=e *lace

ii. ii. Negative $ondition .event will not ha**en# effective8 e. e. +s soon as time e6*ired without event ta=ing *lace +s soon as it 'ecomes evident the event cannot occur )eci*rocal v. Cnilateral

i. i. If reci*rocal, the fruits are deemed mutuall! com*ensated ii. ii. If unilateral, fruits and interest 'elongs to de'tor 3. 3. $ondition deemed fulfilled when o'ligor *revents its fulfillment

4. 4. $reditor ma! 'efore the fulfillment of the condition 'ring a**ro*riate actions for the *reservation of the rights. 9. 9. De'tor ma! recover what he has *aid '! mista=e 'efore the fulfillment of condition. A. A. 2ffects of the fulfillment of a condition retroacts to the da! of the constitution of the o'ligation. E. E. )ule on loss or deterioration, im*rovements 'efore the fulfillment of condition Lost % when *erished, go out of commerce, or disa**ear in such a wa! that its e6istence un=nown or cannot 'e recovered

a. a. If without the fault of de'tor, the o'ligation is e6tinguished b. '. If lost thru fault of de'tor, o'liged to *a! damages c. c. Bhen deteriorate without fault of de'tor, creditor 'ores the im*airment d. d. Bhen deteriorate with fault of de'tor, creditor ma! rescind or fulfillment with damages e. e. Bhen im*roved '! nature, or '! time, inure to the 'enefit of creditor f. f. Bhen im*roved '! de'tor, no right to 'e indemnified, 'ut ma! remove such im*rovement, or set off against damage J. J. a. a. '. '. )emedies in reci*rocal o'ligation "*ecific erformance or )escission Bith damages in either case

c. c. +lternative remed! not cumulative % can choose one 'ut not 'oth d. d. +fter action for s*ecific im*ossi'le, o*tion for rescission *erformance

e. e. Injured *art! must resort to judicial rescission, i. i. 26ce*t where automatic rescission e6*ressl! sti*ulated ii. ii. 4r where there is no *erformance !et f. f. g. g. h. h. ower of the court to fi6 *eriod "u'ject to right of good faith third *art! "u'stantial 'reach not slight 'reach

i. i. Bhere 'oth *arties have 'reach, lia'ilit! of first infractor e3uita'l! tem*ered< where first infractor not =now, 'oth *arties 'ear own damages .'# .'# 4'ligations with a eriod 1. 1. Demanda'ilit! or e6tinguishments su'ject to e6*iration of a term or *eriod 2. 2. /erm or *eriod % future and certain event

3. 3. )ules on loss, deterioration, im*rovements of conditional o'ligation a**lica'le 4. 4. If *aid or delivered 'efore *eriod arrives, de'tor ma! recover the thing, with fruits and interests. 5. 9. 2sta'lished for the 'enefit of 'oth de'tor and creditor, unless otherwise stated A. A. a. a. '. '. $ourt ma! fi6 *eriod

If o'ligation does not fi6 a *eriod De*ends on will of de'tor HBhen means *ermitI not condition, 'ut *eriod eriod fi6ed '! court cannot 'e changed De'tor loses right to ma=e use of the *eriod

E. E.

a. a. De'tor 'ecomes insolvent, unless he gives guarant! or securit! '. '. Bhen de'tor does not furnish guaranties or securities *romised c. c. Bhen guaranties or securities im*aired or disa**ear d. d. Bhen de'tor violates an underta=ing e. e. Bhen de'tor attem*ts to a'scond .c# .c# +lternative 4'ligations +lternative % several o'jects or *restations 'ut *erformance of one sufficient &acultative % 4ne o'ject or *restation 'ut de'tor ma! su'stitute. Must com*letel! *erform one of them

1. 1.

2. 2. )ight of choice to de'tor, unless e6*ressl! granted to creditor 26ce*t those im*ossi'le, unlawful, which could not have 'een the o'ject of the o'ligation or onl! one *restation is *ractica'le 3. 3. $hoice no effect until irrevoca'le once communicated communicated,

4. 4. De'tor ma! rescind the contract with damages if thru creditorFs acts de'tor cannot ma=e a choice 9. 9. If lost due to fortuitous event, a. a. If two or o'jects remain, the o'ligation su'sists '. '. If onl! one o'ject remain, it 'ecomes sim*le o'ligation c. c. If none remains, o'ligation is e6tinguished A. A. If lost due to fault of de'tor, Bhen right of choice 'elongs to de'tor

a. a. If 2 or more o'jects remain, de'tor can choose from remaining, not lia'le for damages

'. '. If onl! one remain, sim*le o'ligation to deliver remaining c. c. If none remains, de'tor indemnif! damages 'ased on value of last o'ject creditor a. a. If alternative o'ject still remain, creditor can choose the one lost and as= value of o'ject lost and damages< if creditor choose the remaining o'ject, de'tor cannot 'e lia'le for damages '. '. If none remains, de'tor to indemnif! for damages 'ased on the *rice of the o'ject chosen '! the creditor *lus conse3uential damages E. E. &acultative 4'ligation Bhen right of choice 'elongs to

a. a. )ight of choice onl! to de'tor '. '. If lost 'efore su'stitution, de'tor not lia'le. c. c. De'tor lia'le for loss due to his fault once su'stitution has 'een made d. d. If after su'stitution, it is lost thru fortuitous event, o'ligation e6tinguished, de'tor not lia'le .d# .d# -oint and "olitar! 4'ligations 1. 1. -oint 4'ligation % 2ach of creditor has right to demand, and each de'tor is 'ound to render com*liance, with his *ro*ortionate *art of the *restation a. a. Default rule is o'ligation is -4IN/

'. '. -oint creditor cannot act in re*resentation of the other creditors c. c. -oint de'tor cannot 'e com*elled to answer for lia'ilit! of other de'tors d. d. H-ointl!I, HBe *romise to *a!I, H ro rataI, H*ro*ortionatel!I

2. 2. "olidar! 4'ligation % 2ach creditor has a right to demand, and each de'tor is 'ound to render com*liance, with the entire *restation< 'ut as to co1de'tor he is lia'le onl! for his share a. a. i. i. ii. ii. Instances when o'ligation is solidar!8 Bhen o'ligation e6*ressl! states so Bhen law re3uires solidarit!8 1. 1. If 2 or more heirs ta=e *ossession of estate 2. 2. artners in *artnershi* 3. 3. If *rinci*al allowed agent to act as though he has full *ower 4. 4. If 2 or more a**ointed an agent for common underta=ing or transaction 9. 9. 2 or more 'ailees to whom a thing is loaned A. A. 2 or more officious managers, unless management was assumed to save thing from imminent danger E. E. 2 or more *ersons lia'le for 3uasi delict J. J. 2 or more *a!ees when there has 'een *a!ment of what is not due K. K. rinci*al, accom*lices, and accessories of a felon!. iii. iii. Bhen nature of o'ligation re3uires solidarit! 1. 1. 26. +ccident fr H@a'itI s!stem '. '. H"olidaril!I, H-ointl! and severall!I, in solidum, together and>or se*aratel!, HI *romise to *a!I c. c. $reditors and de'tors need not 'e 'ound in the same manner and '! the same *eriods and conditions

d. d.

Not same as indivisi'le o'ligation vinculum<

i. i. "olidar! refers to Indivisi'ilit! refers to *restation ii. ii.

"olidar! re3uires *luralit! of su'jects

iii. iii. In solidar!, all de'tors lia'le for 'reach of o'ligation< In indivisi'ilit!, onl! de'tor guilt! of 'reach of o'ligation is lia'le for damage iv. iv. In indivisi'le o'ligation, other de'tors not lia'le for insolvenc!< if solidar! de'tor 'ecomes insolvent, the co1de'tors 'ore his de't in *ro*ortion e. e. "olidar! creditors ma! do whatever ma! 'e useful to others, 'ut not an!thing which ma! 'e *rejudicial to the others f. f. + solidar! creditor cannot assign his rights without the consent of the others, e6ce*t if to co1creditors g. g. De'tor must *a! to the creditor who made demand, if none demanded, then he ma! *a! an! one of the solidar! creditor h. h. Novation, com*ensation, confusion or remission of a solidar! creditor shall e6tinguish the o'ligation 'ut the creditor who did these acts shall 'e lia'le to the other creditors i. i. No re1im'ursement if *a!ment made after o'ligation *rescri'ed or illegal j. j. )emission of the whole o'ligation o'tained '! a solidar! de'tor does not entitle him to reim'ursement from his co1de'tors =. =. i. i. Defenses availa'le to solidar! de'tors Derived from nature of o'ligation

a!ment, fraud, *rescri*tion, remission, illegalit!, non *erformance of condition ersonal to the de'tor Insanit!, inca*acit!, violence, minorit! mista=e,

ii. ii. iii. iii.

ersonal to the other solidar! de'tors artial defense

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4'ligations with a enal $ause 1. 1. Bith accessor! underta=ing in case of 'reach of o'ligation a. a. /o insure *erformance '. '. /o li3uidate the amount of damage to 'e awarded c. c. /o *unish the o'ligor in case of 'reach 2. 2. No need to *rove actual damage

3. 3. "hall su'stitute for damages and interest, e6ce*t a. a. Bhen there is sti*ulation to the contrar! '. '. Bhen o'ligor is sued for refusal to *a! agreed *enalt! c. c. Bhen o'ligor is guilt! of fraud 4. 4. Bhen court ma! reduce *enalt!

a. a. If *rinci*al o'ligation *artl! com*lied with '. '. If *rinci*al o'ligation irregularl! com*lied with c. c. If *enalt! is ini3uitous or unconsciona'le

Weeks 5 to 7 - E tinguis!ments o" Obligations Modes of 26tinguishing 4'ligations 1. a!ment or *erformance 2. Loss of the thing due 3. $ondonation or remission 4. $onfusion or merger of the rights of creditor and de'tor 9. $om*ensation A. Novation E. Death of a *art! in *ersonal o'ligation J. +nnulment or )escission of contract K. +rrival of )esolutor! *eriod or fulfillment of resolutor! conditon 1;.Im*ossi'ilit! of fulfillment 11. rescri*tion I. a!ment .a# .a# 0eneral rovisions a!ment .i# .i# $om*lete Deliver! of *erformance of o'ligation mone!,

.ii# .ii# If su'stantiall! *erformed in good faith, o'ligor ma! recover as though there had 'een com*lete fulfillment less damages .iii#.iii# /hird *art! cannot com*el creditor to acce*t *a!ment or *erformance, e6ce*t a. a. Bhen there is sti*ulation to the contrar! '. '. Bhen third *erson has an interest in the fulfillment of o'ligation .iv#.iv# )ights availa'le to third *art! who *a!s8 a. a. If *a!ment made with the consent of the de'tor i. i. )ecover from de'tor the entire amount

ii. ii. "u'rogated to all the rights of creditor '. '. If *a!ment made without the =nowledge or against the will of de'tor, he can recover onl! insofar as *a!ment has 'een 'eneficial to the de'tor .v# .v# /o whom *a!ment must 'e made .124;# a. a. /o the *erson in whose favor o'ligation has 'een constituted '. '. (is "uccessor in interest c. c. +n! *erson authori5ed to receive it d. d. /hird *erson *rovided it has redounded to 'enefit of creditor. .1241, 1242# resum*tion of 'enefit in the following case8 If after *a!ment, third *erson ac3uires creditorFs rights If creditor ratifies *a!ment to third *art! If creditorFs conduct let de'tor to 'elieve that the third *erson had authorit! to receive *a!ment e. e. (vi) .vi# ossessor of the credit

a!ment must 'e in Legal /ender a. a. &oreign currenc! ma! 'e used as currenc! of contract '. '. romissor! notes, 'ills of e6change, chec=s not legal tender. /he! *roduce effect of legal tender onl! when encashed or im*aired thru the fault of creditor .124K# c. c. In case of e6traordinar! inflation or deflation, the 'asis is

the value of currenc! at the time o'ligation is esta'lished. .129;# .'# .'# +**lications of a!ments 1. 1. /he right 'elongs to the de'tor, 'ut if he does not e6ercise it, creditor ma! do it 2. 2. If creditor issues a recei*t designating the de't to 'e a**lied, de'tor can acce*t or reject 3. 3. Bhere neither de'tor nor creditor made a choice, it shall 'e a**lied on the de't which is most onerous a. a. 4lder de'ts more onerous than newer ones '. '. 4ne 'earing interest more onerous than one that is not c. c. "ecured de't more onerous than unsecured d. d. De't as *rinci*al more onerous than de't as guarantor e. e. "olidar! o'ligation more onerous than sole de'tor 4. 4. If similar nature and 'urden, *a!ment shall 'e a**lied *ro*ortionatel!

.c# .c# a!ment '! $ession +ssignment or a'andonment of all the *ro*erties of the de'tor for the 'enefit of his creditors in order that the latter ma! sell same and a**l! *roceeds thereof to 1. 1. $ession does not ma=e the creditors owners of the *ro*ert! 2. 2. Cnless sti*ulation to contrar!, de'tor still re3uired to *a! 'alance 3. 3. )e3uires two or more creditors, de'tors insolvent, cession acce*ted '! creditors .d# .d# Dacion en *ago

Dation in *a!ment is the transmission of the ownershi* of a thing '! the de'tor to the creditor as an acce*ted e3uivalent of the *erformance of an o'ligation. 0overned '! law on sales 1. 1. Difference 'etween Dacion and $ession a. a. Dacion usuall! onl! one creditor '. '. Dacion does not re3uire insolvenc! c. c. Dacion does not involve all the *ro*ert! of de'tor d. d. Dacion ma=es creditor owner of the *ro*ert! e. e. Dacion is a novation .e# .e# /ender of a!ment and $onsignation /ender of *a!ment % /he act of the de'tor of offering to the creditor the thing or amount due $onsignation % De*osit of the o'ject or the amount due with the *ro*er court after refusal or ina'ilit! of the creditor to acce*t the tender of *a!ment 1. 1. )e3uisites of $onsignation a. a. De't Due '. '. /ender of *a!ment '! de'tor and refusal '! creditor to acce*t it without justifia'le reason c. c. revious notice of the consignation had 'een given to *ersons interested in fulfillment of o'ligation d. d. /hing or amount due has 'een de*osited with judicial authorit! e. e. "u'se3uent notice of consignation to interested *arties 2. 2. 26ce*tion to re3uirement for tender of *a!ment8 a. a. Bhen creditor is a'sent or un=nown or does not a**ear at *lace of *a!ment

'. '. Bhen he is inca*acitated to receive *a!ment c. c. Bhen he refuses to give recei*t, without just cause d. d. Bhen two or more *ersons claim same right to collect e. e. Bhen title of the o'ligation has 'een lost 3. 3. 26*enses of consignation for $reditorFs account a. a. If creditor allows de'tor to withdraw the consignation, creditor lose *reference over the thing. $o1de'tor, guarantors, sureties shall 'e released. II. Loss of the /hing Due .a# .a# Lost % when *erished, go out of commerce, or disa**ear in such a wa! that its e6istence un=nown or cannot 'e recovered 4r 'ecomes legall! or *h!sicall! im*ossi'le to *erform, or so difficult as to 'e manifestl! 'e!ond the contem*lation of the *arties .'# .'# /he o'ligation to deliver s*ecific e6tinguished if 1. 1. Bithout the fault of de'tor, and 2. 2. De'tor not in dela! thing is

.c# .c# No *erson shall 'e res*onsi'le for fortuitous events, e6ce*t8 1. 1. Bhere e6*ressl! s*ecified '! law or sti*ulated in contract 2. 2. Bhen nature of the o'ligation re3uires assum*tion of ris= 3. 3. Bhen de'tor is at fault, *artl! 4. 4. Bhen de'tor incurs dela! 9. 9. Bhen de'tor *romises to deliver same thing to two or more *ersons A. A. Bhen o'ligation to deliver arises from criminal offense E. E. Bhen o'ligation is generic

.d# .d# In case of *artial loss the court shall determine whether it is so im*ortant as to e6tinguish the o'ligation (e) .e# In case lost when the thing is in the *ossession of de'tor, *resum*tion is it is his fault 26ce*t earth3ua=e, flood, storm or other natural calamit! .f# .f# $reditor shall have right to go against an! third *erson res*onsi'le for the loss.

III.

III.

$ondonation or )emission of De't

g. h. +ct of li'eralit! '! virtue of which creditor a'andons his right 0ratuitous +cce*ted '! de'tor 4'ligation must 'e demanda'le arties must 'e ca*acitated Donation not inofficious &orms in e6*ress condonation h. i. Im*lied remission 1 Deliver! of *rivate document evidencing credit - 1 If thing *ledge is found in the *ossession of de'tor or owner of thing - 1 )enunciation of *rinci*al e6tinguish accessor! o'ligation -

I?.

$onfusion or Merger of )ights $reditor and De'tor merged in the same *erson 1. 1. 7etween *rinci*al de'tor and *rinci*al creditor 2. 2. $om*lete and definite merger a. a. Merger of de'tor and creditor 'enefits the guarantor b. '. 26tinguish onl! the *ortion of the joint o'ligation corres*onding to the creditor and de'tor merged c. c. Merger of one solidar! de'tor with creditor e6tinguishes o'ligation

?.

$om*ensation a. a. ersons who in their own rights are de'tors and creditors of each other e6tinguishes the de'ts to the concurrent amount '. '. 0uarantor can set u* com*ensation of what *rinci*al de'tor ma! owe creditor c. c. $om*ensation ma! 'e total or *artial d. d. arties ma! agree to com*ensate de'ts not !et due

e. e. Bhen one or 'oth de'ts are rescissi'le or voida'le, the! ma! 'e com*ensated 'efore the! are judiciall! rescinded or avoided f. f. )e3uisites of legal com*ensation .'! o*eration of law #8 1. 1. arties are *rinci*al creditors and de'tors of each other 2. 2. 7oth de'ts consist in sum of mone! or consuma'le of same =ind and 3ualit! 3. 3. 7oth de'ts are due and demanda'le 4. 4. /wo de'ts are li3uidated .amount is certain# 5. 9. No retention or controvers! commenced '! 3rd *art! '. g. $om*ensation after assignment i. +ssignment made with consent of de'tor De'tor cannot set u* com*ensation against *revious creditor ii. +ssignment with =nowledge 'ut without consent De'tor can set u* com*ensation for de'ts 'efore the notification De'tor cannot set u* com*ensation with res*ect to de'ts which matured after notification iii. +ssignment without =nowledge of de'tor De'tor can set u* com*ensation for de'ts maturing 'efore he learned of assignment c. h. $om*ensation cannot ta=e *lace in following case8 i. De'ts from $ontracts of De*ositum .+ *erson receives a thing 'elonging to another for safe=ee*ing and of returning the same< not 'an= de*osits# ii. De'ts from $ommodatum .4ne *erson delivers to another something for him to use and return it# iii. $laims for su**ort due '! gratuitous title iv. De'ts from $riminal offense v. /a6es

?I.

Novation % e6tinction of an o'ligation through the creation of a new one which su'stitutes it a. a. )e3uisites8 i. ii. iii. revious valid o'ligation +greement to enter new o'ligation 26tinguishments of old

iv. $reation of new valid o'ligation '. '. Must 'e declared in une3uivocal terms c. c. 4r incom*ati'le on ever! *oint % /est8 Bhether old and new contract can stand together each having its own inde*endent e6istence d. d. "u'stitution of De'tor i. 26*romision % Bithout the =nowledge or consent of de'tor, at the instance of the new de'tor 1. 1. a!ment '! new de'tor gives him right to 'eneficial reim'ursment 2. 2. Insolvenc! or non fulfillment of o'ligation '! new de'tor will not give rise to lia'ilit! of old de'tor ii. Delegacion % "u'stitution made at the instance of old de'tor 3. 1. a!ment '! new de'tor entitles him to reim'ursement and su'rogation 4. 2. Non fulfillment of o'ligation '! new de'tor will not give rise to lia'ilit! of old de'tor 9. 3. Insolvenc! of new de'tor will revive action against old de'tor if insolvenc! was alread! e6isting and of *u'lic =nowledge, or =nown to the de'tor when he delegated his de't e. e. If new o'ligation is void, the original one shall su'sists f. f. If original o'ligation is void, novation is void< e6ce*t when annulment ma! 'e claimed onl! '! de'tor or when voida'le acts have 'een ratified g. g. "u'rogation % "u'stitution of De'tor

i. $onventional % 7! e6*ress agreement of the old creditor, de'tor and the new creditor ii. Legal %Bithout agreement, '! o*eration of law 1. 1. Bhen creditor *a!s another creditor who is *referred, even without the de'torFs =nowledge 2. 2. Bhen a third *erson, not interested in the o'ligation, *a!s with the e6*ress or tacit a**roval of de'tor 3. 3. Bhen a third *erson interested in the fulfillment of o'ligation *a!s, even without the =nowledge of de'tor

Definition of a $ontract

# meeting o" t!e minds $etween two %ersons W!ereb& one binds !imsel"' wit! res%ect to t!e ot!er (o gi)e somet!ing or to render some ser)ice

Different *hases or stages in the life of a contract 1* 1* +re%aration +reliminar& to "ormation 2. 2. erfection % 'irth of the contract 3. 3. $onsummation 1 fulfillment 2ssential characteristics of $ontracts 1. 1. 4'ligator! force % must 'e com*lied with in good faith 2. 2. +utonom! % *arties are free to enter such sti*ulations, clauses, terms and conditions ,lauses and condtions must not be contrar& to-

3. 3.

L#W .orals /ood ,ustoms +ublic Order +ublic +olic& Mutualit! % contract must 'ind 'oth *arties Determination can 'e left to third *art!, whose decision shall 'e 'inding onl! when communicated to 'oth *arties Cnless such determination 'e evidentl! ine3uita'le

4. 4. )elativit! % ta=es effect onl! 'et *arties, their assigns and heirs "ti*ulation *our autrui acce*ted '! third *art! Bhere third *ersons comes into *ossesion of the o'ject of contract creating real rights Bhere contract is to defraud a third *erson Bhere third *erson induces a contracting *art! to violate his contract a. a.

Different $lasses of $ontracts

#ccording to %er"ection ,onsensual +er"ected b& mere agreement o" t!e %arties 0eal 0e1uires not onl& consent' but also t!e deli)er& o" t!e ob2ect #ccording to "orm ,ommon 3o not re1uire %articular "orm 4ormal (!ose w!ic! re1uire %articular "orm' like donation' mortgage

#ccording to nature o" )inculum 5nilateral Obligation o" one %art& onl& $ilateral 0eci%rocal obligations "or bot! %arties

#ccording to cause Onerous /i)ing o" an e1ui)alent or com%ensation /ratuitous /i)en wit!out com%ensation' 2ust %ure liberalit&

#ccording to risks in)ol)ed ,ommutati)e +restation is %ecuniaril& a%%reciable and determined at t!e moment o" celebration o" contract #leator& +ecuniaril& a%%reciable but not &et determined at t!e moment o" celebration' since it de%ends u%on t!e !a%%ening o" an uncertain e)ent* E * Insurance #ccording to name 6ominate wit! s%eci"ic names or designation in law Innominate no s%eci"ic name Essential 0e1uisites o" ,ontracts

$onsent of the contracting *arties Object certain subject matter of the contract $ause of the o'ligation which is esta'lished

2lements of $onsent

$oncurrence of the offer and the acce*tance o Definite 4ffer that ma! 'e e6actl! fi6ed o +ssent to the terms without 3ualifications or conditions o $onve!ed 'efore the death, civil interdiction, insanit!, or insolvenc! o ,ualified acce*tance is a counter offer o erfected when acce*tance comes to =nowledge of offeror o 4ffer can 'e withdrawn an!time 'efore acce*tance, unless o*tion is founded on consideration o If offer made thru agent, acce*ted when communicated to the agent 7! *arties with legal ca*acit! to contract o Not minors, insane or demented, deaf1mutes who do not =now how to write, incom*etents under guardianshi*, civil interdiction o Minor can 'e lia'le if he misre*resents his age o rohi'ited '! law from entering into contracts o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o office o ersons with fiduciar! relations o 0uardian, for *ro*ert! under his guardianshi* o +gents, for *ro*ert! entrusted to them o 26ecutor>administrator u'lic officers, judges, for *ro*ert! under their jurisdiction o (us'and and Bife to each other Insolvents ersons *rohi'ited from giving donations +dulter!, concu'inage In consideration of criminal offense Made to *u'lic officer, s*ouse, '! reason of

Intelligentl!, freel! given, consciousl! - 1 ?ices of the will Mista=e 1 &alse notion of a thing or a fact materrial to the contract "im*le mista=e gives rise to correction )ender voida'le in following cases8 Mista=e as to o'ject of the contract

o Identit! of thing, "u'stance, $ondition , ,uantit! onl! if *rinci*al reason o o Mista=e of Law

o Bill not ma=e it voida'le e6ce*t8 Mutual error as to the legal effect of an agreement when the real *ur*ose of the *arties is frustrated Mista=e as to *erson o If such identit! or 3ualification is *rinci*al cause of contract ?iolence % 2m*lo!ment of e6ternal *h!sical force, irresisti'le and serious to wrest consent Intimidation % Moral com*ulsion to influence another to give his consent thru fear of imminent or grave evil o o &orce em*lo!ed must 'e serious or irresisti'le o o Determining cause for the *art! in entering into the contract Cndue Influence % Im*ro*er advantage of his *ower over the will of another de*riving the latter of reasona'le freedom of choice $onfidential, &amil!, "*iritual and other relations or erson influenced suffering from mental wea=ness, ignorant, financial distress

&raud % Insidious words or machinations of one of the contracting *arties induced the other to enter into a contract, which without them he would not have agreed< &ailure of one *art! to disclose facts to other *art! when there is a dut! to reveal them

Dolo incidente .Incidental &raud# 1 committed in the *erformance of *re1e6isting o'ligation, remed! is damages Dolo causante .$ausal &raud# % &raud em*lo!ed at the time of the e6ecution of a contract in order to secure consent, remed! is annulment 'ec of vitiation of consent o o Must 'e em*lo!ed '! one of the contracting *arties, o o 'ut not '! 'oth or '! third *arties o o Must 'e "erious o Must have induced the other *art! to enter into the contract
-

?ices of Declaration "imulated $ontracts 1* #bsolute % $ontracting *arties do not intend to 'e 'ound '! the contract at all %?oid 2. )elative % $ontracting *arties conceal their true intentions % )eal agreement 'inding on the *arties if it does not *rejudice third *erson

4'jects

/hing, right or service which is the su'ject matter of the o'ligation created or esta'lished /hing or service must 'e within the commerce of man

o o /he law *rohi'its future inheritance as o'ject of contract o o /ransmissi'le and can 'e a**ro*riated o o Not contrar! to Law Moral 0ood $onduct u'lic 4rder u'lic olic! o o )eal or *ossi'le o o Determinate or determina'le $ause

2ssential reason wh! the *arties enter into the contract o $ause should 'e in e6istence o Licit or lawful o /rue Interchangea'le with consideration, 'ut not same as motive o 0eneral rule8 articular motive of the *art! in entering into a contract are not material. 26ce*t8 Bhen it *redetermines the *ur*ose of the contract

&orm

Bhatever ma! 'e the form, $ontract shall 'e o'ligator! on all *rovided all the essential re3uisites are *resent /wo e6ce*tions8 Bhen Law re3uires a certain form for validit! Bhen Law re3uires form for enforcement

Must a**ear in Briting to 'e valid8 o o Donation e6ceeding 9,;;;

o o "ale of *iece of land or interest therein '! an agent o o +ntichresis 1 $reditor ac3uires rights to fruits of immova'le 'ut a**l!ing to *a!ment of interest o o +greement regarding *a!ment of interest Must a**ear in u'lic Instrument to 'e valid8 Donations of immova'le *ro*ert! artnershi* where immova'le or real rights are contri'uted Must a**ear in u'lic Instrument for 2nforcement $reation, transmission, modification, sales or e6tinguishments of real rights over immova'le *ro*erties $ession, re*udiation, or renunciation of hereditar! rights, or those of conjugal *artnershi* of gains ower to administer *ro*ert! $ession of actions or rights *roceeding from an act a**earing in a *u'lic document

)eformation

Bhen the true intention of the *arties are not e6*ressed in the instrument, one of the *art! ma! as= for the instrument to 'e changed so that true intention ma! 'e e6*ressed. )e3uisities Must 'e a meeting of the minds of the *arties /rue intention is not e6*ressed in the instrument &ailure due to mista=e, fraud, ine3uita'le conduct or accident Bhat ma! 'e reformed

Mutual mista=e of *arties cause failure to disclose real agreements 4ne *art! mista=en and the other acted fraudulentl! or ine3uita'l! 4ne *art! was mista=en and the other =new that instrument did not state real agreement, !et concealed it Ignorance, lac= of s=ill,, negligence or 'ad faith on the *art of *erson drafting it Bhere *arties agree on mortgage, 'ut instrument states *ro*ert! is sold a'solutel! or with right to re*urchase

o o

Bhat o o o o o o

ma! not 'e reformed "im*le Donations with no condition Bills /hose where real agreement is void Defective $ontracts

o o o o o o o o

#s to de"ect o 0escissible - In2ur& or damage o 7oidable - 7itiation o" consent or legal ca%acit& o 5nen"orceable - In e cess o" aut!orit& or do not com%l&& wit! 8 o" 4raud o 7oid - Lack o" an element o" a )alid contract

#s to e""ect o o 0escissible and 7oidable - 7alid until annulled o o 5nen"orceable - ,annot be en"orced b& action in court o o 7oid - 6o legal e""ects at all #s to %arties w!o can "ile action o o 0escissible and 7oid .a& be attack directl& $& contracting %arties or b& t!ird %arties o o 7oidable and 5nen"orceable - ,annot be attacked b& t!ird %ersons

o o

)esolution .)escission of reci*rocal o'ligation art! who ma! institute action &or resolution, onl! *art! to the contract o $auses &ailure of one *art! to com*l! w> o'ligation o @ind of contract )eci*rocal o'ligation onl! o ower of the courts $an grant e6tension for *erformance o

)escissi'le $ontracts 0uardian who re*resent ward, lession of more than L of the value of the thing In re*resentation of a'sentee, lession of L In fraud of creditor who is una'le to collect /hings under litigation, entered into '! defendant without a**roval of litigants and court a!ment made in state of insolvenc! where de't not !et due

o /hose which ma! 'e declared '! law artition .1;KJ# )esult of deterioration .11JK# Cn*aid seller .192A and 1934#

o o o o

7adges of &raud o $ause or consideration is inade3uate o /ransfer made after suit has 'egun or *ending o "ale on credit '! an insolvent de'tor o 2vidence of large inde'tedness or com*lete insolvenc! o o /ransfer of all or nearl! all of de'tor *ro*erties o o 7etween father and son, with an! of a'ove circumstances o o &ailure of vendee to ta=e e6clusive *ossession

?oida'le $ontracts W!ere one %art& is inca%able o" gi)ing consent to a contract

W!ere t!e consent is )itiated b& mistake' )iolence' intimidation' "raud' undue in"luence

$onvalidation +rescri%tion 94our &ears: 4rom time inca%acit& ceases 4rom disco)er& o" suc! "raud or mistake 0ati"ication or con"irmation Loss o" t!e t!ing b& t!ru t!e "ault o" t!e %erson w!o !as rig!t to annul 2ffects of annulment of ?oida'le $ontract I" not consummated' t!en %arties are released "rom obligation I" consummated' %arties are to restore to eac! ot!er w!at t!e& !a)e gi)en' wit! "ruits and interests' %lus damages I" to do or not to do' t!ere will be a%%ortionment o" damages Inca%acitated %art& not obliged to make restitution e ce%t "or w!at !e was bene"ited Cnenforcea'le $ontracts (!ose entered into in t!e name o" anot!er %erson b& one w!o !as been gi)en no aut!orit& or legal re%resentation or w!o !as acted be&ond !is %owers

(!ose not com%l&ing wit! 8tatute o" 4rauds*

"tatute of &raud +ur%ose is to %re)ent "raud' not to aid t!e commission o" "raud % 7asic and fundamental *rinci*les +**lies onl! to e6ecutor! contracts $annot a**l! if action is not for damage 'ec of violation of agreement or for s*ecific *erformance 26clusive Ma! 'e waived ersonal defense $ontracts are not void )ule of e6clusion $oncerns admissi'ilit! of evidence, not credi'ilit! Does not a**l! if action is to claim reformation

4ollowing must be in writing or in some notes or memorandum #greement not to be %er"ormed wit!in a &ear "rom t!e making t!ereo"

# s%ecial %romise to answer "or debt' de"aults or miscarriage o" anot!er #greement in consideration o" marriage 8ales o" goods' c!attels' t!ings abo)e +5;; Lease o" more t!an one &ear 0e%resentation as to credit o" anot!er

?oid $ontracts 6o concurrence o" o""er/acce%tance ,ause' ob2ect' %ur%ose contrar& to law' morals' good customs' %ublic order' or %ublic %olic& #bsolutel& simulated or "ictitious ,ause or ob2ect did not e ist at t!e time o" t!e transaction Ob2ect outside commerce o" men Im%ossible ser)ice Intention o" t!e %arties relati)e to %rinci%al ob2ect cannot be ascretained +ro!ibited or declared )oid b& law 2sto**el Esto%%el in %ais - b& one<s conduct or acts' re%resentatioons' admissions or silence' cul%able negligience induces anot!er to belie)e certain "acts to e ist and suc! ot!er rig!t"ull& relies and acts on suc! belie"*

Esto%%el b& 3eed - # %art& to a deed' are %recluded "rom aasserting against t!e ot!er %art& to t!e deed an& rig!t or title in derogation o" t!e deed' or "rom den&ing an& material "act asserted t!erein*

Esto%%el b& 0ecord - # %art& %recluded "rom den&ing t!e trut! o" matters set "ort! in a record' w!et!er 2udicial or legislati)e*

2sto**el '! Laches Esto%%el b& Lac!es 4ailure or neglect to en"orce a rig!t "or an 5nreasonable and une %lained lengt! o" time 3es%ite knowledge or notice E=(I6,(I7E +0E8,0I+(IO6 9#rts* 11>?-1155:

4; da!s A months

1 !ear

2 !ears 3 !ears 4 !ears

9 !ears

)edhi'itor! action 'ased on defects of animals. .a# .a# +ction for reduction of *rice for rescission in case of 'reach of sale of real estate, either with a statement of its area at a certain *rice for a unit of measure or num'er. .'# .'# +ction for warrant! against hidden defects of thing sold. .a# .a# +ction '! hus'and against wife to im*ugn childFs legitimac! if hus'and is in the same *lace as wife. .'# .'# +ction for revocation of donation for acts of ingratitude. .c# .c# +ction for forci'le entr! or unlawful detainer. .d# .d# +ction for defamation. .e# .e# +ction for rescission or for damages if immova'le sold is encum'ered with non1a**arent 'urden or servitude. +ction to im*ugn childFs legitimac! if hus'and is in the hili**ines 'ut not in same *lace as wife. +ction to im*ugn childFs legitimac! if hus'and is a'road. .a# .a# +ction for revocation or reduction of donation 'ased on su*ervening 'irth, a**earance or ado*tion of a child. .'# .'# +ction for revocation of donation 'ased on fulfillment of condition. (c) .c# +ction for recover! of mova'le .replevin# if *ossessor is in good faith. .d# .d# +ction u*on injur! to rights of *laintiff. .e# .e# +ction u*on a 3uasi1delict. .f# .f# +ction for rescission of rescissi'le contracts. .g# .g# +ction for annulment of voida'le contracts. .a# .a# +ction for legal se*aration. .'# .'# +ction for annulment of marriage

A !ears J !ears 1; !ears

Lifetime

'ased on 1. Lac= of *arental consent. 2. &raud. 3. &orce, intimidation or undue influence. 4. h!sical inca*acit! and afflicted with a se6ualit! transmissi'le disease. .c# .c# +ction to claim legitimac! if child should die during minorit! or in state of insanit!. .d# .d# +ction for declaration of inca*acit! of heir. .e# .e# +ction for warrant! of solvenc! of de'tor if credit is assigned to co1heir during *artition. .f# .f# +ll other actions whose *eriods are not fi6ed '! law. .a# .a# +ction u*on oral contract. .'# .'# +ction u*on a 3uasi1contract. +ction for recover! of mova'les .replevin# if *ossessor is in 'ad faith. (a) .a# +ction for recover! of *ossession of immova'les .accion publiciana# if real right of *ossession is lost. (b) .'# +ction for recover! of ownershi* of immova'les .accion reinvindicatoria# if *ossessor is in good faith. .c# .c# +ction u*on a mortgage contract. .d# .d# +ction u*on a written contract. .e# .e# +ction u*on an o'ligation created '! law. .f# .f# +ction u*on a judgment. .a# .a# +ction to claim legitimac!. .'# .'# +ction to o'tain declaration of illegitimate filiation.