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L C S V T H UYT TNG I
Einstein thit lp hai l thuyt cn bn ca th k hai mi: L thuyt tng i rng v l thuyt lng t nh th no?

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lbert Einstein, cha ca thuyt tng i hp v thuyt tng i rng sinh ra Ulm, c vo nm 1879. Mt nm sau gia nh ng chuyn n Munich, ti , cha ng Herman v cu ng Jacob khi s kinh doanh v in nhng khng my thnh cng. Einstein khng phi l thn ng nhng c ngi cho rng ng l mt hc sinh c bit ph thng th li l mt s cng iu. Nm 1894 cng vic lm n ca cha ng b b nn gia nh chuyn n Milan. Gia nh quyt nh ng nn li hon thnh bc hc ph thng, nhng ng khng thch ch ngha c on ca trng hc nn ch sau my thng ng on t vi gia nh . Sau ng tt nghip ph thng Zurich v tt nghip i hc trng Bch khoa lin bang vo nm 1900. Bn tnh hay tranh lun v v c cm vi quyn lc khng mang cho ng mt chn gio s trng Bch khoa lin bang v khng mt gio s no ca trng mi ng lm tr ging, m thi by gi l con ng bnh thng theo ui s nghip khoa hc. Cui cng th hai nm sau ng cng xoay s c mt vic Vn phng sng ch Bern. ng lm vic ti trong thi gian ng vit ba bi bo, trong hai bi a ng tr thnh nh khoa hc hng u th gii v bt u hai cuc cch mng v t tng lm thay i hiu bit ca chng ta v khng gian, thi gian v bn thn thc ti vo nm 1905. Gn cui th k th 19, cc nh khoa hc tin rng h gn nh m t v tr mt cch ton vn. H cho rng khng gian c lp y bi mt loi vt cht lin tc gi l -te (ether). nh sng v cc tn hiu v tuyn l cc sng lan truyn trong -te ging nh sng m lan truyn trong khng kh. V tt c cc iu cn lm cho mt l thuyt hon thin l php o chnh xc xc nh tnh n hi ca -te. Thc ra cc php o nh th c xy dng hon chnh ti phng th nghim Jefferson trng i hc Harvard m khng dng n mt ci inh st no trnh lm nhiu cc php o t trng yu. Tuy vy nhng ngi xy dng h o qun rng cc vin gch nu xy nn phng th nghim v phn ln cc ta nh Harvard u cha mt lng ln st. Ngy nay cc ta nh vn c s dng, nhng h vn khng chc l nu khng c cc inh st th sn th vin ca trng c th nng c sc nng l bao nhiu.

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Albert Einstein nm 1920

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nh sng chuyn ng trong -te

(Hnh 1.1, pha trn) L THUYT -TE C NH Nu nh sng l sng trong mt loi vt cht n hi c gi l -te th vn tc ca nh sng i vi ngi trn tu v tr chuyn ng ngc hng nh sng (a) s nhanh hn vn tc ca nh sng i vi ngi trong con tu chuyn ng cng hng vi nh sng (b). (Hnh 1.2, trang k) Ngi ta khng thy s khc bit v vn tc nh sng theo cc hng trong mt phng qu o ca tri t v hng vung gc vi mt phng qu o .

Vo cui th k 19, cc tng tri ngc nhau v s c mt ca -te bt u xut hin. Ngi ta tin rng nh sng chuyn ng vi mt tc xc nh so vi -te v nu bn chuyn ng cng hng vi nh sng trong -te th bn s thy nh sng chuyn ng chm hn, v nu bn chuyn ng ngc hng vi nh sng th bn s thy nh sng di chuyn nhanh hn (hnh 1.1). V mt lot cc th nghim chng minh iu tht bi. Albert Michelson v Edward Morley ca trng khoa hc ng dng Cleveland, bang Ohio thc hin cc th nghim cn thn v chnh xc nht vo nm 1887. H so snh tc nh sng ca hai chm sng vung gc vi nhau. V tri t t quay quanh mnh v quay quanh mt tri nn dng c th nghim s di chuyn trong -te vi tc v hng thay i. Nhng Michelson v Morley cho thy rng khng c s khc bit gia hai chm sng . Hnh nh l nh sng truyn vi tc nh nhau i vi ngi quan st, khng ph thuc vo tc v hng ca ngi chuyn ng (hnh 1.3). Da trn th nghim Michelson-Morley, mt nh vt l ngi Ai-len tn l George Fitzgerald v nh vt l ngi H Lan tn l Hendrik Lorentz gi thit rng cc vt th chuyn ng trong -te s co li v thi gian s b chm i. S co v s chm li ca ng h lm cho tt c mi ngi s o c mt tc nh sng nh nhau khng ph thuc vo vic h chuyn ng nh th no i vi te (George Fitzgerald v Hendrik Lorentz vn coi -te l mt loi vt cht c thc). Tuy vy, nm 1905, Einstein vit mt bi bo ch ra rng nu ngi ta khng th bit c ngi ta chuyn ng

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Tri t quay t ty sang ng

nh sng vung gc vi qu o ca tri t quanh mt tri

Cc tia sng vung gc vi nhau v i theo chiu quay ca tri t cng khng th hin s khc nhau v vn tc

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(HNH 1.3) O VN TC NH SNG Trong giao thoa k Michenson-Morley, nh sng t ngun sng c tch thnh hai chm bng mt gng bn m. Hai chm sng i theo hai hng vung gc vi nhau sau li kt hp thnh mt chm sng sau khi p vo gng bn m mt ln na. S sai khc v tc nh sng ca hai chm sng i theo hai hng c th lm cho cc nh sng ca chm sng ny trng vi y sng ca chm sng kia v chng trit tiu nhau.

Hnh phi: s th nghim c v li t s c in trn tp ch Scientic American nm 1887.

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Bay t ng sang ty

ng h trn phi c bay v hng ty ghi nhn mt khong thi gian lu hn ngi anh sinh i ca n bay v hng ngc li

Bay t ty sang ng

Thi gian ca cc hnh khch trn phi c bay v hng ng s ngn hn thi gian ca nhng hnh khch trn phi c bay v hng ty (Hnh 1.4) Mt phin bn v nghch l anh em sinh i (hnh 1.5) c kim tra bng thc nghim t hai chic ng h chnh xc bay ngc chiu nhau vng quanh tri t. Khi chng gp nhau th ng h bay v hng ng ghi li thi gian ngn hn cht t.

trong khng gian hay khng th khi nim -te khng cn cn thit na. Thay vo , ng bt u bng mt gi thuyt rng cc nh lut khoa hc xut hin nh nhau i vi tt c nhng ngi quan st chuyn ng t do. c bit l h s o c tc nh snh nh nhau khng ph thuc vo tc chuyn ng ca h. Tc ca nh sng c lp vi chuyn ng ca ngi quan st v nh nhau theo tt c cc hng. tng ny i hi phi t b ngh cho rng tn ti mt i lng ph qut c gi l thi gian c th o c bng tt c cc ng h. Thay vo , mi ngi c mt thi gian ring ca h. Thi gian ca hai ngi s ging nhau nu hai ngi ng yn tng i vi nhau, nhng thi gian s khc nhau nu hai ngi chuyn ng tng i vi nhau. Gi thuyt ny c khng nh bng rt nhiu th nghim, trong c mt th nghim gm hai ng h chnh xc bay theo hng ngc nhau vng quanh tri t v quay li cho thy thi gian c sai lch cht t. Gi thuyt gi rng nu ai mun sng lu hn th ngi nn bay v hng ng v nh th th tc ca tri t s b sung vo tc ca my bay. Tuy vy, cc ba n trn my bay s rt ngn cuc sng ca bn gp nhiu ln mt phn nh ca giy m bn c c.
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(Hnh 1.7)

Gi thuyt ca Einstein cho rng cc nh lut khoa hc xut hin nh nhau i vi tt c cc ngi quan st chuyn ng t do l c s ca thuyt tng i. Gi nh vy v n ng rng ch c chuyn ng tng i l quan trng. V p v s n gin ca gi thuyt ny thuyt phc rt nhiu cc nh t tng, tuy nhin, vn c rt nhiu cc kin tri ngc. Einstein vt b hai khi nim tuyt i ca khoa hc th k 19: ng yn tuyt i i din l -te v thi gian tuyt i v ph qut m tt c cc ng h o c. Rt nhiu ngi thy rng y l mt khi nim khng bnh thng. H hi, gi thuyt ng rng tt c mi th u tng i, rng khng c mt tiu chun o c tuyt i? S bt rt ny tip din trong sut nhng nm 20 v 30 ca th k 20. Khi Einstein c trao gii Nobel vo nm 1921 v mt cng trnh km quan trng hn cng c ng cho ra i vo nm 1905. Lc , thuyt tng i khng c nhc n v n vn cn gy nhiu tranh ci (n by gi ti vn nhn c vi ba bc th hng tun ni rng Einstein sai). Tuy vy, hin nay, cc nh vt l hon ton chp nhn thuyt tng i, v cc tin on ca n c kim chng trong v vn ng dng.
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(Hnh 1.5, trang trc) NGHCH L ANH EM SINH I Trong thuyt tng i, mi ngi quan st s o thi gian khc nhau. iu ny c th dn n nghch l anh em sinh i (twin paradox). Mt ngi trong cp anh em sinh i (a) trong mt phi thuyn thm him khng gian chuyn ng vi vn tc gn bng vn tc nh sng (c) trong khi ngi anh em ca anh ta (b) vn trn mt t. V thi gian ca (a) trong phi thuyn chm hn thi gian ca (b) trn tri t. Nn khi ngi (a) tr v (a2) anh ta s thy ngi anh em ca anh ta trn tri t (b2) gi hn anh ta. Mc d n c v chng li cm nhn chung ca chng ta, rt nhiu th nghim chng minh rng trong kch bn ny, ngi du hnh v tr s tr hn ngi cn li. (Hnh 1.6, hnh bn) Mt phi thuyn i ngang qua tri t t tri sang phi vi vn tc bng bn phn nm vn tc nh sng. Mt xung nh sng pht ra t cabin v phn x li u kia (a). Ngi trn tri t nhn nh sng trn phi thuyn. V phi thuyn chuyn ng nn hai ngi s quan st khong cch m nh sng i c khi phn x li khng bng nhau(b). V vi h thi gian m nh sng dng truyn cng khng bng nhau, v theo gi thuyt ca Einstein, tc nh sng l nh nhau i vi tt c cc ngi quan st chuyn ng t do. Trang 11

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Mt h qu quan trng ca thuyt tng i l h thc gia khi lng v nng lng. Gi thit ca Einstein v tc ca nh sng l nh nhau i vi tt c cc ngi quan st ng rng khng c g c th chuyn ng nhanh hn nh sng. Nu ta dng nng lng gia tc mt vt no , d l mt ht hay mt tu v tr, th khi lng ca vt s gia tng cng vi tc v do s kh c th gia tc thm c na. Ta khng th gia tc mt ht n tc nh sng v ta cn mt nng lng ln v cng lm iu . Khi lng v nng lng l tng ng v iu c tng kt trong mt phng trnh ni ting E = mc2 (hnh 1.7). C l y l phng trnh vt l duy nht m chng ta c th nhn thy n c vit trn ng ph. Mt trong s cc h qu ca phng trnh trn l ht nhn ca nguyn t Uranium phn r thnh 2 ht nhn nh hn c tng khi lng nh hn khi lng ca ht nhn ban u, vic ny s gii ta mt nng lng v cng ln (hnh 1.8). Vo nm 1939, khi m kh nng mt cuc chin tranh th gii na ang l m xut hin, mt nhm cc nh khoa hc nhn ra tm
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Bc th tin on ca Einstein gi tng thng Roosevelt nm 1939 Trong thi gian bn thng qua, thng qua cc cng trnh ca Joliot Php cng nh Fermi v Szilard Hoa K, chng ta c th xy dng mt phn ng ht nhn vi mt khi lng ln Uranium, nh m sinh ra mt ngun nng lng ln. By gi, chng ta c th lm iu ny trong mt tng lai gn. Mc d cha chc chn, nhng hin tng mi ny c kh nng dn n vic to ra cc qu bom c sc cng ph cc ln.

quan trng v thuyt phc Einstein vt qua s lng l ca bn thn in tn ca ng vo mt bc th gi Tng thng Roosevelt nhm thc gic Hoa K khi ng chng trnh nghin cu ht nhn. Vic ny dn n d n Manhattan v kt qu ca n l 2 qu bom nguyn t c nm xung Hiroshima v Nagasaki vo nm 1945. Mt s ngi ti cho Einstein v bom nguyn t bi v ng khm ph ra mi lin h gia khi lng v nng lng; nhng iu ny ging nh l ti cho Newton gy ra cc v tai nn my bay v pht hin ra nh lut hp dn. Sau cc bi bo gy chn ng vo nm 1905, Einstein tr ln ni tin trn th gii. Nhng n tn nm 1909 ng mi c mi vo lm vic ti trng i hc Zurich v do , ng c th t b cng vic vn phng sng ch Thy S. Hai nm sau, ng chuyn sang i hc c Prague, nhng ng quay tr li Zurich vo nm 1912, nhng ln ny ng v trng Bch khoa lin bang. Mc d ch
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Uranium (U-236)

(n )

Uranium (U-235) Tia gamma

(n )

Neutron (n) bn ph ht nhn (U-235) Ht nhn t hp dao ng v bt n nh (Ba-144) Ht nhn t hp dao ng v bt n nh

(Hnh 1.8) NNG LNG LIN KT HT NHN Ht nhn c to thnh t proton v neutron lin kt vi nhau nh lc ht nhn mnh. Nhng khi lng ca ht nhn lun nh hn tng khi lng ca cc proton v neutron ring l to nn chng. S khc nhau chnh l mt php o nng lng lin kt ht nhn m gi ht nhn li vi nhau. Nng lng lin kt ny c th c tnh t h thc Einstein: nng lng lin kt ht nhn = mc2 trong m l s khc nhau gia khi lng ht nhn v tng cc thnh phn. N gii thot mt lng nng lng to nn mt sc cng ph khng l.

ngha bi Do thi (anti-semitism) ang ph bin chu u, ngay c trong cc trng i hc, nhng ng vn l mt ti sn qu ca trng i hc. C nhiu ngh lm vic n t Vienna v Utrecht, nhng ng chp nhn mt v tr Vin hn lm khoa hc Prussian Berlin v ng khng phi m nhim cng vic ging dy. ng chuyn n Berlin vo thng 4 nm 1914 v sau t lu v v hai con ca ng cng chuyn n vi ng. Cuc hn nhn ca ng gp nhiu sng gi, do vy, v v cc con ng nhanh chng tr li Zurich. Mc du thnh thong ng vn tr li thm h nhng cui cng cuc hn nhn ca h cng tan v. Sau Einstein ly mt ngi em h tn l Elsa sng Berlin. Trong nhng nm chin tranh ng sng c thn v khng c rng buc v gia nh, c l chnh v th y l thi k thng hoa nht ca ng v mt khoa hc. Mc du thuyt tng i rt ph hp vi cc nh lut in v t nhng n li khng tng hp vi nh lut hp dn ca Newton. nh lut ca Newton ni rng nu mt lng vt cht trong mt vng ca khng gian b thay i th trng hp dn m n to ra trong ton v tr cng thay i ngay lp tc. iu ny c ngha l ngi ta c th gi cc tn hiu nhanh hn nh sng (mu thun vi thuyt tng i); hiu tc thi c ngha l g, ngi ta li cn n khi nim thi gian tuyt i v ph qut, chnh iu ny li loi b thi gian c nhn.
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(Kr-89) Ht nhn t hp dao ng v bt n nh

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Tnh trung bnh, phn r thu c 2,4 neutron v nng lng 215 MeV

Phng trnh Einstein gia nng lng (E), khi lng (m), v vn tc nh sng (c) cho thy mt lng nh khi lng tng ng vi mt nng lng khng l: E=mc2

Neutron lin kt Proton

Neutron t do

Neutron (n) c th khi ng mt phn ng dy truyn

Tia gamma

(n )

PHN NG DY TRUYN Mt neutron t phn r U-235 ban u s bn ph cc ht nhn khc. Qu trnh ny to ra mt phn r ht nhn khc v mt phn ng dy truyn gm cc va chm tip theo bt u Nu phn ng ny t duy tr th n c gi l ti hn v khi lng U-235 c gi l khi lng ti hn.

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(Hnh 1.9) Mt ngi quan st ng trong mt ci hp khng th nhn ra s khc nhau khi ng trong mt chic thang my tnh trn tri t (a) hoc b gia tc bi mt tn la trong khng gian t do (b). Nu ngi ta tt ng c ca tn la (c) cm gic s ging nh trong mt chic thang my ri t do xung t.

Nm 1907, Einstein nhn ra kh khn ny khi ng cn lm vic vn phng sng ch Bern, nhng phi n khi ng Prague vo nm 1911 ng mi suy ngh v vn ny mt cch nghim tc. ng nhn ra rng c mt mi lin h mt thit gia gia tc v trng hp dn. Mt ngi no trong mt ci hp ng kn nh l trong mt ci thang my chng hn khng th nhn bit c ci hp ang ng yn trong trng hp dn ca tri t hay ang b gia tc bi mt tn la trong khng gian (tt nhin lc ny l trc k nguyn ca Star Trek, v Einstein ngh v nhng ngi ng trong thang my hn l v nhng con tu v tr). Nhng ngi ta khng th gia tc hoc ri t do lu c trong ci thang my trc khi tai nn xy ra! (hnh 1.9)
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Hnh (1.10)

Hnh (1.11)

Nu tri t phng th ta c th ni rng qu to ri xung u Newton l do hp dn hoc Newton v b mt tri t b gia tc ln trn, hai cch ni trn l tng ng (hnh 1.10). S tng ng gia gia tc v hp dn khng s cn ng khi tri t l hnh cu, tuy vy- ngi mt kia tri t c th b gia tc theo cc chiu ngc li nhng vn ng nhng khong cch khng i vi nhau (hnh 1.11). Nhng khi ng quay li Zurich vo nm 1912, ng c mt bc t ph khi nhn ra rng s tng ng l ng nu hnh dng ca khng thi gian b b cong ch khng thng nh ngi ta vn ngh cho ti thi im y. tng ca ng l khi lng v nng lng
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(Hnh 1.12) CONG CA KHNG THI GIAN Gia tc v hp dn ch c th tng ng vi nhau nu mt vt th c khi lng ln b cong khng thi gian, do b cong c l trnh ca cc vt th xung quanh n.

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Nu tri t phng (hnh 1.10) th ngi ta c th gii thch bng mt trong hai cch tng ng sau: qu to ri xung u Newton do lc hp dn hoc do Newton gia tc ln pha trn. S tng ng ny khng cn ng khi tri t hnh cu (hnh 1.11) v nhng ngi mt kia ca tri t s ri xa nhau. Einstein gii quyt bi ton ny bng vic gi thit khng gian v thi gian b cong.

lm cong khng thi gian theo mt cch c th xc nh c. Cc vt th nh l qu to hoc l hnh tinh s c gng chuyn ng thng trong khng thi gian, nhng qu o ca chng s b b cong bi mt trng hp dn do khng thi gian b cong (hnh 1.12). Vi s gip ca Marcel Grossmann, Einstein nghin cu l thuyt khng gian v mt phng cong do Georg Friedrich Riemann pht trin trc . Tuy vy, Riemann ngh rng ch c khng gian b b cong. iu lm cho Einstein ngh rng khng thi gian cng b b cong. Einstein v Grossmann vit chung mt bi bo vo nm 1913, trong h y tng m chng ta ngh v lc hp dn ch l nhng biu hin ca s cong ca khng thi gian. Tuy vy, v mt sai lm do Einstein gy ra (Einstein cng rt con
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ngi v c th nhm ln), h khng th tm ra cc phng trnh lin h cong ca khng gian vi khi lng v nng lng trong . Einstein vn tip tc nghin cu vn ny Berlin, khng b nh hng bi cc vn gia nh v ch yu l khng b nh hng bi chin tranh, cho n khi ng tm thy cc phng trnh vo thng 11 nm 1915. ng trao i cc tng ca ng vi nh ton hc David Hilbert trong chuyn thm trng i hc Gottingen vo ma h nm 1915, v Hilbert cng tm ra cc phng trnh tng t mt cch c lp trc Einstein vi ngy. Tuy nhin, ngay c bn thn Hilbert cng tha nhn, tc quyn ca l thuyt mi l thuc v Einstein. tng lin h hp dn vi cong ca khng thi gian chnh l ca ng. y cng l mt li khen cho nc c vo thi im khi cc cuc trao i v tho lun khoa hc c th din ra m khng b nh hng bi chin tranh. iu ny hon ton tri ngc vi k nguyn c quc x (Nazi) 20 nm sau . L thuyt mi v s cong ca khng thi gian c gi l thuyt tng i rng phn bit vi l thuyt ban u khng c lc hp dn c mi ngi bit n vi ci tn l thuyt tng i hp. L thuyt ny c khng nh trong mt th nghim rt n tng vo nm 1919, trong mt cuc thm him ca cc nh khoa hc ngi Anh v pha Ty chu Phi quan st c lch rt nh ca nh
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(Hnh 1.13) NH SNG B B CONG nh sng t cc ngi sao i n gn mt tri lch hng do khi lng ca mt tri lm cong khng thi gian (a). iu ny lm dch chuyn v tr biu kin ca ngi sao khi nhn t tri t (b). Hin tng ny c th quan st khi nht thc.

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sng n t mt ngi sao i gn mt tri trong qu trnh nht thc (hnh 1.13). y l mt bng chng trc tip cho thy rng khng thi gian b b cong, v n khch l s thay i ln nht ca con ngi trong nhn thc ca chng ta v v tr m chng ta ang sng t khi Euclid vit cun sch Hnh hc c s vo khong 300 nm trc Cng nguyn. Thuyt tng i rng ca Einstein bin khng thi gian t vai tr l mt khung nn th ng trong cc hin tng xy ra tr thnh mt tc nhn ch ng trong chuyn ng ca v tr. iu dn ti mt bi ton rt ln v l mi quan tm hng u ca vt l th k 20. V tr trn y vt cht v vt cht b cong khng thi gian theo mt cch lm cho cc vt th ri vo nhau. Einstein thy rng cc phng trnh ca ng khng c nghim m t mt v tr tnh ti v khng thay i theo thi gian. Thay v vic t b mt v tr vnh cu m ng v phn ln nhng ngi khc tin, ng thm vo mt s hng gi l hng s v tr mt cch khin cng. Hng s ny lm cong khng thi gian theo hng ngc li, do , cc vt th s chuyn ng ra xa nhau. Hiu ng y ca hng s v tr c th cn bng vi hiu ng ht ca vt cht, cho php ng thu c mt v tr tnh ti. y l mt trong nhng c may b mt ng tic nht trong vt l thuyt. Nu Einstein dng li cc phng trnh ban u ca ng, ng c th tin on rng v tr s gin n hoc co li. Kh nng v tr thay i theo thi gian ch c xem xt mt cch nghim tc cho n khi c c nhng quan st thu c t knh thin vn 2,5 m t trn nh Wilson vo nhng nm 1920. Nhng quan st ny cho thy rng cc thin h cng xa nhau th chuyn ng ra xa nhau cng nhanh. V tr ang gin n vi khong cch gia 2 thin h tng dn theo thi gian (hnh 1.14). Pht hin ny loi b s c mt ca hng s v tr c c mt v tr tnh. Sau ny Einstein ni rng hng s v tr l sai lm ln nht ca i ng. Tuy vy, ngy nay, ngi ta thy rng hng s v tr hon ton khng phi l mt sai lm: nhng quan st gn y s c m t trong chng 3 gi rng thc ra l c mt hng s v tr c gi tr rt nh.
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(Hnh 1.14) Quan st v cc thin h ch ra rng v tr ang gin n: khong cch gia hu ht cc cp thin h ang gia tng.

Thuyt tng i rng thay i hon ton vic bn lun ngun gc v s phn ca v tr. Mt v tr tnh ti c th tn ti mi mi hoc c th c to ra vi hnh dng hin nay ca n ti mt thi im trong qu kh. Tuy vy, nu by gi cc thin h ang ri xa nhau, iu c ngha l trong qu kh chng tng rt gn nhau. Khong 15 t nm trc y, chng tng chp li vi nhau v mt rt ln. Trng thi ny c mt linh mc Cng gio tn l Georges Lemaitre, ngi u tin nghin cu v ngun gc ca v tr gi l nguyn t nguyn thy m ngy nay chng ta gi l v n ln. Dng nh Einstein cha bao gi nghin cu v n ln mt cch nghim tc. R rng l ng ngh rng m hnh n gin v v tr gin n ng nht s khng ng nu ngi ta theo di chuyn ng ca cc thin h trong qu kh v rng cc vn tc bin ca cc thin h c th lm cho chng khng chm vo nhau. ng ngh rng trc v tr pha co li v trt qua nhau chuyn sang pha dn n hin nay vi mt mt trung bnh. Tuy vy, by gi

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chng ta bit rng cho cc phn ng ht nhn trong v tr ban u to ra mt lng ln cc nguyn t nh m chng ta quan st c xung quanh, th mt cn phi ln hn 0,64 tn/cm3 v nhit phi trn mt t . Hn na cc quan st v phng vi sng ch ra rng c th mt t n 1026 tn/cm3. Ngy nay chng ta bit rng thuyt tng i rng cua Einstein khng cho php v tr trt qua nhau n pha dn n hin ti. Nh s c tho lun trong chng 2, Roger Pensose v ti c th ch ra rng thuyt tng i rng tin on v tr bt u bng mt v n ln. Do , l thuyt ca Einstein tin on rng thi gian, c s khi u mc d ng khng thch tng ny cho lm. Thm ch Einstein cn min cng hn tha nhn rng thuyt tng i rng tin on thi gian s kt thc i vi cc ngi sao nng khi chng giai on cui ca cuc i v khi chng khng cn nhit lng cn bng vi lc hp dn ca bn thn chng. Lc hp dn ny ang c lm chng nh i. Einstein ngh rng, cc ngi sao nh vy s kt thc cuc i mt trng thi cui cng, nhng
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Knh vin vng 100-inch ti i quan st Mount Wilson.

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(Hnh 1.15, trang k) Mt ngi sao ln cn kit nguyn liu ht nhn s mt i nhit lng v co li. cong ca khng gian s tr ln ln n mc to ra mt h en m nh sng khng th thot ra c. Thi gian kt thc trong lng h en.

ngy nay chng ta bit rng s khng c trng thi cui cng cho cc ngi sao c khi lng ln hn hai ln khi lng mt tri. Cc ngi sao nh vy s tip tc co li cho n khi chng tr thnh cc h en, nhng vng m khng thi gian b b cong n ni nh sng khng th thot ra khi c (hnh 1.15). Penrose v ti cho thy rng thuyt tng i rng tin on thi gian s kt thc trong mt h en, i vi bn thn ngi sao v i vi mt nh du hnh v tr khng may b ri vo n. Nhng c im khi u v kt thc ca thi gian l nhng ni m cc phng trnh ca thuyt tng i rng khng th c xc nh. Do , l thuyt khng tin on c ci g tham gia v n ln. Mt s ngi thy rng y l biu hin cho t do ca Cha sng to th gii theo bt k cch no m ngi mun, nhng nhng ngi khc (trong c ti) cm thy rng s khi u ca v tr cng c iu khin bi cc nh lut khoa hc m iu khin v tr ti cc thi im sau khi v tr hnh thnh. Chng ta t c mt s tin b trong vn ny, nh s c m t trong chng 3, nhng chng ta vn cha hiu hon ton ngun gc ca v tr. L do m thuyt tng i khng cn ng ti thi im v n ln l thuyt tng i khng tng hp c vi l thuyt lng t, mt cuc cch mng khc v t tng vo thi im u th k 20. Bc u tin ti thuyt lng t c thc hin vo nm 1900, khi Max Plank Berlin khm ph ra rng bc x pht ra t cc vt th nng c th c gii thch nu nh sng ch c th c pht ra hoc b hp th theo nhng lng ri rc c gi l cc lng t (quanta). Mt trong s cc bi bo cch mng ca ng c vit nm 1905, khi ng cn lm vic vn phng sng ch, Einstein chng minh rng gi thuyt lng t ca Plank c th gii thch mt hiu ng gi l hiu ng quang in, trong hiu ng ny, cc kim loi s pht ra cc in t khi b nh sng chiu vo. Hiu ng l l c s ca cc u thu nh sng v v tuyn, v cng nh cng trnh ny Einstein c trao gii Nobel vt l. Einstein tip tc nghin cu l thuyt lng t cho n nhng nm 1920, nhng ng rt bn khon v cng trnh ca Heisenberg Copenhagen, Paul Dirac Cambridge v Erwin Schrodinger Zurich, l nhng ngi pht trin mt bc tranh mi v thc

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3) Thi gian s kt thc trong mt h en.

2) Khi ngi sao co li th cong tng ln

1) Ngi sao ang t chy nhin liu ht nhn lm cong khng thi gian xung quanh n.

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ti c gi l c hc lng t. Nhng ht t hon khng cn c v tr v tc chnh xc na. Thay vo , nu ngi ta xc nh v tr ca ht cng chnh xc bao nhiu th ngi ta cng kh xc nh vn tc ca n by nhiu v ngc li. Einstein rt kh chu v nhng yu t ngu nhin, bt nh trong cc nh lut c bn v ng cha bao gi chp nhn hon ton c hc lng t. Suy ngh ca ng c th hin trong cu chm ngn Cha khng chi tr xc sc. Tuy vy, phn ln cc nh khoa hc chp nhn tnh ng n ca l thuyt lng t mi ny bi v chng gii thch c mt lot cc hin tng kh hiu trc v rt ph hp vi cc quan st. Cc quy lut lng t l c s cho s pht trin ca ha hc, sinh hc phn t, v in t hin i v l c s cho nn cng ngh thay i th gii trong 50 nm qua. Thng 12 nm 1932, nhn thy c quc x v Hitler sp ln nm quyn, Einstein ri nc c v 4 thng sau ng t b quyn cng dn ginh trn 20 nm cuc i cn li ca mnh cho Vin nghin cu cp cao Princeton, bang New Jersey.
Albert Einstein cng con ri m phng chnh ng ngay sau khi n Hoa K nh c lu di.

c, ng Quc x tin hnh mt chin dch chng li khoa hc Do thi v v rt nhiu cc nh khoa hc c l ngi Do thi, nn y cng l mt nguyn nhn lm cho ngi c khng ch to c bom nguyn t. Einstein v thuyt tng i ca ng l i tng chnh ca chin dch ny. Khi c hi v mt cun sch c xut bn vi tiu 100 tc gi chng li Einstein th ng tr li: Ti sao li mt trm? Nu ti sai th mt cng . Sau th chin hai, ng thc gic cc nc ng minh thit lp mt t chc quc t kim sot bom nguyn t. Nm 1948, ng c mi lm tng thng ca nh nc Israel non tr nhng ng t chi. Mt ln ng ni: Chnh tr l nht thi, ch c cc phng trnh mi l vnh cu. Cc phng trnh thuyt tng i ca Einstein l tm bia ghi nhn cng lao ca ng. Chng s tn ti mi mi cng v tr. Trong vi trm nm qua, th gii thay i nhiu hn bt k th k no trc . Nguyn nhn khng phi l cc thnh tu v kinh t hay chnh tr m l s pht trin vt bc v cng ngh c xy dng trn nn khoa hc c bn. Vy th ai xng ng l biu tng cho s tin b hn Einstein?

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