CHNG 5

B O V QU KH
Liu c th du hnh thi gian c khng? Mt nn vn minh tin tin c th quay li v thay i qu kh c khng?

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(1) Stephen Hawking i vo h giun ngy 6/1/1997

(3) Stephen Hawking k vo bn nh cc ngy 5/1/1997

(2) Trong tng lai, ngi ta chng minh c rng qu trnh tin ha ng t cc iu kin chung ban u c th khng bao gi to ra k d trn tri

i nh cuc nhiu ln vi mt ngi bn v l mt ngi ng nghip ca ti Kip Thorne, anh khng phi l mt ngi theo xu hng c chp nhn trong vt l ch v nhng ngi khc chp nhn. iu ny lm cho anh c can m tr thnh nh khoa hc nghim tc u tin nghin cu v du hnh thi gian nh l mt kh nng hin thc. Nghin cu cng khai v du hnh thi gian i hi phi rt kho lo. Ta c nguy c vp phi, hoc l, s phn i kch lit v vic lng ph tin cng vo nhng th v b, hoc l, yu cu vic nghin cu phi c xp vo mc tiu qun s. Sau ht l lm th no m chng ta c th t bo v khi nhng ngi c chic my thi gian? H c th thay i lch s v iu khin th gii. Ch c vi ngi trong chng ta in r nghin cu v mt vn qu khng ng n v mt chnh tr nh th trong th gii vt l. Chng ta che y thc t ny bng cc thut ng khoa hc m ha cho vic du hnh thi gian.
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Kip Thorne
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Phi thuyn du hnh qua cc chu trnh trong khng thi gian cong

Phi thuyn tr li vo lc 11:45, mi lm pht trc khi n c gi i

Mt phi thuyn ct cnh vo lc 12:00

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C s cho tt c tho lun v du hnh thi gian l thuyt tng i rng ca Einstein. Nh chng ta thy trong cc chng trc, cc phng trnh Einstein lm cho khng gian v thi gian tr nn ng bng vic m t cch m chng b cong v bin dng bi vt cht v nng lng trong v tr. Trong thuyt tng i rng, thi gian c nhn ca mt ngi no c o bi ng h eo tay ca h v thi gian lun tng ging nh vic thi gian tng trong l thuyt Newton hay khng thi gian phng trong thuyt tng i hp. Nhng by gi c kh nng khng thi gian b b cong n ni bn khng th thot ra khi phi thuyn v tr li trc khi bn c gi i (hnh 5.1). C mt cch iu ny c th xy ra nu c cc h giun (worm hole) cc ng ng ca khng thi gian c nhc n trong chng 4 ni cc vng khc nhau ca khng gian v thi gian. tng l bn li phi thuyn ca bn vo mt ming ca h giun v i ra ming kia n mt ni khc v ti thi im khc (hnh 5.2). Nu cc h giun tn ti th chng s l li gii cho vn gii hn tc trong khng gian: phi mt mi ngn nm i ngang qua
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thin h bng mt phi thuyn chuyn ng chm hn nh sng nh yu cu ca thuyt tng i. Nhng bn c th i qua h giun n l bn kia ca thin h v tr li ng vo ba ti. Tuy nhin, nu ta chng minh rng h giun tn ti th bn cng c th quay li trc khi bn c gi i. Vy nn, bn c th ngh rng bn c kh nng lm iu g nh l cho n tn la trn b phng trnh khng phi ln ng v tr u tin. y l mt bin i ca nghch l ngi ng (grandfather paradox): iu g s xy ra nu bn quay tr li v git ng bn trc khi b bn ra i (hnh 5.3)? Tt nhin, y ch l nghch l nu bn tin rng bn c ch t do lm iu bn mun khi bn quay tr li qu kh. Cun sch ny

H GIUN NNG i vo lc 12:00 i ra lc 12:00

(Hnh 5.2) PHIN BN TH HAI CA NGHCH L ANH EM SINH I (1) Nu mt h giun nng, bn c th i vo h giun v ra cng mt thi im.

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Ming h giun bn trong phi thuyn

Phi thuyn tr li tri t t h giun Ra khi h giun vo phi thuyn lc 10:00 T tri t i vo h giun lc 12:00

Ming h giun trn mt t

(2) Ta c th hnh dung ly mt u ca h giun su t phi thuyn v u kia tri t. (3) V hiu ng nghch l anh em sinh i (*thi gian trn phi thuyn ang chuyn ng vi vn tc ln s chm hn thi gian trn tri t

ND*), khi chic phi thuyn tr li, thi gian tri i u phi thuyn chm hn thi gian u tri t. iu c ngha l nu bn bc vo u tri t v bc ra u phi thuyn ti thi im sm hn.

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DY V TR

c dy v tr l cc vt th di, nng v c thit din rt nh. Cc dy ny c l c to ra ti cc thi k s khai ca v tr. Mt khi cc dy c hnh thnh, chng b ko di ra do v tr gin n, v by gi, mt dy v tr c th ko di theo ton b vng v tr c th quan st. S xut hin ca cc dy v tr n t cc l thuyt mi v ht c bn. Chng tin on rng, ti cc giai on ban u nng bng, vt cht trong mt pha i xng, rt ging nc trng thi lng rt i xng: ging nhau ti mi im v theo mi hng ch khng ging trong tinh th nc ng bng c cc cu trc ri rc. Khi v tr lnh i, tnh i xng ca pha ban u ny c th b ph v theo cc cch khc nhau cc vng xa nhau. Kt qu l vt cht v tr cc vng c cc trng thi c bn khc nhau. Do , s hnh thnh ca chng l mt h qu khng th trnh khi ca vic cc vng khc nhau c cc trng thi c bn khc nhau.

(Hnh 5.3) Mt vin n bn vo qu kh qua mt h giun c nh hng n x th hay khng?

s khng i vo tho lun trit hc v ch t do. M thay vo , cun sch s tp trung vo vic cc nh lut vt l c cho php khng thi gian b b cong n mc m cc vt th v m nh l mt chic phi thuyn c th quay tr li qu kh ca chnh n c hay khng. Theo l thuyt Einstein, mt chic phi thuyn cn phi chuyn ng chm hn vn tc nh sng a phng v i theo mt ci gi l l trnh thi gian (timelike path) trong khng thi gian. Do , ta c th pht biu cu hi trn bng cc thut ng chuyn mn: khng thi gian c chp nhn cc ng cong thi gian ng (closed timelike curve) hay khng tc l cc l trnh tr li im xut pht ca n nhiu ln? Ti s gi nhng ng nh th l chu trnh thi gian (time loop). Chng ta c th c gng tr li cu hi ny theo ba mc . Mc th nht l l thuyt tng i rng ca Einstein, l thuyt cho rng v tr c mt lch s tt nh m khng c bt k bt nh no. i vi l thuyt c in ny, chng ta c mt bc tranh kh hon thin. Tuy nhin, nh chng ta thy, l thuyt ny khng th ng hon ton v chng ta thy vt cht tun theo nguyn l bt nh v cc thng ging lng t. Do , chng ta c th t cu hi v du hnh thi gian trn mt mc th hai, mc ca l thuyt bn c in. Trong l thuyt ny, chng ta xem xt vt cht hnh x theo thuyt lng t, vi tnh bt nh v thng ging lng t, nhng khng thi gian hon ton tt nh v c in. y, bc tranh km hon thin hn, nhng t nht chng ta c mt vi tng v vic s tip tc nh th no.
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NH L KHNG CA GODEL o nm 1931, nh ton hc Kurt Godel chng minh nh l khng ni ting ca ng v bn cht ca ton hc. nh l pht biu rng trong bt k mt h tin hnh thc no, ging nh ton hc ngy nay, cc cu hi v vic chng minh hoc bc b cc tin xc nh cc h, lun lun tn ti. Ni cch khc l Godel chng minh rng lun tn ti nhng bi ton khng th gii bng bt k tp hp cc quy tc hoc qu trnh. nh l Godel t gii hn cho ton hc. iu ny gy sng st cho gii khoa hc v n p nim tin by lu cho rng ton hc l mt h thng cht ch v hon thin da trn cc chuyn tc lgic. nh l Godel, nguyn l bt nh Heisenberg v vic khng th tin on s tin ha ngay c trong cc h quyt nh lun (tr thnh hn lon) to nn mt tp hp cc gii hn cho tri thc khoa hc, iu ch c th c nhn thy vo th k hai mi.

(Hnh 5.4) Khng thi gian c c php ng, tc l tr li im xut pht ban u ca chng nhiu ln hay khng?

Cui cng, c mt l thuyt lng t hp dn y , d n c th l g i chng na. Trong l thuyt ny, khng ch c vt cht m c khng gian v thi gian u bt nh v thng ging, ngay c vic lm th no t ra cu hi l du hnh thi gian c kh thi hay khng vn cn cha r rng. C l iu tt nht chng ta c th lm l hi xem nhng ngi trong cc vng khng thi gian gn c in v khng c tnh bt nh gii thch cc php o ca h nh th no. H c ngh rng du hnh thi gian c th xy ra trong nhng vng hp dn mnh v thng ging lng t ln hay khng? bt u vi l thuyt c in: khng thi gian phng ca thuyt tng i hp (tng i khng c hp dn) khng cho php du hnh thi gian v cng khng cho php khng thi gian b b cong m ta bit trc y. Chnh v th m Einstein rt sng st khi Kurt Godel pht hin ra mt khng thi gian mt v tr trn y vt cht ang quay vi cc chu trnh thi gian xuyn qua ti mi im (hnh 5.4) l nh l Godel. Li gii Godel cn mt hng s v tr, hng s c th hoc khng th tn ti trong t nhin, nhng ri cc li gii khc c tm thy m khng cn mt hng s v tr. Mt trng hp c bit l th l trng hp khi hai dy v tr (cosmic string) chuyn ng vi tc cao i qua nhau. Khng nn nhm ln cc dy v tr vi cc dy ca l thuyt dy

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mc d chng khng phi l hon ton khng c lin h g vi nhau. Chng l cc vt th c di vi thit din rt nh. S c mt ca chng c tin on trong mt s l thuyt ht s cp. Khng thi gian bn ngoi mt dy v tr n l phng. Nhng l mt khng thi gian phng vi mt gc hnh ci nm b ct i, u nhn ca ci nm l dy v tr. N ging nh mt ci nn: ly mt hnh trn ln bng giy v ct i mt cung trn ging nh ct i mt gc bnh ngt, ta c mt gc bnh hnh ci nm vi cnh nhn ca ming bnh chnh l tm ca hnh trn. Sau vt phn cung trn b ct i v dn hai ng ct ca phn giy cn li vi nhau v bn s c mt ci nn. Ci nn ny biu din khng thi gian m trong dy v tr tn ti (hnh 5.5). Lu rng v b mt ca nn chnh l tm giy phng ban u (tr i phn giy hnh ci nm), bn vn c th gi n l phng ngoi tr ci nh. Bn c th nhn ra rng c cong nh nn nh vo mt hnh trn xung quanh nh nn c ng knh nh hn hnh trn c v trn tm giy trn ban u vi cng khong cch t tm hnh trn. Ni cch khc, mt hnh trn xung quanh nh s c chu vi ngn hn hnh trn c cng bn knh c v trn khng gian phng v mt cung trn ca n b mt i (hnh 5.6). Tng t nh vy, trong trng hp dy v tr, phn khng thi gian hnh ci nm b ct khi khng thi gian phng lm ngn i cc hnh trn xung quanh dy v tr nhng khng nh hng n thi gian v khong cch dc theo cc dy . iu ny c ngha l khng thi gian xung quanh mt dy v tr n l s khng c bt k chu trnh thi gian no, th nn ta khng th du hnh v qu kh. Tuy nhin, nu c mt dy v tr th hai chuyn ng tng i vi chic dy th nht th hng thi gian ca dy th hai s l t hp ca cc hng thi gian v khng gian ca dy th nht. Tc l, phn khng gian hnh ci nm c ct t ci dy th hai s lm ngn i khong thi gian v khng gian i vi ai chuyn ng cng ci dy th nht (hnh 5.7). Nu cc dy v tr chuyn ng vi vn tc gn bng vn tc nh sng tng i vi nhau th khong thi gian tit kim c xung quanh c hai dy c th ln n mc ta c th tr v trc khi ta c gi i. Ni cch khc, s c cc chu trnh thi gian m ta c th theo n m du hnh v qu kh. Khng thi gian ca cc giy v tr c cha vt cht vi mt nng lng dng v ph hp vi nn vt l m ta bit. Tuy vy,
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(Hnh 5.5)

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(Hnh 5.6) Cc gc hnh nm b ct khi khng thi gian c cc cnh khng song song Dy v tr

y x

Mt gc ca mt dy v tr lm ngn i khong cch ca phn cn li nhng thi gian khng b nh hng.

(Hnh 5.7)

Mt gc b ct t mt dy v tr chuyn ng khc cng s lm ngn i khong cch trong khng gian v thi gian ca dy v tr th nht

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CHN TRI DU HNH THI GIAN PHT X HU HN

chn tri du hnh thi gian

Tt c cc tia sng trong chn tri du hnh thi gian n t vng mt cao ny

S
(Hnh 5.8) Nn vn minh tin tin nht c th b cong khng thi gian trong mt vng hu hn. Chn tri du hnh thi gian l bin gii ngn cch vng khng thi gian, n c hnh thnh bi cc tia sng pht ra t cc vng hu hn. Trong vng , ta c th du hnh vo qu kh.

s cong ca khng thi gian m to nn cc chu trnh thi gian tri di cho n v tn trong khng gian v tr li n qu kh v tn trong thi gian. Do vy, ta c th du hnh thi gian trong cc khng thi gian t khi chng c to ra. Ta khng c l do g tin rng v tr ca ring chng ta c to ra theo mt cch b b cong nh vy, v chng ta cng khng c cc bng chng ng tin cy v cc v khch ca tng lai (Ti khng tnh n gi thuyt im lng cho rng cc a bay UFO n t tng lai v cc chnh ph bit nhng che du i. H s che giu chuyn khng th kn nh th c). Do , ti s gi thit rng khng c cc chu trnh thi gian trong qu kh xa xi, hay l mt cch chnh xc hn, khng c cc chu trnh thi gian trong qu kh ca mt s mt phng trong khng thi gian m ti gi l S. Lc cu hi s l: liu cc nn vn minh tin tin c th xy dng mt chic my thi gian hay khng? Tc l liu n c th thay i khng thi gian ca tng lai ca S (pha trn mt S trn gin ), lm cho cc chu trnh thi gian c xut hin trong mt vng hu hn hay khng? Ti ni mt vng hu hn bi v d nn vn minh c tr thnh tin tin n bao nhiu i chng na th nn vn minh c l ch c th iu khin mt phn hu hn ca v tr m thi. Trong khoa hc, vic trnh by mt cch chnh xc mt vn thng l cha kha gii quyt vn , v y l mt v d tt. nh ngha my thi gian hu hn c ngha g, ti quay tr li vi mt s cng trnh trc y ca ti. C th du hnh thi gian trong mt vng khng thi gian c cc chu trnh thi gian cc l trnh chuyn ng chm hn tc nh sng, nhng tuy vy, chng li c th tr li thi gian v a im m chng khi u nh vo cong

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ca khng thi gian. V ti gi thit rng khng c cc chu trnh thi gian trong khng gian xa xi, nn cn phi c mt ci gi l chn tri du hnh thi gian (time travel horizon) bin gii phn cch vng c v khng c chu trnh thi gian (hnh 5.8). Cc chn tri du hnh thi gian kh ging cc chn tri h en. Trong khi chn tri h en c hnh thnh bi cc tia sng sut b ri vo h en th chn tri du hnh thi gian c hnh thnh bi cc tia sng sut gp nhau. Vy nn ti chn tiu chun ca ti v my thi gian ci m ti gi l chn tri pht sinh hu hn (nitly generated horizon) l mt chn tri c hnh thnh bi cc tia sng xut hin t mt vng khng thi gian b buc. Ni cch khc, cc tia sng khng n t v tn hoc t im k d m t mt vng hu hn c cha cc chu trnh thi gian vng khng thi gian m ta gi thit nn vn minh tin tin ca chng ta c sinh ra. Khi chn nh ngha ny lm c s ca my thi gian, chng ta c li th c th s dng chic my m Roger Penrose v ti pht trin nghin cu cc k d v cc h en. Thm ch khng s dng cc phng trnh Einstein, ti c th chng minh rng, ni chung, mt chn tri pht sinh hu hn s c cha mt tia sng m thc ra t gp chnh n tc l mt tia sng c chuyn ng vng quanh mt im. Mi ln tia sng quay li n s b dch chuyn v pha nh sng xanh, v dn dn n s tr ln xanh hn. Cc nh sng ca xung nh sng s dn dn gn nhau hn v nh sng s quay vng trong mt khong thi gian ngn hn. Trn thc t, mt ht nh sng ch c mt lch s hu hn v c xc nh bi php o thi gian ring ca n, mc d n chuyn ng vng quanh trong mt vng khng thi gian hu hn v khng va phi mt im k d.
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Cu hi l: mt s nn vn minh tin tin c th xy c my thi gian hay khng?

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Ngi ta c th khng quan tm n chuyn mt ht nh sng c chm dt lch s ca n hay khng. Nhng ti vn c th chng minh rng c nhng l trnh chuyn ng chm hn vn tc nh sng v c thi gian sng hu hn. Cc l trnh ny c th l nhng lch s ca ngi quan st, ngi quan st li b by trong mt vng khng thi gian hu hn ngay trc chn tri v s bay vng quanh, nhanh dn nhanh dn cho n khi t n tc nh sng trong mt thi gian hu hn. Do , nu c mt ngi ngoi hnh tinh xinh p trong mt a bay mi bn vo chic my thi gian ca c ta th bn phi cn thn khi bc chn vo y. Bn c th b ri vo mt trong nhng lch s tun hon b by c thi gian hu hn (hnh 5.9).
(Hnh 5.9, pha trn) S nguy him khi du hnh thi gian. (Hnh 5.10, trang k) Vic tin on h en pht x v mt i khi lng ng rng thuyt lng t to ra cc nng lng m i vo h en qua chn tri s kin. i vi h en co li n khng, mt nng lng trn chn tri s kin phi l m, l du hiu cn c xy dng my thi gian.

Cc kt qu ny khng ph thuc vo cc phng trnh Einstein m ch ph thuc vo cch m khng thi gian b cong to ra cc chu trnh thi gian trong mt vng hu hn. Tuy nhin, by gi chng ta c th hi liu nn vn minh tin tin phi s dng loi vt cht g b cong khng thi gian c th xy dng c mt chic my thi gian c kch thc hu hn? Vt cht c th c mt nng lng dng khp ni ging nh trong khng thi gian dy v tr m ti m t trc y hay khng? Khng thi gian dy v tr khng tha mn yu cu ca ti l cc chu trnh thi gian xut hin trong mt vng hu hn. Tuy nhin, ngi ta c th ngh rng yu cu ch l do cc dy v tr di v hn. Ngi ta c th tng tng rng ngi ta c th xy mt ci my thi gian hu hn s dng cc vng dy v tr hu hn v c mt nng lng dng khp mi ni. Tht ng tic khi phi lm tht vng nhng ngi mun quay li qu kh ging nh Kip, nhng iu khng th thc hin c khi m mt nng lng l dng khp mi ni. Ti c th chng minh rng, xy mt my thi gian hu hn, bn cn nng lng m. Trong l thuyt c in th mt nng lng lun lun dng, do , loi tr my thi gian vi kch thc hu hn ra khi mc ny. Tuy nhin, tnh hung li khc trong l thuyt bn c in, khi m ta coi vt cht tun theo thuyt lng t nhng khng thi gian li tt nh v c in. Nh chng ta thy, nguyn l bt nh ca c hc lng t ni rng cc trng lun thng ging ln xung ngay c trong chn khng v c mt nng lng v hn. Do , ta phi loi tr i lng v hn nhn c mt nng lng hu hn m ta quan st c trong v tr. Vic loi tr ny c th lm nng lng m, t nht l m cc b. Ngay c trong khng gian

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(Hnh 5.11)

phng, ta c th tm thy cc trng thi lng t c nng lng m cc b mc d nng lng ton phn l dng. Ta c th t hi l cc gi tr m ny c thc s lm khng thi gian b b cong mt cch thch hp xy mt my thi gian hu hn hay khng, dng nh l c. Nh chng ta thy trong chng 4, thng ging lng t c ngha l ngay trong chn khng trng rng cng y p cc cp ht o, cng xut hin, ri xa nhau ri quay tr li hy ln nhau (hnh 5.10). Mt thnh vin ca cp ht o c nng lng dng v thnh vin kia c nng lng m. Khi c mt h en thnh vin c nng lng m c th b ri vo h en v thnh vin c nng lng dng c th thot vo v tn, , thnh vin c nng lng dng c quan st nh l bc x mang nng lng dng ra khi h en. Cc ht c nng lng m ri vo h en s lm cho h en mt khi lng v t t bay hi, kch thc ca chn tri s kin s b suy gim (hnh 5.11). Vt cht thng vi mt nng lng dng gy ra hiu ng hp dn m v b cong khng thi gian lm cho c tia sng i li gn nhau ging nh hn bi trn tm cao su trong chng hai b cong ng i ca cc hn bi nh hn li gn nhau ch khng bao gi lm cho chng xa nhau.
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Hy

Phn ht Sinh

Ht

(Hnh 5.10) Trang 145

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iu ny ng rng din tch ca chn tri h en lun tng theo thi gian ch khng bao gi b gim i. i vi chn tri ca h en ang gim kch thc th mt nng lng trn chn tri phi l m v b cong khng thi gian lm cho cc tia sng i ra xa nhau. l iu ti nhn ra u tin khi ti i v bung ng ngay sau khi con gi ti ra i. Ti s khng ni khi cch y bao lu, ch bit rng nay ti c chu ngoi ri. Vic cc h en bay hi cho thy rng trn mc lng t, i khi mt nng lng c th l m v lm b cong khng thi gian theo hng cn thit xy dng mt my thi gian. Do chng ta c th tng tng rng, mt s nn vn minh rt cao c th b tr mt nng lng m to nn mt my thi gian c th s dng cho cc vt th v m nh l cc phi thuyn. Tuy nhin, c mt s khc bit quan trng gia chn tri h en c hnh thnh bi cc tia sng bay vng quanh h en, v chn tri ca my thi gian c cha cc tia sng chuyn ng vng. Do , ta c th trng i mt nng lng v hn trn chn tri bin ca my thi gian vng khng thi gian m ta c th i v qu kh. iu ny c xc nh bi cc tnh ton rt tng minh trn mt s nn tng n gin cho cc tnh ton chnh xc. iu c ngha l mt ngi hay mt my d khng gian khi th vt qua chn tri i vo trong my thi gian s b ph hy bi mt vnh ai bc x (hnh 5.12). Nn tng lai c v nh l mt mu en vi vic du hnh thi gian hay l mt mu trng cht chc nh? Mt nng lng ca vt cht ph thuc vo trng thi ca n nn c th mt nn vn minh tin tin c kh nng to ra mt vt cht hu hn trn bin ca my thi gian bng vic vt b hoc loi tr cc ht o chuyn ng vng quanh trong mt chu trnh kn. Tuy vy, vn cha r mt chic my thi gian nh th c th n nh hay khng: mt nhiu lon nh nht nh l vic ai i ngang qua chn tri vo trong my thi gian s lm tng cc ht o chuyn ng tun hon v khi ng vnh ai nh sng. y l mt cu hi m
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Chu ngoi ti, William Mackenzie Smith.

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(Hnh 5.12)

cc nh vt l nn t do tho lun, khng nn ci khinh thng. Thm ch ngay c khi du hnh thi gian l bt kh th th vic tm hiu ti sao n bt kh th l iu rt quan trng. tr li dt khot cu hi ny chng ta cn xem xt cc thng ging lng t khng ch ca cc trng vt cht m c ca bn thn thi gian na. Ta c th trng i cc thng ging gy ra mt m nht nh trong cc l trnh thi gian v trong ton b khi nim thi gian trt t. Thc vy, ta c th coi bc x t cc h en ging nh mt s r g ra ngoi nh cc thng ging lng t ca khng thi gian, c ngha l chn tri khng hon ton xc nh mt cch chnh xc. V chng ta vn cha c mt l thuyt hp dn lng t hon thin nn tht kh c th ni cc hiu ng ca thng ging khng thi gian l g. Tuy nhin, chng ta c th hy vng c c mt s gi t tng theo cc lch s ca Feynman m c m t trong chng 3.
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Ta c th b mt vnh ai bc x xa s khi bc chn vo chn tri du hnh thi gian.

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Chu trnh kn Cc lch s ca ht L trnh ca ht i ngc thi gian theo mt chu trnh

THI GIAN

Ht TNG THEO CC LCH S

KHNG GIAN (Hnh 5.13) Ly tng theo cc lch s ca Feynman tnh n cc lch s trong cc ht quay ngc li thi gian v ngay c cc lch s l cc vng ng trong thi gian v khng gian.

Mi lch s s c mt khng thi gian cong vi cc trng vt cht trong . V chng ta gi thit ly tng theo tt c cc lch s kh d, khng ch cc lch s tha mn mt s phng trnh m tng cn bao gm cc khng thi gian cong du hnh v qu kh (hnh 5.13). Do , cu hi l ti sao du hnh thi gian khng xy ra khp ni? Cu tr li l thc ra du hnh thi gian xy ra cp vi m, nhng chng ta khng ch n n. Nu ngi ta p dng tng ly tng theo cc lch s ca Feynman i vi mt ht, ngi ta phi ly c cc lch s trong cc ht chuyn ng nhanh hn nh sng thm ch cn i ngc thi gian. c bit l s c cc lch s m trong cc ht chuyn ng vng quanh theo nhng chu trnh kn trong thi gian v khng gian. iu ny ging nh trong phim Groundbog Day, trong mt phng vin phi sng trong mt ngy c lp i lp li nhiu ln (hnh 5.14). Ngi ta khng th quan st mt cch trc tip cc ht vi cc lch s c chu trnh kn nh th bng cc my o ht. Tuy vy, cc hiu ng gin tip ca chng c thy trong rt nhiu th nghim. Mt trong nhng th nghim l c mt dch chuyn nh trong

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Ht i xui thi gian

Ht i ngc thi gian

THI GIAN

KHNG GIAN

(Hnh 5.14)

nh sng pht ra t cc nguyn t hydro, gy ra bi cc in t chuyn ng trong cc chu trnh kn. Mt th nghim khc na l c mt lc nh xut hin gia cc tm kim loi song song gy ra do c t hn cc lch s chu trnh kn c th khp vo gia cc tm kim loi so vi cc vng bn ngoi l mt li gii thch tng ng khc cho hiu ng Casimir. Vy nn s tn ti ca cc lch s chu trnh kn c khng nh bng thc nghim (hnh 5.15). Ngi ta c th nghi ng vic cc lch s chu trnh kn liu c lin quan g n vic b cong khng thi gian hay khng v chng xut hin ngay c trong khung nn c nh nh l khng gian phng. Nhng nhng nm gn y chng ta tm ra rng cc hin tng vt l thng c th c m t theo hai cch tng ng nhau. Ngi ta hon ton c th ni rng mt ht chuyn ng trn mt chu trnh kn trong mt khung nn c nh hoc ngi ta cng c th ni rng ht nm trong trng thi c nh v khng gian v thi gian thng ging xung quanh n. Cu hi ch l bn ly tng theo cc l trnh ca ht trc ri sau ly tng theo khng thi gian cong hoc ngc li.
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(Hnh 5.15)

Cc chu trnh kn

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Vy nn, dng nh thuyt lng t cho php du hnh thi gian cp vi m. Nhng iu ny khng c nhiu tc dng lm vi mc ch vin tng khoa hc nh l vic quay li qu kh v git ngi ng chng hn. Vy cu hi l: xc xut trong vic ly tng theo cc lch s xung quanh khng thi gian vi cc chu trnh thi gian v m c cao hay khng? Ngi ta c th xem xt cu hi ny khi nghin cu tng theo cc lch s ca cc trng vt cht trong mt chui cc khng thi gian nn (background spacetime) ang xch li gn nhau c cc chu trnh thi gian. Ngi ta trng i ci g kch tnh xy ra khi cc chu trnh thi gian xut hin u tin, v iu ny c xc nhn trong mt th nghim n gin m ti kho cu vi mt sinh vin ca ti l Micheal Cassidy. Cc khng thi gian nn trong chui m ti nghin cu c lin h rt mt thit i vi ci c gi l v tr Einstein, khng thi gian m Einstein a ra khi ng tin rng v tr l tnh ti v khng i theo thi gian, khng gin n m cng khng co li (xem chng 1). Trong v tr ca Einstein, thi gian chy t qu kh v cng n tng lai v cng. Tuy nhin, cc hng khng gian li hu hn v t ng, ging nh b mt tri t nhng c nhiu hn mt chiu. Ta c th mng tng khng thi gian ny ging nh mt hnh tr vi trc thng ng l hng thi gian v mt ct l ba chiu ca khng gian (hnh 5.16). V tr ca Einstein khng th hin v tr m chng ta ang sng v n khng gin n. Tuy vy, n l mt khung nn rt thun tin trong vic s dng khi nghin cu du hnh thi gian v v tr n gin khi ta ly tng theo cc lch s. By gi ta b qua chuyn du hnh thi gian, hy xem xt vt cht trong v tr ca Einstein quay xung quanh mt s trc no . Nu bn ng trn mt ci trc quay, bn c th vn ti mt im trong khng gian, ging nh bn ng trung tm ca tr tri nga quay ca tr con. Nhng nu bn khng ng tm th bn s chuyn ng trong khng gian khi bn quay quanh trc. Bn cng xa trc quay th bn chuyn ng cng nhanh (hnh 5.17). Do , nu v tr l v hn trong khng gian, th cc im xa trc quay s quay nhanh hn vn tc nh sng. Tuy nhin, v v tr ca Einstein l hu hn theo cc hng trong khng gian, nn s c mt tc quay ti hn m di n khng c phn no ca v tr quay nhanh hn vn tc nh sng.

THI GIAN

KHNG GIAN

(Hnh 5.16) V tr ca Einstein ging nh mt hnh tr, n hu hn theo khng gian v khng i theo thi gian, mi ni trong v tr c th quay vi tc nh hn tc nh sng.

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QUAY TRONG KHNG GIAN PHNG Quanh chm hn vn tc nh sng

Trc quay

Quanh nhanh hn vn tc nh sng

By gi ta hy nghin cu vic ly tng theo cc lch s ht trong mt v tr Einstein quay. Khi quay chm, mt ht c th theo rt nhiu l trnh khi dng mt lng nng lng cho. Do , tng theo tt c cc lch s ca ht trong khung nn ny s c bin ln. iu ny mun ni rng xc xut ca khung nn ny s cao khi ly tng theo tt c lch s khng thi gian b un cong tc l, n l mt trong nhng lch s c xc xut cao hn. Tuy vy, khi tc quay ca v tr Einstein t n gi tr ti hn, th ra ngoi ca v tr chuyn ng vi vn tc tin n vn tc nh sng. Ch c mt l trnh c php trong khun kh c in trn ra v tr, l l trnh cho ht chuyn ng vi vn tc nh sng. iu ny c ngha l tng theo tt c cc lch s ht s nh nn xc xut ca cc khung nn ny s thp hn xc xut khi ly tng theo tt c cc lch s khng gian cong. Tc l, chng c xc xut thp nht.
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(Hnh 5.17) Trong khng gian phng, phn xa trc quay ca mt a cng c th quay nhanh hn vn tc nh sng.

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(Hnh 5.18) V TR C VNG THI GIAN NG V tr gin n theo hng ny V tr khng gin n theo hng ny

Cng gia tng vn tc theo chiu thng ng

V tr Einstein quay th c lin quan g n du hnh thi gian v cc chu trnh thi gian? Cu tr li l v mt ton hc chng tng ng vi cc khung nn khc cho php tn ti cc chu trnh thi gian. Cc khung nn khc ny l cc v tr ang gin n theo hai chiu khng gian. V tr khng gin n theo chiu th ba m chiu ny l tun hon. iu ni rng nu bn i mt khong cch nht nh theo chiu ny th bn s quay tr li ni bn xut pht. Tuy vy, mi ln bn i vng quanh theo chiu khng gian th ba ny th tc ca bn trong chiu th nht v th hai s c tng thm (hnh 5.18). Nu s gia tc ny nh th s khng c cc chu trnh thi gian. Nhng hy xem xt mt chui cc khung nn vi gia tc tng dn. Ti mt gia tc ti hn nht nh, cc chu trnh thi gian s xut hin. iu d hiu l s gia tc ti hn ny tng ng vi tc quay ti hn ca cc v tr Einstein. V cc tnh ton tng theo cc lch s trong cc khung nn ny l tng ng nhau v mt ton hc nn ta c
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th kt lun rng xc xut ca cc khung nn ny tin n khng khi chng tin n cong cn thit cho cc chu trnh thi gian. Ni cch khc, xc xut c cong cho mt my thi gian l bng khng. iu ny cng c ci m ti gi l Gi nh bo ton lch s (Chronology Protection Conjecture): l cc nh lut vt l c gng trnh du hnh thi gian i vi cc vt th v m. Mc d cc chu trnh thi gian c th xy ra nh vic ly tng theo cc lch s, nhng cc xc xut li cc k nh. Da trn lun c lng tnh ti ni trc y, ti c tnh xc xut m Kip Thorne c th quay li v git cht ngi ng ca anh ta l mt phn mi t t t t t t t t t t. y l mt con s rt nh, nhng nu bn nhn gn vo bc tranh ca Kip th bn c th nhn thy nhng ng m ra bc tranh. N tng ng vi xc sut khi mt k v li no t tng lai quay li qu kh v git cht ngi ng ca anh ta anh ta khng th c mt y c na. Nh nhng tay c bc, Kip v ti nh bc v iu . Nhng vn l chng ti khng th c cc vi nhau v by gi chng ti cng mt pha. Mt khc, ti s khng nh bc vi bt k ai na. Anh ta c th n t tng lai v bit rng my thi gian hot ng. Bn c th t hi chng sch ny c phi l mt phn bin php che y my thi gian ca chnh ph hay khng. C th bn ng y.

Xc sut m Kip c th quay li qu kh v git ngi ng ca anh ta l mt phn mi m mi m su mi 60 (1/1010 ). Ni cch khc xc sut nh hn mt phn ngn t ngn t ngn t ngn t ngn t.

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