CH 7

CHNG 7
T H G I I MNG
Chng ta sng trn mt mng hay chng ta ch l mt nh a chiu?
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com
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(Hnh 7.1) Thuyt-M ging nh mt tm hnh ghp. Ta c th d dng nhn ra v xp cc mu phn bin ca n nhng chng ta khng bit nhiu v nhng g xy ra phn gia, chng ta khng th ly gn ng v cc i lng c gi tr rt nh. Trang 174
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huyn du hnh khm ph ca chng ta trong tng lai s tip tc nh th no? Chng ta s thnh cng trong vic truy lng mt l thuyt thng nht hon ton iu khin v tr ny v mi th trong hay khng? Thc ra, nh m t trong chng 2, chng ta c th ng nht L thuyt v vn vt (Theory of Everything ToE) l l thuyt-M. L thuyt ny khng c mt m t n nht, t nht l vi hiu bit ca chng ta hin nay. Thay vo , chng ta tm thy mt mng li cc l thuyt khc hn nhau. Tt c cc l thuyt dng nh l cc l thuyt gn ng theo cc gii hn khc nhau ca cng mt l thuyt c bn ng sau ging nh l thuyt hp dn ca Newton l mt l thuyt gn ng ca l thuyt tng i rng ca Einstein trong gii hn trng hp dn yu. Thuyt-M ging nh mt tr chi ghp hnh: vic nhn dng v xp cc mu ra ca tm hnh l d nht. Ra ca tm hnh tng ng vi cc gii hn ca thuyt-M trong mt s cc i lng c gi tr nh. By gi chng ta c mt khi nim tng i tt v cc ra ny nhng vn c mt khong trng tm ca tm hnh thuyt-M, , chng ta khng bit iu g ang xy ra (hnh 7.1). Chng ta khng th ni l chng ta tm ra L thuyt v vn vt cho n khi chng ta lp y kho ny. Ci g tm ca thuyt-M? Chng ta s tm thy mt con rng (hoc mt ci g cng k l nh th) ging nh trn cc bn c v cc vng t cha c khm ph? Kinh nghim ca chng ta trong qu kh cho thy c th chng ta tm thy cc hin tng mi khng nh trng i khi chng ta m rng tm quan st vo cc nc thang nh hn. Vo u th k hai mi, chng ta hiu qu trnh vn hnh ca t nhin trn nc thang vt l c in, n ng n t khong cch gia cc thin cu cho n khong mt phn trm mili mt. Vt l c in gi thit rng vt cht l mt mi trng
Kiu IIB Kiu I Kiu IIA
Heterotic-0
Heterotic-E
Siu hp dn 11 chiu
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(Hnh 7.2) Hnh th nht bn phi: M hnh nguyn t v hnh c in Hnh th hai bn phi: Nguyn t vi cc in t quay xung quanh ht nhn c to thnh t cc neutron v proton.
lin tc vi cc tnh cht nh l do v nht, nhng cc bng chng bt u xut hin cho thy rng vt cht khng lin tc m gin on: chng c to thnh t nhng n v nh ly ti c gi l nguyn t. T nguyn t bt ngun t ting Hy Lp v c ngha l khng th phn chia, nhng ngay sau ngi ta thy rng cc nguyn t bao gm cc in t quay xung quanh ht nhn c to thnh t proton v neutron (hnh 7.2). Nghin cu v vt l nguyn t trong ba mi nm u ca th k trc cho chng ta hiu bit n di mt phn triu mili mt. Sau chng ta pht hin ra rng proton v neutron c to thnh t cc ht cn nh hn c gi l quark (hnh 7.3). Cc nghin cu gn y ca chng ta v vt l ht nhn v vt l nng lng cao dn chng ta ti cc nc thang cn nh hn mt phn t mili mt. Dng nh chng ta c th tip tc mi mi, pht hin ra cc cu trc trn cc nc thang nh hn v nh hn. Tuy nhin, c mt gii hn cho ci chui ny ging nh c mt gii hn cho cc con bp b lng trong nhau ca ngi Nga (hnh 7.4). Cui cng, khi ta cm n con bp b nh nht, n khng c to thnh t con no khc na. Trong vt l, con bp b nh nht c gi l di Plank. Vic d n cc khong cch ngn hn i hi cc ht c nng lng cao ging cc ht trong cc h en. Chng ta khng bit chnh xc di Plank c bn trong thuyt-M, nhng c th n ch b bng mt mili mt c chia thnh mt trm ngn t t t ln. Chng ta s khng c nh xy cc my gia tc ht c th d n cc di nh nh th. Chng phi ln hn h mt
(Hnh 7.3) Trn: Mt proton gm c hai quark thun (mi mt quark c in tch bng hai phn ba) v mt quark nghch (mi mt quark c in tch bng m mt phn ba). Di: Mt neutron gm hai quark nghch (mi mt quark c in tch bng m mt phn ba) v mt quark thun (mi mt quark c in tch bng hai phn ba). Trang 176
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Vt l c in
Vt l ht nhn Vt l nguyn t
L thuyt thng nht ln
di Plank: Thuyt-M?
0,00000000000000000000000000000000001616 mm
(Hnh 7.4) Mi con bp b i din cho mt m hnh l thuyt v t nhin cho n mt gii hn nht nh. Mi mt con li gm mt con khc nh hn tng ng vi mt l thuyt m t t nhin ti cc khong cch ngn hn. Nhng trong vt l, c mt di c bn nh nht, l di Plank, ti cc khong cch , t nhin c th c biu din bng thuyt-M.
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(Hnh 7.5) Kch thc ca mt my gia tc c th thm d cc khong cch nh nh di Plank c th ln hn ng knh ca h mt tri.
tri v chc chn l chng khng c thng qua trong bi cnh ti chnh hin nay (hnh 7.5). Tuy nhin, c mt bc pht trin mi rt th v cho php chng ta c th khm ph mt cch d dng hn (v r hn) t nht mt vi con rng ca thuyt-M. Nh gii thch trong chng 2 v 3, trong mng li cc m hnh ton hc ca thuyt-M, khng thi gian c mi hoc mi mt chiu. Cho n gn y ngi ta vn ngh l su hoc by chiu b sung b cun li rt nh. N ging nh si tc ca con ngi (hnh 7.6). Nu bn nhn vo mt si tc di mt ci knh lp, bn c th thy n c mt dy, nhng di mt thng, n ging nh mt ng ch c di m khng c cc chiu khc. Khng thi gian c th tng t nh th: trn nc thang kch thc con ngi, nguyn t hoc thm ch ht nhn, khng thi gian ging nh l c bn chiu v gn nh phng. Mt khc nu chng ta d ti cc khong cch rt ngn s dng cc ht nng lng cc cao, chng ta c th thy khng thi gian l mi hoc mi mt chiu.
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Khi my d c nng lng cao, chng c th tit l khng thi gian l a chiu
(Hnh 7.6) Di mt thng th mt si tc ging nh mt ng vi mt chiu. Tng t nh th, vi chng ta, khng thi gian c v nh l bn chiu nhng chng s l mi hay mi mt chiu khi d bng cc ht nng lng rt cao.
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(Hnh 7.7) TH GII MNG Lc in b gii hn trn mng v n s suy gim vi mt tc va phi cc in t c cc qu o n nh xung quanh ht nhn ca cc nguyn t.
Nu cc chiu b sung ny rt nh th rt kh c th quan st c chng. Tuy vy, gn y c gi rng c mt hoc nhiu hn mt chiu c th kh ln hoc thm ch l v hn. tng ny l mt li th rt ln (ch t l i vi mt ngi theo ch ngha thc chng nh ti) l n c th c kim nghim bng th h tip theo ca cc my gia tc ht hoc bng cc php o lc hp dn tm ngn rt nhy. Cc php o nh vy c th tha mn c l thuyt hoc l khng nh bng thc nghim s tn ti ca cc chiu khc. Cc chiu b sung ln l mt bc pht trin mi th v trong nghin cu ca chng ta v m hnh hay l thuyt cui cng. Cc chiu ng rng chng ta ang sng trong mt th gii mng (brane world), mt mt phng hay mt mng bn chiu trong mt khng thi gian c s chiu nhiu hn th. Vt cht v cc lc phi hp dn nh l lc in t b gii hn trn mng ny. Do , tt c ngoi tr hp dn hnh x nh l chng
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trong bn chiu. c bit l lc in gia ht nhn ca nguyn t v in t quay xung quanh n s gim nhanh theo khong cch vi mt tc va phi cc nguyn t n nh khng cho in t ri vo ht nhn (hnh 7.7). iu ny ph hp vi nguyn l v nhn l v tr cn phi ph hp cho sinh vt c tr tu: nu nguyn t khng n nh th chng ta khng th y quan st v tr v hi ti sao n li th hin bn chiu. Mt khc, hp dn trong hnh dng khng thi gian cong s thm vo ton b khng thi gian vi nhiu chiu hn. iu ny c ngha l hp dn s hnh x khc hn vi cc lc khc m chng ta tri nghim: v hp dn c th lan truyn theo cc chiu b sung nn n s suy gim theo khong cch nhanh hn l ta trng i (hnh 7.8). Nu s suy gim nhanh ca lc hp dn m rng n khong cch
(Hnh 7.8) Hp dn tri rng theo cc chiu b sung v c tc ng dc trn mng v s suy gim theo khong cch nhanh hn l s suy gim khi hp dn trong khng thi gian c bn chiu.
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(a)
(b)
(Hnh 7.9) Lc hp dn suy gim theo khong cch nhanh hn th qu o ca cc hnh tinh s bt n nh. Cc hnh tinh hoc l s ri vo mt tri (a) hoc l s thot khi sc ht ca mt tri (b).
v tr th chng ta s thy cc hiu ng ca n trn qu o ca cc hnh tinh. Thc ra cc qu o s khng bn v nh nhn xt chng 3: cc hnh tinh hoc l s ri vo mt tri hoc l s thot vo khong khng ti tm lnh lo gia cc v sao (hnh 7.9). Tuy nhin iu ny s khng xy ra nu cc chiu b sung kt thc trn mt mng khc khng qu xa mng m chng ta ang sng. Th th vi cc khong cch ln hn khong cch gia cc mng th hp dn khng th lan truyn mt cch t do m thc s b gii hn vo mt phng ging nh lc in v suy gim vi mt tc va phi cc hnh tinh quay quanh mt tri (hnh 7.10). Mt khc, i vi cc khong cch nh hn khong cch gia cc mng, hp dn suy gim nhanh hn rt nhiu. Lc hp dn rt nh gia cc vt nng c o mt cch chnh xc trong phng th
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Cc chiu b sung (Hnh 7.10) Mt mng th hai gn th gii mng s lm cho lc hp dn khng lan xa theo cc chiu b sung, iu c ngha l ti cc khong cch ln hn khong cc mng, lc hp dn s suy gim vi mt tc m ta mong i cho trng hp bn chiu.
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(Hnh 7.11) TH NGHIM CAVENDISH Mt chm laser (e) xc nh bt k s xon ca cnh tay n (b) v n c chiu ln mn hnh o (f). Hai qu cu ch nh (a) gn vo hai bn cnh tay n (b). Trn cnh tay n c mt ci gng nh (c) v cnh tay n c treo t do bng mt si dy xon (d). Hai qu cu ch ln (g) gn vi nhau bng mt thanh cn bng c th quay c v chng c t gn hai qu cu ch nh. Khi hai qu cu ch ln quay ti v tr i din th cnh tay n (b) s thit lp mt v tr mi.
nghim nhng cho n nay cc thc nghim vn cha quan st c cc hiu ng ca cc mng phn cch nhau mt khong nh hn mt vi mili mt (hnh 7.11). Trong cc mng v tr ny, chng ta ang sng trn mt mng nhng c l l c mt mng bng (shadow) khc gn mng ca chng ta. V nh sng b gii hn trn cc mng v khng th lan truyn xuyn qua khong cch gia chng nn chng ta khng th nhn thy v tr bng . Nhng chng ta c th cm thy nh hng hp dn ca vt cht ln mng bng. Trong mng ca chng ta, ta thy cc lc hp dn nh th c to ra bi cc ngun thc s ti m ch c mt cch duy nht bit c n l thng qua hp dn ca chng (hnh 7.12). Thc ra gii thch tc quay ca cc v sao xung quanh tm ca di ngn h th xem ra cn phi c mt lng vt cht nhiu hn vt cht m chng ta quan st thy.
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(Hnh 7.12) Trong kch bn th gii mng, cc hnh tinh c th quay xung quanh mt khi lng ti trn mng bng v lc hp dn lan theo cc chiu b sung.
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BNG CHNG V VT CHT TI t nhiu cc quan st v tr khc nhau gi rng, trong thin h ca chng ta v trong cc thin h khc, vt cht nhiu hn chng ta nhn thy rt nhiu. Quan st thuyt phc nht l cc ngi sao ngoi ra cc thin h xoy c nh Ngn h ca chng ta quay qu nhanh, nu ch nhng ngi sao m chng ta nhn thy th khng th gi chng trn cc qu o c (xem hnh bn). T nhng nm 1970, chng ta thy c mt s chnh lch gia vn tc quay ca cc ngi sao vng ra ca cc thin h hnh xoy c (biu din bng cc ng chm trn gin ) v vn tc quay theo cc nh lut chuyn ng ca Newton vi s phn b ca cc ngi sao kh kin trong thin h (ng cong lin nt trn gin ). S chnh lch ny cho thy cn phi c nhiu vt cht hn cc vng bin ca cc thin h xoy c.
THIN H XOY C NGC 3198 ALBADA & SANCISI 1986 NGC 3198 VN TC QUAY (KM/S)
Bn knh (kpc)
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BN CHT CA VT CHT TI Ngy nay, cc nh v tr hc tin rng phn tm ca cc thin h xoy c ch yu gm vt cht thng, nhng phn bin ca chng li ch yu gm vt cht ti m chng ta khng th nhn chng mt cch trc tip. Nhng mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht l tm ra bn cht ca vt cht ti thng tr vng bin ca cc thin h. Trc nhng nm 1980, ngi ta cho rng vt cht ti ny cng l vt cht thng to thnh t proton, neutron v in t nhng dng khng th quan st c: c th l cc m my kh, hoc cc vt th c c nng
khng pht sng MACHO (massive compact halo object) nh l cc sao ln trng, sao neutron, hoc thm ch l cc h en. Tuy nhin, cc nghin cu gn y v s hnh thnh cc thin h lm cho cc nh v tr hc tin rng mt phn ng k ca vt cht ti cn phi dng khc vt cht thng. C th xut hin t khi lng ca cc ht rt nh nh l cc ht axion hoc neutrino. Chng cn c th gm cc thc th k l hn nh l cc ht nng tng tc yu WIMP (weakly interacting massive particle) tin on t cc l thuyt ht c bn hin i, nhng ta vn cha thu c t thc nghim.
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Th gii vi chiu b sung ca con ngi khng th nm gia cc mng. (Hnh 7.13) C th chng ta khng nhn thy thin h bng trn mt mng bng v nh sng khng th truyn theo cc chiu b sung. Nhng lc hp dn th c th lan theo cc chiu , do , qu trnh quay ca thin h chng ta c th b nh hng bi vt cht ti m ta khng nhn thy c. Trang 188
Khi lng thiu ht c th l do c mt s loi ht k l trong th gii ca chng ta nh l cc ht nng tng tc yu (weakly interacting massive particles WIMP) hoc l cc ht axion (mt loi ht c bn rt nh). Nhng khi lng thiu ht ny c th l bng chng v s tn ti ca v tr bng vi vt cht trong . C th trong v tr c loi ngi cn ngh bn khon v khi lng dng nh b thiu ht trong v tr ca h gii thch qu o ca cc ngi sao bng xung quanh tm ca thin h bng (hnh 7.13).
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n tuyn ca th gii mng ca chng ta
Thay cho vic cc chiu b sung kt thc trn mt mng th hai, mt kh nng khc l cc chiu l v hn nhng b un rt cong nh mt ci yn nga (hnh 7.14). Lisa Randall v Raman Sundrum chng minh rng kiu cong th ny s hot ng kh ging mt mng th hai: nh hng hp dn ca mt vt th trn mng b gii hn trong mt ln cn nh ca mng v khng lan truyn n v tn theo cc chiu b sung. Trong m hnh mng bng, trng hp dn suy gim theo khong cch kh ln gii thch qu o ca cc hnh tinh v cc th nghim lc hp dn trong phng th nghim, nhng lc hp dn li thay i nhanh hn ti cc khong cch ngn. Tuy nhin, c mt s khc bit quan trng gia m hnh RandallSundrum v m hnh mng bng. Cc vt th chuyn ng di nh hng ca lc hp dn s to ra mt sng hp dn, nhng gn sng ca cong lan truyn trong khng thi gian vi tc nh sng.
(Hnh 7.14) Trong m hnh Randall-Sundrum, ch c mt mng (th hin trong hnh ch vi mt chiu). Cc chiu b sung m rng n v hn nhng chng b un cong nh mt chic yn nga. cong ny lm cho trng hp dn ca vt cht trn mng khng lan xa theo cc chiu b sung.
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Hai sao neutron ang tin li gn nhau theo hnh xoy c S THAY I CA CHU K QUAY CA PSR 1913+16 T NM 1975
th ca pulsar i PSR 1913+16 t nm 1975 PSR1913+16. y l mt h gm hai ngi sao neutron quay xung quanh nhau vi khong cch ga chng ch bng ng knh ca mt tri. Theo thuyt tng i rng, chuyn ng nhanh c ngha l chu k quay ca h ny s gim nhanh hn rt nhiu v phi pht ra sng hp dn rt mnh. S thay i tin on t thuyt tng i rng ph hp tuyt vi vi cc quan st rt cn thn ca Hulse v Taylor v cc thng s chuyn ng. Cc thng s ny cho thy t nm 1975 chu k quay gim i 10 giy. Nm 1993, h t gii Nobel vt l v vic khng nh thuyt tng i.
CHM SAO PULSAR I Thuyt tng i rng tin on rng cc vt th nng chuyn ng di nh hng ca trng hp dn s pht ra cc sng hp dn. Ging nh sng nh sng, cc sng hp dn cng mang nng lng khi vt th pht ra chng. Nhng tc mt nng lng rt yu v rt kh quan st. V d, vic pht ra sng hp dn s lm cho tri t dn dn ri vo mt tri theo hnh xoy c, nhng qu trnh phi mt n 1027 nm. Nhng vo nm 1975, Russell Hulse v Joseph Taylor pht hin ra chm sao pulsar i
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Ging nh sng in t nh sng, sng hp dn cng mang nng lng, mt tin on c khng nh bng cc quan st t chm pulsar i PRS1913+16. Nu thc s chng ta ang sng trn mt mng trong mt khng gian c cc chiu b sung th cc sng hp dn c to bi cc vt th chuyn ng trn mng s truyn sang cc chiu khc. Nu c mt mng bng th hai th cc sng hp dn c th b phn x tr li v b by gia hai mng. Mt khc nu ch c mt mng n nht v cc chiu b sung tri di mi mi nh trong m hnh RandallSundrum th sng hp dn c th cng thot i v mang nng lng i khi mng v tr ca chng ta (hnh 7.15).
(Hnh 7.15) Trong m hnh Randall-Sundrum, cc sng hp dn bc sng ngn c th mang nng lng ra khi ngun pht nm trn mng lm cho nh lut bo ton nng lng b vi phm.
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iu ny c v vi phm mt trong nhng nguyn l cn bn ca vt l: nh lut bo ton nng lng. Tng nng lng lun lun khng i. Tuy nhin s vi phm ch xut hin v tm nhn ca chng ta v ci ang xy ra b gii hn vo mng. Mt thin thn c th nhn thy cc chiu b sung v c th bit nng lng vn khng i m ch lan truyn i ra xa m thi. Cc sng hp dn to bi hai ngi sao quay quanh nhau c bc sng di hn rt nhiu ng knh ca cong hnh yn nga trong cc chiu b sung. iu ny c ngha l cc sng hp dn c chiu hng b giam trong mt ln cn nh ca mng ging lc hp dn v khng th lan truyn ra xa vo cc chiu b sung hoc khng th mang nng lng ra khi mng. Mt khc, cc sng hp dn c bc sng ngn hn ln m cc chiu b sung b cun li s d dng thot ra khi ln cn ca mng. Ngun duy nht c th pht ra mt lng ng k cc sng hp dn c bc sng ngn c th l cc h en. Mt h en trn mng s ko di n mt h en theo cc chiu khc. Nu h en nh th n gn nh c hnh trn; tc l n vn ti nhng khong cch trong cc chiu b sung bng kch thc ca n trn mng. Mt khc, mt h en ln trn mng s ko di thnh mt chic bnh dt, tc l n b gii hn trong mt ln cn ca mng v chiu dy (theo cc chiu b sung) nh hn rt nhiu so vi chiu rng (trn mng) (hnh 7.16). Nh gii thch trong chng 4, thuyt lng t ni rng cc h en khng phi l hon ton en: chng s pht ra tt c cc loi ht v bc x ging nh cc vt nng. Cc ht cc nh sng ta bc x (radiation-like light) s c pht ra dc theo mng v vt cht v cc lc phi hp dn nh l lc in t s b gii hn trong mng. Tuy nhin, cc h en cn pht ra sng hp dn. Cc sng ny khng b gii hn trong mng m cn c th lan truyn theo cc chiu b sung na. Nu h en m ln v c dng chic bnh dt, cc sng hp dn s gn mng. iu ny c ngha l cc h en s mt nng lng (v do mt c khi lng do phng trnh E=mc2) vi mt tc cn thit trong khng thi gian bn chiu. Vy nn cc h en s bay hi chm chp v gim kch thc cho n khi nh hn bn knh ca cong ca cc chiu b sung hnh
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(Hnh 7.16)
yn nga. Ti thi im ny cc sng hp dn thot ra t h en bt u t do thot vo cc chiu b sung. i vi mt ngi trn mng th cc h en hay l cc ngi sao ti nh Michell gi (xem chng 4) s pht ra cc bc x ti, cc bc x ny khng th quan st trc tip t mng nhng s tn ti ca n c th c suy ra t vic cc h en mt i khi lng.
Mt h en trong v tr ca chng ta nm trn mng s m rng theo cc chiu b sung. Nu h en nh th n gn nh c dng hnh trn, nhng h en ln hn trn mng s n ra thnh mt h en c hnh chic bnh trong cc chiu b sung. Trang 193
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(Hnh 7.17) S hnh thnh th gii mng c th ging nh s hnh thnh cc bt kh trong nc si. Trang 194
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iu c ngha l s bng pht bc x cui cng t cc h en ang bay hi s km mnh m. iu ny c th gii thch ti sao chng ta khng quan st thy cc t bng pht ca cc tia gamma m c th m t cc h en ang cht mc d c mt li gii thch khc d hiu hn l khng c nhiu cc h en vi khi lng thp bay hi ht trong mt thi gian bng tui ca v tr cho n gi. Bc x t cc h en trn mng v tr xut pht t cc thng ging lng t ca cc ht nm trn v khng phi nm trn mt mng m nhiu mng, ging nh tt c cc th khc trong v tr u phi chu cc thng ging lng t. iu ny c th lm cho cc mng xut hin v bin mt mt cch t pht. S hnh thnh lng t ca cc mng hi ging s hnh thnh cc bt kh trong nc si. Nc dng lng bao gm hng t t phn t H2O b gi li vi nhau bng cc tng tc gia cc phn t gn nhau nht. Khi nc b un nng, cc phn t chuyn ng nhanh hn v b m vo nhau. Thng th cc va chm ny lm cho cc phn t c vn tc cao n mc mt nhm cc phn t c th thot khi lc lin kt gia chng v hnh thnh cc bt kh trong nc. Cc bt ny s to ln hay nh i mt cch ngu nhin khi c thm cc phn t cht lng tham gia vo bt kh hoc ngc li. Phn ln cc bt kh nh s b ph v vo cht lng nhng mt s bt kh pht trin ti mt kch thc ti hn nht nh m nu ln hn n th bt kh s tip tc ln ln. chnh l cc bt kh m ta thy trong nc ang si (hnh 7.17). Cc mng v tr cng tng t nh vy. Nguyn l bt nh cho php cc mng v tr xut hin t chn khng ging nh cc bt kh, b mt ca bt kh tng t nh mng v trong lng bt kh tng t nh cc chiu bc cao hn. Cc mng rt nh c xu hng b bin mt, nhng mt mng m nh cc thng ging lng t pht trin ln hn mt kch thc ti hn nht nh s tip tc pht trin. Nhng ngi ging nh chng ta sng trn mng trn b mt ca bt kh, s ngh rng v tr ang gin n. N ging nh vic v cc thin h ln b mt mt qu bng v thi n ln. Cc thin h s chuyn ng ra xa nhau nhng khng mt thin h no c chn l trung tm ca s gin n. Chng ta hy vng rng s khng c ai dng mt ci kim v tr chc vo bt kh !
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Theo gi thuyt khng bin nh m t trong chng 3, th s hnh thnh t pht ca mng v tr c mt lch s trong thi gian o ging nh mt v ht: tc l n l mt hnh cu bn chiu, ging b mt tri t nhng c thm hai chiu na. S khc nhau quan trng l v ht c m t trong chng 3, v c bn l trng rng: hnh cu bn chiu khng l b mt ca ci g khc c v su hoc by chiu ca khng thi gian b sung m thuyt-M tin on b cun li cn nh hn ci v ht. Tuy vy, trn bc tranh v mng v tr mi th ci v ht li b lp y: lch s trong thi gian o ca mng m trn chng ta sng s l mt hnh cu bn chiu, hnh cu bn chiu ny l bin ca bt kh nm chiu vi nm hoc su chiu cn li b cun li rt nh (hnh 7.18). Lch s ca mng trong thi gian o s xc nh lch s ca n trong thi gian thc. Trong thi gian thc, mng gin n theo cch lm pht tng dn nh m t trong chng 3. Mt v ht trn v trn hon ho s l lch s kh d nht ca bt kh trong thi gian o. Tuy nhin, n tng ng vi mt mng gin n mi mi theo cch lm pht trong thi gian thc. Cc thin h s khng c hnh thnh trn cc mng nh th v do cc cuc sng tr tu cng khng th pht trin. Mt khc, cc lch s trong thi gian o khng trn v trn mt cch hon ho c xc xut thp hn nhng li tng ng vi cc tnh cht trong thi gian thc m trong , ban u mng c cc giai on gin n lm pht tng dn nhng sau chm dn. Trong qu trnh chm dn ny, cc thin h gin n c th c hnh thnh v cc sinh vt c tr tu pht trin. Do , theo nguyn l v nhn m t trong chng 3, ch c cc v ht hi sn si mi c cc sinh vt c tr tu ang bn khon v ngun gc ca v tr ti sao li khng trn tru hon ho nhn thy m thi. V mng ang gin n nn th tch ca khng gian ca cc chiu cao hn bn trong tng ln. Thm ch c th c mt bt kh khng l bn cnh mng m chng ta ang sng. Nhng c tht chng ta ang sng trn mt mng hay khng? Da trn tng v nh a chiu m t trong chng 2, thng tin v nhng s kin ang xy ra trong mt vng khng thi gian c th c m ha trn bin ca n. Do
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Hnh cu rng
Hnh cu c
(Hnh 7.18) Bc tranh th gii mng ca ngun gc v tr khc vi bc tranh trong chng 3, bi v, hnh cu hay v ht bn chiu hi b dt khng cn trng rng na m b lp y bi mt chiu th nm.
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NH A CHIU nh a chiu gii m thng tin trong mt vng khng gian ln mt b mt m b mt ny c t hn vng khng gian mt chiu. y dng nh l mt tnh cht ca lc hp dn v din tch ca chn tri s kin o s cc trng thi ni ca h en. Trong m hnh th gii mng, nh a chiu c th l mt s tng ng mtmt gia cc trng thi trong mt th gii bn chiu v cc trng thi trong mt th gii c nhiu chiu hn. Trn quan im thc chng, ta khng phn bit c m hnh no c bn hn.
, chng ta c th ngh rng chng ta ang sng trn mt th gii bn chiu v chng ta l ci bng in ln mng nh nhng s kin ang xy ra trong lng mt bt kh. Tuy nhin, trn quan im thc chng, ta khng th hi: thc ti l g, l mng hay bt kh? C hai khi nim ch l cc m hnh ton hc m t nhng iu m chng ta quan st. Chng ta hon ton t do s dng m hnh tin li nht. Ci g bn ngoi mng? C mt vi kh nng c th xy ra (hnh 7.19):
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1. C th chng c g bn ngoi c. Mc d bt kh c nc xung quanh, nhng ch l mt s mng tng gip chng ta hnh dung v ngun gc ca v tr. Ta c th tng tng mt m hnh ton hc ch c mt ci mng v mt khong khng gian nhiu chiu hn bn trong nhng hon ton khng c g bn ngoi n c, ngay c chn khng. Ta c th tnh c nhng iu m m hnh ton hc tin on m khng cn phi m ch n nhng th bn ngoi. 2. Ta cng c th c mt m hnh ton hc m bn ngoi ca bt kh c rt nhiu bt kh tng t. M hnh ny thc s tng ng v mt ton hc vi kh nng v chng c g ngoi bt kh c tho lun trong phn trn nhng c mt s khc nhau v tm l: con ngi cm thy hnh phc hn khi thy mnh l trung tm ca khng thi gian hn l trn ra ca n; nhng i vi mt nh thc chng th kh nng 1 v 2 l tng ng. 3. Bt kh c th gin n vo khng gian, m khng gian ny khng phi l mt hnh nh th yu ca cc s kin bn trong bt kh. Kh nng ny khc hai kh nng trn v n ging trng hp nc si hn. Cc bt khc c th c hnh thnh v gin n. Nu chng va chm v kt hp vi bt kh m chng ta ang sng th kt qu rt th thm. C gi thuyt ni rng bn thn v n ln c th c to ra khi cc mng va chm vi nhau. M hnh mng v tr nh th ang l cc im nng trong nghin cu. Chng mang tnh t bin rt cao nhng chng li i hi cc loi tnh cht mi cn c kim tra bng thc nghim. Chng c th gii thch ti sao hp dn c v yu n th. Hp dn c th kh mnh trong l thuyt c bn nhng s lan truyn ca lc hp dn ra cc chiu b sung, c ngha l n s yu ti cc khong cch ln trn mng m chng ta ang sng. Mt h qu ca iu ny chnh l di Plank, khong cch nh nht m chng ta c th d c m khng cn to ra mt h en, ln hn kh nhiu gi tr m n cn c t yu ca hp dn trong mng bn chiu ca chng ta. Con bp b Nga nh nht ny rt cuc s khng qu nh v c th nm trong tm vi ca cc my gia tc ht trong tng lai. Trn thc t, chng ta c th pht hin ra
(Hnh 7.19)
1. Mt mng/bt kh vi mt khng thi gian nhiu chiu hn v xung quanh n khng c g khc. Ging nhau
2. Mt kh nng l bn ngoi mt mng/bt kh c s lin quan n bt kh khc.
3. Mt mng/bt kh gin n trong khng gian m khng gian ny khng phi l nh gng ca nhng g xy ra trong lng n. Cc bt kh khc c th hnh thnh v gin n theo mt kch bn nh th. Trang 199
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B phn s c xy dng B phn c xy dng (Hnh 7.20) S ng ng LEP cho thy h tng ang c v cu trc tng lai ca My va chm ln Geneva, Thy S.
con bp b nh nht ri, di Plank c bn, nu Hoa K khng chu mt t suy thoi nm 1994 v hy b SSC (my siu va chm siu dn Superconducting Super Collider) mc d n c xy mt na ri. Cc my gia tc ht khc nh l LHC (my va chm hadron ln Large Hadron Collider) ti Geneva ang c xy dng. Vi cc my ny cng vi cc quan st khc nh l bc x phng vi sng, chng ta c th xc nh l chng ta ang sng trn mt ci mng hay khng. Nu ng l chng ta ang sng trn mt mng th c l nguyn l v nhn chn cc m hnh mng t mt vn bch th gm v vn cc v tr c th xy ra trong thuytM. Chng ta c th din t cho Miranda trong v The Tempest ca Shakespeare: i mt th gii mng mi Sao c nhiu sinh vt nh th n vy (Nguyn vn: O Brane new world That has such creatures int. Tc gi nhi li cu ni ca Miranda: i mt th gii mi dng cm Sao c nhiu ngi nh th n vy O brave new world That has such people int.)
chnh l v tr trong mt v ht.
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CH 7

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CHNG 7

Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

Kiu IIB Kiu I Kiu IIA

L thuyt thng nht ln

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Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

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n tuyn ca th gii mng ca chng ta

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2. Mt kh nng l bn ngoi mt mng/bt kh c s lin quan n bt kh khc.

chnh l v tr trong mt v ht.

Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

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