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DN: axt Deoxyribonucleic bao gm phosphate, mt ng v bn ba-z: adenine, guanine, thymine v cytosine. Hai nhnh ADN to nn cu trc hnh xon kp lin kt vi nhau ging nh cu thang xon. ADN m ha tt c cc thng tin m cc t bo cn ti to v ng vai tr sng cn trong di tuyn.

A B

vng quc ca cc ht rt nh nh nguyn t, proton, c pht trin t nguyn l lng t ca Plank v nguyn l bt nh Heisenberg.

y ng: mt vng dy.

o ton nng lng: nh lut khoa hc pht biu rng nng lng (hoc i lng tng ng ca n l khi lng) khng th t nhin sinh ra hoc mt i. Bin : cao cc i ca nh mt sng hay su cc i ca mt hm sng. Boson: ht hoc kiu dao ng dy c spin l mt s nguyn. Bc x phng vi sng: bc x t v tr s khai nng bng, do dch chuyn m ngy nay n xut hin khng phi di dng nh sng m di dng vi sng (sng v tuyn c bc sng c vi vi cm). Bc x: nng lng c truyn bi sng hoc ht trong khng gian hoc mi trng no . Bc sng: khong cch gia hai nh hoc hm sng lin tip.

Dy v tr: mt vt th nng, di c tit din rt nh c th c to ra trong cc thi k s khai ca v tr. Ngy nay, mt dy c th tri di ton b v tr. Dy: vt th mt chiu c bn trong l thuyt dy m c th lm thay i khi nim v ht c bn khng c cu trc. Cc kiu dao ng khc nhau ca dy s to ra cc ht c bn vi cc tnh cht khc nhau. Dch chuyn : bc x pht ra t cc vt th chuyn ng ra xa khi ngi quan st s hn, gy bi hiu ng Doppler. Dch chuyn xanh: s co li ca bc sng ca bc x pht ra t mt vt th ang chuyn ng v pha ngi quan st, gy ra bi hiu ng Doppler.

hn tri s kin: bin ca h en, bin ca vng khng gian ngn cch vt cht thot ra v hn. Chiu khng gian: bt k chiu no trong ba chiu khng gian. Chu trnh thi gian: tn khc ca vng thi gian ng. C hc lng t: cc nh lut vt l iu khin
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im k d trn tri: mt im k d ca khng thi gian, khng b bao bi mt h en, kh kin i vi ngi quan st t xa. im k d: mt im trong khng thi gian m ti cong ca khng thi gian l v hn. in tch: tnh cht ca mt ht m nh ht c th y (hoc ht) cc ht khc c in tch cng (hoc tri) du. in t: ht c in tch m, quay xung quanh ht nhn nguyn t. iu kin ban u: trng thi ca mt h vt l ti
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thi im ban u. iu kin bin: trng thi ban u ca mt h vt l, hay ni mt cch khi qut hn l trng thi ca h ti bin trong thi gian v khng gian. iu kin khng bin: tng cho rng v tr l hu hn nhng khng c bin trong thi gian o. nh lut chuyn ng ca Newton: nh lut m t chuyn ng ca cc vt th da trn khi nim khng thi gian tuyt i. Cc nh lut ny thng tr cho n khi Einstein a ra thuyt tng i. nh lut Moore: nh lut pht biu rng tc ca cc my tnh s tng gp i c sau mi tm thng. iu ny r rng khng th tip tc mi mi c. nh lut th hai ca nhit ng hc: nh lut pht biu rng entropy (ca mt h kn ND) lun tng v khng th gim. nh l im k d: nh l chng minh rng vi mt s iu kin nht nh th s tn ti mt im k d m ti thuyt tng i rng khng cn ng, v rng v tr cn phi bt u t mt im k d. di Plank: di khong 10 cm. Kch thc ca dy c trng trong l thuyt dy.
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nh lut vt l ngn cn khng cho cc vt th v m du hnh thi gian. Gia tc: s thay i vn tc ca vt th. Gin n thi gian: c im ca thuyt tng i rng tin on rng dng thi gian s chy chm i vi ngi quan st chuyn ng hoc di tc dng ca trng hp dn mnh. Giy nh sng: khong cch m nh sng i c trong mt giy.

m sng: mt khi nim c bn trong c hc lng t; mt con s ti mi im trong khng gian c lin quan n mt ht, xc nh xc sut m ht c th c tm thy ti mt v tr. Hng s Plank: hn tng ca nguyn l bt nh tch gia bt nh v v tr v vn tc cn phi ln hn hng s Plank. Biu din bng k hiu . Hng s v tr: mt cng c ton hc c Einstein s dng gn cho v tr c xu hng gin n, cho php thuyt tng i rng tin on mt v tr tnh. Hp dn lng t: l thuyt kt hp c hc lng t vi thuyt tng i rng. Ht o: trong c hc lng t, mt ht o l mt ht m ta khng bao gi c th o c trc tip nhng s tn ti ca n gy ra nhng hiu ng c th o c. Xem thm hiu ng Casimir. Ht c bn: ht c coi l khng th phn chia c na. Ht nhn: phn tm ca mt nguyn t, ch bao gm proton v neutron lin kt vi nhau bng lc ht nhn mnh. Hiu ng Casimir: p lc ht gia hai tm kim loi phng, song song c t gn nhau trong chn khng. p sut xut hin l do s cc ht o
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ntropy: php o mt trt t ca mt h vt l, s cc cu hnh vi m khc nhau ca h m lm cho hnh thc v m ca h khng thay i. -te: mi trng phi vt cht tng c cho l lp y ton b khng gian. tng v mi trng nh th cn thit cho sng in t c th lan truyn i c, nay khng cn ng na.

F G

ermion: mt ht hoc mt kiu dao ng dy c spin l mt s bn nguyn. i nh bo ton lch s (Chronology protection conjecture): gi nh cho rng cc

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gia hai tm kim loi nh hn bn ngoi. Hiu ng Doppler: s dch chuyn tn s v bc sng ca cc sng m hoc sng nh sng m ngi quan st thu c khi ngun pht chuyn ng tng i vi ngi quan st. Hiu ng quang in: hiu ng pht in t khi nh sng p vo cc kim loi. H en nguyn thy: mt h en hnh thnh t giai on s khai ca v tr. H en: mt vng khng thi gian c trng hp dn qu mnh n ni ngay c nh sng cng khng th thot ra c. H giun: mt ng ng rt nh trong khng thi gian kt ni cc vng xa nhau ca v tr. Cc h giun cng c th kt ni cc v tr song song v c th to ra kh nng du hnh thi gian.

mnh nht v c tm tc dng ngn nht trong bn lc c bn. N gi cc quark li vi nhau to nn proton v neutron, v cc ht ny n lt n li cng nhau lm nn ht nhn nguyn t. Lc tng tc yu (lc ht nhn yu): lc yu th hai trong bn lc c bn c tm tc dng rt ngn. N tc dng ti tt c cc ht vt cht nhng khng tc dng ln cc ht truyn tng tc. Lng tnh sng/ht: khi nim trong c hc lng t cho rng khng c s khc bit gia cc sng v cc ht; cc ht c th hnh x ging nh cc sng v ngc li. Lng t: n v khng th phn chia m cc sng c th hp th hoc pht x. L thuyt nh a chiu: l thuyt cho rng cc trng thi lng t ca mt h trong mt vng khng thi gian c th c m ha trn bin ca vng . L thuyt c in: mt l thuyt da trn cc khi nim c thit lp trc c hc tng i v c hc lng t. L thuyt gi thit rng cc vt th c v tr v vn tc hon ton xc nh. iu ny khng ng cc nc thang rt nh v nguyn l bt nh s pht huy tc dng. L thuyt dy: l thuyt vt l cho rng cc ht c th c m t nh l cc sng trn cc dy; thng nht c hc lng t v tng i rng. Cn c bit l thuyt siu dy. L thuyt thng nht ln: l thuyt thng nht lc in t, lc tng tc yu v lc tng tc mnh. L thuyt thng nht: bt k l thuyt no m t tt c bn lc v tt c vt cht trong mt m hnh duy nht. L thuyt tng i hp: l thuyt ca Einstein da trn tng cho rng cc nh lut khoa hc
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envin: thang nhit tuyt i.

Khi lng: l mt thuc tnh ca vt th, l qun tnh hoc cn tr gia tc trong khng gian t do. Khng gian t do: vng khng gian khng c trng no, tc l, khng chu tc dng ca lc no. Khng thi gian: khng gian bn chiu m cc im ca n l cc s kin.

m pht: mt thi k ngn gin n gia tc, trong , v tr thi k rt s khai gia tng kch thc vi mt tc cha tng c. Lc in t: lc xut hin gia cc ht c in tch cng (hoc tri) du. Lc hp dn: lc yu nht trong bn loi lc c bn ca t nhin. Lc tng tc mnh (lc ht nhn mnh): lc
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cn phi nh nhau i vi tt c cc ngi quan st khng ph thuc vo cch h chuyn ng khi khng c trng hp dn. L thuyt tng i rng: l thuyt ca Einstein da trn tng cho rng cc nh lut khoa hc xy ra nh nhau i vi tt c cc ngi quan st, khng ph thuc vo cch m h chuyn ng. L thuyt gii thch lc hp dn trn c s v cong ca khng thi gian bn chiu. L thuyt vn vt hp dn ca Newton: l thuyt cho rng lc ht gia hai vt th ch ph thuc vo khi lng ca cc vt th v khong cch gia chng; lc ht t l vi tch ca khi lng v t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch. L thuyt Yang-Mills: l thuyt m rng ca l thuyt trng Maxwell m t lc tng tc yu v lc tng tc mnh. L thuyt-M: l thuyt thng nht nm l thuyt dy cng nh l thuyt siu hp dn thnh mt m hnh l thuyt n nht nhng ngi ta vn cha hiu ht l thuyt ny.

M hnh Randall-Sundrum: l thuyt cho rng mt mng trong khng gian nm chiu v hn ca cc cong m, ging nh hnh yn nga.

m nh sng: khong cch m nh sng i c trong mt nm.

Nng lng chn khng: nng lng c mt ngay c trong chn khng trng rng. N c tnh cht rt k l l, khng ging nh s c mt ca khi lng, s c mt ca nng lng chn khng s lm cho v tr gin n v tng tc. Neutrino: cc ht nh b ch chu tc dng ca lc tng tc yu. Neutron: mt ht tng t ht proton nhng khng mang in, chim gn mt na khi lng ht nhn. N c to thnh t ba quark (hai nghch v mt thun). Ngi quan st: mt ngi hoc mt dng c quan st o cc tnh cht vt l ca h. Nguyn l bt nh: Nguyn l c Heisenberg a ra, pht biu rng ngi ta khng bao gi c th xc nh chnh xc c v tr v vn tc ca ht. Nu ta bit chnh xc mt i lng ny th ta s bit km chnh xc mt i lng kia. Nguyn l loi tr: nguyn l cho rng cc ht c spin bng -1/2 khng th c (trong gii hn nguyn l bt nh) cng v tr v vn tc. Nguyn l lng t Plank: nguyn l cho rng cc sng in t (tc l nh sng) ch c th pht x hay hp th mt lng gin on gi l lng t. Nguyn l v nhn: nguyn l cho rng chng ta thy v tr nh n hin hu bi v nu n khc i th chng ta khng th c mt y quan st n. Nguyn t: n v c bn ca vt cht thng, to thnh t mt ht nhn nh b (gm proton v
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ng: mt thc th c coi l mt thnh phn c bn ca thuyt-M, c th c nhiu chiu. Ni chung, mt mng-p c chiu di theo p chiu, mng-1 l mt dy, mng-2 l mt mt, Mng-p: mt mng c p chiu. Xem thm mng. My gia tc ht: mt ci my c th gia tc cc ht mang in chuyn ng lm tng nng lng chng. M hnh chun trong vt l ht: l thuyt thng nht ba lc phi hp dn v cc hiu ng ca chng ln vt cht. M hnh chun trong v tr hc: l thuyt v n ln cng vi l gii ca m hnh chun trong vt l ht.

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neutron) v cc in t quay xung quanh. Nht thc: hin tng mt trng i vo khong gia tri t v mt tri v che mt tri, hin tng ko di vi pht. Nht thc xy ra nm 1919 c th quan st t vng ng Phi chng minh s ng n ca thuyt tng i. Nhit khng tuyt i: nhit thp nht c th, ti vt cht khng c nhit nng; khong -273 C hay 0 K. Nhit ng hc: nghin cu v mi lin h gia nng lng, cng, nhit v entropy trong h vt l ng. Nn nh sng: mt b mt trong khng thi gian vch ra hng kh d cc tia sng i qua mt s kin cho.

nguyn t. Proton to thnh t ba quark (hai thun v mt nghch).

u trnh phng x: qu trnh ph v t pht t mt loi ht nhn nguyn t ny sang loi khc. Quang t (photon): mt lng t nh sng; b sng nh nht ca trng in t. Quark: ht c bn mang in chu tc dng ca lc tng tc mnh. Quark c su mi: thun (up), nghch (down), l (strange), p (charm), di (bottom) v trn (top). Mi mi c th c ba mu: , lc v xanh. Quyt nh lun khoa hc: mt khi nim my mc v v tr ca Laplace, trong , cc thng tin y v trng thi ca v tr hin ti cho php tin on cc thng tin y v trng thi ca v tr trong qu kh v tng lai.

hn ht: mi ht vt cht u c mt phn ht tng ng, khi mt ht va chm vi phn ht ca n th chng s hy ln nhau v ch cn li nng lng m thi. Phn r ht nhn: qu trnh cc ht nhn b phn r thnh cc ht nhn nh hn v gii thot nng lng. Ph: di tn s ca sng. Phn kh kin ca quang ph mt tri i khi l cu vng. Phng php thc chng: phng php cho rng l thuyt khoa hc l mt m hnh ton hc c th m t v gii m cc quan st m chng ta thc hin. Phng trnh Schrodinger: phng trnh iu khin qu trnh tin ha ca cc sng trong thuyt lng t. Positron: phn ht ca in t c in tch dng. Proton: ht mang in tch dng, rt ging neutron, chim gn mt na khi lng ht nhn
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iu i xng: nguyn l lin h tnh cht ca cc ht c spin khc nhau.

Siu hp dn: tp hp cc l thuyt thng nht l thuyt tng i rng v siu i xng. S o: mt khi nim ton hc tru tng. Cc s o v s thc c th c coi nh s nh s v tr ca cc im trong mt mt phng, do , cc s o s vung gc vi cc s thc bnh thng. S Grassman: mt lp cc s khng giao hon vi nhau. i vi cc s thc bnh thng, th t ca cc s hng trong php nhn khng quan trng: A*B=C v B*A=C. Tuy nhin s Grassman li phn giao hon nn A*B bng B*A. Sng in t: dao ng kiu sng trong in trng. Tt c cc sng ca ph in t chuyn ng vi vn tc nh sng, tc l nh sng kh kin, tia X, vi sng, hng ngoi, Sng hp dn: dao ng kiu sng trong trng
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hp dn. Spin: tnh cht ni ca cc ht c bn c lin quan n (nhng khng ng nht vi) khi nim t quay trong i sng hng ngy. S co Lorentz: s co ngn v chiu di ca vt th theo hng di chuyn khi n chuyn ng, tin on t l thuyt tng i hp. S kin: mt im trong khng thi gian xc nh bi v tr v thi gian ca n.

Trng lc: phng tin cc lc trao i tc ng ca n. Trng Maxwell: tng hp in, t, nh sng vo cc trng ng c th dao ng v lan truyn trong khng gian. Trng: mt ci g tn ti trong sut khng thi gian, ngc li vi mt ht ch c th tn ti ti mt im trong khng thi gian. T trng: trng truyn tng tc t.

n s: ca mt sng l s chu k trong mt giy.

Th gii mng: mt b mt hay mt mng bn chiu trong mt khng thi gian c nhiu chiu hn. Thi gian o: thi gian c o bng cc s o. Thi gian Plank: bng khong 10-43 giy, thi gian nh sng i c mt khong cch bng di Plank. Thi gian tuyt i: khi nim cho rng c mt ng h v tr. Thuyt tng i ca Einstein khng th c khi nim nh th. Tnh i ngu: mt s tng ng gia cc l thuyt hon ton khc nhau dn n cc kt qu vt l nh nhau. Trng thi c bn: trng thi ca mt h c nng lng cc tiu. Trng thi tnh: trng thi khng thay i theo thi gian. Trng lng: lc tc dng ln vt th bng mt trng hp dn. N t l vi (nhng khng phi l) khi lng ca n. Trng hp dn: phng tin lc hp dn trao i tc ng ca n.

n giao thoa: xut hin khi hai hay nhiu sng (pht ra t cc v tr v thi gian khc nhau) ha vo nhau. Vn tc: mt con s biu din tc v hng ca chuyn ng ca vt th. Vt cht ti: vt cht c mt trong cc thin h v cc m, v c th gia cc m m chng ta khng th quan st c nhng chng ta vn ghi nhn c trng hp dn ca n. V m: ln c th nhn bng mt thng; thng l vi khong cch ln hn 0,01 mm. Khong cch nh hn khong cch c coi l vi m. V hn: mt pham vi hay mt con s khng c gii hn hoc khng c kt thc. V co ln: tn ca mt kch bn kh d v s kt thc ca v tr, ti , tt c khng gian v vt cht suy sp v hnh thnh mt im k d. V n ln: k d ti im khi u ca v tr, cch y khong mi lm t nm. V tr hc: khoa hc nghin cu v v tr.

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