Chapter 22 Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design and UML

Systems Analysis and Design Kendall and Kendall Fifth Edition

Major Topics
Object-oriented programming concepts Object-oriented terminology Five-layer model CRC Cards Unified Modeling Language Use case and other UML diagrams Relationships
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Object-Oriented Overview
Object-oriented techniques work well in situations where complicated systems are undergoing continuous maintenance, adaptation, and design There are two ways to model objectoriented systems
Coad and Yourdon methodology The Unified Modeling Language
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Object-Oriented Programming
Six ideas characterize object-oriented programming:
An object, which represents a real-world thing or event A class, or group of related objects Messages, sent between objects Encapsulation, only an object makes changes through its own behavior
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Object-Oriented Programming
Six ideas characterize object-oriented programming (continued):
Inheritance, a new class created from another class Polymorphism, meaning that a derived class behavior may be different from the base class

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Terminology
Class refers to a template for a group of individual objects with common attributes and common behavior The difference between an Object and a Class is that the class defines shared attributes and behaviors of objects An object is an instance or occurrence of a class
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Terminology
Another name for property is attribute Another name for method is operation Interface means the behavior of a class or component that is noticeable from outside the class or component

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Encapsulation
Encapsulation changes the manner in which data is updated by programs because data can only be changed via the services that encapsulate the data

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Inheritance
The two types of classes are involved in any inheritance relationship are the base class and the derived class Multiple inheritance means there will be multiple occurrences of the base type of class in the inheritance relationship Polymorphism only occurs where there is inheritance
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Five-Layer Model
Object oriented analysis and design is based on a five-layer model:
Class/object layer notes the classes and objects Structure layer captures various structures of classes and objects, such as one-tomany relationships and inheritance Attribute layer details the attributes of classes
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Five-Layer Model
Five-layer model, continued
Service layer notes messages and object behaviors Subject layer divides the design into implementation units or team assignments

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Five General Types of Objects

There are five general types of objects:
Tangible things Roles Incidents Interactions Specifications details

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Criteria to Determine Need for a New Class of Objects

Criteria to determine whether a new class of objects is justified
There is a need to remember the object There is a need for certain behaviors of the object An object has multiple attributes A class has more than one object instantiation
Unless it is a base class
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Criteria to Determine Need for a New Class of Objects

Criteria, continued
Attributes have a meaningful value for each object in a class Services behave the same for every object in a class Objects implement requirements that are derived from the problem setting

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Criteria to Determine Need for a New Class of Objects

Criteria, continued
Objects do not duplicate attributes and services that could be derived from other objects in the system

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Basic Types of Structures

There are two basic types of structures that might be imposed on classes and objects:
Generalization-Specialization structure (Gen-Spec), which connect class-to-class Whole-Part structure which are collections of different objects that compose another whole object
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Instance Connections
Instance connections are references between objects such as associations or relationships indicated by a single line between objects using the same cardinality notation as Whole-Part structures

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Methods
Services (or methods or procedures) must be analyzed. Activities are
Object state analysis, showing changes of state Service specification: creating, storing, retrieving, connecting, accessing, and deleting objects Message specification, consisting of control and data flow
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Major Components of ObjectOriented Design Activities

Object-oriented design activities are grouped into four major components:
The The The The problem domain component human interface component data management component task management component

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Problem Domain Component

The problem domain component consists of
Reuse design Implementation structures Language accommodation

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CRC Cards
Class, responsibilities, and collaborators (CRC) cards are used to represent the responsibilities of classes and the interaction between the classes

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Creating CRC Cards

Analysts create CRC cards by
Finding all the nouns and verbs in a problem statement Create scenarios that are actually walkthroughs of system functions Identify and refine responsibilities into smaller and smaller tasks, if possible

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Creating CRC Cards

Creating CRC cards, continued
The group determines how tasks are fulfilled by objects or interacting with other things Responsibilities evolve into methods or operations

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The Unified Modeling Language (UML)

UML (Unified Modeling Language) is the result of a collaboration of individual object-oriented methods that has been adopted as a standard for modeling object-oriented systems It differs from the Coad and Yourdon OOA-OOD in the way that it breaks down objects and their relationships
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The Unified Modeling Language (UML)

UML has three categories:
Things, the objects Relationships, the glue that holds things together Diagrams, categorized as either structure or behavioral

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Use Case
A use case describes three things:
An actor (user) that initiates an event An event that triggers a use case The use case that performs the actions triggered by the event

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Kinds of Use Cases

There are two kinds of use cases:
Primary, the standard flow of events within a system that describe a standard system behavior Use case scenarios that describe variations of the primary use case

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Steps for Creating a Use Case Model

The steps required to create a use case model are
Review the business specifications and identify the actors within the problem domain Identify the high-level events and develop the primary use cases that describe the events and how actors initiate them
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Steps for Creating a Use Case Model

Creating a use case model, continued
Review each primary use case to determine possible variations of flow through the use case Develop the use case documents for all primary use cases and all important use case scenarios Move to UML diagramming techniques to complete the systems analysis and design
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Two General Groupings of Things

There are two general groupings of things in UML:
Structural things that define the conceptual and physical structures of an O-O system and are described by nouns Behavioral things, the verbs of a UML model that represent the behavior of the system and the states of the system before, during, and after the behaviors occur Kendall & Kendall 22-30
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Categories of Structural Things

There are seven categories of structural things The first five are conceptual or logical The last two are physical in nature
Component Node

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Categories of Structural Things

Seven categories of structural things:
Classes, which have properties or attributes and methods or operations Interfaces, the behavior of a class or component of a system that is noticeable from outside the class or component

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Categories of Structural Things

Seven categories, continued
Collaborations, which describe the interactions of two or more things in a system that perform a behavior that is more than any one of the things can do alone Use cases, which describe a series of actions that demonstrate a distinct behavior of the system and its interactions with the actors
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Categories of Structural Things

Seven categories, continued
Control or active classes
A control class can initiate and control an independent flow of activity within the system

Components, which are a physical part of a system that represents the services and interfaces implemented by the elements contained within that component, including software code
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Categories of Structural Things

Seven categories, continued
Nodes, which represent a piece of hardware on which your system executes
Components are physically deployed on nodes

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Behavioral Things
Behavioral things consist of
Interactions, or messages sent between a set of objects within the system to perform a specific task State machine, a series of states that an object goes through in response to actions within the system

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Packages
Packages are groups of things They can be physical subsystems

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Types of Relationships
There are two types of relationships that hold things together:
Structural Behavioral

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Types of Structural Relationships

There are four types of structural relationships:
Dependencies, where one thing affects another thing that uses it Aggregations, which show how the whole object is composed of the sum of its parts Associations that describe structural connections between things
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Types of Structural Relationships

Four types of structural relationships, continued
Generalizations, which describe a relationship between a general kind of thing and a more specific kind of thing, used for modeling class inheritance and specialization

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Types of Active Behavioral Relationships

There are four active behavioral relationships:
Communicates is used to connect an actor to a use case Includes describes the situation where a use case contains a behavior that is common to more than one use case

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Types of Active Behavioral Relationships

Types of active behavioral relationships, continued
Extends describes the situation where one use case possesses the behavior that allows the new use case to handle a variation or exception Generalizes implies that one thing is more typical than the other thing
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UML Structural Diagrams

UML structural diagrams include
Class diagrams used to model the static structural design of a system Object diagrams portray the state of class instances and their relationships at a point in time

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UML Structural Diagrams

UML structural diagrams, continued
Component diagrams show an overview of the system architecture A deployment diagram illustrates the physical implementation of the system, including the hardware

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Behavioral Diagrams
Behavioral diagrams describe the interaction between people and a use case

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Behavioral Diagrams
Behavioral Diagrams include
Use case diagrams, showing the actors and the use cases Sequence diagrams that depict a succession of interactions between object instances over time and they show the processing described in use case scenarios Activity diagrams show the flow of activities within a process
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Behavioral Diagrams
Behavioral Diagrams, continued
Collaboration diagrams illustrate a sequence of object interactions showing the organization of the objects during the interactions State chart diagrams show the states of an object and the events and conditions that trigger a transition from one state to another
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Steps Used in UML

The steps used in UML are
Define the use case model Define the object model Continue UML diagramming to model the system during the systems analysis phase Begin system design by refining UML diagrams and using them to derive classes and their properties and methods
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