RHEL / CentOS Bind Tutorial

Guide to the BIND9 DNS of Red Hat Enterprise Linux / CentOS Linux !
by Vivek Gite <vivek@nixcraft.com>, 2008 nixCraft. All rig t! re!erve". < tt#$%%&&&.cyberciti.bi'>

"arnin#s

(o not attem#t to im#lement any of t e recommen"ation! in t i! g)i"e &it o)t fir!t te!ting in a non#ro")ction environment. * i! "oc)ment i! only a g)i"e containing recommen"e" !ec)rity !etting! for +,-( !oft&are. ,t i! not meant to re#lace &ell !tr)ct)re" #olicy or !o)n" .)"gment. /)rt ermore t i! g)i"e "oe! not a""re!! !ite0!#ecific config)ration concern!. Config)ration c ange! "e!cribe" in t i! "oc)ment a##ly only to 1e" 2at 3nter#ri!e 4in)x 5.x or Cent67 4in)x 5.x. * ey may or may not tran!late gracef)lly to ot er o#erating !y!tem!.

BIND DNS Ser$er Soft%are

+,-( 8+erkeley ,nternet -ame (omain or 9name"9: i! t e mo!t commonly )!e" (-7 !erver on t e ,nternet, e!#ecially on 4in)x an" ;nix0like !y!tem!, & ere it i! a "e facto !tan"ar".

Re&uired pa'(a#es
<o) nee" to in!tall t e follo&ing #ackage!. =. )ind 0 +,-( incl)"e! a (-7 !erver 8name":, & ic re!olve! o!t name! to ,> a""re!!e!? a re!olver library 8ro)tine! for a##lication! to )!e & en interfacing &it (-7:? an" tool! for verifying t at t e (-7 !erver i! o#erating #ro#erly. 2. )ind*'hroot 0 A c root r)ntime environment for t e ,7C +,-( (-7 !erver, name". * i! #ackage contain! a tree of file! & ic can be )!e" a! a c root .ail for t e name" #rogram from t e +,-( #ackage. @. )ind*utils 0 +in"0)til! contain! a collection of )tilitie! for A)erying (-7 8(omain -ame 7y!tem: name !erver! to fin" o)t information abo)t ,nternet o!t!. * e!e tool! &ill #rovi"e yo) &it t e ,> a""re!!e! for given o!t name!, a! &ell a! ot er information abo)t regi!tere" "omain! an" net&ork a""re!!e!. <o) ! o)l" in!tall bin"0)til! if yo) nee" to get information from (-7 name !erver!.

Our sa+ple setup

<o) ave t&o Cent67 v5.x or 1234 v5.x !erver in!talle" a! follo&! &it t&o #)blic ,> a""re!!e! a! follo&!$
ns1.nixcraft.com => 202.54.1.1 ns2.nixcraft.com => 190.5.1.1

Re#ister ,our na+e ser$er %ith IS- / Do+ain Ser$i'e -ro$ider

<o) nee" to regi!ter n!=.nixcraft.com an" n!=.nixcraft.com an" it! ,> a""re!! &it yo)r ,7> or "omain regi!trar !)c a! Go (a""y.

Ho% do I install )ind ser$er under CentOS / RHEL !x.

*y#e t e y)m comman" a! follo&!$ # yum install bind bind-chroot bind-utils

/nderstandin# Dire'tor, Stru'ture

<o) m)!t r)n name" in a .ail to increa!e !ec)rity. ,n t e earlier "ay! of t e ,nternet +,-( B an" +,-( 8 ave a" a large n)mber of !erio)! !ec)rity v)lnerabilitie! over t e year!. +,-( C &a! a com#lete re&rite, it a! !till ex#erience" fe& v)lnerabilitie!.

/$ar/na+ed/'hroot/ 0 +,-( .ail "irectory. 7tore all yo)r config)ration an" 'one "ata ere. /$ar/na+ed/'hroot/de$/ 0 (evice file "irectory )!e" by name" .ail. /$ar/na+ed/'hroot/et'/ 0 <o) nee" to !tore name".conf an" ot er config file ere. /$ar/na+ed/'hroot/$ar/na+ed/ 0 Done an" log "ata file!.

BIND default net%or( ports

* e follo&ing *C>%,> a##lication layer 0 (-7 #rotocol n)mber )!e" by +,-( C "n! !oft&are$

TC- port 0 $ ,t i! only )!e" & en t e re!#on!e "ata !i'e excee"! 5=2 byte!, or for !)c ta!k! a! 'one tran!fer to !lave % !econ"ary !erver!. /D- port 0 $ (-7 #rimarily )!e! ;(> on #ort 5@ to !erve reA)e!t!.

>lea!e note t at !ome o#erating !y!tem! !)c a! 2>0;E are kno&n to ave re!olver im#lementation! t at )!e *C> for all A)erie!, even & en ;(> &o)l" !)ffice. * erefor yo) nee" to kee# o#en bot #ort! )!ing fire&all !oft&are !)c a! netfilter.

/nderstandin# the na+e resolution pro'ess

3ac client t at acce!! name !erver! are kno&n a! re!olver! 8it i! a library:. F en an a##lication !)c a! /irefox nee" information from t e (-7, it )!e! t e re!olver to !en" a A)ery again!t (-7 !erver !)c a! yo)r o&n or ,7>G! "n! !erver!. ,f a)t oritative it &ill ret)rn re#ly? ot er&i!e, it &ill !earc t ro)g (-7 name !#ace to get t e "ata. * i! i! kno&n a! name re!ol)tion. >lea!e !ee t i! /AH abo)t name re!ol)tion for f)rt er "etail!. <o) can config)re +,-( to an!&er t&o ty#e! of (-7 A)erie!$ =. Non*re'ursi$e 1iterati$e2 0 A non0rec)r!ive A)ery i! one in & ic t e (-7 !erver may #rovi"e a #artial an!&er to t e A)ery 8or give an error:. ,n t i! t)torial yo) &ill learn abo)t !etting )# non0rec)r!ive ma!ter an" !lave !erver. 2. Re'ursi$e 0 A rec)r!ive A)ery i! one & ere t e (-7 !erver &ill f)lly an!&er t e A)ery 8or give an error:. ;!)ally, ,7> !erver! are config)re" a! rec)r!ive cac ing !erver!.

/nderstandin# Resour'e Re'ords 1RR2

3ac re!o)rce recor" a! five fiel"! a! follo&!$ Resour'e Re'ord -ame *y#e Des'ription

* e "omain name t e re!o)rce recor" refer! to. /or e.g. &&& * e ty#e of t e re!o)rce recor" !)c a! A, IE etc

Resour'e Re'ord **4 C4A77

Des'ription * e time to live of t e 11. 7igne" time in !econ"! t at 11 !tay! vali". Cla!! co"e. ,t can be ,- 8,nternet:. * i! t)torial only cover! ,- cla!! for *C>%,> internet comm)nication? b)t ot er #o!!iblitie! incl)"e! C2A67net 8C2: an" 2e!io" 827:.

1(A*A Act)al "ata a!!oicate" &it t e "omain. An exam#le of >1 ma"e of five fiel"!$
ns1 3600 ! " 202.54.1.1

The 3ain DNS Re'ord T,pes Re'ord T,pe A AAAA C-AI3 IE -7 >*1 *E* 76A L3< La)el A""re!! Canonical -ame Iail eEc anger -ame !erver >ointer *ext 7tart 6f A)t ority Des'ription ,>vB @2 bit o!t ,> a""re!! !)c a! 202.5B.=.2 7et an alia! for a "omain name. /or e.g. fee"!.cyberciti.bi' i! an alia! for g !.google.com A li!t of mail !erver! for "omain to & ic to !en" for "omain name. /or e.g. cyberciti.bi' mail i! !en" to mail.nixcraft.net. A li!t of a)t oritative name !erver for t e "omain. /or e.g. t eo!.in regi!tere" &it n!=.nixcraft.net an" n!2.nixcraft.net. Io!tly )!e" to !et rever!e name re!ol)tion. A text !tring )#to 255 byte! long. ,t i! )!e" to !et o!t "e!cri#tion or anti !#am config)ration!. 7et t e !tart of a 'one of a)t ority. ;!)ally )!e" on ma!ter bin" !erver. 7et * e !erverG! #)blic key for *7,G an" (-773C.

,>vJ A""re!! ,>vJ a""re!! in ,>vJ format !)c a! 200=$BK0$=f0e$b2$$2

3aster BIND9 Ser$er Confi#uration

4et )! !ee o& to config)re t e ma!ter name" )!ing 1234 5.x.

Ho% Do I Chroot Na+ed.

* e "efa)lt "irectory %var%name"%c root i! t e location of t e c root. * i! &ill make it m)c ar"er for attacker! to ex#loit ne&ly0"i!covere" v)lnerabilitie!. * i! !ection "i!c)!!e! mec ani!m! for #reventing t e (-7 !erver from interfering &it ot er !ervice!. * i! i! "one bot to #rotect t e remain"er of t e net&ork ! o)l" a name!erver be com#romi!e", an" to make "irect attack! on name!erver! more "iffic)lt.

/sin# the )ind*'hroot*ad+in Co++and

bin"0c root0a"min tool can be )!e" to enable or "i!able t e bin"0c root environment. * i! i! a !ec)rity feat)re an" yo) m)!t )!e it. *o t)rn on +,-( .ail !et)#, enter$ # bind-chroot-admin

-# Co#y reA)ire" name" config file! to t e bin"0c root, enter$

# cd $%ar$nam#d$chroot$#tc$ # c& $usr$shar#$doc$bind-9.3.4$sam&l#$#tc$ 'nam#d.conf(nam#d.rfc1912.)on#s(nam#d.root.hints* .

Co#y reA)ire" "efa)lt 'one file! to t e bin"0c root, enter$

# cd $%ar$nam#d$chroot$%ar$nam#d # c& $usr$shar#$doc$bind-9.3.4$sam&l#$%ar$nam#d$ '+.db(+.)on#(+.)#ro(+.root(+.local(+.broadcast* . -%

Create default na+ed!'onf

*y#e t e follo&ing comman"$
# cd $%ar$nam#d$chroot$#tc$ # %i nam#d.conf

A##en" follo&ing config)ration, enter$

o&tions ' list#n-on-%6 ' non#, *, list#n-on ' 202.54.1.1, *, dir#ctory -$%ar$nam#d-, dum&-fil# -data$cach#.dum&.db-, statistics-fil# -data$nam#d.stats.txt-, m#mstatistics-fil# -data$nam#d.m#m.stats.txt-, dnss#c-#nabl# y#s, r#cursion no, allo/-notify ' 202.54.1.1, 190.5.1.1, *, %#rsion -nix0raft dns s#r%#r-, auth-nxdomain no,

*, lo11in1 ' chann#l d#fault.d#bu1 ' fil# -data$nam#d.run-, s#%#rity dynamic, *, *, $+ $+ $+ 2#t localhost and oth#r +$ includ# -$#tc$nam#d.rfc1912.)on#s-, 2#t root s#r%#r +$ includ# -$#tc$nam#d.root.hints-, 2#t our )on# stuff +$ includ# -$#tc$nam#d.conf.local-,

7ave an" clo!e t e file.

/nderstandin# BIND +ain 'onfi#uration file

name".conf i! t e config)ration file for name". 7tatement! are enclo!e" in brace! an" terminate" &it a !emi0colon. Cla)!e! in t e !tatement! are al!o !emi0colon terminate". * e )!)al comment !tyle! are !)##orte"$ * e 9o#tion!9 !tatement !et! )# global o#tion! to be )!e" by +in". F ere,

listen*on*$4 5 none6 76 0 (i!able ,>vJ !)##ort. *o t)rn on ,>vJ !)##ort re#lace none &it act)al ,>vJ ,> a""re!! or any key&or". listen*on 5 898! :!;!;6 76 0 4i!ten on 202.5B.=.= ,>vB a""re!!. dire'tor, </$ar/na+ed<6 0 +,-( "irectory to !tore log! an" 'one "ata. du+p*file <data/'a'he=du+p!d)<6 0 * e #at name of t e file t e !erver ")m#! t e "ataba!e to & en in!tr)cte" to "o !o &it rn"c ")m#"b comman". statisti's*file <data/na+ed=stats!txt<6 0 * e #at name of t e file t e !erver a##en"! !tati!tic! to & en in!tr)cte" to "o !o )!ing rn"c !tat!. +e+statisti's*file <data/na+ed=+e+=stats!txt<6 0 * e #at name of t e file t e !erver &rite! memory )!age !tati!tic! to on exit. dnsse'*ena)le ,es6 0 3nable (-773C !)##ort in name". re'ursion no6 0 (o not #rovi"e rec)r!ive !ervice to any client!. allo%*notif, 5 898! :!;!;6 ;99! !;!;6 76 0 7#ecifie! & ic o!t! are allo&e" to notify t i! !erver, a !lave, of 'one c ange! in a""ition to t e 'one ma!ter!. $ersion <nixCraft dns ser$er<6 0 7et +,-( ver!ion n)mber. * i! i! !ec)rity mea!)re for +in" not to reveal it! ver!ion n)mber. auth*nxdo+ain no6 0 * i! conform to 1/C=0@5. lo##in# 5 !!! 76 0 +,-( #rovi"e! vario)! fine t)ning o#tion! for !erver to log me!!age!. * e !everity cla)!e &ork! like !y!logMNO! 9#rioritie!9, exce#t t at t ey can al!o be )!e" if yo) are &riting !traig t to a file rat er t an )!ing !y!log. C annel! &it "ynamic !everity )!e t e !erverG! global "eb)g level to "etermine & at me!!age! to #rint.

3ore a)out 'o++ents * e follo&ing i! not ing b)t comment "efine" )!ing C !tyle$
$+ 2#t localhost and oth#r +$

+,-( al!o !)##ort CPP !tyle comment$

$$ 2#t localhost and oth#r

An", ;-,E ! ell !tyle comment "efine" a! follo&!$

# 2#t localhost and oth#r

Confi#ure Ipta)les Based >ire%alls to -rote't the BIND DNS Ser$er

<o) nee" to allo& remote client % !y!tem to connect t e (-7 !erver. 6#en %etc%!y!config%i#table! file an" a"" t e follo&ing line before t e final 46G an" (16> line!$ # %i $#tc$sysconfi1$ i&tabl#s.
-" 34-5ir#/all-1- !678 -m stat# --stat# !9: -& ud& --d&ort 53 -; "00968 -" 34-5ir#/all-1- !678 -m stat# --stat# !9: -& tc& --d&ort 53 -; "00968

/inally, re!tart i#table!$ # s#r%ic# i&tabl#s r#start

?dd Do+ain Called TheOS!in on 3aster

3"it %var%name"%c root%etc%name".conf.local an" a"" yo)r "omain. /or exam#le, t eo!.in can be a""e" a! follo&!$
)on# -th#os.in- ' ty&# mast#r,

*,

fil# -$%ar$nam#d$)on#.th#os.in-, allo/-transf#r ' <#y 83"!=593, *,

Create %var%name"%c root%var%name"%'one.t eo!.in a! follo&!$

>?3 2 ! th#os.in. >88@ 3h A ! =?" ns1.nixcraft.com. %i%#<.nixcraft.com. B 200C0D1012 , =#rial yyyymmddnn 3h , 3#fr#sh "ft#r 3 hours 1h , 3#try 3#try aft#r 1 hour 1/ , 9x&ir# aft#r 1 /##< 1hE , Finimum n#1ati%# cachin1 of 1 hour , !am# s#r%#rs A A , =65 for mx A , Iomain A /// 6 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 ! " ! " ! 0!"F9 ! ! """" """" D5.126.16C.153 D5.126.16C.153 1hs.1oo1l#.com. 260DJf0d0J1002J11JJ5 260DJf0d0J1002J11JJ5 3600 3600 3600 ! != ! != ! 8G8 ns1.nixcraft.com. ns2.nixcraft.com. -%=s&f1 mx Hall-

, 0nam# alias f##ds , i&%6 addr#ss A ///

Sla$e BIND9 Ser$er Confi#uration

3"it %var%name"%c root%etc%name".conf a! follo&!$
o&tions ' list#n-on ' 190.5.1.1, *, dir#ctory -$%ar$nam#d-, $$ th# d#fault dum&-fil# -data$cach#.dum&.db-, statistics-fil# -data$nam#d.stats.txt-, m#mstatistics-fil# -data$nam#d.m#m.stats.txt-, dnss#c-#nabl# y#s, r#cursion no, allo/-notify ' 202.54.1.1, *, %#rsion -nixcraft I!= =#r%#r #2-, transf#r-sourc# 190.5.1.1,, us#-alt-transf#r-sourc# y#s, $$ =tatistics )on#-statistics y#s, 2#t localhost and oth#r +$ includ# -$#tc$nam#d.rfc1912.)on#s-, 2#t root s#r%#r +$ includ# -$#tc$nam#d.root.hints-, includ# -$#tc$rndc.<#y-,

*, $+ $+

$+

includ# -$#tc$tsi1.<#y-, ?ur o/n )on# +$ includ# -$#tc$nam#d.conf.local-,

?dd Do+ain Called TheOS!in on Sla$e Ser$er

3"it %var%name"%c root%etc%name".conf.local an" a"" yo)r "omain. /or exam#le, t eo!.in can be a""e" a! follo&!$
)on# -th#os.in- ' ty&# sla%#, fil# -sla%#s$db.sla%#.th#os.in-, mast#rs ' 202.54.1.1, *, allo/-transf#r ' non#, *, *,

1eloa" -ame" after config)ring *7,G$

# rndc r#load

61
# s#r%ic# nam#d r#start

Bind Se'urit,@ Transa'tion Si#natures 1TSIG2 Confi#uration

*ran!action !ignat)re! 8*7,G: i! a mec ani!m )!e" to !ec)re (-7 me!!age! an" to #rovi"e !ec)re !erver0to0!erver comm)nication 8)!)ally bet&een ma!ter an" !lave !erver, b)t can be exten"e" for "ynamic )#"ate! a! &ell:. *7,G can #rotect t e follo&ing ty#e of tran!action! bet&een t&o (-7 !erver!$

Done tran!fer -otify (ynamic )#"ate! 1ec)r!ive A)ery me!!age! etc

*7,G i! available for +,-( v8.2 an" above. *7,G )!e! ! are" !ecret! an" a one0&ay a! f)nction to a)t enticate (-7 me!!age!. *7,G i! ea!y an" lig t&eig t for re!olver! an" name".

Ho% it %or(s.
=. 3ac name !erver a""! a *7,G recor" t e "ata !ection of a "n! !erver0to0!erver A)erie! an" me!!age. 2. * e *7,G recor" !ign! t e (-7 me!!age, #roving t at t e me!!ageG! !en"er a" a cry#togra# ic key ! are" &it t e receiver an" t at t e me!!age &a!nGt mo"ifie" after it left t e !en"er. @. *7,G )!e! a one0&ay a! f)nction to #rovi"e a)t entication an" "ata integrity. 6)r !am#le !et)#$

Ia!ter name!erver$ n!=.nixcraft.com 0 202.5B.=.= 7lave name!erver$ n!2.nixcraft.com 0 =C0.5.=.= +,-( config)ration i! !tore" in /etc/bind/ "irectory. Done "ata i! !tore" in /etc/bind/named.conf file.

Ho% Do I Confi#ure TSIG.

*y#e t e follo&ing comman" on ma!ter name!erver 8n!=.t eo!.in: to create t e ! are" key!, )!ing t e "n!!ec0keygen #rogram, & ic create! t&o file!, bot containing t e key generate". # dnss#c-<#y1#n -a 4F"0-FI5 -b 12C -n 4?=8 rndc-<#y 7am#le o)t#)t$
Krndc-<#y.L15DL64252

4i!t all file!, enter$ # ls -l 6)t#)t$

total 52 -r/-r--r--r/-r--r--r/-r--r--r/-r--r--r/-r--r--r/-r--r--r/-------r/-------r/-r--r--r/-r--r--r/-r--r--r/-r-----r/-r--r-1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 root root root root root root root root root root root bind root root 23D 2009-01-06 12J16 db.0 root 2D1 2009-01-06 12J16 db.12D root 23D 2009-01-06 12J16 db.255 root 353 2009-01-06 12J16 db.#m&ty root 256 2009-01-06 12J16 db.local root 1506 2009-01-06 12J16 db.root root 52 2009-01-25 14J13 Krndc-<#y.L15DL64252.<#y root C1 2009-01-25 14J13 Krndc-<#y.L15DL64252.&ri%at# bind 1302 2009-01-25 14J13 nam#d.conf bind 165 2009-01-06 12J16 nam#d.conf.local bind 35C 2009-01-25 14J02 nam#d.conf.o&tions bind DD 2009-01-24 20J3D rndc.<#y root 131D 2009-01-06 12J16 )on#s.rfc191C

F ere,

0a 7#ecify t e encry#tion algorit m. 0b 7#ecify t e key !i'e. 0n 7#ecify t e namety#e. A namety#e can be a D6-3, 267*, 3-*,*<, or ;731. ;!)ally, yo) nee" to )!e 267* or D6-3 !)c a! t eo!.in

* e above "n!!ec0keygen #rogram create" t&o file! a! follo&!. +ot .key an" .#rivate file! are generate" for !ymmetric encry#tion algorit m! !)c a! 2IAC0I(5, even t o)g t e #)blic an" #rivate key are eA)ivalent$

Arnd'*(e,!B; CB4:8 8!(e, 0 Contain! t e #)blic key. * e .key file contain! a (-7 L3< recor" t at can be in!erte" into a 'one file. Arnd'*(e,!B; CB4:8 8!pri$ate 0 Contain! t e #rivate key. * e .#rivate file contain! algorit m0!#ecific fiel"!.

/sin# TSIG * +aster ser$er 'onfi#uration

1)n t e follo&ing comman" an" note "o&n t e Ley$ # cat Krndc-<#y. L15DL64252.&ri%at# 7am#le o)t#)t$
6ri%at#-<#y-formatJ %1.2 "l1orithmJ 15D B4F"0.FI5E K#yJ 0;nu3=dsF%))lm8I6M3c#"== NitsJ """=

6#en %var%name"%c root%etc%t!ig.key file, enter$ # %i $%ar$nam#d$chroot$#tc$tsi1.<#y -o& yo) nee" to create t!ig.key file on +aster ser$er a! follo&!$
<#y -83"!=593- ' al1orithm hmac-md5, s#cr#t -0;nu3=dsF%))lm8I6M3c#"==-, *, # =la%# s#r%#r 6 # 1

s#r%#r 190.5.1.1 ' <#ys ' 83"!=593, *, *, ################################ # f you ha%# 3rd sla%# s#r%#r /ith #s#r%#r 64.1.2.3 ' # <#ys ' # 83"!=593, # *, #*, ################################

6 64.1.2.3

/ir!t block i! not ing b)t key!. *7,G key! are config)re" )!ing t e key! !)b!tatement!. * e key! !)b!tatement! inform a name !erver to !ign A)erie! an" 'one tran!fer reA)e!t! !ent to a #artic)lar remote name !erver. ,n o)r ca!e t e above !)b!tatement inform! t e ma!ter !erver, to !ign all reA)e!t! to t e o!t !lave !erver K5.55.2.=00 &it t e key calle" *1A-7/31. * e !erver !tatementG! key! cla)!e to tell t e !lave name !erver to !ign all 'one tran!fer reA)e!t! an" A)erie! !ent to it! ma!ter !erver an" vice ver!e. 7ave an" clo!e t e file. 6#en name".conf file, enter$ # %i $%ar$nam#d$chroot$#tc$nam#d.conf A##en" t e follo&ing line$
includ# -$#tc$tsi1.<#y-,

7ave an" clo!e t e file. 1e!tart name"$ # rndc r#load 61 # s#r%ic# nam#d r#start

/sin# TSIG * sla$e ser$er 'onfi#uration

Create %var%name"%c root%etc%t!ig.key on !lave !erver, enter$ # %i $%ar$nam#d$chroot$#tc$tsi1.<#y A##en" follo&ing config$
<#y -83"!=593- ' al1orithm hmac-md5, s#cr#t -0;nu3=dsF%))lm8I6M3c#"==-, *, # Fast#r s#r%#r 6 s#r%#r 202.54.1.1 ' <#ys ' 83"!=593, *, *,

7ave an" clo!e t e file. A##en" follo&ing to %var%name"%c root%etc%name".conf$

includ# -$#tc$tsi1.<#y-,

1e!tart % reloa" t e bin" !erver$ # rndc r#load 61 # s#r%ic# nam#d r#start

Derif, TSGI
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