1

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( )

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One-time pad

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2


DRAGI
0

MOJI
1

PRIJATELJI
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0

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MLADOG KULTURNO
1
1

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0

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1

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0

No.2

KOLEGE
1

01101 - P

SKOROG
1

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00011 - O

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11110 - K

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......

..........

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.......


1.

2.
E=N(ST)/N(OT)
: E1
: E>>1

3.

4.

7



()


, 3!=6
35 , 35!=1.040

, .

9

10


(500 . )


T
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11

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12

: [3 7]
: UNIVERZITET SINGIDUNUM
: UIG NTI IED VTU ESN RIU ZNM

U N I V E R Z

I T E T S I N
?
G I D U N U M
13

:
: CRYPTOISFUN
3 x 4, MATH

3 1 4 2
: ROUPSXCTFYIN
?

3 1 4 2

14


:
VOESA IVENE MRTNL EANGE WTNIM HTMLL
ADLTR NISHO DWOEH
?
n x m n m
45 , nm = 45
?
: 9 x 5, 5 x 9, 3 x 15, 15 x 3; m!

?
15

VOESA IVENE MRTNL EANGE WTNIM HTMLL

ADLTR NISHO DWOEH
9 x 5,
?

16

: I

17

18


...
: ATTACK AT DAWN

0
1
2
3
4

0
A
A
X
X
W

1
T
C
A
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2
T
K
T
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4
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: XTAWXNATTXADAKC
?
o : 5 x 3
(2,4,0,3,1) (0,2,1)
19

45

?
?
: 3 x 15, 15 x 3, 5 x 9, 9 x 5

5! 9! > 225 3! 15! > 242

242 (~1012)
?

20

?

ILILWEAHREOMEESANNDDVEGMIERWEHVEMTOSTTAONNTNH

: 9 x 5
:

0
1
2
3

?

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5! 9! > 225

?

H
21

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( 0)

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22

: II
()

()

23

24

 ()
, ()

()

:

25

 ()
C = EK(p)
Ci = K[pi]
ae eaae:
a J, b L, ...
o a aaa oae aoa,
. ?

26!
a ooa a o e a
, 5

26

()

27



50-30. .
(
) A W 3
, a X, Y Z
A , B C.

28

:
FOURSCOREANDSEVENYEARSAGO
: 3
. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

DE F G H I J K L MNO P Q R S T U VWX Y Z A B C

:
IRXUVFRUHDAGVHYHABHDUVDIR

3

29

o :
VSRQJHEREVTXDUHSDQWU

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
D E F G H I J K L MNO P Q R S T U VWX Y Z A B C

:
SPONGEBOBSQUAREPANTS
30

 -
26 0
25
A 0, B 1, C 2, ..., Z 25

ci = pi + K (mod 26)
pi i-
i i-
K (), 3

Z, pi 25, K 3
ci = 25 + 3 (mod 26) = 28 (mod 26) = 2
. Z C
31

 -

pi = ci + (26 K) (mod 26)

C, i 2, K 3
i = 2 + (26-3) (mod 26) = 25 (mod 26) = 25
. C Z

32




: 3
: 3

,
26 0
0 25 ,

26
: 3,
26-3=23
33


n {0,1,2,,25}
n
: n= 7

O.tekst a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
ifrat

H I J K L MNOPQR S T U VWX Y Z A B CD E F G

34

 1:

at: CSYEVIXIVQMREXIH
a ?
ao 26 o oa e
13

o
eee: = 4
35

36


(3)

26 ?

:
.

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
J I C A X S E Y V D KWB Q T Z R H F M P N U L GO

:
26! > 288 4*1026

?

37



:
PBFPVYFBQXZTYFPBFEQJHDXXQVAPTPQJKTOYQWIPBV
WLXTOXBTFXQWAXBVCXQWAXFQJVWLEQNTOZQGGQL
FXQWAKVWLXQWAEBIPBFXFQVXGTVJVWLBTPQWAEBF
PBFHCVLXBQUFEVWLXGDPEQVPQGVPPBFTIXPFHXZH
VFAGFOTHFEFBQUFTDHZBQPOTHXTYFTODXQHFTDPT
OGHFQPBQWAQJJTODXQHFOQPWTBDHHIXQVAPBFZQ
HCFWPFHPBFIPBQWKFABVYYDZBOTHPBQPQJTQOTOG
HFQAPBFEQJHDXXQVAVXEBQPEFZBVFOJIWFFACFCCF
HQWAUVWFLQHGFXVAFXQHFUFHILTTAVWAFFAWTEVO
ITDHFHFQAITIXPFHXAFQHEFZQWGFLVWPTOFFA
38

288 ...
?
!
:
0,14
0,12
0,10
0,08
0,06
0,04
0,02
0,00

39


:
PBFPVYFBQXZTYFPBFEQJHDXXQVAPTPQJKTOYQWIPBVWLXTOXBTFX
QWAXBVCXQWAXFQJVWLEQNTOZQGGQLFXQWAKVWLXQWAEBIPBF
XFQVXGTVJVWLBTPQWAEBFPBFHCVLXBQUFEVWLXGDPEQVPQGVP
PBFTIXPFHXZHVFAGFOTHFEFBQUFTDHZBQPOTHXTYFTODXQHFTD
PTOGHFQPBQWAQJJTODXQHFOQPWTBDHHIXQVAPBFZQHCFWP....

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
21 26

10 12 51 10 25 10

10

15 28 42

27

24 22 28

()

40

41

()

42

X

26
(. 26 )
.
( )
.
2

43



00, 01, ..., 31 (5 )

. : , , N, O, R
T (
) ( )

44


:
E ( )
:
24 17 13 08 31

?

. ?

,
()
45

: III

()

46

()

47


. ()

: ABA RTQ,, ABB

SLL, , .
:
Playfair , 1854,
I ..
()

48


(Lester Hill) 1929.

49


: p0, p1, p2,
pi () n
pi

A n x n
: ci = A pi (mod 26)
: pi = A1ci (mod 26)
A
: A (26n )

50


n = 2

MEETMEHERE = (12,4,4,19,12,4,7,4,17,4)


:
(4,22,23,9,4,22,24,19,10,25) = EWXJEWYTKZ
51



n x n
n
. : p0, p1,, pn-1
: c0, c1,, cn-1

:
P p0,p1,,pn-1
C c0,c1,,cn-1

AP = C A = CP1 P1

52

: IV

53

()

54

II

55

 (16. )
"M-"
: K = (k0,k1,,km-1)
m 0 25

1. . .:c0=p0+k0 (mod26)
2. . .:c1=p1+k1 (mod26)
...
m. . .:cm-1=pm-1+km-1 (mod26)
m+1. . :cm=pm+k0 (mod26)
i. .: ci = pi + k(i mod m) (mod26)

56



pi = ci k(i mod m) (mod 26)
:


. +k1, +k2 , ... +km ,

300 . (Babbage, Kasiski 1850)

57


:
LIVITCSWPIYVEWHEVSRIQMXLEYVEOIEWHRXEXIPFEM VEWHKV

1: m

2: {1, m+1, 2m+1, 3m+1,}

{2, m+2, 2m+2, 3m+2,}

{m-1, 2m+m-1, 3m+m-1,}

3:
?

58


:
LIVITCSWPIYVEWHEVSRIQMXLEYVEOIEWHRXEXIPFEM VEWHKV
LIVITC
SWPIYV
EWHEVS
RIQMXL
EYVEOI
EWHRXE
XIPFEM
VEWHKV

1: m

2: {1, m+1, 2m+1, 3m+1,}

{2, m+2, 2m+2, 3m+2,}

{m-1, 2m+m-1, 3m+m-1,}

3:

?

59



(52) 2 ?
13

13/52=1/4
12 (51 )

12/51
(
) 1/4 * 12/51 = 0.059

60



?
n0 A ,
n1 B, , n25 Z
n = n0 + n1 + + n25

:
n0 n0 1
n n 1
61

n0 n0 1 n1 n1 1
n25 n25 1
I=
+
+ ... +
n n 1 n n 1
n n 1

I .

25

I=

ni ( ni 1)
i =0

n ( n 1)

25

2
n
i
i =0

n2

ni 2 25 2
= 2 = pi
i =0 n
i =0
25

p i i- :


. (), 2
:

p02 + p12 + + p252 0.065,

pi i -

I 0.065
()

63



pi = 1/26
p02 + p12 + + p252 0.03846

I 0.03846

64




?
k,
n
k n/k

2 , :



...
65


: 2
?
( )
:

n / k 1
n 1

()
, 0.065:
:

n / k 1
0.065
n 1

66


: 2
?
( )
:

n n/k
n 1
,
0.03846:
:

n n/k
0.03846
n 1

67

:


:
n / k 1
n n/k
I
0.065 +
0.03846
n 1
n 1
k

0.027 n
k
( n 1) I + 0.065 + 0.03846n

n I ( )

68




(William F. Friedman) 1920.

II
.

.

69

70