Quantum numbers Ha cu to

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Cc s lung t
C bn loi s dng d m ta cc electron trong mt nguyn tu
M hnh ca Borh l m hnh mt chiu d dng mt s luong t d m t v cc electron trong
nguyn t. Chi c kch thuc ca qui dao l quan trong v d duoc m t bng s luong t n.
Schrdinger d m t mt m hnh nguyn t vi cc electron trong ba chiu. M hnh ny c 3
loai toa d, hay ba s luong t d m t cc vj tr c th tm thy electron.
Ba loai toa d t phuong trnh sng ca Schrdinger l s luong t chnh (n), s luong t
gc(l) v s luong t t(m). Cc s luong t ny m t v kch thuc, hnh dang v hung
trong khng gian ca cc orbital trong nguyn t.
C bn diu ban nn bit v mi s luong t: (1) tn v k hiu, (2) gi trj c th ca cc s luong
t, (3) cc s ni g v nng luong ca electron v (4) v cc s ni g v vai tr ca electron.
Bn muc ny thung lin quan dn xc sut mt d hoc th tch of vng m trong d electron
c kh nng tm thy.
1. S lung t chnh(hay s lp) - n
M t mc nng lung trong nguyn t.
Cc mc nng luong t 1 dn 7
S electron cuc dai c th din vo lp n l 2 n
2
electron
Quantum numbers Ha cu to
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Cc gi trj c th = 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
Nng luong = gi trj ca n cng ln th nng luong cng cao
ngha vt l = Gi trj ln hon thi biu thj xc sut mt d ln hon
2. S lung t xung lung (phn lp) - l
M t cc lp ph trong n
Cc phn lp ca cc nguyn t d bit l s - p - d - f
Mi lp nng luong c n phn lp.
Cc phn lp ca cc lp nng luong khc nhau c th c cc nng luong xen
ph.
Cc gi trj c th nhn = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... n 1
Cc gi trj c cc tn xen k m ban cng nn bit:
l = 0 l s
l = 1 l p
l = 2 l d
l = 3 l f
Nng luong = gi trj l ln hon s biu thj nng luong ln hon mt cht
ngha vt l = l lin quan dn hnh dang ca cc ca xc sut mt d xut hin ca dm my
din t:
l = 0 hay s l khi cu (mt bung, khng c nt)
l = 1 hay p hnh qu ta (2 bung, 1 nt)
l = 2 hay d hoa bn cnh (4 bung , 2 nt)
l = 3 hay f hnh dang phc tap (8 bung, 4 nt)
2 s luong t du tin c th duoc biu thj cng nhau v du 1s hay 2p.
S lung t xung lung cng m t hnh dang ca cc orbital
Cc orbital c hnh dang duoc m t dang hnh cu(l=0), dang cuc(l=1), hoc dang
hnh cnh hoa 4 cnh(l=2).
Cc orbital cn c nhng hnh dang phc tap hon nu nhu cc s luong t gc tr
nn ln hon
Quantum numbers Ha cu to
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3. S lung t t - m
l
M t orbital bn trong mt phn lp
s c 1 orbital
p c 3 orbital
d c 5 orbital
f c 7 orbital
Mi orbital khng cha qu 2 electron khng bao gi ln hon 2
m cng m t hung v xc sut c mt trong khng gian orbital ca cc
electron.
So d cho thy 3 hung c th ca cc orbital p p
x
, p
y
, p
z
Quantum numbers Ha cu to
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Cc gi trj c th nhn = l ..., 2, 1, 0, +1, +2, ... +l
Nng luong = tt c gi trj m
l
c cng nng luong
ngha vt l = vj tr sp xp ca xc sut mt d
khi l = 0, m
l
= 0chi c mt cch m qu cu duoc djnh vj s orbital
khi l = 1, m
l
= 1, 0, hoc +1c 3 p orbital
khi l = 2, m
l
= 2, 1, 0, +1, +2c 5 d orbital
khi l = 3, m
l
= 3, 2, 1, 0, +1, +2, +3c 7 f orbital
4. S lung t Spin m
s
S lung t th tu ny m t spin ca electron
Cc electron trong cng mt orbital phi c spin di nhau.
Cc spin c th quay cng hay nguoc chiu kim dng h
Cc qui lut chi phi s kt hp cua cc s lung tu:
Ba s lung tu n, l, v mdu l s nguyn.
S lung tu chnh (n) khng th l zero.
n phi l 1, 2, 3, .
S lung tu gc (l) c th l cc s nguyn nm gia 0 v n - 1.
u n = 3, l c th l 0, 1, hoc 2.
S lung tu t (m) c th l bt c s nguyn no nm gia -l v +l.
khi l = 2, m c th nhn cc gi tr -2, -1, 0, +1, hoc +2.
S lung tu spin (s) nhn cc gi tr| +
1
/
2
ho}c -
1
/
2
.
Nng luong = c hai gi trj du c cng nng luong; tuy nhin, Nng luong s thp hon nu cc
electron khng ghp di v khng xp cng spin v cng hung
ngha vt l = spin
Ch rng s luong t chnh v s luong t gc xung luong mi c nh hung v mt nng
luong, nu khong cch ca cc n l ln hon th khong cch gia cc l s nh hon. Tuy nhin
nhiu buc nh s thnh mt buc ln. Mt qui lut rt hu dung l nu tng n+l ln hon th
nng luong s ln hon. Nu 2 gi trj ca tng n + l bng nhau th nu electron no c n nh hon
th nng luong s nh hon. Nng luong nh hon s bn hon. Nng luong thp nht l trang
thi co bn
Quantum numbers Ha cu to
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Nguyn L loai tr Pauli:
Khng tn tai 2 electron trong mt nguyn t c cng cc s luong t
Qui tc Hund
Cc electron s din vo cc orbital trng c nng luong bng nhau truc khi n din thm
electron th 2 nu chng d sn sng d din cc electron.
Ha hc lung t:
M t cch m cc nguyn t kt hop d hnh thnh cc phn t v cch m cc phn t tuong
tc vi dng cc qui tc ca vt l luong t.
Mt cha kha d hiu ha luong t l mt electron khng phi l mt hat co bn nm trong mt
vj tr xc djnh no d trong khng gian, thm ch mt don electron c th quay quanh hat nhn
nguyn t tao nn th tch ca c nguyn t. Thay v ngh rng cc lp electron nm gn nhau th
nn hnh dung cc electron duoc xp trong cc orbital ging nhu cc cc gon sng trn mt h
khi ta nm mt cuc d. Mi dm my electron tri rng v bao xung quanh nhn nguyn t v tt
c cc electron trong mt nguyn t chju nh hung truc tip t hat nhn, mc d c mt s
electron chju nh hung manh hon cc electron khc. Khi m khng c d ch trng cho cc
orbital d nm gn hat nhn th c mt s orbital tp trung xa hat nhn hon vi mt d cao. Mt
s su sp xp ca cc elelctron trong orbital n djnh hon hay bn hon cc electron khc, v cc
nguyn t s tuong tc d dat duoc su sp xp n djnh ny dy l co s cho vic hnh thnh lin
kt.
Quantum numbers Ha cu to
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Mt s v d v s lung t
V du 1
Sp xp cc electron sau dy (n, l, m
l
, m
s
) t nng luong cao nht dn nng luong thp nht.
A. (2, 1, 1, +1/2)
B. (1, 0, 0, 1/2)
C. (4, 1, 1, +1/2)
D. (4, 2, 1, +1/2)
E. (3, 2, 1, +1/2)
F. (4, 0, 0, +1/2)
G. (2, 1, 1, +1/2)
H. (3, 1, 0, +1/2)
Li gii
Nng luong thp nht s c tng n + l thp nht. Cc electron C v E c cng gi trj l 5 m E c
n thp hon s c nng luong thp hon. Cc electron H v F cng c cng gi trj tng n + l v H
c nng luong thp hon. Cc electron A v G c cng gi trj n v l do vy chng c cng nng
luong
Nng lung thp nht B < A = G < H < F < E < C < D Nng lung cao nht
V d 2
Sp xp cc orbital c nng luong gim dn.
3s, 5p, 4d, 1s, 5d, 3p
Li gii
Nhc lai s l 0, p l 1, v d l 2. nng luong c th sp xp theo tng n + l, do d
3s = 3, 5p = 6, 4d = 6, 1s = 1, 5d = 7, 3p = 4
Nng lung cao 5d > 5p > 4d > 3p > 3s > 1s nng lung thp
Quantum numbers Ha cu to
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Sau khi d doc xong bi ny mi ban lm cc bi tp sau:
Bi 1
iu g khng n vi cc s luong t (n, l, m
l
, m
s
) ca cc electron sau?
a. (2, 2, 0, +1/2)
b. (3, 1, 1, 1/2)
c. (3, 1, 2, 1)
d. (4, 0, 1, +1/2)
e. (+1/2, 1, 1, 1)
Bi 2 T cc electron trong v du 1 hy tr li cc cu hi sau:
A. (2, 1, 1, +1/2)
B. (1, 0, 0, 1/2)
C. (4, 1, 1, +1/2)
D. (4, 2, 1, +1/2)
E. (3, 2, 1, +1/2)
F. (4, 0, 0, +1/2)
G. (2, 1, 1, +1/2)
H. (3, 1, 0, +1/2)
a. Electron no c spin khc hung vi cc electron cn lai?
b. Electron no xp trong orbital hnh cu?
c. Electron no xp trong p-orbital?
d. Electron no xp trong d-orbital?
e. Electron no nm xa hat nhn nguyn t nht?
f. 2 electron no xp trong cng 1 orbital?
g. 2 electron no xp khc hung?
h. 2 electron no khng th nm trong cng mt nguyn t
i. cc electron no c cng nng luong?
j. electron no xp vo f-orbital?
Thank you
The Young Vietnamese Chemistry Specialists
HCM,city. Januar 5, 2005