CU TRC V PHN LOI CC B BIN I XUNG P MT CHIU

3.1 Cu trc v phn loi cc b bin i xung p

3.1.1. Khi qut

ng ct in p ngun ngi ta thng dng cc kho in t cng sut v chng c c tnh tng ng vi kho l tng, tc l khi kho dn in (ng) in tr ca n khng ng k; cn khi kho b ngt (m ra) in tr ca n v cng ln (in p trn ti mng s bng khng) Nguyn l c bn ca b bin i xung p mt chiu c m t trn hnh 3.1

Hnh 3.1: S nguyn l a) v th b) ca b bin i xung p

Trong khong thi gian 0 t1, kho K ng li, in p trn ti U R s s c gi tr bng in p ngun (UR = E); cn trong khong t1 T, kho K m ra v UR = 0. Nh vy gi tr trung bnh ca in p trn ti s l:

(3.1) - Thi gian kho K ng - H s iu chnh T- Chu k ng ct kho K Biu thc (3.1) cho thy, thay i in p trn ti c hai cch:

1. Thay i thi gian ng kho K, khi gi chu k ng ct khng i (phng php iu ch

rung)

2. Thay i tn s ng ct (f = 1/T) v gi thi gian ng kho K khng i (

= const)

Nh vy b bin i xung p c kh nng iu chnh v n nh in p ra trn ph ti.

N c nhng u im c bn sau: Hiu sut cao v tn hao cng sut trong b bin i khng ng k so vi cc b bin i lin tc chnh xc cao cng nh t chu nh hng ca nhit mi trng, v yu t iu chnh l thi gian ng kho K m khng phi gi tr in tr ca cc phn t iu chnh thng gp trong cc b iu chnh lin tc Cht lng in p tt hn so vi cc b bin i lin tc Kch thc gn nh

Nhc im c bn ca cc b bin i xung p l: Cn c b lc u ra, do lm tng qun tnh ca b bin i khi lm vic trong h thng kn Tn s ng ct ln s to ta nhiu cho ngun cng nh cc thit b iu khin

Tuy nhin b bin i xung p vn c ng dng rng ri, nht l khi cc yu t v tin cy, d iu chnh, n nh cng nh kch thc l nhng tiu ch c t ln hng u.

i vi cc b bin i cng sut trung bnh (hng chc kW) v nh (vi kW), ngi ta thng dng cc kho in t l cc bng bn dn lng cc IGBT. Trong trng hp cng sut ln (vi trm kW tr ln) ngi ta s dng GTO hoc tiristo.

3.1.2. Kho bng Tiristo

Nh nu trn, vic s dng van iu khin hon ton l hp l, nht l i vi b bin i xung p mt chiu. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp ngi ta vn s dng v n l van c cng sut ln nht hin nay. Nh chng ta bit, tiristo l van bn dn iu khin. Mun kho tiristo cn gim dng qua tiristo nh hn gi tr nht nh no bng cch t in p ngc ln tiristo Khi s dng tiristo l kho in t trong b bin i xung p mt chiu, kho tiristo ngi ta thng dng cc tiristo ph v ngun nng lng tch tr trong t in kho tiristo chnh. Mt s mch kho tiristo c gii thiu trn hnh 3.2

Hnh 3.2. Mch kha tiristo

Trn c s hnh 3.2, tiristo T C l tiristo chnh (kho in t). Tiristo ph (T f) cng vi cc phn t C, R, D, L lm thnh mch chuyn mch kho tiristo chnh.

i vi s hnh 3.2a, khi TC m, t C c np in thng qua in tr R ti gi tr in p ngun, mun kho TC ngi ta m Tf. Nh vy trn TC s c in p ngc bng gi tr in p trn t v n lm cho dng qua TC gim v khng v kho li. i vi s hnh 3.2b, khi m Tf, t C c np in vi du dng pha trn v m pha di. Khi cho tiristo chnh (T C) lm vic, t C s phng in qua mch D, L v do hin tng cng hng n s c np in theochiu ngc li (du in p trong ngoc hnh 3.2b). Du in p ny ph hp to in p ngc cho T C. Mun kho TC ta li m Tf v in p ngc ca t C lc ny c tc dng kho TC li. Nh vy bng cc mch ph tr ta bin b T C v Tf tr thnh mt kho in t c th ng m tu . Phng php chuyn mch nh vy gi l chuyn mch cng bc.

3.1.3. Phn loi

C nhiu cch phn loi cc b bin i xung p mt chiu, tu thuc vo cch mc kho in t song song hay ni tip m ngi ta chia cc b bin i xung p thnh ni tip hay song song (hnh 3.3 v 3.4). Cng c th phn bit b bin i tu thuc vo in p ra, v d nh b bin i xung p hnh 3.4a l b bin i xung p c in p ra nh hn in p vo, cn b bin i xung p hnh 3.4b l b bin i xung p c in p ra ln hn in p vo. Tu thuc vo du in p m ngi ta chia ra: b bin i xung p khng o chiu (hnh 3.3 v 3.4) hoc b bin i xung p c o chiu (hnh 3.6) Trong giao thng, cp in cho nhiu ng c ca mt don tu ngi ta c th mc song song nhiu ph ti (hnh 3.5b) hoc b bin i xung p c th c nhiu mch nhnh song song (hnh 3.5b), v trong trng hp ny c b bin i xung p cong c gi b bin i xung p nhiu pha, so vi cc b bin i xung p nu trn hnh (hnh 3.3 v 3.4)

Hnh 3.3. B bin i xung p ni tip: a, b, c, d

Hnh 3.4. B bin i xung ap song song: a v b

Do cch ghp ni khc nhau nhn c nhng c tnh mong mun, b bin i xung p cn c nhng tn gi khc nhau tu thuc vo cc c im phn loi nu trn.

Hnh 3.5 S cu trc b bin i xung p vi cc mch ph ti mc song song

Hnh 3.6 B bin i xung p c o chiu

3.1.4. S cu trc

Cu trc ca b bin i xung p mt chiu thng c dng nh hnh 3.7.

Hnh 3.7

S hnh 3.7 gm cc phn t ch yu nh ngun N, b lc u vo L, kho in t (KT), b lc L0) v ph ti (PT) (c th l ng c in mt chiu) Ngun mt chiu c th l cquy hoc b chnh lu. B lc u vo thng dng mch LC hoc ch dng in cm. T C c th c thay th bng cc phn t tch tr nng lng nh cquy. Kho in t (KT) ngy nay c dng ch yu l cc van bn dn iu khin hon ton.

B lc u ra (L0) c tc dng san phng dng in u ra ca b bin i. Cc b bin i xung p mt chiu trnh by di y ch cp n vi vn s dng van iu khin hon ton (GTO, BT hoc IGBT).

Theo Mc 3.1 Chng 3 B bin i xung p in t cng sut Tc gi: V Minh Chnh (Ch bin) Phm Quc Hi Trn Trng Minh