ME 310 Fluid Mechanics Experiment 10 Coefficient of Discharge, Coefficient of Velocity, Coefficient of Contraction Orifice and Jet Apparatus ______________________________________________________

This experiment is designed to help you understand several properties of water flows through an orifice including the coefficients of Discharge ( C D ), Velocity ( CV ), and Contraction ( C C ) . Objective: To calculate the C D , CV , & C C at a number of head pressures for two different orifices. To draw a relationship between these properties and the size of orifice.

Reference: Sections 8-6 through 8-10 in Intro. to Fluid Mechanics; Fox, McDonald, and Pritchard; 6th edition Description of the Apparatus: The apparatus consist mainly of a cylindrical tank with a small orifice near the bottom of the tank. There is an inlet hose through which the tank is filled and supplied with water and there is an adjustable overflow pipe near the top of the tank through which the level of water in the tank can be perfectly maintained. The tank is mounted on a frame along with a recording system that is used to measure the jet of water produced from the orifice when in use. The recording system consists of a clipboard and adjustable needles. The needles can be adjusted in height to correspond with the arc of the water jet. Paper can be mounted against the clipboard and the position of the tops of the needles can be recorded on the paper.

Figure 10.1 Orifice and Jet Apparatus. 10.1

Experimental Procedure:
Adjustable Overflow Pipe Head Tank Scale (h) Clamp Clip Board Needle

Inlet Pipe

Orifice Plate

Adjustable Feet

Figure 10.2 Sketch of Orifice and Jet Apparatus 1- Set up the apparatus such that the orifice is facing the sink. Place the water drainer under the apparatus. Connect the hose from the inlet pipe to the water facet. Make sure that the exit hose from the adjustable overflow pipe is positioned so that it will drain into the sink. Through visual inspection, level the 10.2

apparatus using the adjustable feet. Measure the diameter of the orifice in both orifice plates. Finally place paper in the clamp against the clip board (you may need to tape two pieces of paper together to stretch across the whole of the clipboard. 2- Raise all of the needles to their highest position where they are out of the way. We will call this starting position. Make sure that one of the orifice plates is in position on the cylindrical tank. Place the adjustable overflow pipe such that it is relatively low. Turn on the water supply. Once the water has reached the level were it is spilling into the overflow pipe, adjust the flow so that it just barely trickles into the pipe. Record the water level or head (h). At this time the water jet should be formed and protruding forcefully from the cylindrical tank. 3- Measure the flow rate Q of the water jet - take the measuring cup and collect water from the jet for a set amount of time. Record the volume of water collected and the time for which it was collected. 4- Adjust the height of each needle such that the tip of the needle is just above the water jet as it passes underneath.

Figure 10.3 10.3

5- Once all of the needles are set, mark the position of the top of each needle on the paper against the clipboard. The vena contracta of the water jet should serve as your datum your first mark, the furthermost mark to the left i.e. your first mark will be a bit to the left of the clip board (the x component will be the x location of the vena contracta and the y component will be the same as the y component of the first needle. (The vena contracta is the place where the water jet narrows from the diameter of the orifice to the diameter of the rest of the jet. The position of the vena contracta is usually very close to the orifice. You should devise some system of notation such that you can distinguish each set of marks (from each trial) from all other sets of marks. Once the marks are made, return the needles to starting position.

Vena Contracta

Figure 10.4 Sketch of Vena Contracta 6- Repeat steps 2 4 for 5 more conditions of head (6 total). It is recommended that you simply increase the water level each time until you near the top of cylindrical tank. To increase the water simply raise the position of the overflow pipe. You may also need to increase the rate of the input water flow. 7- Change the orifice plate and repeat the experiment again, steps 2 5. You may need to use another sheet of paper on the clipboard or to turn over the one you are currently using. 8- Calculate the x-distance and y-distance from each trial of both orifices.

10.4

x is measured from the vena contracta to the furthermost needle

Clip Board

y is measured over the span of x.

Figure 10.5 x & y

10.5

Theory:
The coefficient of discharge is a ratio of the actual discharge divided by the ideal discharge. The actual discharge is the discharge that occurs and which is affected by friction as the jet passes through the orifice. The ideal discharge would be the discharge achieved without friction. The coefficient of discharge is heavily related to the volumetric flow rate of the fluid flow and the cross sectional area of the orifice. It is also related to the gravitational constant and the head pressure.

Q = CD A 2 g h
CD = Q A 2 g h

Where: Q = Volumetric Flow Rate A = Cross sectional area of the orifice g = the gravitational constant h = the head The Coefficient of Velocity is the ratio of the actual velocity divided by the ideal velocity. The actual velocity is the velocity that is achieved and which is affected by friction as the jet passes through the orifice. The ideal velocity would be the velocity achieved without friction. The Coefficient of Velocity is related to the x and y distances spanned by the water jet. It is also related to the head pressure. CV = x 2 h y

The Coefficient of Contraction is a ratio of the actual diameter of the jet divided by the ideal diameter of the jet. The actual diameter is the diameter that occurs and which is affected by friction as the jet passes through the orifice. The ideal diameter would be the diameter of the orifice. The Coefficient of Contraction can be derived from a relationship with the Coefficients of Discharge and Velocity.

CC =

CD CV 10.6

The Coefficient of Contraction can also be derived from direct measurement if adequately precise tools are available.

Report Requirements:
1 a - For each orifice calculate the C D for all 6 trials. Then calculate the average of the trials for your final value. b - For each orifice calculate the CV for all 6 trials. Then calculate the average of the trials for your final value. c - From the average values for C D and CV , calculate the C C for each orifice. 2 Compute a Graph comparing the cross sectional area of the orifices (x axis) to the C D (y-axis) 3 Compute a Graph comparing the cross sectional area of the orifices (x axis) to the CV (y-axis) 4 Compute a Graph comparing the cross sectional area of the orifices (x axis) to the C C (y-axis) 5 Compute a Graph comparing the cross sectional area of the orifices (x axis) to the C D , CV & C C (y axis) 6 Comment about the relationship between all three coefficients with respect to the cross sectional area of the orifices and with respect to one another. Speculate on theory to explain these relationships.

10.7

Experimental Data and Sample Calculations

Trial # Head (h) (mm) Volume Time (l) (s) Orifice #1 Q (l/s) y (mm) x (mm)

CD

CV

CC

Trial # Head (h) (mm)

Volume Time (l) (s)

Orifice #2 Q (l/s) y (mm)

x (mm)

CD

CV

CC

10.8