SUB QUERIES

A query embedded with in another query is called as sub query

Document prepared by: AN.Murugappan

Sub queries: A query embedded with in another query is called as sub query Types: 2 1. Single row sub query 2. Multi row sub query

SINGLE ROW SUB QUERY (OUTPUT THAT RETURNS ONLY ONE ROW) Q: Find out the persons those who got a salary more than Alexenders salary. Step 1 : First find out the Alexenders salary (By using sub query) Step 2 : Then find out the employees those who got a more salary than the Alexenders salary (Result of sub queries)

Step 1: SELECT SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES; WHERE FIRST_NAME='Alexander' AND LAST_NAME='Hunold';

Step 2: SELECT FIRST_NAME,SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE SALARY > (SELECT SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE FIRST_NAME='Alexander' AND LAST_NAME='Hunold' );

(Result) >

(RESULT OF SUB QUERY)

MULTI ROW SUB QUERY (QUERY THAT RETURNS MORE THEN ONE ROW)

ALL, ANY, IN (OPERATORS USED IN SUB QUERIES)

ALL - TAKE THE MAX VALUE FROM THE OUTPUT SELECT SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE FIRST_NAME='Alexander'

SELECT FIRST_NAME,SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE SALARY >ALL (SELECT SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE FIRST_NAME='Alexander');

>

(MAXIMUM VALUE FROM THE RESULT OF SUBQUERY)

ANY - TAKE THE MINIMUM VALUE FROM THE OUTPUT SELECT SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE FIRST_NAME='Alexander'

SELECT FIRST_NAME,SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE SALARY >ANY (SELECT SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE FIRST_NAME='Alexander');

. . .

. .

>

(MINIMUM VALUE FROM THE RESULT OF THE SUB QUERY)

IN (VALUES) SELECT FIRST_NAME, SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE SALARY IN (9000,10000,15000);

WE CAN USE SUB QUERY IN ALL THE CLAUSES EXCEPT ORDER BY AND GROUP BY.

USE OF SUB QUERY IN WHERE CLAUSE

SELECT FIRST_NAME,SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE SALARY >(SELECT SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES

WHERE FIRST_NAME='Neena');

USE OF SUB QUERY IN FROM CLAUSE INLINE VIEW -> NAMED SUBQUERY IN A FROM CLAUSE IS CALLED AS INLINE VIEW

SELECT * FROM (SELECT FIRST_NAME,SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE SALARY >ANY (SELECT SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE FIRST_NAME='Neena'))

//USE OF SUB QUERY IN SELECT CLAUSE

SELECT (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID=10) Administration, (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID=20) Marketing, (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID=30) Purchasing, (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID=40) "Human Resources", (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID=50) Shipping, (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID=60) IT, (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID=70) "Public Relations", (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID=80) Sales, (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID=90) Executive, (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID=100) Finance FROM DUAL;

EXCEPT ORDER BY AND GROUP BY WE CAN USE SUB QUERIES IN ALL THE CLAUSEES

Interview Questions

1. FIND OUT THE SECOND MAXIMUM SALERY FROM THE EMPLOYEES TABLE

STEP 1 : SELECT MAX(SALARY) FROM EMPLOYEES; THIS IS A QUERY TO FIND OUT THE MAXIMUM SALARY STEP 2 : Use the above query as a sub query and use the operator > or not in to find out the second maximum salary

SELECT MAX(SALARY) FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE SALARY NOT IN(SELECT MAX(SALARY) FROM EMPLOYEES);

Output :

2. Find out the nth maximum salary from the employees table.

Step 1 : First find out the distinct salary from the employees table by using the query select distinct salary from employees order by 1 desc; Step 2 : use the above query in the from CLAUSE (i.e. inline view) and use the rownum (with <=

operator) ,max function to find out the nth maximum salary.

SELECT MIN(SALARY) FROM (SELECT DISTINCT SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES ORDER BY SALARY DESC) WHERE ROWNUM <= 10; Result :