Dang 1: HOAN THANH S PHAN NG

Phng phap: Nm chc kin thc v tinh cht hoa hoc cua cac cht v c
,mi quan h gia cac hp cht, iu ch cac hp cht.
Vi du 1: Vit phng trinh phan ng hoa hoc theo s chuyn hoa sau:
a)S (1) SO2 (2) SO3 (3) H2SO4 (4) SO2 (5) H2SO3 (6) Na2SO3
(7)
(8)
NaHSO3
b) FeCl3

Na2SO4

Fe(OH)3
Fe2O3
Fe(NO)3
Bai giai

a)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

FeCl3

t0
S
+ O2
SO2
0, V O
t 2 52SO3
2SO2 + O2
SO3 + H2O
H2SO4
H2SO4 + Na2SO3
Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2
SO2 + H2O
H2SO3
H2SO3 + 2NaOH
Na2SO3 + H2O
SO2 + NaOH
NaHSO3
H2SO4 + 2NaOH
Na2SO4 + H2O

b)
(1) FeCl3 + 3NaOH
Fe(OH)3
+ 3NaCl
(2) Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl
FeCl3
+ H2O
t0 Fe2O3 + 3H2O
(3) 2Fe(OH)3
(4) FeCl3 + 3AgNO3
3AgCl + Fe(NO)3
(5) Fe(NO3)3 + 3NaOH
Fe(OH)3 + 3NaNO3
(6) Fe2O3
+ 6HCl
2FeCl3
+ 3H2O
Vi du 2: Co nhng cht sau: Na2O, Na, NaOH, NaHCO3, Na2SO4, Na2CO3,NaCl,
NaClO.
a)
Da vao mi quan h gia cac cht, hay sps xp cac cht trn thanh
mt s chuyn hoa khng nhanh.
b) Vit phng trinh hoa hoc theo s trn.
a) S chuyn hoa:
Na Na2O
NaOH
NaHCO3
Na2CO3
NaCl
NaClO
b) Phng trinh hoa hoc:
4Na + O2
2Na2O
Na2O + H2O
2 NaOH
NaOH + CO2
NaHCO3
NaOH + NaHCO3
Na2CO3 + H2O
Na2CO3 + H2SO4
Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O

Na2SO4 + BaCl2
BaSO4 + NaCl
in phn dd
NaCl + H2O
NaClO + H2
Khng mn

Vi du 3: Co nhng cht sau: Zn, Zn(OH)2, NaOH, Fe(OH)3, CuSO4, NaCl, HCl.
Hay chon cht thich hp in vao mi s phan ng sau va lp phng trinh hoa hoc:
a)
...
Fe2O3 + H2O
0 Na SO
b) H2SO4 +
...
2
4 + H2O
t
c) H2SO4 +
...
ZnSO4 + H2O
d) NaOH +
...
NaCl + H2O
e) ...
+
CO2
Na2CO3 + H2O
Bai giai:
t0

a) 2Fe(OH)3
Fe2O3
b) H2SO4 + 2NaOH
c) H2SO4 + Zn(OH)2
d) NaOH + HCl
e) 2NaOH
+ CO2

+ 3H2O
Na2SO4 + H2O
ZnSO4 + H2O
NaCl + H2O
Na2CO3 + H2O

Dang 2: PHNG PHAP GIAI BAI TP NHN BIT

Phng phap:
1. Nguyn tc:
Dung hoa cht thng qua phan ng co hin tng xut hin nhn bit cac hoa
cht ng trong cac binh mt nhan.
2. Phan ng nhn bit:
Phan ng nhn bit phai la phan ng c trng: tc la phan ng xay ra: Nhanh,
nhay, d thc hin, phai co du hiu, hin tng d quan sat ( kt tua, hoa tan kt tua,
thay i mau sc, sui bot khi, co mui...).
3. Cac kiu cu hoi nhn bit thng gp:
Kiu 1: Nhn bit vi cac cht (rn, long, khi) ring bit.
Vi kiu bai nhn bit nay, nu co n cht, ta cn nhn bit n - 1 cht, cht con lai
la cht th n. VD: Bng phng phap hoa hoc, nhn bit 4 dung dich ng trong 4 lo:
NaCl, Na2CO3, NaNO3, Na2SO4.
Kiu 2: Nhn bit hoa cht trong cung hn hp
Trong trng hp nay vi n cht ta phai nhn bit n cht trong cung mt hn
hp. VD: Lam th nao nhn bit c 3 axit HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 cung tn tai trong
mt dung dich loang.
4. Cac dang bai nhn bit trong mi kiu:
Dang 1: Nhn bit vi thuc th khng han ch.
VD: Bng phng phap hoa hoc, nhn bit cac dung dich sau: BaCl2, AgNO3,
NaOH, H2SO4

Dang 2: Nhn bit vi thuc th han ch ( co th thuc th cho sn hcj phai tim)
VD: Chi dung nc co th nhn bit 3 cht rn: BaO, Al2O3, MgO ng trong 3 lo sau
khng? Nu co hay nhn bit.
Dang 3: Nhan bit ma khng dung thuc th ngoai.
VD: Khng s dung thuc th ngoai, nhn bit 5 dung dich sau:HCl, Na2CO3,
BaCl2, Na2SO4, NaCl.
5. Cach trinh bay mt bai nhn bit (gm 4 bc chinh).
Cach 1: Dung phng phap m ta.
- Bc 1: Trich mu th( Thng la ly ra mi cht mt it lam mu th).
- Bc 2: Chon thuc th ( tuy thuc vao yu cu bai: Thuc th khng han
ch, an ch hoc khng dung thuc th ngoai).
- Bc 3: Cho thuc th vao mu th, trinh bay hin tng quan sat c t o
tim ra hoa cht cn nhn bit.
- Bc 4: Vit tt ca cac phng trinh phan ng xay ra.
Cach 2: Dung phng phap lp bang
Cung qua cac bc nh cach (1). Ring bc 2 va 3 thay vi m ta, gp lai thanh
bang: Trinh t nhn bit.
Vi du:
Cht cn
nhn bit
Thuc
th s dung

A
B

....

....
///
///
....
///
....
Kt lun a nhn
X
Y
Z
....
Quy c: (-): Khng co du hiu gi xay ra( mc du co th co phan ng), (///) cht
a nhn bit c.
Vi du 1: Hay phn bit cac lo mt nhan ng cac dung dich: NaCl, Na 2SO4,
NaNO3
Bai giai:
Trich cac mu th t cac dung dich.
Cho cac mu th vao 3 cc ng dung dich BaCl 2. Mu nao co kt tua trng la
Na2SO4
Na2SO4 + BaCl2
BaSO4 + 2NaCl
Cho hai mu th cua hai dung dich con lai vao hai cc ng dung dich AgNO3.
Mu th nao tao kt tua trng la NaCl:
NaCl + AgNO3
AgCl + NaNO3
Mu con lai khng co hin tng gi la NaNO3
Vi du 2: Chi dung nc va khi cacbonnic co th phn bit 5 cht bt trng sau y
khng? NaCl, Na2CO3, Na2SO4, BaCO3, BaSO4. Nu c hay trinh bay cach nhn bit.
Bai giai:
Ta co s nhn bit:
Cht th
NaCl
Na2CO3
Na2SO4
BaCO3
BaSO4
H2O
tan
tan
tan

CO2 d
Dd (1)
CO2 d

Tan (dd1)
tan

khng tan

Khng tan

Phng trinh hoa hoc:

CO2 + H2O + BaCO3
Ba( HCO3)2
Ba( HCO3)2 + Na2CO3
BaCO3 + 2NaHCO3
Ba( HCO3)2 + Na2SO4
BaSO4 + 2NaHCO3
CO2 + H2O + BaCO3
Ba(HCO3)2
Vi du 3: Khng dung hoa cht khac, nhn bit: HCl, K 2CO3, NaCl, Na2SO4 va
Ba(NO3)2
Bai giai:
Cho cac dung dich tac dung vi nhau tng i mt, kt qua c trinh bay bang
sau:
HCl
K2CO3
NaCl
Na2SO4
Ba(NO3)2
HCl
(x)
CO2
K2CO3
CO2
(x)
BaCO3
NaCl
(x)
Na2SO4
(x)
BaSO4
Ba(NO3)2
BaCO3
BaSO4
(x)
- Dung dich khng tao hin tng gi la NaCl
- Dung dich tao CO2 vi mt dung dich khac la dung dich HCl.
- Dung dich tao kt tua trng vi mt dung dich khac la Na2SO4
- Dung dich tao kt tua trng vi hai dung dich khac la Ba(NO3)2
- Dung dich va tao CO2 va tao kt tua trng vi hi dung dich khac la K2CO3

Dang 3: PHNG PHAP GIAI BAI TP TACH BIT

Phng phap:
1. Ni dung:
Co hn hp nhiu cht trn ln vi nhau dung phan ng ho hoc kt hp vi s
tach, chit, un si, c can, tach mt cht ra khoi hn hp hay tach cac cht ra khoi
nhau.
2. Cac dang toan tach ring
a) Tach mt cht ra khoi hn hp.
Dang toan nay chi cn tach ring mt cht ra khoi hn hp, loai bo cac cht khac,
ta co mt trong hai cach giai sau:
* Cach 1: Dung hoa cht phan ng tac dung ln cac cht cn loai bo, con cht
c tach ring khng tac dung sau phan ng c tach ra d dang
Vi du 1: Co hn hp Cu, zn, Fe. Hay Cu ra khoi hn hp.
Bai giai:

Cho hn hp vao cc ng dung dich HCl d thi Zn, Fe tan ra. Cu khng tac
dung c tach ra.
Zn +2HCl
ZnCl2 + H2
Fe +2HCl
FeCl2 + H2
Vi du 2: Bt kim loai st co ln nhm. Hay nu phng phap lam sach st.
Bai giai:
Cho hn hp bt vao dung dich NaOH d, nhm tn hoan toan trong dung dich,
con lai st nguyn cht.
2Al + 2NaOH +2H2O
2NaAlO2 + 3H2
Vi du 3: Co hn hp khi CO2 va O2. lam th nao co th thu c khi O2 hn hp
trn? Trinh bay cach lam va vit phng trinh hoa hoc
Bai giai:
Dan hn hp vao dung dich nc vi trong d, luc o CO 2 bi hp thu hoan toan
theo phan ng:
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 + H2O
Con O2 Khng phan ng, thoat ra khoi dung dich c thu ly.
Cach 2: Dung hoa cht tac dung vi cht cn mun tach ring tao ra san phm
mi, san phm d tach khoi hn hp va d tai tao lai cht ban u.
Vi du: Co hn hp ba mui rn BaCl2, KCl, NaCl. Hy tach ring BaCl2 khoi hn
hp.
Bai giai:
Cho hn hp vao cc ng dung dich Na2CO3 d
BaCl2 + Na2CO3
BaCO3 + 2NaCl
Loc tach BaCO3, ri cho tac dung vi dung dich HCl:
BaCO3 + 2HCl
BaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Dang 4: BAI TP HN HP
Phng phap:
Da vo tnh cht ca hn hp, chng ta c th chia cc bi tp hn hp thnh 3
dng chnh nh sau:

1) Dng 1: Hn hp gm cc cht c tnh cht khc nhau

A +X
AX

B
B ( kho
ng p )

* Tng qut :
* Cch gii : Thng tnh theo 1 PTHH tm lng cht A
ngc li nu d kin cho khng lin quan n PTHH )

lng cht B ( hoc

2) Dng 2:Hn hp gm cc cht c tnh cht tng t

A +X
AX

B
BX

* Tng qut :
* Cch gii :
* t n ( a,b ) cho s mol ca mi cht trong hn hp
* Vit PTHH tnh theo PTHH vi cc n
* Lp cc phng trnh ton lin lc gia cc n v cc d kin
* Gii phng trnh tm n

Hon thnh yu cu ca

3) Dng 3: Hn hp cha mt cht c CTHH trng sn phm ca

cht kia.
AX + B ( m
i sinh)
A +X

B
B (ban a
u)

* Tng qut :
* Cch gii :
* Nh dng 2
* Cn ch : lng B thu c sau phn ng gm c lng B cn li v
lng B mi sinh ra trong phn ng vi cht A
4) Mt s im cn lu khi gii ton hn hp:
* Nu hn hp c chia phn c t l ( gp i, bng nhau ) th t n x,y cho
s mol tng cht trong mi phn.
* Nu hn hp c chia phn khng c quan h th t n (x,y,z )cho s mol mi
cht mt phn v gi s s mol phn ny gp k ln s mol phn kia.
Vi du 1: Ha tan 20 g hn hp 2 xit CuO v Fe 2O3 cn va 200ml dung dch HCl
3.5M
a, Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra, tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi xit
trong hn hp.
b, Tnh khi lng mui sinh ra sau phn ng.
(Bit Cu = 64; Fe =56; O = 16; Cl = 35,5)
Bai giai:

= 3.5x0.2 = 0.7 mol

a) CuO + 2HCl
CuCl2
+
x
2x
x
HCl

H2O (1)

b) Fe2O3 + 6HCl
2FeCl3 + H2O (2)
y
6y
2y
b) T (1), (2) v d kin bi ta c h phng trnh
80 x + 160 y = 20

2 x + 6 y = 0.7
Gii h phng trnh ta c: x = 0.05; y = 0.1
4
x100 = 20%
m CuO = 0.05 x 80 = 4g => %CuO =
20
16
x100 = 80%
mFe2O3 = 0.1 x 160 = 16g => %Fe2O3 =
20
c) mCuCl2 = 0.05x 135 = 6.75g
mFeCl3 = 0.2 x 16205 = 32.5g
Vi du 2: Cho 10.5 gam hn hp 2 kim loai Cu, Zn vao dung dich H2SO4 loang d
ngi ta thu c 2.24 lit khi (ktc).
a) Vit phng trinh hoa hoc.
b) Tinh khi lng cht rn con lai sau phan ng.

Bai giai:
a) Chi co Zn phan ng theo phng trinh hoa hoc:
Zn + H2SO4
ZnSO4 + H2
2.24
b) T ti l phan ng ta co: nZn = nH2=
= 0.1 (mol)
22.4
Suy ra: mzn= 0.1 x 65 = 6.5 (g)
Vy khi lng cht