Energy Balance Reactions:

For Non-reaction processes:

H=miHi(outlet)-miHi(inlet)
Q-Ws=H+Ek+Ep
Ws=0 (when no moving parts)
Q=U (for closed systems)
Q=H (for open systems)
8.1 FERMENTER:
Stoichiometric Equation:
C12H22O11+H2O2C6H12O64C2H5OH+4CO2
T=298K (assuming isothermal conditions)
P=1atm
Energy Balance in fermenter:
H=4(Hformation Ethanol) +4(Hformation CO2)-2(Hformation glucose)
Enthalpies of formation
Hformation (Ethanol) =-276.5kJ/mol
Hformation (CO2) =-393.5kJ/mol
Hformation H2O (l) = -285.8 kJ/mol
Hformation H2O (g) = -241.8 kJ/mol
Hformation (glucose) (g) =-1250 kJ/mol
Hformation (sucrose) (g) =-2220kJ/mol
Therefore, H= [4(-276.5) +4(-393.5)-2(-1250)] = -180kJ/mol

CALCULATIONS:
From the stoichiometric reaction:
Sucrose balance:

Min of molasses=5170 kg/hr

But, sucrose content in molasses=52%
Sucrose=0.52*5170 =2688.4 kg/hr
Moles of sucrose=2688.4/342=7.860 kmol
Nout of sucrose= 1344.16/342=0.393 kmol
Water balance:
Nin=20691.130 /18=1149.50 kmoles
Nout=20549.64/18=1141.64 kmoles

CO2 balance:
Nout =13143.288/44=29.871 kmoles
C2H5OH balance:
Nout= 13,740.71/46=29.871 kmoles
nin (mol)
7.860
1149.50
0
0

Hin(kJ/mol)
-2220
-285.8
-276.5
-393.5

species
C12H22O11
H2 O
C2H5OH
CO2

nout(mol)
0.393
1141.64
29.871
29.871

Table 8.1 Energy Balance across the fermenter

Now, extent of reaction:
= [(nC12H22O11) out-(n C12H22O11) in]/ ( C12H22O11)
= (0.393-7.860)/-1=-7.861 mol/hr
Now, energy Balance:
Q-Ws=H+Ek+Ep
Now, Ek=0 (Kinetic changes)
Ep =0 (horizontal unit)
Q-Ws=H
Assumption:

Hout(kJ/mol)
-2220
-285.8
-276.5
-393.5

Power input=1.6 watt/kg of input

Total input=275213.135kg/hr
Power Input=Ws=440.341
Ho =793.126 KW
Q=H+Ws=793.126+440.341= 1233.47kw/hr
8.2 DISTILLATION COLUMN:
Assumptions:
Temperature of distillate=82oC
Boiling point of ethanol=78.5oC
Boiling point of water=100oC
Feed enters at 25oC
Hv = enthalpy of vaporization
CALCULATIONS:
For ethanol in distillate:
H=Hv + CpdT=38.58 + (103.1*10-3)dT = 38.58+5.516
= 44.034 kJ/mol

For water in distillate:

H=Hv+CpdT + CpdT
=40.656+5.655-1.6211=44.69 kJ/mol
Ethanol in residue:
H =Hv+CpdT =38.58+103.1*10^-3(100-25) =46.3125kJ/mol
Water in residue:
H =Hv+CpdT =40.656+75.4*10^-3(100-25) =46.311 kJ/mol
Species

Feed

Distillate

Residue

nin(mol) Hin(kJ/mol) nout(mol) Hout(kJ/mol) nout(moles) Hout(kJ/mol)

Ethanol 29.871
Water

1149.113

20.798

44.034

3.07

46.3125

245.09

44.69

904.02

46.311

Table 8.2 Energy balance across the Distillation Column

H=475455.042 kJ
Q=mCpT=H

Cp=43.99kJ/kgoC
T=75oC , Therefore, Steam required, m=144.11 kg/hr
8.3 RECTIFICATION COLUMN:
Assumptions:
Feed Temperature- 78.5oC
Distillate Temperature-78.5oC
Residue-100OC
Species
Ethanol
Water

Feed
nin(mol)
301.20

Distillate
Hin(kJ/mol) nout(mol)

Residue
Hout(kJ/mol) nout(moles) Hout(kJ/mol)

Table 8.3 Energy Balance across the Rectification column

H=14246.71kJ/mol
Q=mCpT=H therefore, m= 4.32kg of steam/hr
8.4 DEHYDRATION COLUMN
Species
nin(mol)
ethanol
water

Hin(kJ/mol)

nout(mol)

Table 8.4 Energy Balance of the dehydration column

H=10,000 KJ
Therefore, steam requirement is, m=10.571kg of steam/hr

Hout(kJ/mol)