Running Head: AUGMENTED REALITY

Augmented Reality Name: Katrina Currie Instituti n: Li!erty Uni"eristy Date: 11#$%#&%1$

AUGMENTED REALITY Augmented Reality Introduction Augmented reality 'AR( re)ers t a te*+n l gy ,+ere!y t+e "ie, ) t+e real , rld is augmented ,it+ t+e +el- ) * m-uter.generated !/e*ts0 AR is lin1ed t a ) rm ) mediated

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reality ,+ere!y reality is m di)ied ,it+ t+e +el- ) * m-uter systems0 C n"ersely2 "irtual reality re-la*es t+e real , rld s*enari ,it+ a simulated reality0 Augmented reality lies in !et,een t+e real , rld and "irtual , rld0 It is tied t s-e*i)i* l *ati ns r a*ti"ities and en+an*ed !y * m-uter.generated !/e*ts0 AR -r "ides r m ) r digital * ntent t !e "erlaid in a seamless

manner and t+en mi3ed int t+e -er*e-ti ns t+at -e -le +a"e ) t+e real , rld0 4ari us digital assets su*+ as "ide )iles2 audi 2 l)a*t ry2 ta*tile and te3tual in) rmati n are em!edded int &D and $D !/e*ts2 and +en*e in)luen*e -e -le5s -er*e-ti n regarding t+e real , rld 'Ran1 +i 6 7aug+2 &%1&(0 T+ese augmentati ns are use)ul in terms ) all ,ing ne t en+an*e +is r +er 1n ,ledge regarding t+e e"ents t+at are un) lding in t+e surr unding regi ns0 Instead ) -la*ing t+emsel"es as !eing ut ) -la*e2 t+e mar1u-s t+at are ad -ted in AR all , users t understand t+e real , rld !etter !e*ause ) t+e assistan*e t+at is -r "ided !y t+e 8added data52 and t+us ma1ing it t seem as a seamless and single en"ir nment0 In t+e -ast years2 s*ien*e )i*ti n intr du*ed t+e * n*e-t ) AR2 and in t+e re*ent years2 many -e -le are treating it as a )eature t+at is lin1ed t ur distant )uture0 In t+e m dern times2

-e -le are !eing n ted t rise n t+e *rest t+at is a))iliated ,it+ massi"e te*+n l gi*al ad"an*ement0 As a result2 AR is anti*i-ated t !e* me a + use+ ld term and an e"eryday -art ) li)e t+at is inse-ara!le0 T+is is !e*ause AR +as !een made - ssi!le ) r * nsumer de"i*es0 T+e ad"an*ing - -ularity ) t+e - -ular m !ile -lat) rm su*+ as t+e i9: and Andr id2 as ,ell as ;las+.!ased re* gniti n alg rit+ms2 +a"e -ened t+e d rs and made it - ssi!le ) r masses t

AUGMENTED REALITY a**ess AR '4 gt 6 Kne<e12 &%%=(0 T+e -ur- se ) t+is -a-er is t dis*uss t+e * n*e-t )

Augmented Reality2 and t+e manner in ,+i*+ it *an !e a--lied int a learning en"ir nment0 Key Terms L *ati n.!ased2 m !ile learning2 augmented reality2 * nte3t.a,are Review of Literature A num!er ) resear*+ers lay em-+asis n t+e learner.*entered m dels0 H ,e"er2 t+ere are t+ se ,+ sti-ulate t+at +uman !eings +a"e a ,ide intelligen*e range2 ,+i*+ t+ey *an de-l y t "ari us talents r ) r*es in rder ) r t+em t !e a!le t determine t+e *a-a!ilities t+at are treated as intelligen*e0 T+ere are a num!er ) areas t+at are treated as !eing intelligen*e ) r*es0 T+ese in*lude t+e a!ility t ,rite2 read and * mmuni*ate ,+ile ma1ing use ) language and *a-a*ity t reas n and *al*ulate0 In additi n2 t+ere is a,areness t s+a-e2 * l r and s-atial relati ns2 sensiti"ity t t ne2 r+yt+m and s und2 t+e study ) - sture2 ! dy - siti n2 )a*ial e3-ressi n2 and m "ement in relati n t * mmuni*ati n0 ;urt+erm re2 it in" l"es t+e a!ility t s *iali<e2 * r- rate2 and understand t+er -e -le2 intr s-e*ti"e - tential t re)le*t and manage !e+a"i r and )eelings2 and *a-a*ity t understand t+e , rld and + , it , r1s 'Dias2 &%%=(0 >y * nsidering t+e state. ).t+e.art te*+n l gy ) t+e m dern times2 t+e d minan*e ) le*ture.!ased m dels +as t+e - tential t re-resent an !sta*le in a ,ay t+at )a*ilitates ) r t+e ad -ti n ) e))e*ti"e edu*ati nal systems0 H ,e"er2 m st ) t+e learning instituti ns re n t ade?uately -re-ared t ad -t t+e ne, learning en"ir nments0 : me ) t+e reas ns ) r t+is is insu))i*ient )unding2 tea*+ing designers2 and la*1 ) a,areness t t+e a--r -riate learning materials0 In t+e re*ent years2 resear*+ t+at is dire*ted t retrie"al ) in) rmati n !ased n -ure e. learning and !lended learning +a"e -resented "ari us su**ess )a*t rs t+at are lin1ed t te*+n l gy en+an*ed learning '7it+er2 Tsai2 6 A<uma2 &%11(0 M st ) t+ese * me )r m *reati n

AUGMENTED REALITY

and utili<ati n2 as ,ell as * urse maintenan*e0 Here2 t+ey argue t+at * nsidering t+e sta!ility and nature ) t+e * ntent t+at is -resented t get+er ,it+ t+ r ug+ * nsiderati n ) t+e a)) rda!le maintenan*e and *reati n e)) rt ser"e as "ital t ls t+at *an )a*ilitate ) r t+e su**ess ) t+ se * n*e-ts 'Dias2 &%%=(0 Augmented Reality 'AR( is a )ield ) * m-uter s*ien*e t+at is multidis*i-linary in nature0 T+is is !e*ause it targets )ields su*+ as Human.C m-uter Intera*ti n2 $D C m-uter gra-+i*s and C m-uter 4isi n0 T+ese +andle t+e * m!inati n ) t+e real , rld ,it+ data t+at is generated !y * m-uters2 t+at is "irtual reality2 ,+ere!y * m-uter gra-+i* !/e*ts are laid ut int real.time "ide ) tage0 AR demands t+ree ma/ r -r *esses0 T+ese in*lude * m!inati n ) real and "irtual

en"ir nmentsA real.time intera*ti"ityA and t+e registrati n ) $D !/e*ts int real en"ir nments 'Hsia 2 &%1%(0 A num!er ) ad"an*es +a"e !een ,itnessed in areas -ertaining t medi*al dis-lays2 entertainment2 s- rts2 * mmer*ial a--li*ati ns and in) rmati n )ields0 T+e medi*al imaging te*+n l gy ser"es as an e3am-le ) AR a--li*ati n0 In t+e -ast de*ade2 AR ,as attri!uted t -r "iding -+ysi*ians ,it+ a gr ,ing am unt ) -atient )un*ti nal and -atient.s-e*i)i* )un*ti nal data ':*+neider et al02 &%11(0 Here2 AR is -r - sed t ser"e as a -aradigm t+at +as t+e - tential t !ring in ne, ) rms ) "isuali<ati ns as ,ell as intera*ti n s luti ns t -ers-e*ti"es0 Re*ent resear*+ re"eals t+at AR +as t+e - tential t )a*ilitate ) r surgi*al , r1)l ,2 r t+e ,ays in ,+i*+ $D user inter)a*es *an !e a!le t re"eal t+eir - ,er2 es-e*ially in tas1s ,+ere!y t+e edu*ati n t &D , uld lead t t+e emergen*e ) "ari us -r !lems 'Hsia 2 &%1%(0 U- until t day2 t+e AR a--li*ati ns t+at are riented t ,ards edu*ati n +a"e n t !een e3-l ited in a dee- manner0 As a result2 "ari us resear*+ers ma1e suggesti ns t ,ards intera*ti"e media learning2 ,+ere!y * m-uter.!ased learning systems +a"e t+e - tential t

AUGMENTED REALITY -r "ide an intera*ti"e user ,it+ "ari us * ntr ls ,+ere!y ne *an !e a!le t *+ se images2

te3ts2 animati n2 audi and "ide in an integrated manner in rder t )a*ilitate ) r e))e*ti"e learning -r *esses0 T+ey als sti-ulate t+at ,+en t+e media is integrated ,it+ inside an instru*ti nal design2 it *an !e a!le t meet t+e !/e*ti"es ) t+e learning -r *ess '7it+er2 Tsai2 6 A<uma2 &%11(0 ; r instan*e2 audi 2 animati n and "ide elements +a"e t+e - tential t ))er

in) rmati"e and em ti"e as-e*ts t+at are attri!uted t t+e learning e3er*ise0 ; r instan*e2 t+e CMagi*> 1D ))ered an inter)a*e ,+ere!y readers * uld !e a!le t l 1 at ne ! 1 and !e a!le

t en/ y t+e st ry ,+ile seeing it as a "irtual m del ,it+ t+e +el- ) augmented reality dis-lays0 T+e inter)a*e ) t+e Magi*> 1 ma1es use ) -i*tures t+at are entailed in n rmal ! 1s ,+ere!y

te3t and -i*tures are a"ailed n ea*+ -age 'Dias2 &%%=(0 T+ese -i*tures are surr unded !y t+i*1 !la*1 ! rders2 ,+i*+ are t+en used t ser"e as mar1s ) r t+e * m-uter "isi n.!ased tra*1ing systems0 ; r instan*e2 in &%%E2 >ast s and Dias intr du*ed a n "el a--r a*+ t )a*ilitate ) r real. time s*ale2 natural )eature tra*1ing as ,ell as r tati n0 T+ey -r - sed a s luti n t a -r !lem t+at ,as attri!uted t *amera - se tra*1ing -r !lem and initiali<ati n registrati n in rder t ))er assistan*e t t+e )ield ) AR !y )a*ilitating ) r t+e aut mati n ) -r *edures ':*+neider et al02 &%11(0 T+is literature re"ie, lays em-+asis n t+e ,ay in ,+i*+ Augmented Reality 'AR( *an !e used t )a*ilitate learning !y ma1ing use ) * nte3t.a,are and m !ile te*+n l gies t+at are ad -ted in smart-+ nes and ta!lets0 T+is is !e*ause t+ese te*+n l gies all , t+e -arti*i-ants t intera*t ,it+ t+e digital in) rmati n t+at is em!edded in t+e -+ysi*al en"ir nment ,+ere t+ey are l *ated 'Ran1 +i 6 7aug+2 &%1&(0 T+e ma/ r ) rms ) AR t+at are -resently a"aila!le t edu*at rs * m-rise ) "isi n.!ased and l *ati n.a,are0 L *ati n.a,are AR im-lies a te*+n l gy t+at is *a-a!le ) -resenting digital

AUGMENTED REALITY media t t+ se ,+ are engaging in a learning a*ti"ity as t+ey m "e al ng a *ertain area ,+ile *arrying ,it+ t+em a smart-+ ne t+at is GG: ena!led r any t+er similar m !ile de"i*e0 T+e media is relayed in t+e ) rm ) $D m dels2 te3t2 "ide 2 audi and gra-+i*s2 t+ere!y ma1ing it - ssi!le t augment a -+ysi*al en"ir nment ,it+ na"igati n2 narrati"e r a*ademi* in) rmati n t+at is rele"ant t t+e l *ati n !eing su!/e*ted t studies0 C n"ersely2 t+e "isi n.!ased AR im-lies t+e re-resentati n ) digital media t learners a)ter t+ey - int t+e *amera ) t+eir m !ile de"i*e t a -arti*ular !/e*t su*+ as a &D target r a HR * de 'Iet+r 2 &%1%(0 An illustrati n ) t+e t, ) rms ) AR is as ) ll ,s0 L *ati n.a,are AR *an !e -resented ,+en a s*ien*e student ,+ is in Jt+ grade -asses *l se t an a1 tree2 and t+e smart-+ ne t+at +e uses2 and ,+i*+ is em!edded ,it+ a GG: le"eraging s )t,are starts t -lay a "ide t+at des*ri!es t+e di))erent 1inds ) animals and +a!itats t+at are situated *l se t t+e tree0 4isi n.!ased AR is - rtrayed ,+en a student is

-r m ted t - int t+e "ide *amera ) t+e -+ ne t t+e !ase ) t+e tree0 T+is a*ti n triggers a $D m del2 ,+i*+ illustrates t+e ,ay in ,+i*+ t+e a1 tree is stru*tured anat mi*ally 'Art+ur2 &%1%(0 T+e )igure !el , is an illustrati n ) students * lle*ting data and t+en analy<ing it ,+ile using t+eir m !ile de"i*es0

: ur*e: 'Dede2 &%1%(

AUGMENTED REALITY As a learning t l2 AR +as t+e a!ility t all , students see t+e en"ir nment t+at surr unds t+em in a ne, ,ay and ,it+ realisti* issues t+at t+e students are already * nne*ted t 0 T+e "isi n.!ased and l *ati n.a,are ) rms ) AR ma1e use ) t+e smart-+ ne *a-a!ilities su*+

as *amera2 GG:2 tra*1ing and !/e*t re* gniti n0 T+ese )eatures all , t+e smart-+ ne t -r "ide students ,it+ an immersi"e learning e3-erien*e !ased n t+e in) rmati n t+at t+ey !tain )r m t+e -+ysi*al en"ir nment t+at t+ey are l *ated0 T+is -r "ides m st ) t+e edu*at rs ,it+ an e))e*ti"e and trans) rmati"e t l and n "el t+at all ,s t+em t tea*+ and learn e))e*ti"ely0 Immersi n re)ers t t+e su!/e*ti"e im-ressi n ,+ere!y ne is -er*ei"ed as -arti*i-ating in a realisti* and * m-re+ensi"e e3-erien*e 'Art+ur2 &%1%(0 T day2 intera*ti"e media -r "ides r m

) r "ari us degrees ) digital in" l"ement0 7+en a -ers n is -r "ided ,it+ a "irtual immersi"e e3-erien*e t+at targets design strategies su*+ as * m!ining sym! li*2 a*ti nal2 and sens ry )a*t rs2 ne is su!/e*ted t greater sus-ensi n ) dis!elie) t+at +e is inside a setting t+at is digitally en+an*ed0 Resear*+ re"eals t+at !eing immersed in a digital en"ir nment +as t+e - tential t en+an*e edu*ati n in n t less t+an t+ree ,ays 'Clar12 &%%=(0 T+ese in*lude situated learning2 all ,ing ) r multi-le -ers-e*ti"es and trans)er0 Additi nally2 t+e t, ) rms ) AR +a"e t+e a!ility t le"erage a)) rdan*e !ased n sensiti"ity0 T+is all ,s t+e m !ile de"i*es t understand ,+ere it is situated in t+e -+ysi*al , rld2 and +en*e -resent t+e -arti*i-ant ,it+ t+e in) rmati n t+at is rele"ant t suit t+e needs ) t+at -arti*ular l *ati n0 T+e re"ie, ,ill m stly ) *us n t+e l *ati n.a,are ) rm ) AR t+at is -ra*ti*es utd rs in a -+ysi*al en"ir nment0 T+ ug+ "isi n.!ased AR s+ ,s su))i*ient - tential

) r edu*at rs2 t+ere limited studies t+at are attri!uted t t+is ) rm ) AR0 Resear*+ t+at is *arried ut n immersi"e media re"eals t+at "isi n.!ased AR +as t+e - tential t emerge as a - ,er)ul t l0 ; r instan*e2 !y ma1ing use ) t+e sens ry immersi"e "irtual reality medium2 Gr /e*t

AUGMENTED REALITY

:*ien*e :-a*e ,as a!le t * ntrast t+e eg *entri*2 as -- sed t t+e e3 *entri* )rames t+at ,ere ad -ted as - ints ) re)eren*e 'Dede2 &%1%(0 T+ese t, * n*e-ts di))er in t+at eg *entri* )rame ) re)eren*e -r "ides r m t "ie, s-a*e2 !/e*t r a -arti*ular -+en men n )r m ,it+in2 ,+ile ))er

e3 *entri* -r "ides su*+ a "ie, )r m t+e utside0 T+ese t, -ers-e*ti"es ,ere n ted t di))ering strengt+s t+at ,ere related t learning0 T+is led t t+e ad -ti n ) t+e 8!i*entri*5

-ers-e*ti"e2 ,+i*+ +as t+e a!ility t alternate !et,een e3 *entri* and eg *entri*2 and is2 t+us2 treated as a mu*+ - ,er)ul t l 'Dias2 &%%=(0 AR Theoretical Foundations T+e idea t+at AR +as t+e - tential t ))er en+an*ed learning -- rtunities is !ased n

t, ma/ r t+e reti*al )rame, r1s0 T+ese * m-rise ) t+e situated learning t+e ry and t+e * nstru*ti"ist learning t+e ry0 T+e situated learning t+e ry sti-ulates t+at all ) rms ) learning are !ased in a s-e*i)i* * nte3t t+at t+e ?uality ) learning t+at is reali<ed * mes )r m t+e intera*ti ns t+at ta1e -la*e am ng -la*es2 -e -le2 *ulture2 -r *esses and !/e*ts t+at are ,it+in and relati"e t t+e s-e*i)i* * nte3t0 >ased n t+ese * nte3ts2 learning is treated as !eing * .* nstru*ted2 ,+ere!y it im-lies a -arti*i-at ry -r *ess ,+ere!y all learners get trans) rmed as a result ) t+e relati ns t+at t+ey +a"e ,it+ t+eir , rld and t+e a*ti ns t+at t+ey ta1e0 T+e situated learning t+e ry is !uilt u- n and in* r- rates t+er learning t+e ries su*+ as t+e s *ial de"el -ment t+e ry2 and t+e s *ial learning t+e ry2 ,+i*+ im-ly t+at t+e le"el ) learning t+at ne is su!/e*ted t de-ends n t+e ?uality ) t+e s *ial intera*ti ns t+at ne en* unters in t+e learning -r *ess 'Dunlea"y2 &%1%(0 :ituated learning2 ,+en it is su!/e*ted t immersi"e inter)a*es -lays a *ru*ial r le !e*ause ) t+e "ital issue related t trans)er0 Here2 trans)er re)ers t t+e idea ) a--lying 1n ,ledge t+at +as !een attained )r m ne situati n t an t+er2 and it is - rtrayed in *ase t+e

AUGMENTED REALITY instru*ti ns t+at are set n a -arti*ular learning tas1 * ntri!ute t im-r "ed -er) rman*e ,+en a tas1 is !eing trans)erred0 T+is is es-e*ially t+e *ase ,it+ res-e*t t t+e reali<ati n ) s1illed -er) rman*e in t+e real., rld s*enari 0 4ari us resear*+ers sti-ulate "ari us di))eren*es t+at -re"ail !et,een t+e t, ma/ r ,ays t+at are ad -ted ,it+ res-e*t t )a*ilitating t+e measure ) trans)er0 T+ese * m-rise ) a--r -riated -r !lem s l"ing as ,ell as t+e -re-arati ns t+at are made t )a*ilitate )uture learning 'Iet+r 2 &%1%(0 T+e a--r -riated -r !lem.s l"ing me*+anism ) *uses n t+e dire*t a--li*ati ns t+at are in*a-a!le ) ))ering a *+an*e t students t+at *an all , t+em t utili<e t+e res ur*es a"aila!le in t+eir en"ir nment in an a--r -riate manner li1e t+ey , uld in t+eir real , rld setting0 ; r instan*e2 standardi<ed tests are t+e nes t+at ser"e as an e3am-le in t+is *ase 'Ran1 +i 6 7aug+2 &%1&(0 >y -r "iding students ,it+ -resentati nal instru*ti ns t+at +a"e t+e - tential t dem nstrate standard ,ays t s l"e -r !lems2 t+en testing t+e a!ility ) t+e students n ,ays t s l"e -r !lems * m-rises ) near trans)er0 T+is im-lies a--lying t+e 1n ,ledge learnt in a -arti*ular situati n t a related * nte3t2 !ut in* r- rating uni?ue sur)a*e )eatures0 In t+e e"ent ,+en e"aluati n is !ased n t+e su**esses ass *iated ,it+ a -arti*ular learning -r *ess t +el- -re-are ) r a )uture learning -r *ess2 t+en resear*+ em!ar1s n measuring trans)er0 It lays em-+asis n lengt+y -er) rman*es ,+ere!y t+e students *an !e a!le t learn in an en"ir nment t+at is ri*+ in res ur*es2 and t+en all , t+em t s l"e t+e -r !lems t+at are related t real., rld s*enari s 'Dede2 &%1%(0 In t+e *ase ) * n"enti nal instru*ti n as ,ell as -r !lem s l"ing2 )ar.trans)er is needed in rder t -r "ide t+e students ,it+ a me*+anism t+at *an all , t+em t -re-are ) r )uture learning0 T+is in" l"es t+e a--li*ati n ) 1n ,ledge attained t a di))erent * nte3t ,+ se )undamental semanti*s are related2 !ut uni?ue0 9ne ) t+e ma/ r *riti*isms t+at is dire*ted

AUGMENTED REALITY t ,ards instru*ti n is t+at -resentati nal instru*ti n generates )ar.trans)er at a l , rate0 E"en

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t+ se students ,+ manage t e3*el in t+eir studies )ind it *+allenging t a--ly t+e * n*e-ts t+at t+ey +a"e learnt t a real., rld setting 'Ran1 +i 6 7aug+2 &%1&(0 T+e - tential !ene)it t+at is attri!uted t immersi"e inter)a*es t+at are lin1ed t situated learning is t+at t+e simulati ns t+at t+ey em!ar1 n regarding t+e real., rld are -r !lemati*2 and t+at students s+ uld nly attain neat.trans)er s t+at t+ey *an !e a!le t -re-are t+emsel"es ade?uately ) r )uture learning initiati"es0 ; r instan*e2 surgi*al and )lig+t simulat rs - rtray near.trans)er related t -sy*+ m t r s1ills )r m simulati ns t+at are *arried -ut in a digital en"ir nment t t+e real., rld s*enari 0 T+ere) re2 resear*+ t ,+i*+ AR *an manage t ) ster trans)er t t+e )ield is *ru*ial 'Ran1 +i 6 7aug+2 &%1&(0 T+e * nstru*ti"ist learning t+e ries assume t+at an indi"idual is t+e ne ,+ im- ses t+e meaning t a *ertain situati n as -- sed t e3isting inde-endently in t+e , rld0 Here2 -e -le are a!le t * nstru*t ne, understanding and 1n ,ledge !ased n t+eir !elie)s and ,+at t+ey 1n ,0 T+ere) re2 t+ese are s+a-ed !y t+e -ri r e3-erien*es2 de"el -mental le"el as ,ell as t+e s *i *ultural * nte3t and !a*1gr und0 Kn ,ledge it set in t+e * nte3t t+r ug+ ,+i*+ it is used2 and t+us an im-li*ati n t+at learning * m-rises ) mastering t+ se tas1s t+at are aut+enti*2 in reality and meaning)ul settings '4 gt 6 Kne<e12 &%%=(0 Learners manage t de"el - t+eir ,n

uni?ue inter-retati ns regarding reality !ased n t+eir uni?ue e3-erien*es and t+e intera*ti ns t+at t+ey +a"e ,it+ t+ers0 T+is all ,s t+em t *reate situati n s-e*i)i* ) rms ) understanding and n "els0 T+e a--r a*+es related t instru*ti nal design t+at are lin1ed t * nstru*ti"ist t+e ries * m-rise ) *ase.!ased learning2 an*+ red instru*ti n2 * gniti"e )le3i!ility t+e ry2 mind t ls2 simulati ns and mi*r ., rlds2 * lla! rati"e learning2 and situated learning in t+e * mmunities ,+ere!y t+e learning -ra*ti*es are *arried ut 'Iet+r 2 &%1%(0

AUGMENTED REALITY Dire*ti"es *an ) ster learning !y -r "iding ri*+2 l sely stru*tured e3-erien*es and

11

su-er"isi n t+at -r m te meaning ma1ing ,it+ ut im- sing a -ermanent set ) 1n ,ledge and s1ills0 C nstru*ti"ist learning t+e ry states )i"e *ir*umstan*es m st li1ely t en+an*e learning2 em!ed learning ,it+ rele"ant en"ir nments2 ma1e s *ial learning integral t t+e learning en"ir nment2 -r "ide multi-le -ers-e*ti"es and multi-le m dels ) re-resentati n2 -r "ide sel). dire*ted and a*ti"e learning -r s-e*ts and su-- rt and )a*ilitate meta* gniti"e strategies ,it+in t+e e3-erien*e 'Dede2 &%1%(0 As *ere!ral t l r edu*ati nal a--r a*+2 AR !rings int line ,ell ,it+ situated and * nstru*ti"ist learning t+e ry0 It - siti ns t+e learner ,it+ a real , rld -+ysi*al and s *ial * nte3t2 ,+ile guiding2 s*a)) lding2 and )a*ilitating -arti*i-at ry and meta* gniti"e learning -r *esses su*+ as a*ti"e !ser"ati n2 aut+enti* en?uiry2 re*i-r *al tea*+ing2 -eer * a*+ing and legitimate -eri-+eral -arti*i-ati n ,it+ multi-le n des ) re-resentati n 'Dede2 &%1%(0 AR Learning Research Experiences and Teams Des-ite AR gaining - -ular attenti n "er t+e -ast years2 relati"ely )e, resear*+ers and de"el -ment teams are a*ti"ely e3-l ring + , t m !ile2 * nte3t a,are AR * uld !e used t -r m te K.&% tea*+ing and learning0 T+e ma/ rity ) t+e )indings -resented in t+is re"ie, are )r m ) ur resear*+ gr u-s: t+e MIT :*+aller Tea*+er Edu*ati n Gr gram2 t+e Augmented Reality and Intera*ti"e st rytelling 'ARI:( gr u-2 t+e immersi"e learning gr u- at t+e Har"ard Graduate :*+ l ) edu*ati n2 and t+e Rad) rd 9utd r Augmented Reality 'R9AR( -r /e*t at

Rad) rd Uni"ersity0 Ma/ rity ) t+ese )indings are dra,n )r m t+ese ) ur la!s0 Ne"er t+e less2 Eur -ean teams are ma1ing signi)i*ant * ntri!uti ns t+e )ield as ,ell2 and t+eir resear*+ ,as als in* r- rated in t+is re"ie, 'Dias2 &%%=(0 Am ng t+ese resear*+ and de"el -ment teams2

AUGMENTED REALITY

1&

t+ey +a"e de"el -ed and -resented su!stantial n at least se"enteen distin*t AR e3-erien*es and simulati ns0 All t+ese AR de"el -ments are used s me ) rm ) design !ased resear*+ a--r a*+ t t+e )easi!ility and -ra*ti*ality ) using AR in t+e K.&@ en"ir nment ) r tea*+ing and learning0 Design !ase resear*+ is a mi3ed met+ ds a--r a*+ t+at tests and re)ines edu*ati nal strategies !ased n t+e reti*al -rin*i-les deri"ed )r m -ast resear*+0 As a--lied t AR de"el -ment2 t+is ) rmati"e resear*+ uses an a--r a*+ ) -r gressi"e re)inement0 AR designs t+at +a"e !een in) rmed !y learning t+e ry )rame, r1s2 as ,ell as "ide game design -rin*i-les2 are )ield tested in t+e real , rld * nte3t ,it+ ty-i*al users t determine ,+i*+ design elements , r1 ,ell in -ra*ti*e and ,+i*+ elements need t !e de!ugged and retested 'Dunlea"y2 &%1%(0 T+us2 iterati"e resear*+ and de"el -ment -r *ess is similar t t+e ra-id rety-ing met+ ds used in s )t,are engineering0 Alt+ ug+ design.!ased resear*+ is -u<<ling t * ndu*t2 it is t+e m st a--r -riate a--r a*+ t determine t+e design -rin*i-les t+at le"erage t+e a)) rdan*es ) t+is emergent and nas*ent -edag gi*al and te*+n l gi*al t l2 as ,ell as insig+ts a! ut t+e ry and +euristi*s a! ut -ra*ti*al usage 'Ran1 +i 6 7aug+2 &%1&(0 K-20 Augmented Reality 7it+ res-e*t t design.!ased resear*+ a--r a*+2 t+e ma/ rity ) t+e )indings resulting )r m AR resear*+ and e"aluati n -resented in t+is "ie, -ertain t t+e a*tual design ) t+e units and + , t+ese designs are aligned ,it+ ! t+ t+e reti*al * nstru*ts and uni?ue AR a)) rdan*es0 Alt+ ug+ t+e ma/ rity ) t+e )indings ) *us n design2 ,e start t+e re"ie, ,it+ uni?ue a)) rdan*es and limitati ns AR *urrently -resents t tut rs2 as ,ell as t+e m st )re?uently re- rted a)) rdan*es re- rted learner results as ) und in t+e literature at t+is stage in AR5s de"el -ment '4 gt 6 Kne<e12 &%%=(0

AUGMENTED REALITY Affordances T+e m st re- rted a)) rdan*es attri!uted t AR * m-rise ) t+e a!ility t -resent t a gr u- ) learners multi-le in* m-lete2 yet * m-lementary -ers-e*ti"es n a -r !lem situated ,it+in a -+ysi*al s-a*e0 T+is a)) rdan*e is a dire*t result ) t+e ne t

1$

ne de"i*e t student rati

-r "ided ,it+in m st AR learning en"ir nments2 in ,+i*+ e"ery learner is intera*ting ,it+ a GG: ena!led de"i*e t -arti*i-ate in t+e a*ti"ity0 T+is uni?ue a)) rdan*e ena!les tut rs t in* r- rate * lla! rati"e -edag gi*al te*+ni?ues2 e3-erien*e design a--r a*+es su*+ as /igsa,2 and di))erentiated r le.-lay2 ,+i*+ led t+em t en?uiry !ased a*ti"ities re?uiring argumentati n '4 gt 6 Kne<e12 &%%=(0 >y inserting t+ se multi-le insig+ts2 ,it+in a situati n and * nte3tuali<ing t+em ,it+in a -r !lem.!ased des*ri-ti n2 AR -r "ides t+e edu*at rs ,it+ t+e *a-a*ity t le"erage -re"ailing -+ysi*al s-a*e2 ,+i*+ t+en ser"es as an additi nal layer t t+e * ntents t+at students *an !ser"e2 analy<e as ,ell as mani-ulate0 T+is means t+at augmentati n ) t+e -+ysi*al en"ir nment !y ma1ing use ) t+e a"aila!le digital in) rmati n +as t+e - tential t trans) rm t+e en"ir nment su*+ t+at it emerges as a "enue t+at is *+ara*teri<ed !y a large num!er ) learning - ssi!ilities 'Dede2 &%1%(0 T+e - tential t a**ess a "ariety ) utside res ur*es2 su*+ as t+e internet2 as ,ell as additi nal s )t,are n t+e m !ile de"i*es in rder t address a gi"en -r !lem in an e))e*ti"e manner2 ser"es as an t+er trait t+at ma1es it ne*essary t ma1e use ) AR0 T+is is es-e*ially t+e *ase sin*e m st ) t+e de"i*es +a"e t+e a!ility t use 7i.;i r t+er data ser"i*es0 M re "er2 t+e students *an !e a!le t le"erage t+e ,ide range ) te*+n l gies t+at are a"ailed !y +and+elds in a manner t+at is unanti*i-ated2 yet in ,ays t+at are su-eri r t t+e ,ays in ,+i*+ t+e designed may

AUGMENTED REALITY

1@

+a"e anti*i-ated0 T+is is es-e*ially t+e *ase ,it+ res-e*t t t+e a!ility t re* rd "ide s2 and t+us ma1e it - ssi!le t ma1e "ide n tes instead ) ,riting n tes 'Iet+r 2 &%1%(0 Lastly2 a num!er ) studies re"eal t+at t+e im-lementati n ) AR +as t+e - tential t m ti"ate students0 ; r instan*e2 resear*+ re"eals t+at tea*+ers and students re- rt +ig+er rates ) engagement ,+en t+ey use t+e +and+eld de"i*es0 T+is is !e*ause t+e de"i*es -r "ide t+em ,it+ an -- rtunity t ad -t r les2 s l"e aut+enti* -r !lems2 ma1e in?uiry.!ased narrati"es2 neg tiate meanings as ,ell as e3er*ise -+ysi*ally 'Dunlea"y2 &%1%(0 Limitations T+e student * gniti"e "erl ad ser"es as t+e * mm n re- rted limitati n in t+e -re"ailing state0 A large num!er ) resear*+ers sti-ulate t+at a large num!er ) students )ten get "er,+elmed !ased n t+e large num!er ) a*ti"ities t+at t+ey engage in2 ,+ile underta1ing s*ienti)i* in?uiries2 as ,ell as na"igati n2 r ,+ile ma1ing -arti*ular de*isi ns as a team0 Managing * m-le3ity le"els ser"es as a *ru*ial instru*ti nal issue2 and t+e designers ,+ +a"e e3-erien*e ,it+ AR +a"e em!ar1ed n initiati"es aimed at !ringing d ,n t+e le"el ) * gniti"e l ad '4 gt 6 Kne<e12 &%%=(0 T+ey are d ing t+is !y designing an e3-erien*e stru*ture t+at is sting t+eir * m-le3ity as t+ey gain m re e3-erien*e0 T+ey s*a)) ld t+e

sim-li)ied !y !

e3-erien*e t+at t+ey gain in an e3-li*it manner !ased n e"ery ste- t+at t+ey g t+r ug+ s t+at t+ey *an !e a!le t a*+ie"e t+e desired learning !e+a"i r2 and t+us limiting t+e items and *+ara*ters t+at t+e students en* unter2 !y su!stituting te3t ,it+ audi t+at +as su!titles 'Clar12 &%%=(0 T+e *+allenge t+at is in" l"ed ,it+ res-e*t t managing and integrating t+e entire AR e3-erien*e )r m ! t+ t+e tea*+ers5 and designers -ers-e*ti"e ser"es as an t+er limitati n ,it+

AUGMENTED REALITY res-e*t t t+e im-lementati n ) Augmented Reality0 ; r instan*e2 t+e * nte3t ) s*+

1B l systems

and t+e e))i*ien*y *ulture t+at is dri"en !y standards are n t aligned e))e*ti"ely ,it+ AR0 T+ese ma1e are t remain ine))i*ient in terms ) )a*ilitating ) r in?uiry and e3-l rat ry !ased a*ti"ities0 T+ese lead m re time * nsum-ti n2 and +en*e ma1e it di))i*ult t manage as -- sed t )a*ilitating ) r -resentati nal instru*ti n t+at lays em-+asis n learning initiati"es2 and t+us )ail t trans)er t a le"el ) test a*+ie"ement0 :u*+ *+allenges are * m-ara!le t t+e *lassr di))i*ulties2 ,+i*+ tea*+ers en* unter ,+ile underta1ing )ield tri-s0 T+e managerial as-e*t is als *ru*ial in an rgani<ati n0 During t+is le"el ) a*+ie"ement2 t+e integrati n ) AR ma1e it ne*essary t in* r- rate a! ut t, r t+ree )a*ilitat rs2 ,+i*+ m

ensure t+at im-lementati n is *arried ut ,it+ ut any te*+ni*al issues0 M re "er2 in rder ) r AR t !e im-lemented su**ess)ully2 it s+ uld !e de-endent n t+e s1ills ) a tea*+er in rder t intr du*e as ,ell as intr du*e t+e ma/ r - ints related t e3-erien*e0 Lastly2 "ari us limitati ns are attri!uted t state. ).t+e.art in m !ile l *ati ns t+at are regarded as !eing l *ati n.a,are0 M st ) t+e te*+ni*al issues t+at are en* untered ,+ile im-lementing AR * m-rise ) err rs re" l"ing ar und GG:0 As GG: te*+n l gy * ntinues t ad"an*e as a ra-id -a*e2 it -uts limitati ns n t+e im-lementati n ) AR0 T+ ug+ it is - ssi!le t "er* me * gniti"e l ad !e )a*ilitating ) r !etter design2 t+e gr ,t+ in te*+n l gy +as t+e - tential t eliminate t+e -re"ailing te*+ni*al *+allenges2 t+e limitati ns related t managerial and integrati n2 es-e*ially t+ se t+at are detailed !ey nd t+e !sta*les t+at )a*e t+e s*ala!ility ) AR0 T+ese *an !e * m-ared t t+ se *+allenges t+at *lassr during )ield tri-s 'Dunlea"y 6 :imm ns2 &%11(0 Conclusion m tea*+ers en* unter2 es-e*ially

AUGMENTED REALITY ;r m t+e -a-er2 it is e"ident t+at Augmented Reality +as !een ) stered ,it+ t+e

1F

ad"an*ements t+at +a"e !een reali<ed in m !ile de"i*es su*+ as smart-+ nes r ta!lets2 as ,ell as t+e trans) rmati ns t+at +a"e !een made in -erating systems su*+ as i9: and Andr id0 T+ere are a num!er ) ad"an*es t+at +a"e !een ,itnessed in areas -ertaining t medi*al dis-lays2 entertainment2 s- rts2 * mmer*ial a--li*ati ns and in) rmati n )ields0 T+e medi*al imaging te*+n l gy ser"es as an e3am-le ) AR a--li*ati n0 In t+e -ast de*ade2 AR ,as attri!uted t -r "iding -+ysi*ians ,it+ a gr ,ing am unt ) -atient )un*ti nal and -atient.s-e*i)i* )un*ti nal data0 Here2 AR is -r - sed t ser"e as a -aradigm t+at +as t+e - tential t !ring in ne, ) rms ) "isuali<ati ns as ,ell as intera*ti n s luti ns t -ers-e*ti"es0 T day2 t+e * n*e-t ) AR as re*ei"ed ,ides-read attenti n in t+e learning en"ir nment0 It +as -r "ided ! t+ tea*+ers and students ,it+ an -- rtunity t ma1e learning m re e))e*ti"e and rele"ant0 H ,e"er2 m st learning instituti ns +a"e n t !een a!le t 1ee- u- ,it+ t+is te*+n l gy !e*ause ) insu))i*ient )unding as ,ell as la*1 ) a--r -riate res ur*es t +ire ne, designers0 H ,e"er2 ,it+ t+e * ntinued a)) rda!ility ) AR ,it+ time2 it is e3-e*ted t+at t+is te*+n l gy ,ill !e* me a"aila!le e"en in + use+ lds2 and t+us all , -e -le t de"el - a ne, -ers-e*ti"e n t+e ,ay in ,+i*+ t+ey "ie, t+e , rld0

AUGMENTED REALITY PROSPECTUS TEMPLATE A stract Augmented reality 'AR( is a te*+n l gy t+at is ad"an*ing at a ra-id -a*e2 and is !eing ad -ted in "ari us a--li*ati ns in rder t )a*ilitate ) r im-r "ed learning e))i*ien*y0 In t+is

1J

study2 t+e -a-er ,ill ) *us n a ne, a--r a*+ t+at is aimed at )a*ilitating ) r t+e im-lementati n ) AR in t+e edu*ati nal * nte3t0 T+is ,ill ) *us n t+e *reati n ) a C+emistry Augmented Reality Learning :ystem 'CARL:(0 It ,ill d s !y ma1ing use ) a -re"ailing edu*ati n *urri*ulum2 ,+i*+ ,ill !e * m!ined ,it+ -+ysi*al a*ti"ity0 T+e system ) *used n t+e * m!inati n ) t+ree ) rms ) -+ysi*al a*ti"ities t+at * m-rised ) mus*le strengt+2 aer !i* )itness2 as ,ell as )le3i!ility )itness0 T+e sam-le ) students ,as 'nK FJ$(2 and t+ey *ame )r m )i"e +ig+ s*+ ls2 and t+ey ,ere di"ided int ) ur gr u-s0 T+e )irst t+ree gr u-s ,ere su!/e*ted

t t+e CARL: learning system2 and a * ntr l gr u- made use ) a 1ey! ard and m use ,+ile -erating a * m-uter0 C+anges in a*ademi* a*+ie"ement ,ere re* rded2 t get+er ,it+ t+e learning attitudes t ,ards s*ien*e su!/e*ts2 ,+i*+ t+en resulted t t+e im-lementati n ) CARL:0 T+e study re"eals t+at re"ealed t+at t+e students ,+ made use ) t+e t+ree ) rms ) -+ysi*al a*ti"ity ,ere a!le t im-r "e t+eir -er) rman*e signi)i*antly2 ,+ile * m-ared t t+ se ,+ ,ere using a * m-uter and a 1ey! ard0 :igni)i*ant im-r "ement ,as n ted in t+e *ase ) t+ se students ,+ made use ) t+e * m- nent ) s*ien*e t+at d es n t demand ) r mem ri<ati n0 Additi nally2 t+ se students t+e students t+at ,ere in t+e AR gr u- t+at targeted mus*le strengt+ a*ti"ity - rtrayed a signi)i*ant - siti"e learning attitude *+ange t s*ien*e su!/e*t * m-ared t t+ se ,+ ,ere in t+e KMCAI gr u-0 A - tential !ene)it in t+is learning -r *ess is t+at t+e students als managed t gain im-r "ed ! dy )itness ,+ile engaging in t+e learning -r *ess0

AUGMENTED REALITY Key words A*ademi* A*+ie"ement2 Learning Attitude2 In) rmati n te*+n l gy2 G+ysi*al A*ti"ity2 Augmented Reality Introduction A large num!er ) resear*+ers re"eal t+at -+ysi*al a*ti"ity is *ru*ial ) r -+ysi*al and mental +ealt+0 It is als *ru*ial in terms ) )a*ilitating ) r a - siti"e im-a*t n intelligen*e as ,ell as * gniti"e de"el -ment0 G+ysi*al a*ti"ity +as !een ) und t * rrelate ,it+ a*ademi* -er) rman*e ) students0 Re*ent studies *arried ut n ) urt+ t eig+t+ grade students re"eals t+at t+e test s* res n mat+emati*s and Englis+ im-r "ed signi)i*antly ,+en t+e s* res n t+e )itness tests r se0 Additi nally2 aer !i* )itness als resulted t signi)i*ant im-r "ement in

1E

a*ademi* a*+ie"ement2 ,+i*+ in*ludes mat+emati*s and reading0 H ,e"er2 t+e ! dy mass inde3 '>MI( ) students ,as ass *iated ,it+ t+e -er) rman*e ) t+e students in a negati"e manner 'Anneta et al02 &%1&(0 T+ere) re2 !y -r m ting )itness t+r ug+ -r "iding -- rtunities attri!uted t -+ysi*al edu*ati n2 t+e a*ademi* a*+ie"ement ) t+e students *an im-r "e signi)i*antly0 Met!odolo"y T+e -arti*i-ants ) t+is study ,ere FEJ students ,+ !el nged t Jt+ and Et+ grade0 T+ey ,ere aged !et,een 1$ t 1@ years2 and t+ey *ame )r m && *lasses2 and )r m B +ig+ s*+ ls t+at

,ere situated in N rt+ern Tai,an during t+e s-ring term in &%%=0 Hal) ) t+e -arti*i-ants in t+e study ,ere male ,+ile t+e rest ,ere )emale0 T+e "alid data t+at ,as * lle*ted )r m t+e sam-les in t+e study ,as FJ$0 T+e ) ur gr u-s ,it+ ,+i*+ t+e students ,ere di"ided * m-rised n: Gr u- AR.Ium-A Gr u- AR.:tret*+A Gr u- AR.> 3A and Gr u- KMCAI0 ;r m t+e ) ur gr u-s2 nly t+e )irst $ gr u- ,ere su!/e*ted t t+e AR learning system0 Gr u- AR.Ium- ,as su!/e*ted t aer !i* )itness2 Gr u- AR.:tret*+ ')le3i!ility )itness(2 and Gr u- AR.> 3 'mus*le strengt+(0

AUGMENTED REALITY Gr u- KMCAI ser"ed as t+e re)eren*e gr u- and it used a 1ey! ard t -erate a * m-uter0

1=

Initially2 t+e -er) rman*e ) t+e students ,as nly made a"aila!le t t+e -arents and tut rs !e*ause ) t+e In) rmati n Gr te*ti n A*t t+at !el nged t t+e students and t+eir -ers nal in) rmati n0 Instruments In rder t +el- e3-l re t+e -er) rman*e ) students n s*ien*e su!/e*ts2 ! t+ -re.test and - st.test2 as ,ell as -en*il2 e3aminati ns ,ere de"el -ed ) r t+e study0 T+ere ,ere a--r 3imately E items t+at -ertained t t+e mem ri<ed ty-e and J !/e*ts t+at -ertained t t+e n n.mem ri<ed ty-e0 9ut ) t+e 1B items2 E ) t+e items ,ere t+e same ! t+ ) r t+e *ase ) -re. test and - st.test e3aminati ns0 H ,e"er2 t+e remaining J items di))ered2 t+ ug+ t+ey ,ere dire*ted t t+e same di))i*ulty le"els0 ; ur su!/e*t tea*+ers ,ere t+e nes ,+ identi)ied t+e e3aminati n items )r m t+e ) ur +ig+ s*+ ls 'Kuei.;ang2 &%1%(0

Additi nally2 t+e s*ale t+at ,as used t +el- in measuring t+e attitude t+at t+e students dire*ted t ,ards t+e learning ) s*ien*e ,ere re"ised !ased n -re"i us studies0 A)ter a )a*t r analysis ,as underta1en in t+is study2 1$ items ,ere n ted t !e remaining )r m t+e re"ised s*ale0 T+e )i"e.- int Li1ert.ty-e s*ale ,as t+e ne t+at ,as used in measuring all t+e items0 T+e measurements ranged )r m 1 'str ngly disagree( t B 'str ngly agree(0 7it+ res-e*t t t+e "alidity ) t+e * ntent2 a -il t study ,as underta1en in rder re)ine t+e ?uesti nnaire0 ; ur su!/e*t tea*+ers ,ere in"ited in rder t ))er * mments t t+e ?uesti nnaires2 and t+us )a*ilitate

) r re"isi n0 T+e relia!ility * e))i*ient t+at ,as used in t+e s*ale ,as %0=&B 'Kuei.;ang2 &%1%(0 ;r m t+e study2 all t+e tea*+ers ,+ ,ere ma1ing use ) t+e AR learning system ,ere gi"en B% minute training sessi ns s t+at t+ey * uld de"el - )amiliarity ,it+ CARL: and t+e ,ays in ,+i*+ it -erates0 During t+e ,ee1 t+at t+e students ,ere su!/e*ted t training2 t+e

AUGMENTED REALITY students t+at ,ere ) und in t+e $ AR gr u-s2 as ,ell as t+e * ntr l gr u-2 ,ere n ted t s-end

&%

a! ut &% minutes during t+e -re.test sessi n and 1B minutes ,+ile t+ey ,ere su!/e*ted t t+e -re. attitude test regarding t+e learning ) s*ien*e0 A)ter2 students )r m all t+e gr u-s ,ere gi"en a B%.minute less n regarding * n"enti nal instru*ti ns ,+ile ma1ing use ) CIA materials and te3t ! 1s0 T+ey ,ere als ))ered an t+er B%.minute training sessi n ,+ere t+ey ,ere su-- sed t

use t+e ) ur di))erent 1inds ) a--r a*+es in t+e t+ree ,ee1s t+at ) ll ,ed0 A)ter t+e students * m-leted t learn a! ut t+e unit regarding Elements ) C m- unds2 all t+e students )r m t+e ) ur gr u-s ,ere re?uired t s-end a--r 3imately &% minutes during t+e -re.test and 1B minutes during - st.test !ased n t+eir learning initiati"es n s*ien*e su!/e*ts0 In rder t assess t+e learning retenti n ) t+e students2 t+e - st.test and - st attitude tests ,ere a--lied a)ter a durati n ) ne ,ee1 a)ter t+e students +ad * m-leted all t+e a*ti"ities ,it+ t+e AR0 T+ere) re2 a)ter t+e ) ur.,ee1 inter"enti n am ng t+e students2 t+e )i)t+ ,ee1 ,as used t )a*ilitate e3ams and t+e )illing in ) t+e ?uesti nnaires 'Kuei.;ang2 &%1%(0 In rder t minimi<e in*iden*es ass *iated ,it+ resistan*e and an3iety regarding ne, AR te*+n l gy2 ! t+ in t+e *ase ) tea*+er and -arents2 t+e s*+ ls are t+e nes t+at aut+ ri<ed t+e

) ur.,ee1 inter"enti n t )a*ilitate t+e use ) AR te*+n l gy2 and ne ,ee1 t+at , uld !e used ) r e3ams and ?uesti nnaires0 >ased n t+e time ) inter"enti n in t+e study2 "ari us realisti* as ,ell as -ra*ti*al -r !lems ,ere n ted ,+en t+e design ) t+e e3-eriment ,as !eing initiali<ed0 T+ese ,ere as ) ll ,s: AR ,as treated as a relati"ely ne, * n*e-t in m st s*+ ls in Tai,an2

and t+is led t great resistan*e and d u!ts t ,ards t+e ne, te*+n l gy0 T+e study * m-rised ) a large num!er ) students 'nKFJ$( ,+ *ame )r m && *lasses in )i"e +ig+ s*+ ls0

In rder t !ring d ,n t+e le"el ) un*ertainty ,it+ res-e*t t t+e a*ademi* results t+at t+e students attained2 m st ) t+e s*+ ls re)rained )r m all ,ing t+e tests t !e *arried ut n

AUGMENTED REALITY

&1

t+eir students n a l ng.term !asis2 es-e*ially in t+e *ase ) t+e e3-l rat ry r -i neer study0 In rder t e3amine t+e di))eren*es t+at -re"ailed am ng t+e students !ased n a*ademi* a*+ie"ement22 ! t+ ) r n n.mem ri<ed and mem ri<ed ty-es2 t get+er ,it+ t+e attitude ) t+e students t *+anges made regarding learning2 t+ere ,ere a series ) statisti*al analysis t+at ,ere *arried ut am ng t+e )i"e gr u-s0 T+ese t+e means ) t+e gr u-s di))ered a great deal2 ! t+ in t+e *ase ) -re.test and - st.test in learning attitude and a*ademi* a*+ie"ement2 t+e * "arian*e analysis ,as *arried ut in rder t )a*ilitate ) r statisti*al analysis0 Additi nally2 in rder t +ele3-l re an in.de-t+ and ri*+er * nte3t ) t+ se students ,+ ,ere learning using AR2 a "ariety ) !ser"ati ns and inter"ie,s ,ere underta1en in t+e study 'Kuei.;ang2 &%1%(0 Results 7+ile e3amining t+e -re"ailing di))eren*es am ng t+e students a*+ie"ement in a*ademi*s in t+e *ase ) mem ri<ed and n n.mem ri<ed ) rms ) learning t get+er ,it+ t+e attitude ) t+e students in terms ) t+eir learning attitude2 t+e ANC94A test ,as in* r- rated0 ; r instan*e2 ta!le 12 & and $ - rtray t+e estimated marginal means as ,ell as t+e standard err rs ! t+ in t+e *ase ) mem ri<ed and n n.mem ri<ed s*ien*e 1n ,ledge2 as ,ell as t+e learning attitude *+anges t ,ards s*ien*e !ased n t+e ) ur gr u-s0 7it+ res-e*t t t+e n n.mem ri<ed ) rm ) a*ademi* a*+ie"ement2 t+e student in all t+e $ gr u-s ) AR reali<ed t+eir means as ) ll ,s: AR.Ium- '$0F=J(A AR.:tret*+ '$0J&F(A and AR.> 3 '$0F@=(0 T+ese gr u-s +a"e +ig+er a"erage s* res ,+ile * m-ared t t+e mean ) t+e * ntr l gr u- KMCAI '$0&@F(0 >ased n mem ri<ed 1n ,ledge attri!uted t s*ien*e2 t+e mean ) t+e * ntr l gr u- KMCAI 'meanK @01&1( reali<ed +ig+er s* res * m-ared t t+ se ,+ ,ere in t+e AR.> 32 AR.:tret*+ and AR. Ium- gr u-s02 ,+i*+ +ad means ) $0B%@2 $0EEJ2 and $0B1B res-e*ti"ely0 7it+ res-e*t t *+anges regarding learning attitudes t ,ards s*ien*es2 t+e students ) und in t+e AR.> 3 gr u- reali<ed

AUGMENTED REALITY t+e +ig+est s* re in t+e rele"an*e s*ale 'meanK $0@$&(0 T+is is an indi*ati n t+at t+ey +a"e t+e +ig+est - siti"e learning attitude *+anges regarding s*ien*e su!/e*ts0 T+e ) ll ,ing ta!le is an

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illustrati n ) t+e des*ri-ti"e data ) t+e n n.mem ri<ed2 mem ri<ed s*ien*e 1n ,ledge as ,ell as learning attitude t ,ards *+anges in s*ien*e ) r t+e ) ur gr u-s 'Kuei.;ang2 &%1%(0 Ta!le 1 N n.mem ri<ed Mean :E n Gr u- AR Ium$0F=J %011@ 1$= Gr u- AR stret*+ $0J&F %011$ 1@1 Gr u- AR > 3 $0F@= %011@ 1$= Gr u- KMCAI $0&@F %0%=F 1=J T+e * "ariates t+at a--ear in t+e m del are !ased n t+e ) ll ,ing "alue: -re.testK $01% Ta!le & Mem ri<ed Mean :E n Gr u- AR Ium$0B%@ %01@@ 1$= Gr u- AR stret*+ $0EEJ %01@$ 1@1 Gr u- AR > 3 $0B1= %01@@ 1$= Gr u- KMCAI @01&1 %01&1 1=J T+e * "ariates t+at a--ear n t+e ta!le are e"aluated at t+e ) ll ,ing "alue: -re.test K $0@E Ta!le $ Learning Attitude *+anges Mean :E n Gr u- AR Ium$0$=1 %0%BE =J Gr u- AR stret*+ $0&JJ %0%B= =$ Gr u- AR > 3 $0@$& %0%F =% Gr u- KMCAI $0&@E %0%@E 1@@ T+e * "ariates t+at a--ear in t+e m del are e"aluated !ased n t+e ) ll ,ing "alue: -re.testK $011 #iscussion

AUGMENTED REALITY T+e study em-l yed t+e AR learning system2 CARL: in rder t +el- students t learn

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a! ut s*ien*e !y -utting int * nsiderati n t+e t+ree ) rms ) -+ysi*al a*ti"ities0 T+ese in*lude aer !i* )itness2 )le3i!ility )itness as ,ell as mus*le strengt+0 Additi nally2 t+e le"el ) a*ademi* a*+ie"ement in s*ien*$e2 ,+i*+ * m-rises ) ! t+ n n.mem ri<ed and mem ri<ed ) rms ) 1n ,ledge as ,ell as learning attitudes *+anges t ,ards s*ien*e am ng t+e ) ur gr u-s +a"e !een * m-ared0 7+ile * m-ared t t+e -re"i us resear*+2 ,+i*+ sti-ulated t+at aer !i* )itness is - siti"ely related t "erall a*ademi* a*+ie"ement t+at * m-rises ) ! t+ mat+emati*s and

reading0 T+e )indings )r m t+is study re"eal t+at t+ se students ,+ * m!ine t+e t+ree ) rms ) -+ysi*al a*ti"ity in CARL: reali<ed signi)i*antly +ig+er s* res regarding n n.mem ri<ed ) rms ) 1n ,ledge ) s*ien*e ,+ile * m-ared t t+e * ntr l gr u- KMCAI 'Kuei.;ang2 &%1%(0 T+ese )indings r+yme ,it+ t+ se ) und in -re"i us studies2 ,+i*+ re"ealed n negati"e lin1 e3isted !et,een t+e distra*ti n t+at **urs !et,een -+ysi*al e3er*ise2 as ,ell as t+e -er) rman*e ) * gniti"e a*ti"ities0 Conclusion T+e -a-er re"eals a ne, a--r a*+ t+at *an in*rease t+e -+ysi*al a*ti"ity ) t+e students ,it+ ut diminis+ing t+e a*ademi* -er) rman*e ) t+e students2 sin*e a large num!er ) s*+ +a"e em!ar1ed n initiati"es aimed at de*reasing -+ysi*al edu*ati n -r grams !ased n t+eir ,n reas ns0 In additi n t im-r "ed a*ademi* -er) rman*e2 t+e n n.mem ri<ed 1n ,ledge !ased n s*ien*e su!/e*ts as ,ell as a - siti"e attitude t ,ards learning issues related t s*ien*e ,as -r m ted ,+ile using CARL:0 T+ere) re2 t+e study +as re"ealed t+at CARL: is an a--r -riate me*+anism t+at ne *an use in rder t im-r "e t+e a*ademi* -er) rman*e ) t+e students2 es-e*ially in t+e *ase ) n n.mem ri<ed 1n ,ledge attri!uted t s*ien*e2 es-e*ially ,+en t+e students are all ,ed t engage in )itness e3er*ises ,+ile underta1ing t+eir studies ls

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AUGMENTED REALITY Re)eren*es Anneta2 L02 >urt n2 E0 G02 ;ra<ier2 702 6 C+eng2 R0 '&%1&(0 Augmented Reality Games Using Te*+n l gy n a >udge0 Science Scope, 30'F(2 B@.F&0 Art+ur2 C0 '&%1%(0 Augmented reality: it's like real life, but better0 Retrie"ed )r m +tt-:##,,,0t+eguardian0* m#te*+n l gy#&%1%#mar#&1#augmented.reality.i-+ ne. ad"ertising Clar12 D0 '&%%=(0 Immersive Interfaces for Engagement and learning. Ne, Y r1: :-ringer0 Dede2 C0 '&%1%(0 7+y design.!ased resear*+ is ! t+ im- rtant and di))i*ult0 Educational ec!nology, "'&(2 B.J0 Dias2 A0 '&%%=(0 Te*+n l gy En+an*ed Learning and Augmented Reality: An A--li*ati n n Multimedia Intera*ti"e >

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Dunlea"y2 M0 '&%1%(0 'ersistent (esign )!allenges: Augmenting %elity for *earning &it! +ireless ,obile (evices. :an Dieg : :ITE0 Dunlea"y2 M02 6 :imm ns2 >0 '&%11(0 Assessing *earning and Identity in Augmented %eality -ames. R tterdam: :ense Gu!lis+ers0 Gauntt2 I0 '&%%=(0 !e +orld is t!e (esktop: ,obile Augmented %eality. Ne, Y r1: Giga 9mni Media0 Hsia 2 K0.;0 '&%1%(0 Can ,e * m!ine learning ,it+ augmented reality -+ysi*al a*ti"ityL .ournal of cyber/t!erapy and re!abilitation, "'1(2 1.1&0 Iet+r 2 >0 '&%1%(0 Augmented %eality *iterature %evie&0 Retrie"ed )r m +tt-:##nmt-%B/et+r 0, rd-ress0* m#&%1%#11#11#augmented.reality.literature.re"ie,.&# Kuei.;ang2 H0 '&%1%(0 )an &e combine learning &it! augmented reality p!ysical activity0 Retrie"ed )r m +tt-:##g 0galegr u-0* m#-s#i0d LidKGALEM

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A&$@@1=&&E6"K&016uK"i*Nli!erty6itKr6-KA9NE6s,K,6asidKd%@a@&*E!)FE$=edF F$@*$$%B*)%&%=E Ragan2 E02 7il1es2 C02 6 H lleler2 T0 '&%%=(0 Simulation of Augmented %eality Systems in 'urely 1irtual Environments. L nd n: IEEE 4irtual Reality C n)eren*e 0 Ran1 +i2 :02 6 7aug+2 L0 '&%1&(0 %evie& and analysis of augmented reality literature for construction industry0 Retrie"ed )r m +tt-:##,,,0"ie/ urnal0* m#* ntent#1#1#= :*+neider2 >02 Iermann2 G02 Ou))erey2 G02 6 Dllen! urg2 G0 '&%11(0 >ene)its ) a Tangi!le Inter)a*e ) r C lla! rati"e Learning and Intera*ti n0 IEEE ransaactions on *earning ec!nologies, 2'$(2 &&&.&$%0 4 gt 2 G02 6 Kne<e12 I0 '&%%=(0 !eoretical 'erspectives Influencing t!e 3se of Information ec!nology in eac!ing and *earning. Ne, Y r1: :-ringer0 7it+er2 I02 Tsai2 T0.T02 6 A<uma2 R0 '&%11(0 M !ile augmented reality0 )omputer and grap!ics, 34'1(2 E1%.E&&0