Phng php nghin cu khoa hc Cu 1. I. PHNG PHP P.O.W.E.

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1. Prepare ( Chun b hc tp ) Qu trnh hc tp i hc khng phi ch bt u ging ng khi SV nghe thy gio ging bi hoc trao i, tranh lun vi cc bn ng hc. Qu trnh ny ch tht s bt u khi SV chun b mt cch tch cc cc iu kin cn thit tip cn mn hc nh: c trc gio trnh, tm ti liu c lin quan. S chun b t liu ny cng tr nn hiu qu hn khi i lin vi n l mt s chun b v mt tm th c th tip cn kin thc mt cch ch ng v sng to. Vi s chun b tm th ny, SV c th ch ng t t trc cho mnh mt s cu hi lin quan n ni dung s c t trn lp, thm ch c th t to cho mnh mt ci khung tri thc trn c s c th tip nhn bi hc mt cch c h thng. Vi cch chun b tch cc ny, tri thc m SV c c khng phi l mt tri thc c truyn t mt chiu t pha ngi dy m cn do chnh SV t to ra bng cch chun b cc iu kin thc th v tm th thun li cho s tip nhn tri thc. Ni hc l qu trnh hp tc gia ngi dy v ngi hc c ngha l nh vy. 2. Organize (t chc) S chun b ni trn s c nng cao hn na khi SV bc vo giai on th hai, giai on ngi SV bit t t chc, sp xp qu trnh hc tp ca mnh mt cch c mc ch v h thng. 3. Work (lm vic) Mt trong nhng sai lm ca vic hc tp c l tch ri vic hc tp ra khi lm vic. Trong khi lm vic chnh l mt qu trnh hc tp c hiu qu nht. Trong giai on ny SV phi bit cch lm vic mt cch c thc v c phng php trong lp v trong phng th nghim, thc hnh. Cc hnh thc lm vic trong mi trng i hc rt a dng, phong ph: Lng nghev ghi chp bi ging, thuyt trnh hoc tho lun, truy cp thng tin, x l cc d liu, bi tp, thc tp cc th nghim... tt c u i hi phi lm vic tht nghim tc, c hiu qu. 4. Evaluate (nh gi) Ngoi h thng nh gi ca nh trng, SV cn phi bit t nh gi chnh bn thn mnh cng nh sn phm do mnh to ra trong qu trnh hc tp. Ch c qua nh gi mt cch trung thc,SV mi bit mnh ang ng v tr, th bc no v cn phi lm th no c th ci thin v tr, th bc . T nh gi cng l mt hnh thc phn tnh qua nng cao trnh v thc hc tp. 5. Rethink (suy ngh li - lun bit cch lt ngc vn theo mt cch khc) Kh nng suy ngh li ny gip SV lun bit cch ci thin iu kin, phng php v kt qu hc tp ca mnh. V bn cht, t duy i hc khng phi l mt th t duy n tuyn, mt chiu m chnh l hnh thc t duy a tuyn, phc hp i hi ngi hc, ngi dy, ngi nghin
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Phng php nghin cu khoa hc

cu phi c tnh sng to cao, lun bit cch lt ngc vn theo mt cch khc, soi sng vn t nhng kha cnh cha ai cp n. Kh nng suy ngh li ny cng gn lin vi kh nng lm li (redo) v ti to qu trnh hc tp trn can bn nhn thc mi i vi vn v kt qu t ra. Cui cng, ch R ca giai on th nm ny cng c ngha l Recreate (gii lao, gii tr, tiu khin), mt hot ng cng quan trng khng km so vi cc hot ng hc tp chnh kha. y cn nh rng: Ai khng bit cch ngh ngi, gii tr, tiu khin th ngi cng khng bi t cch hc tp hoc hc tp khng c kt qu cao.

I. P H N G P H P A . S . P . I . R . E
1. Tm trng. Hy to ra mt tm trng thoi mi cho mnh trc khi bt u hc. Hy chn mt khong thi gian, khng gian v thi thch hp bt u vic hc. 2. S hiu bit. Khi gp mt ci g khng hiu trong mt phn, hy nh du li. C tp trung vo mt phn hay mt nhm cc bi tp m bn c th gii quyt c 3. Nhc li. Sau khi hc c mt phn, dng li v chuyn nhng g bn va hc sang ngn ng ca chnh bn. 4. Hp th. Quay tr li vi ci m lc ny bn cha hiu v th xem xt li cc d kin. C th tham kho thm cc ti liu khc ( mt quyn sch no hay s ch dn ca thy c chng hn). Nu bn vn khng hiu c, 5. M rng. Trong bc ny, hy t ra ba dng cu hi lin quan ti nhng g bn va hc

Nu ti c th ni chuyn vi tc gi ca cun sch th ti s hi g v s ph bnh ci g? Nhng ti liu ny s c p dng nh th no vo nhng th ti thy th v? Ti s phi lm nh th no khin vn ny tr nn hp dn v d hiu i vi cc hc sinh, sinh vin khc?

6. n li. Lt qua tt c nhng g bn mi hon thnh Xem xem phng thc no gip bn hiu v/hoc gi li nhng kin thc c p dng vo nhng g bn ang hc.

III. PHNG PHP HC TP TCH CC ACTIVE

1. Phng php hc tp tch cc. Hng dn SV ch ng trong vic hc, ch ng t cu hi, nu tng mi, khm ph v trao i tch cc vi GV. Hc qua bn b, GV, sch, Internet, nh x kin thc vn dng vo cng vic thc tin DN.

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Phng php nghin cu khoa hc

GV vi vai tr l ngi hng dn cch hc, hng dn mu cho vic rn luyn k nng thc hnh ca SV. 2. Phng php hc tp theo nhm. Mc ch ca vic t chc ging dy v hc tp theo nhm nhm gip SV: Tho lun, trnh by tng, rn luyn k nng thc hnh, thc hin lm n trong gi hc chnh kha hay ngoi gi. Mi lp c chia thnh nhiu nhm nh (5-6 SV/nhm). Cc thnh vin trong cng nhm tho lun, tng cp nhm mt trnh by v phn bin ch bi hc. 3. Phng php hc tp thc nghim Kolb. SV vn dng qui trnh hc tp thc nghim v thc t: - Kinh nghim thc t: Hc bng cch rt ra t tri nghim thc t (thc hnh, lm vic). - Quan st, phn nh: Hc t vic quan st s thc hin ca ngi khc (demo thc hnh, thc t lm vic ca ngi khc). - Khi nim: Hc bng cch pht trin cc l thuyt khi nim mi t tri nghim thc tin. - Thc hnh: Hc t nhng thnh qu, kinh nghim c p dng thnh cng v c kim chng. 4. Vn dng rn luyn k nng hc tp. Ngoi nhng phng php hc tch cc nh trn, SV rn luyn cc k nng mm nhm b tr cho vic hc tp hiu qu v lm vic sau ny. Cc k nng cn thit cho SV: Thu thp v x l thng tin: Cch thc thu thp ti liu, lnh hi v ng dng x l cc vn trong cc ch bi hc. Trnh by, thuyt trnh: Lm vic nhm v bo co n. Cch gii quyt vn 5. Phng php hc nhm Brainstorming(Alex Osborn). tng ca SV u c tn trng. Ghi li cc tng. Chn cc tng ph hp. 6. Phng php hc nhm Ideas management. Lp chia thnh 2 nhm Mt nhm nu ra tt c cc tng tch cc, xy dng, a ra nguyn nhn lin quan n ch /bi hc tho lun. Mt nhm nu ra tt c cc tng tiu cc, ph, a ra hu qu lin quan n ch /bi hc tho lun.
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Phng php nghin cu khoa hc

Chn v sp xp li cc tng theo mc tiu ra. 7. Phng php hc Mind Mapping (Tony Buzan). Hng dn cch hc tp theo s t duy. Cch ghi chp bi hc trn lp ca SV. Bn khng th dy mt ngi mi th nhng bn c th gip ngi t tm ti hiu bit bng chnh kh nng ca mnh. Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642)

IV. PHNG PHP HC TP M.U.R.D.E.R (Hc tp ngoi

kha).
1. Moood Tm trng SV cn to ra tm trng thoi mi cho mnh trc khi bt u mt bui hc/bi hc (vi tinh thn hc tp quyt tm, tha mi). Chn mt khong thi gian, khng gian v thi thch hp bt u vic hc. 2. Understanding - S hiu bit Khi gp mt vn khng hiu hy nh du hay ghi ch li t tm li gii hay trao i vi bn b, thy c. Tp trung tm hiu v rn luyn nhm cc bi tp m SV c th gii quyt c. 3. Recall - Nhc li Sau khi hc/tm hiu ch SV cn chuyn sang rn luyn k nng thc hnh, ng dng chng mt cch thnh tho. Xem li ch , nh gi v rt kinh nghim. 4. Digest - Hp th Quay li cc ch m SV cha hiu, cha lm c bi vic th xem li cc d kin, kin thc. Tham kho thm cc ti liu khc, trao i cng bn b, thy/c. 5. Expant - M rng. Trong bc ny, SV cn t ra 3 dng cu hi lin quan n nhng g va hc: Khi trao i vi bn b, thy/c ti s hi nhng g v bn lun nhng g?. ng dng vic c kt cc ni dung trao i nh th no vo ch bi hc sau khi hi/bn lun?. Ti s phi lm nh th no khin vn ny tr nn hp dn v d hiu i vi cc SV khc?. 6. Review n tp. Lt qua tt c nhng g bn mi hon thnh, xem phng thc no gip bn hiu v/hoc gi li nhng kin thc c p dng vo nhng g SV ang hc
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Phng php nghin cu khoa hc

y l mt cch hc gip SV hiu bit chnh xc v vic nm vng cc vn n u: Thng xuyn xem li gio trnh/sch v nhng ghi chp ca mnh cho nhng kin thc y lun mi m. Trong khi c gio trnh/sch hoc xem li cc ghi chp, hy t t ra nhng cu hi lin quan n vn . t vai tr mnh l GV, SV t t ra nhng cu hi kim tra. Lun rn luyn mt cch thnh tho nhng bi tp thc hnh ca ch /bi hc, khng ngng m rng kin thc.

Cu 3. S t duy chng1 v chng 2

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