()1

: 1 1

: 1-2

: 1 3

: 1 4

: 1 5

: 1 6

: 1-7

: 1 -8

: 1-9

: 1-11

: 1-11

: 1-12

: 1-13

11

: 2-1

11

: 2-2 ( )

11

: 2-3

11

2-4 ( ):

11

: 2 -5 ( )

11

 : 2 -6

11

23

: 3-1

24

: 3 -2

24

:3 -3

26

: 3-4

27

: 3-5

31

:3 -6

33

: 3-7

35

:3-8

38

: 3-9

41

: 3-11

42

: 3-11

43

: 3-12

48

55

: 4-1

51

: 4 2

51

: 4 -3

53

: 4 -4

57

:4-5

62

: 4-6

63

64

: 5 -1

65

: 5 2

65

:5 -3

66

: 5 -4

71

: 5-4-1

71

:5-5

72

: 5 6

73

:5- 7

73

:5-8

76

:5-9

79

: 5 11

81

82

: 6-1

83

: 6- 2

83

: 6 -3

84

: 6-4

85

: 6-5

86

: 6-6

86

: 6 -7

87

: 6-8

87

 : 6-8-1

88

6 -8-2

89

6 -8-2-1 :

89

6 - 8 -2-2 :

95

6 -11 :

91

6-11 :

94

6-11-1 :

99

: 6-11-2

155

: 6-12

151

: 6-13

151

: 6 -14

153

: 6-15

155

: 6-16

156

157

7-1 :

158

7-2 :

159

7-3 :

111

7-3-1 :

111

7-4

116

7-5

116

7-6 :

117

7-7 (: )Start up

117

7- 8 :

118

7-9 :

118

7-11 :

119

 7-11 :

119

7-12 ( : ) Shell Test

125

7-13 ( : ) Tube Test

125

7-14 ( : ) Fouling

121

7-14-1 :

121

7-14-2 :

121

7-14-3 :

121

7-14-4 :

121

7-14-5 :

122

7-14-6 ( : ) Freezing

122

7-15

122

7-16 :

122

7-17 :

122

7-18 ): (Vapor Locking

123

7-19 :

123

:1 I

125

: 2 I

133

 : 1 1



.
.
.

.



.
.
.

( )1-1
2

 : 1-2

.
.
( ) (
) .
.

)(1 1

( )1-1

: K

: A 2
: T
: x
: q

( )1-2
3

( . ) ( ) .
( )1-1

: 1 3

.

.

)(1 2

: 1 4
1
1
K < K < K < K < K
1
4 K .
K- 5 K .
4

 6 .
- 1 .
-8

1
2

K- 1 K .
11

m2 c

0.01

11
-11 .
-11
14 .
-15 .
( )
( )
( )
16 K .
: 1 5

cp

K ) (cp
( ) .
5

 : 1 6
Tw
.
( )
( ) .
:
- ( )
-
.
) = (

)(1 3
J
: q S

: h

W
m2

: A m2
: Tw C
: T C
: 1-7
( )1-1 ) (h

.
: 1 -8
6

 1 .
1

.
1 .
.
4 h h .
: 1-9
1
1
1
:


...

.

: 1-11
7


.
.
.
:
) = . . (41 42
J
:q S
:

Wm2
k4

5.6 108

: 1-1
:A m2
: TW1
: TW2

.
: 1-11
1
.
1

 : 1-12
1 : .
1 : .
1 : .
4 : .
5 : .
6 :
.
1 : .
: 1-13
-1

-2 :
) = (
4
4
= (1
2
)

-3 :

4 .
5 .
6
7
- 8
9

 -1
.
-11
.
-11 .
-11 .
-11 .
Cp - 14

MJ
m3 K

1 .

Cp -15

10

KJ
Km3

1 .

: 2-1
11



( )

.
: 2-2 ( )
( )1-1 K

( )2-1

L q T1 T2
.
:
in + gen = out + abs

)(2 1

( )1-1 .
12

q in =

q gen = qAx

2
| =
) = ( + 2
+

out

abs = Axcp

( )1-1 :
)(2 2

+ Ax =
2 + Axcp

( )1-1 ( )1-1 KAdx :

2 cp
= 2+

)(2 3

cp

= ( 1 )

( )1-1 :
2
1

+
=

2

)(2 4

: 2-3

13

 .
. ( )1-1
dz , dy, dx x,y,z
.

( )2-2

dx ,dy ,dz K .
in + gen = out + ab

)(2 5

in = q x +q y + q z
out = q x+dx +q y+dy + q z+dz
gen = dxdydzq

14

q abs = dxdydz cp

2
) = ( + 2

2
) = ( + 2

 2
) = ( + 2

( )1-5

cp

2 2 2 q 1
+
+
= +
2 2 2

)(2 6

( )1-6 .
( )2-6 .

1 :
T
=0
t
2 2 2 q
+
+
+ =0
2 2 2

)(2 7

1 :

=0

q = 0

2 T 2 T 2 T
+
+
=0
x 2 y 2 z 2

) (2 8

1 :

15


=0

=0

q = 0

2 2
+
=0
2 2

)(2 9

-4 :

=0

=0

=0

2 q
+ =0
2

)(2 10

5 :

=
=0

= 0
2 1 T
=
2 x

)(2 11
6 :

=
=0

=0

16

= 0

2 T

T
=
(K
)=0
x 2 x
x

)(2 12

( )1-11 .

.
2-4 ( ):

( )1-1
r Ti To
K .
.

( )2-3
17

 :
in + gen = out + ab

)(2 13

( )1-11 .

in = 2

gen = 2 q

2
= 2
|
[ = 2
] ) + ( + 2
r + dr

out

ab = 2 cp

( )1-11
( )1-11 2

cp
k

( ) 1-11

:
2 1 1
+
= +
2

)(2 14

K
:
)(2 15

2 1 1 2 2 1
+
+
= + 2 +

2 r r 2 2

18


( )1-15 :
2 1 1

+
=
(r
)=0
r r

)(2 16

( )1-16 .

: 2 -5 ( )

( )1-4 .
dr Ti To K

.

( )2-4

19


in + gen = out + ab

)(2 17

( )1-11 :

in = 4 2

gen = 4 2 q

2
2
2
= 4
|
[ = 4
+ (2
+
] )
r + r

2
2

out

ab = 4 2 cp

( )1-11
( )1-11 4 2

cp

()1-11

:
2 2 1
+
= +
2

)(2 18

K
:
2

2
1

1

)1 (2 19

+
+
(sin
)
+
+
=

2 sin2 2
2 2 sin
()1-11
:
2 2 1 2
+
=
(
)=0

2 2

)(2 20
20

 ( )1-11 .
( )1-16( )1-11( )1-11
:

= ) (

)(2 21
-1

n=0

-1

n=1
n=2

-1

.
.
.
-1 :
T(x, o) = To
1 .

-1

t=0

T(0, t) = T1

|
=
=
|
=o
x=o

-4

21

T
x

 : 2 -6

1
.

|
) = (
=
1 .
1 .
4 .
5
.

22

23

 : 3-1



.
: 3 -2

x
()1-1

( )3-1

24

 ( )1-1 K L
T1 , T2 .
:
2
=0
2

)(3 1
( )1-1

= 1

)(3 2
:

(x) = 1 x + 2

)(3 3

( )1-1 c1 c2 c2 , c1
( )1-1 .
)(3 4
)(3 5

= 1 2 = 1

=0

. . 1

= = 2 1

. . 2

2 1

c1 c2 ( )1-1 .
) (2 1
+ 1

)(3 6

= )(x

( )1-6 ( )1-1
.
( )1-6 x

( )1-1 .
25


2 1
=

)(3 7

1 2
= kA

)(3 8

:3 -3


:

( )1-8 :
1 2

)(3 9

()1-1

) = (

:

1
=

)(3 10

26

 : 3-4
(
) . .
.


)

()1-1

( )3-2

( )1-1 Tw 2L
K . ( )1-11
:

27

 2 q
+ =0

)(2 10

q
=
x + C1

)(3 11

:
q x 2
=
+ C1 x + C2
2

)(3 12

c2 , c1 ( )1-1 .

C1 = 0
q
1 = +

dT
=0
dx
=

x=0
=

B. C. 1
. . 2

c2 , c1 ( )1-11
:
q 2
= +
) (L x 2
2

)(3 13
X = 0 :

q L2
= +
2

)(3 14

=0

( )1-11 x

q
=

28

 ( )1-1 :

q L
=
= (
) = q L

)(3 15

= 2q L

)(3 16

( )1-1 T
h .

( )3-3

:
:
29


|
) = (
=

)(3 17

( )1-15 ( )1-11 .
) q = (

)(3 18
.

q
= +

)(3 19

( )1-11 ( )1-11
.
q q 2
) ( 2
= +
+

)(3 20

( )1-11 x
:
)(3 21

1
L
= 0 = + q ( +
)
2

.

T1>T2.

30

q
q L T1 T2
2
T=
(X +

) x + T1
2K
K
2L
2

q
K T1 T2
= T1 +
( [L
])
2K
2L
q

: 3-5


( )1-4 ()1-5

( )3-4

)(3 22
31

1
+
+
+
+

)(3 23

K1
A1

K2
A2

T2

T1

K3
A3
L
q

T2

R1
T1

R2

R3

( )3-5

1
1
1
1
+
+
1 2 3

:
= 1 + 2 + 3 +
:
1
1
1
1
+
+
1 2 3
32

 :3 -6
.
. ( )1-6

K
.
( )1-15

( )1-1 .

( )3-6

2 T 1 1 d

+
=
(
=)
r dr r dr dr
dr 2
33

 C1
=
dr
r

= C1
dr

:
dr
r

= C1

)(3 25

Ti = C1 lnri + C2

T = Ti

r = ri

B. C. 1

)(3 26

To = C1 lnro + C2

T = To

r = ro

B. C. 2

)(3 24

T = C1 lnr + C2

( )1-15 ( )1-16
Ti = C1 lnri + C2
To = C1 lnro + C2

ln

n
ln

= C1

C2 =

C1 C2 ( )1-14 Ti>To
( )1-1 :
)(3 27

34

Ti To r
ro ln r
i
ln
ri

T = Ti

dT
dr

q = KA

dT
Ti To 1
=
r
dr
ln o
ri
1
)
ln

= (2) (

ln

)(3 28

) = (2

=
2
ln

)(3 29

:
)(3 30

)(3 31

n
+1
= ln

i = 1 2

n
1
=
i = 1 2

: 3-7

.
.

35


()1-1

h. T
R

L
r

( )3-7

( )1-1 R T
K .

h .
( )1-1 .

ln
+ 1
2 2

)(3 31

( )1-11 Ln .

36

) 2(

ln +

)(3 32

( )1-11 q r

( )1-11 )= 0

dr

( r

.
1
k
) ( r 2

hr
) = 2(
=0

K 2
) (lnr LnR +
hr

)(3 33

( )1-11 = 0

dq
dr

)
hr2

( .
r

1
k
r2 k
k
= 2 = 0 = rc
r hr
r
h
h

)(3 34

k
h

)(3 35

= rc

rc ()1-11
.
rc rc
( )1-15 .
.

. h
.
37

q
q

k
h

= c

ri

( )3-8

:3-8
()1-11


K
( )1-1
( )1-11

( )1-1 .
38

 2 2
1 2
+
=
(
)=0

2 2

( )3-9

=0

1
=
2

= 1

:
1
+ 2

)(3 36
C1
+ C2

C1
+ C2

=
39

=
=

. . 1

. . 2

 :
C1
+ C2

C1
To =
+ C2
{
ro
Ti =

1 1

)(3 37

1
[
]
1 1

= C1

2 =

C1 C2 ( )1-11 ( )1-16 Ti>To

.
1 1
) ( +
1 1

)(3 38

( )1-1 .

1
=

1 1 2

40


1
) 2
1 1

= 4 2 (

=

)(3 39

:
+1
4+1
1
22

)(3 40

= R cond
=1

= R conv
=1

: 3-9
R
K r Ti
h . ()1-11

( )3-11
41

 ( )1-11 :

rR
1
+
4 4 2

)(3 41

( )1-41 q r .
( )1-41 r

)=0

) r

:
) 4(
1
1
1

+ 2

)(3 42

( )1-41= 0

1
2
) 0 4( ) (0 + 2 3

=0
=0
2

1
1
1
(

+
)
2

) 3

( .

1
2
r 3 2k
2k

=
0

r
=
c
2 3
r2
h
h

2k
h

)(3 43

= rc

: 3-11

1 h
42

 -1
h
.
.
: 3-11

To
:
1
1 ) (K ) (
1 ) (h
4
-5 < 12

)T=f(x

-6 To
1
( )1-11
To A=tz ) P=2(t+z .
x dx

43

 + x+d x
)(3 44

| =
|
) + (

+

|
=
| +
) (
+

2 T
2 dx ( ) = 0
x
2 T hp
( ) = 0

KA
x 2

)(3 45

( )1-45 .
=

hp
KA

= 2 ( )1-45

:
2
2
2 =0
x

( )3-11
44

 :
= =

= 0

. . 1

. . 2

:
= 1 + 2

)(3 46

o = 1 + 2
= 2

= 1

)(3 46
c1, c2 ( )1-46 .

= + ( )

)(3 47

dx
) = (

= ( )
]

) = (

)(3 48

) = (

)(3 49
45

)(3 50

= f

. . 1

. . 2

:
) = 1 ( ) + 2 (

)(3 51

( )1-51 = T T :
= 2

= 1

1 2 ()1-51
) (
) (

)(3 52

= +

dx :
= ( ) tanhmL

)(3 53
)(3 54

tanhmL

46

= f

 :

L>>t

=
) = (

|=

. . 1

. . 2

:
) = 1 ( ) + 2 (

)(3 55

) ) (

+ ( )

( ( ) +

) = + (

)(3 56

= +

)(3 57

) = f hAf (

) = (

)(3 58

47

) = (

)(3 59

ToT

)(3 60

: ( )1-1 ( )1-1 1
.

: 3-12
1
x
1

1
4

5

-6
1
-8 .
48

 -1 L=0 %111
11 .
-11 h

-11 h .
-11 .
-14 .

49

50

 : 4-1



: 4 2

....
()1-1
()4-1

( )4-1

2 2
+
=0
2 2

x,y .
51

)T = X() Y(y

)(4 1
( )4-1
)(4 2

2
2
= 2
2

)(4 3

2
2
= 2
2

( )4-1 )4-1 ( )4-1

2
2
2 + 2 =0

)(4 4

1 2 1 2
=
= 2
2
2

)(4 5
2

( )4-5 2 >o
:
)(4 6

2
2
2 + = 0 = 1 cos x + 2 sin x

)(4 7

2
2
2 = 0 = 3 cosh y + 4 sinh y

()4-6 ( )4-1 ( )4-1

)(4 8

) = (1 cos x + 2 sin x) (3 cosh y + 4 sinh y

52

 1 ( 4 )4-8 3 2 1

1
1
: 4 -3

( )4-1 T1 )T= T1+f(x

.
)T = T1 + f(x

T1

T1

T1
( )4-2

( (z
.

53

) (4 9

) = (1 cos x + 2 sin x) (3 cosh y + 4 sinh y

()4-1 = 1
( )4-1 ( )4-11 . ( )4-1 :
)(4 10

) = (1 cos x + 2 sin x) (3 cosh y + 4 sinh y

=0

. . 1

= 1

=0

=0

. . 2

=0

= 1

. . 3

)( =

)( = 1 +

. . 4

= 1

=0

( )4-11 :
=0

=0

. . 1

)0=(1 + 0) (3 cosh y + 4 sinh y

1 = 0
( )4-11
=0

=0

. . 2

)0= (1 cos x + 2 sin x) (3 + 0

3 = 0
( )4-11
= 2 sin x 4 sinh x
= 2 4

2 4
.

= sin x sinh y

)(4 11
54

 1 ( )4-11
=0

)(4 12

. . 3

0 = sin w sinh y

( )4-11 C sin y sin w = 0 .

n
w

= w = n

n ( )4-11

n
n
) = Cn sin ( x) sinh ( y
w
w

)(4 13

n=0

( )4-11 :
)( =
)(4 14

n
n
)x) sinh ( H
w
w

. . 4

( f(x) = Cn sin
n=0

)f(x 0<x<w

w

)(4 15

n
2
n
)sin ( x) f(x) sin ( x
w
w
w
0

= )f(x
n=0

( )4-14 ( )4-15
w

n
2
n
)Cn sin h ( H) = f(x) sin ( x
w
w
w
0

Cn .
55

n
)x
w

)(4 16

( ( ) sin
0

n
) sinh ( H
w

( )4-16 ( )4-11 = 1
:
)(4 17

w
n

)sinh ( y
2
n
n
w
= 1 +

sin
)x

)(
sin
)x
(
(
n

w
w
)=0 sinh ( w H
0

) f(x
x y

y x

.
) T =T1+f(x T2 f(x)= T2 -T1 .

)(4 18

w
n

)sinh ( y
2
n
n
w
T = T1 +

sin
)x

(T

T
)
sin
x) dx
(
(
2
1
n
w
w
w
sinh
)H
(w
n=1
0

( )4-18 :
w

w
n
w
n
( 2 1 ) sin ( x) = ( 2 1 ) [
] ) ( x
w
n
w
0
0

w 1 (1)n
2w
[ ) = ( 2 1
) ( 1
=]

n
n 2

56

1 (1)n
{2
n

 ( )4-18 :
n
n

)sinh ( x) sinh ( y
4
w
w
) = 1 + ( 2 1
n

) n sinh ( w
=1

)(4 19

n=1,3,5
( )4-11

y x

)(4 20

8
1
) (2 1
=
n

)H
( =1 nsinh
w

: 4 -4

.
:1 ) (m,n
X Y
x=y=L
x m y n
. ()4-1

57

 ( )4-3 ) (m,n

)(4 21

+1
= |
1

)(4 22

1
= |
2

)(4 23

+1 2
2

|
|
1 2

|
=
2 2 1

)(4 24

+1
= |
3

)(4 25

+1
= |
4

58

)(4 26

+1 +1 2
2

|
|
3 4

|
=
4 2 3

( )4-11 ( )4-16 ()1-1

:
2 2
+
=0
2 2

)(4 27

+1 1 2 +1 1 2
+
=0
2
2
)(4 28

+1 + 1 ++1 + 1 4 = 0
1
(
) + + +1 + 1
4 +1

)(4 29

:2)(m,n . ()4-4

mn+1
m-1n

mn
mn-1

( )4-4 )(m,n
59

m,n
n m+1 n m-1
)(4 30

= 1+1

( )4-11 ( )4-11
1
(
+
) + 21
1 +1 4

)(4 31

:3)(m,n x . ()4-5

)(4 32

1 = +1

( )4-11 ( )4-11
1
) +1 + 2 ++1 = (1
4

)(4 33

m+1n

mn-1

mn

m-1n

( )4-5 ) (m,n
60

 :4) (m,n . ()4-6

)(4 34

1 = +1

)(4 35

= +11

( )4-14 ( )4-15 ( )4-11

1
) +1 +2 = (21
4

)(4 36

mn+1

mn

m-1n

( )4-6 )(m,n
:5)(m,n . ()4-1
y

mn+1
mn

m-1n

( )4-7 ) (m,n
61

 ) (m,n
)(4 37

)(4 38

= + +

)(4 39

)(4 40

)(4 41

= 2

+1

= 2

) (4 42

) = ( T

( )4-18 ( )4-11 ( )4-41 ( )4-11 :

] T

[+1 + 1 + 2+1 +

1
2
) (4+

:4-5

2 2 2
+
+
=0
2 2 2

z,y ,x :
)( = ( ). ().
(
H,W T1
To )

62

: 4-6

-1 q k
( )1-1
-1
-1 :
+ T
+

: a
: b a
:

63

64

 : 5 -1

.
: 5 2

( )1-11
2 1
=

)(5 1

x, t
)( = ( )

)(5 2

( )5-1 x t ( )5 -1
1 2
1
=
= 2
2

)(5 3
2 .

2 > 0 ( )5-1
)(5 4
) (5 5

= 1 + 2
2 t

= 3

2
2
2 + =0

+ 2 = 0

( )5-4 ( )5-5 ( )5-1 :

) (1 cos + 2 sin
65

2 t

= 3

 C3 C2 C1
C3*C2= C2 , C3*C1= C1 :
)(5 6

) (1 cos + 2 sin

2 t

(C1 )5-6 C2
( )5-5
.

2 t

)(5 7

= )(

T

( )5-5 = C

.

:5 -3

L ) T=T1+f(x
T1 .
. ()5-1

66

t=0

)T=T1+f(x

T=T1

( )5-1

: ( )5-1 :
x=0
x=L

T = T1
T = T1
)T = T1+f(x

B.C.1
B.C.2
l.C

t > 0
t > 0
t = 0

=T - T1 :
) (1 cos + 2 sin

)(5 8
1
(1 + 0) 1 = 0

T = T1 = 0
2 t

(1 cos (0) + 2 sin (0)) =

)(5 9

sin

2
sin

2 t

2 t

sin =

2 t

2 t

0 =

= C

T = T1 = 0
2 t

(1 cos + 2 sin ) = 2
67

2 t

0 =

2 t

e sin = 0

( )5-1 :

n
L

= sin L = 0 L = n

n 2
n
( ) t
Cn e L
sin
x

)(5 10

n=1

n 2
n
)( L ) (0
Cn e
sin x

= t = 0 f(x) =

n=0

e = 1
n
x
L

)(5 11

f( ) = Cn sin
=1

) f(x
L

n
2
n
f(x) = sin
x f(x) sin ( x) dx
L
L
L

)(5 12

n=1

( )5-11 ( )5-11 Cn
L

2
n
( ) sin ( x) dx

)(5 13

= Cn

( )5-11 ( )5-11 ) (T T1
x t .
L

)(5 14

n 2
2
n
n
( L ) t
= 1 + e
sin
x ( ) sin ( x) dx

L
L
0
68

=1

 ) f(x T Ti
T1
.
= Ti

= i Ti T1

=0

( )5-14 f(x) = Ti - T1 :

n
n
f(x)sin ( x) dx = (Ti T1 )sin ( x) dx
L
L
0
0
L
n
L
) = (Ti T1
[cos
) x] = (Ti T1
] )[1 (1
n
L
n
( )5-14 :

n 2
) 2(Ti 1
n
)( L ) t 1 (1
= 1 +
e
[
)] sin ( x

n
L

=1

1 (1)n
{2
n

n :

)(5 15

4
1 (n)2 t
n
= 1 + (Ti 1 ) e L
sin

n
L
=1

4
1 (n)2 t

= [ ( 1 ) L

)(5 16
)(5 17

69

n 2
( L ) t
e

=1

= 4

 x=0 x=L t
n 2
( L ) t
e

)(5 18

= 8

t
( t ) )5-18 (t=0 .

n 2
( L ) t
e
0

n
1
) ( L
e
n 2
) (
L

= 8

= 8

n 2

1
( L ) t
) = 8( 1
[
(1 e
])
n 2

) (
L

) ( 1 ) = ( 1

) = ( 1
=
n 2
1
( L ) t
= 8
(1 e
)
n 2
) (
L

)(5 19

Qi .
70

 : 5 -4

.

.
: 5-4-1

hL

= Bi

= F

L2
TT

Ti T

Qi

o
i

:1 ( ) .
Bi1

To T
Ti T

. To

. ( )1-1 ( )1-4 ( )1-5 1

71

 :2

Bi1

TT

=T

o T

T (

) . ( )1-6 ( )1-1 ( )1-8 1

:3
Bi Bi1

Q
Qi

. ) Qi=mCp(Ti-T

Q . ( )1-1
( )1-11 ( )1-11 1

:5-5

.
2b 2a 2c
.
:

T T
T T
T T
T T
)
=
)
)
)
Ti T
Ti T 2
Ti T 2b Ti T 2c

( )1-11 1 .
72

 : 5 6

.





:Bi
0.1 .
)(5 20

hL
< 0.1
k

= Bi

V
A

= L

: h
: Lc
: V
: A
Bi

:5- 7
m Cp A Ti
73

 T h
.

. ()5-1

( )5-2

.
. .
.
dt dt

)(5-21

( ) =

)(5 22
74

)(5 23

: ()5-1

)(5 24

) = + (

( )5-14 h
Cp

)(5 25
()5-14

( )5-15 .
]

= [( ) (
)

)(5 26

) = (

( )5-16
) t ( t= 0 .

) = = (

t
( ) (
) [1
]0

75

)(5 27

= ( ) (1

()5-4
)

)(5 28

= (1

( )5-3

( )5-4
76

 :5-8

2L K Ti
To
. ()5-5
T=T1
t=0

t>0
T=T0
L

( )5-5

)(5 29

)(5 30

77

 = T T

K
Cp

= ) (5 30 :

= 2

) (5 5
=

=0

= 2

2
)

)(5 31

= + (

2
(
)
=
] ) = [ ( 2

:
2
=

)(5 32

) t (t = 0
( )5-11 t .
78

] ) [ 2

( ) (

) 2

= (1

) = (

)(5 33

:5-9
( )5-6 ( )5-1
Ti T
Ti < T x
) T(x,t .
1 Bi << 1 ) T(x,t) T(t
T

1 Bi 1 . )T = T(x,t
1 Bi >> 1
.

79

 ( )5-6

( )5-7
80

 : 5 11

1/1
1/1
( )

.
1 .
1

1
.

=
.

4
5 L
2

.
6

1 t=0
-8

h .
81

82

 : 6-1


1
1
: 6- 2
( )6-1 . u T
A Tw Tw T

) = (

)(6 1

( h )6-1
q h
.
) (6 2

( )6-1
83

=
|

= 0

)(6 3
()6-1 ( )6-1

=
|
= 0

)(6 4

( )6-4 h

y=0

( )6-4
h .

: 6 -3

:
-1 : Re

. U L U L
=

)(6 5

84

= Re

 1 : Pr
.

Cp

) (6 6
= = Pr
=
k

k
Cp
1 : Nu
hT hL
=
kT
k
L

)(6 7

= Nu

4 : St

h
Nu
=
=
uT u RePr

) (6 8

= t

: 6-4
( )6-1

y=V
y
x U U V

(y ) U=1/11U
: ( )
.
:

x
85

 : 6-5

( )6-1
T(y)=T
.
t
y :
Tw T
= 0.99
Tw T

Tw

( )6-2

: 6-6
v
t

.
: 6 -7

( )6-1
86

( )6-3

: 6-8
.
.1 .
.1 .
.1 .
.4 .
.5 .
.6 z .
: 6-8-1

87

 ) (x.y.1
. ()6-4

(v)d

(u)d

v +
y

( )6-4

)(
)(
] d [v +
)] d = 0 (6 9

() + (v)dx [u +

d. d .
)( )(
+
=0

)(6 10

( )6-11 .
.

88

u v
+
=0
x y

)(6 11

6 -8-2 :

( ) . ()6-5

2
+
)
2

(P+

( )6-5

.
6 -8-2-1 :
:

.
6 - 8 -2-2 :
89

 :


.
.

. ( x )y-z
x ()u . x
( )x=z )( . ()6-6

[()u]dy

[()u]dx

()u +

()u +

()u

()u

( )6-6

x :
90

)(6 12

[()u]dx . dy + [()u]dx . dy
x
y

p
dx . dy. 1
x
2 u
= 2 dx . dy
y
=

)(6 13

x ( )6-11 x
( )6-11 dx . dy .
u
u
p
2
(
+ )=
+ 2
x
y
x

=0

p
x

. x
:
u
u
2

+
= 2
x
y

)(6 14

y
y :
v
v
2
+
= 2
x
y

)(6 15
6 -11 :

91

 y. x.1
. ()6-6
+ x + y x
.
y V x U Z
.

( )6-6

m = . 1

92

 .
T

x

K .dx .1 .

:
u
u
. . .
y
y
u

( y dx.1 .
y

)
+
:
) uTdy + d( uTdy
)(6 16

u
T
dx) (T +
)dx
x
x

= dy (u +

:
)(6 17

v
T
dy) (T +
)dy
y
y

Tdx + d( vTdx) = dx (v +

:
)(6 18

T
T
T
T
dx + d (
] dx) = dx [ ( ) dy +
y
y
y y
y

:
u
T
u v
2 T
u 2
[
+v
)+ ( + )] = 2 dxdy + ( ) . dxdy(6 19
x
y
x y
y

93

u v
+
=0
x y

u
T
K 2 T
u 2
u +v
=
+
) (
x
y 2 y

)(6 20

K
cp

u
T
2
u +v
= 2
x
y

)(6 21

6-11 :

.
:

)(6 22

u v
+
=0
x y

u
u
2

+
= 2
x
y

+
= 2

94

 (,)

)(6 23

= ) (,

) (x,y = .
) (x,y = .
:

+V
= 2

)(6 24

= = 0

=0

= = 1

( )6-14 u,v

.
( )6-14 0 y
u ( )6-11
.

+V
= 2

)(6 25
| ( = dy + V dy
|
) =
|
x
y
y y = y y = 0
y y = 0

|
y=

95

 .
V ( )6-15
( )6-15

)(6 26

V
V

| V dy = V | dy = V
y
o
y
y
y
o
o
y=
0

u
|V
=
| y
| V = 1
= 0
y
o
y=
y=
y=0

= x

( )6-16 :

)(6 27

u
u

V dy =
dy + dy
y
x
x
o
o
0

( )6-11 ( )6-15 :

u u

+ ) dy =
|
x
x x
y y = 0

(
0

(u) u

] dy =
|
x
x
y y = 0

96

[
0


|
y y = 0

)(6 28

= ](1 )dy

> = 1

.
( )6-18 , , .
) (x,y
.

)(6 29

< < 0

) = 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3(

)(6 30

=0

y=0

B. c. 1

=1

y = t

B. c. 2

=0
y

y = t

B. c. 3

2
=0
y 2
:

y=0

B. c. 4

T Tw
T Tw
97

=0
y

uv :
2
=0
y 2

( )6-11 C3 C2 C1 C0
.

3
3
1
) ( = 2 ( ) 2

)(6 31

) y U(x
:
)(6 32

< < 0

(, ) = 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3

( )6-11 :
u=0

y=0

B. c. 1

u = U

y=

B. c. 2

u
=0
y

y=

B. c. 3

2 U
=0
y 2

y=0

98

B. c. 4


x=0 u v . x=0

2 u
y2

. ( )6-11 C3 C2 C1 C0
.

3
1 3
) ( = ( )
2
2

)(6 33

( )6-18
. ( )6-18

.
6-11-1 :
)(6 34

5x

Re

)(6 35

hL
1
1
|
= 0.332Re 2 Pr 3
K T = const

= Nu

)(6 36

hL
1
1
|
= 0.417Re 2 Pr 3
K q = const

= Nu

)(6 37

)(6 38

) q = hA(T T

) (6 39

1
= Pr 3

2
U

1
2

T = 0.332Re

3
1 3
) ( = ( )
2
2

) (6 40
99

)(6 41

3
1 3
) ( = ( )
2
2

: 6-11-2
)(6 42
)(6 43
)(6 44
)(6 45

0.381

1
Re 5

hL
4
1
|
= 0/0296Re 5 Pr 3
K Tw = const

Tw = const

| = 1.04Nu

)(6 46
)(6 47

)(6 48

= Nu

q = const

| Nu

1
7

y
) = (

2
U

1
5

T = 0.0296Re

1
u
7
y
) = (

)(6 48

| = 1.04
T = ct

100

: 6-12
ro . ()6-8

( )6-8

x


.

= 0.05Re .
D

10 .
D

: 6-13
101

 ( )6-1 ( )6-11
x

)( dx < 0

) ( dx > 0 .
) (Re<4
. .

. :
u
|
=0
y y = 0

()6-9

102

 ( )6-11

: 6 -14

( )6-11
Nu
Nu 80
Nu . Re> 105 Nu
. Nu
Nu 80 100
Nu =141
.
103

 ( )6-11

.
1
3

)(6 48

= CRe Pr

hD
K

= D

n,c ( )6-48 ( )6-1 .

( )6-1 ( )6-48
104

 : 6-15



)(6 49

)(6 50

)(6 51
)(6 52
)(6 53

4mo
D

4mo
(D +D )

= 4.36
= 3.66

hD
K

hD
K

= =

= =

hD
4
= 0.023 Re 5 Pr n
K

= 0/4 w > T
= 0/3 w < T
( )1-1
.
)(6 54

)(6 55

2
L
= f
D 2
4Ac
P

105

 : 6-16




-1 5115 5115
-1 1111 1111
-1
4 Pr
5 Pr
-6 Pr
1
-8 Pr
1

106

107

 7- 1 :





:
( )
.

1 :
() 1- 1
2 :
() 1- 1
3 : ( ) 1-1

108

 ( )7-1

7-2 :
.

) . ) 1-1

(-1
)1 .

109

( )7-2

( )7-3 (a). .
)(b .

110

 7-3 :

1 ) (LMTD

2 ) (NTU
.

7-3-1 :
LMTD :
.1
.
.1 .
.1 .
.4 .
.5 .
: .
. .
:
h c .
Thi , Tho , cph , mh , h , hh , k h . .. :
Tci , Tco , cpc , mc , c , hc , k c . :
111

 :
.
Tci + Tco
)
2

= c
T

Thi + Tho
2

= h
(T

: .

) q = m h cph ( Thi Tho

) q = mc cpc ( Tco Tci

: .

q = F. U. A. Tm
A = 2 ri L

( A )
: .

Ti To
T
ln i
To

= m

: . ()1-4

Ti = Thi Tci
To = Tho Tco

112

 ( )7-4

: .()1-5
i = Thi Tco
=

( )7-5
113

 : .
1
1
1
+ +

hi ho
.
: hi ho Re
)(
hi ho .
4

: ( hi )

= ReDi

: 2300 .
hi .

q = const

hi Di
= 4.36
ki

= NU

Tw = const

hi Di
= 3.66
ki

= NU

: > 2300
hi .
4
hi Di
= 0.023 5
ki

Tw > T n = 0.4
Tw < T n = 0.3
114

= NU

 : ( ho )
4
=
( 0+ )0

Re 2300 2300
.
: ( )

:
+1

=
2
n

i=1

: F ( )1-14( )1-11 ( )1-15 ()1-16

1

Tco Tci
Thi Tci

= P

Thi Tho
Tco Tci

= R

p R R P F .
: F,U,Tm ,q L :
q
FU Di Tm

=L

: .
.
: . F=1 .
: . .

115

q
FU Di Tm

= L

7-4 :
1 . .
1
.
1 .
4

-5 .
6 .
-1 .
8 .
1 .

7-5 :
: -

.
116

 -1 .
-1 .
-1 .
-4 .

7-6 :

.
.
.
.

7-7 (: )Start up
.
Start up :
.1 ( . )
.1 .
.1 .
.4 .
.5 ( . )
.6 .
.1 .
.8 .
117

 .1 ( . )
.11 .

7- 8 :
( ) Shut- Down
:
.1 .
.1 .
.1 .
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .
.1 .
7-9 :

.
:
.1 .
.1 .
.1 .
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .
118

 7-11 :

.
:
.1 .
.1
.
.1 .
.4
.
.

.

7-11 :
:
.1
.1
.1
.4 Tube
.5
.6 Tube
.1 Tube
119

 ( ) . 1/5
.
.
:

7-12 ( : ) Shell Test

1 5 .
Shell
.
1 5
( )
.
: Tube . 15
( ) Plug .
7-13 ( : ) Tube Test
6 1
.

.. 6 1
.
(
)
.
120


. .

.
7-14 ( : ) Fouling

.
:
7-14-1 :
.

.
7-14-2 :
( )...
.
7-14-3 :
.
: .

121

 7-14-4 :

.
7-14-5 :
.
7-14-6 ( : ) Freezing
.
7-15 :

.
7-16 :

.
7-17 :

Fouling Factors .
( )1-1 .

122

)Rf(m2.k/w
1/1111
1/1111
1/1111 - 1/1111
1/1111
1/1111
1/1111

( (50c
( (50c
( (50c


( )
( )7-1
7-18 ): (Vapor Locking

( )
.

( ) Vapor Locking .
.
( ) Flooding .
( ) .
7-19 :
.1
.
.1
-U .
.1 Shell .

123

 .4
.
.5 Shell
.
.6 U-Tube Floating Head
. Fixed Head
) (Joint Expansion.
.1 ) (Condensation
.
.8 (111 51 )
. ( ) Co3 ca .
.1
() .
.11 ( x )
( ) Double Pipe
.
.11 .
.11 F 1 1
.
.11 () 1
.
.

124

125

1-1 :
T1 T2
L

) (

= KA

) = hA(Tw T

) = fG f (14 24

w
m2 K 4

= 5.669 108

1-2 :
L
KA

= cond

1
=
hA
2
1
=
2LK

conv {

cond

=
conv
{
2rLh
2 1
4K1 2

= cond

=
conv
{
2r 2 h

126

2K
h

1-4 :

) q o = hAo (To T

q T = q f + q uf
) q f = N. f . h. Af (To T
) q uf = hAuf (To T
qToT

qo

= f

1-5 :

= Bi

= Lc
=

t
L2

= Fo

= Pr

hL

127

= Nu

U L UL
=

= Re

2
c
= f2 = St Pr 3
RePr
Nu

hA
t
mCp

= St

T T

=e
Ti T

: Bi 0.1

= (1

) = (Ti T

1-6 :

R e 5 105

R e > 5 105

R e 2300

R e > 2300

1-6-1 :

5
=
1

(R e ) 2

1
2

128

f = 0.664R e

1
2
2 . U

1 13
2P
r

( )

w = 0.332R e

= 0.664R e

1 1
hL
= 0.417R e 2 Pr 3
K

) (

= NU

1
v
= Pr 3
t

3
1 y
y
) = ( ) (
2
2
v
v
3

hL

= NU

3
3
1
) = ( ) (
t
t
2
2

U
U

1-6-2 :
0.381

1
Re 5

v
x

v t

1
5

f = 0.0592R e

) (

1
hL
1
5
= NU
= 0.0296R e Pr 3
K

) (

| NU

| =1/04

1
7

) = (

129

U
U

1
7

) = (
t

1
)2
5 (U

w =0.0296R e

1-7 :
1

= R e Pr 3

= NU

n c ( )6-1 .

:
.

1-8 :
) (

hD
= 4.36
K

= NU

) (

hD
= 3.66
K

= NU

1-9 :

130

= 0.023R e 0.8 Pr n

hD
K

= NU

>

= 0.4

<

= 0.3
U2

= 2

1-11 :
* LMTD

) q = mh CP h (Th i Th o

) q = mc CP c (Tco Tci
q = F. U. A. Tm

=
=

=
=

131

1
1
+

= A

m = VA

4mi

Di

= R Di

4mo

R D = (D

o + Di )

L = FUD Tm

132

133

 ()1-1

( )1-1

134

 ()1-1

()1-4

135

 ()1-5

136

 ( )1-6 2L

()1-1

137

 ()1-8

()1-1

138

 ()1-11

()1-11

139

 ( )1-11

140

 ( )1-1

()1-11

141

 ()1-14

( )1-15

142

 ( )1-16

143

123456-

Holman J.p Heat Transfer

Introduction to Heat Transfer F.P INCROPERA , D.P DEWITT
Chapman J.A Heat Transfer 2nd The macmillan
Kern D.Q process Heat Transfer
Ozisik M.N Heat Transfer A Basic Approach
Cengel , yunns A Heat Transfer A practical approach

-1

-8

144