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xl p' H ondvt4o4 eivor0ettxti' rol, uotuxdrq, iApoye,4 roropio enovotroypdvetotl vov oqv gpoa,ollti -otr1v nepintor4 t4q M6oqq Avoto{q- a4 tpoyo6fo.'Apoye, uppotf(ovtot; H onrivtqoq eivot,enio4q,Oetlr{.Auoruor e0voux6gowrnopoOfoerq q nopdppoorl opyri li yp{yopo,enovolopptivowot.Apoye, xtq,6poq,or ouyrpooerq, eni outoti tou epor{potoq, 6riotorou {dvou noptiyowo eivorxpriorp4;Or ondr[erq, wor. Kot our,6rirl oi'youpo 4 ovriper{4 rtov peydltov uvtipeov enltuyxdver oleohki notrriouxvti ovotpogootei xot tq oitlo rrlq rpforlq. ntitrl4leq exexerpieq,

'qr,rr: out to ntroiolo,q np<otopouio tou "it <Kouoptdtou) yro rov <06rr<Xdprq> xopiq vo eyyud.ii.iir* !wd notrdqetr1ieq, Anoreei, erprlveuoq. ror rrl poKponp0eopq ' pqpo nou roo16oo,6vo onopoitqro xprlorpo ror, ioog, vo ono6erx0ei np6nervo orqprxOei rotoprrd nro xprlorpqror on trg lupgtovieq q tou Ooo,to tou Kopn Ntoiqprvt,ro 1979, oto lpdr ror, e{etri(erq 1996. Or nopdtrtr4eq yevrrrepo, orov n6eporord tqq Tpoporpotqv euptepqneprox{ tioq 0o enqpedoouv Toutxpovo,ot 96Korrov ropo otrx,\qpo. por yro rrl orpou@rKrlmuxq tou nupqvrro npoypdypotoqtou lpdv ouooopeouvv6o Boprdovveqo orov opi(ovto. O egtdtqg nopoy6ver tqq oyrpouorlq rov nortroptilv otq 6te0vrircorvonertrqtrrq ror unevOu;ri(er ror roOuoreprltqto tr, cutrl tq gopd, <iOq oerq6ev enrrp6nowor. frq vo rorovoqoer roveiq,oto ptpo tou uvoro,rov nonoroxoportrlpo rqq Kpiorlq orrl M6oq Avotori,np6nervo yvcopioer po0teporqv rotopio tqq. Mvovp6otooutrlq

tqg o6o pnopeivo oto0;rioerto ovtttt06pevo ouyg6povro Korvo rotovo{oet trlv nqyrl nou e{ouetep6vertq tou ouvoroOqpotog troyrrq. p.X.,or ApopeqevonorrlOqTov 7o ordrvo rov rdtto on pro rorv{ ytiloooror 0pqoreio. trlv ApoprrtiXepovqoo, Me Bdoqe(ppqoqq rotdgepov vc 6qproupyrloouv HroouroKpcrrot4q orpqg rnq,Krt.. pio 4 onoio,oro ondyero v6tov on6 ro flupqvoio Opq tqq lpqptrriq ovopo lonovicg- foXepoovrioou(orlpeprvd tq BperoAgprrq ror tr1 iog), nepretrdpBove 6o9 tqv Kevtprrq M6oq Avotoriror 6<p0ove Aoio. Ootoo, or rdoxortou Muhammad on6ruxqvvo rorqp{oouvtrlv evrqto outrlq, to lodpror rotdgepov yoq vo rodroouv nlqOuopoq. oe pr1 opoBrrog ho6rord, q Apoptr{ Autorpotopio 6xooe rqv evtqtd rrlq Kortqv ove(optqoiotqq ror yro 1.000, xpvron6poo orqv Kotonepinou, Toprov Kcltorn ouvdxeto xri rov O0urpovrv Aut nou ev Korrov Fdtr<ov. ttov Bpetov<irv o 6 e o p qtqg rorvqg x d 0 q r e ,6 p r o g , 4tov

pov tq xcpor<or eyrco0i6puoov ro goorotrr - nopiorouVichy. r<pdtog H ppetovrrrl ropouoio 6rotqpq0nK Koroe opropdveg neprnttiloergevrox0qK ropd ro roxupovtrppetovrr<pepootqv Aiyunro Korrnv onotuxrlpdvrl npo(rr<onripotoq oro lpdt<, to 1941, on6nerpo Rashid Ali el-Gailani. on6 tov grtroyeppov flopd rqv onouoiotrlg l-otr\iog, tov teeirooeo neprog, or Apopegeixovvo ovrpronioouv xr pvov roug Bpetovoq oil\d r<or roug Eppoioug, or onolor eixov rorepyrloer to 66o9o9yro tq pvrpq nopouoiorouq orl Motrovtr11lloorotivrlrltov poq rlq opoprrqqevtqtog: M6oq Avotor1. or Apopegqtov q (mandate), to 1917, neprcrodrepo r<dtrrl on rov roupr<r- un ppetovrrrlewor1 ev<opdvor (uy tqg Meydqg Bpetoviog uro06tqoe r nopd un tqv rcqepovio ttov ;-reyd- rupdpvrl<rq t q 6 r o r q p u ( qt o u B a l f o u r q g o p y d v o o q g trov euponoir<v uvdpeo,rv. National <louoir<r1 E0vr<r1 flotpi6o> (Jewish flepogendgepepro O B' floyr<oprog vo ovrl.rronloouv ug outoHome).'Exovrog vdo td{q npoypdr<ov otq M6oq Avoroq. H r<potoprr<69 6ro06oerg tqg Meydqg Bpetoviog yotrtrrr<( nopouoiootqv neproxrl(Iupio ror Aipovog)teppotiotqre (petd tqv nop6ppoorl on tq pro r<or tqv eppoircrl onerr1 on tqv or Apopegondtuxov vo ouonetptoOov. rov Bpetovriv), to 1940, tov or No(i r<ot6o- d.\q,

'Etor, ydrooog r<or rrlq rcorvrlg 0pr1or<eiog. ornv,tov to 6rdgopoopoprr<d 60vq dpxroov vo r<epi(ouv rrlv ove(optrloioroug,or 6eopoi outoi ovo(onpcooov tqv r6otqg evtqtog rrovApdp<lv oe plo r<potrxrl ovttr1to. l-lop'o outd, to 1919, or Apopegonoyoqte0rirov. H rotdppeuoqtqg O0opovrr<qq Autor<potopio o g q y q o eo t r l 6 r o v o p qt o v e6oqv pero( trlg Meydqq Bperoviog ror tqg [oiog. H notrrtrrqtov peydrov uvdpeov rqg enoxqgo6qyqoeorq rlproupyio v6ov rpotcirv (Iupio,Aipovog r<or lopovio)erq pd-

fryow60q<eoto r6trr1 rou l9ou o16trorotivq). ro 1948, tov ovor<qpvo Kor Kopuqril0qre To x0qre to ove{dprrlto Kpdtog rou lopoqtr. npodpxeroron to tr6vopo rou r<rv{potoq nopdgo Zion otov onoio, opgovo pe tr'1v ooq, rirov rtrop6voqo Nog t<ovlepoootrFOV.

xoportripog tou ottovtottro O notrrrrrg to l8o orrrvripotoqenrlpedotrlreor'lpovtrrd (EppoirqArodrvoon to rlv4po Haskalah grotropg)to onoio -pe rn oetpd rou- enqpedotrlre on rov Euptonoi< Arogorro;rror qnd grtov feppovoeppoio eyrorVrdotqre 166o H r<evtprr<{ oogo MosesMendelssohn. qtov q ovrrrotdototou rrvrlpotogHaskalah oq rrlq 0pqoreutrrqgniotqq on rqv eOvrrq evdtqtoq tov ouvei6rlorlroq q rpro 6vopr1 H nortrr{ xerpogftqoq,torvEppoiO r 6 o r u p i o p x e g u v o o t e i e q( S a u d ir < o r Eppoir,rv. -oro 6erepoprorou l9ou orriHashemite) olvo6{yr1oe cvupet6nroovror ourdgnpop{rcoppdovuorovrouKdv poto evrqrogror ouvoxqqegoov orrlv Kor- vo- orn 6rlproupyio rot tov Apdptovouyrpoovrov 6o owi0erov orq leppovioKoru1vAuotpoouyyopio v<Dvfq eneroo6ror6g ovtreppoi'11 gropovopxrrrl ror nopo6ooro pogrom,r1lor1 teq r6eotroyieq: otq Pcooio. ororq orrq opoprr<6q opx6qrqg Kor rl Kouy- <69roqdloerg, To 1896, o TheodoreHerlz -Eppoioq6qAurq r1r6eotroyrrq xpovrorrrrj- ooorororrrq. pooroypdgog e(oo06vroe toug Apopeg, too ouyyprrrlgrotoyoyqq- 6qpooioyr<pouoq o r q v n p o o n d 0 e r dt o u q v o o n o p o r p v o u v uo ro prpio<To EBpoir Kpdtoq> oto toug Bpetovoqoo Kqr orrlv npoondOerd onoio npoond0rloevo e(qy{oet toug youg ev npo6Or tou ovtreppoiopo otqv Eup6nr1, rouq vo ovtrpetonioouvrous Eppoioug. potre, og pvq 0eponeio, rq ouyrptqor1evq Bpetovoi, ev r6er, dguyovtr1 xpovrrri nepioror pe tov tpeppoirorpdrouq.To 1897, o Herlz opydvooe o nou ereivor en6tre{ovod ouv6proorq Booreio no nou riOetrov, ev or Eppoiori6puoov to ro np6ro orrovrorrr qto ono[o ouppereixov200 rpdroq tou loporl. tqq Epetioq, ovr rnpotono r eppoir<tilv ro tvotrpov. To ouv6To llc,rvrotrrd Kivqpo 6pro rcot6trr1{e oto f'lpypqppo rrlq Boortreiog ro onoio 6yrver; poorr<ri notgpporou oroKor q ipuorl rou lopo{tr vrotr<orrvrlpotog. To flp6ypoppo proe og yro rov (Zionism)ritov 6vo rivqIrorvropdg otdxo tou rrvqpotoq<tq 6qproupyio, Fo yrq tqv evonoiqoqtolv Eppoiov eBpoiro,proqnorpiogotrlv f1oororivrl> <or qpropylorov floyropro Lovrorrr< rnq Eroonopdg Korrrlv i6puorl rpd(florouq rou loporltrotq [q tqg Enoyyeioq O p y o v r o p ( W o r l d Z i o n i s t O r g a n i s a t i o n

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tovopio Korrrlv oogdtrero rou lopo{tr Kqrrrlv e(oogdroq tou 6rrorcpotoq rcdOe Eppoiou tqq 6roonopdqvo enrotp6rferoro lopoq. Ald n6g 6qproupyq0qre to lopoqtr; lro toudxrorov 20 xpvro, q Meydlq Bpetovio npoond0qoevo rorrlp{oerlq toopponieq peto{ rov Apdpov Kolrov Eppoirov, rrt l oirepo oto 06po rqq 6qproupyioq ove{<iptqt o u n o t r o r o t l v r o r o ( o r q v f l o o r o t i v q ) r j , eppoiro rpdroug (orqv lou6oio):f'lotrororivrl ror lou6oforltov roi eivorroutoqpeqe6ogrrd! H npdrtqnpoo6yyror;rqq Meydtrqq Bpetovioq euvoooeto rope,\rop6. Iuyrerprp6vo, to 1937, 11 Enrrpon{ Peelnptervero 6loptrtop tqg neproxqg oe tpio rcpdtq:6vo opoBrr, 6vo rouoir6,F rouq Bperovog vo 6lotqpov rov 6eyxoyroq prrpqq neproxrlg(q wzo). ofloio eo oupnepretrdppcv tq repriqnerg Tq 6o peyorepo enrreypoto rou ototqq lepouootrqp ror tqg Bq0tredp), pe npopovtquro rrvripotog otov 20 ordlvoeivor, orl orrl Meoyero @doooo. Qoroo, ntrrlordq Arorrjpu[q tou Balfouron rouq oogodrg, (owog otrlv 6rpq[q rou B' flcyroopiou f1oBpetovoq, to 1917, ror q ooroorl tou rpdtr6pou, or Bpetovoi(6xovtogovdyrq on ouprous rou loporl, to 1948. Kord tr1 6l<ipr<ero p d x o u g . . .r o r n e t p d o r oo ) t p d g q < o vu n 6 p tou A floyroopiou f1o6pou, 11 Meydtrq Bpetov Appov: to 1939, er60qre q Aeurrj Bipoq(White Paper), tovio unootrlpr{eto orrovrotrr rivqpo npoopgrovo pe rqv onoio o rerpdvou vo qnoondoertqv unoorrlpt(q rnq eppoirq nqOuopg orrlv neprox{ rqg [1oeppoirqqrorvtqroq. H opdvuprl 6ror<r1pu[q orotivqg 6ev 0o np6nervo [enepvdro l/3 tou BpetovounoupyoE{oteprr<v Arthur tou ouvotrrro ntrq0uopo. Balfour eyrpiver rr1 qproupyio e0vrr{g notpi' H 6<oori(ror egoppoyrl)rqq Aeur{g Bi6oq yro tov eBpoir< tro orqv Flotrorotivq. pou, to 1939, orjyqoeoe otporprinorurriq Metd to t6og tou no6pou, neproxri rqg tov Eppoirov tqq 6loonopdg xor npoodyyroq 4 flolorotivqq ndpooe otov 6treyxotrlq Meyd- ttov Hvop6vtovl-lorrerdv Apeprrqq (HnA). g vol.rrponordlvtoq r1g Bpetovio <orouorootrrd Kotd rq 6rdprerotou notrdpou, q notrrtrrrl tr1Arorrjpu{qtou Balfour: enrppoqrou orovrouKo rrvqporogou[riOqre Metritr;v ipuor1 rou rpdroug tou loporil, oq;rovrrd ror enqp6ooeroOoprotrrdrrq Tlto otorvrorrr rivrlpo petotrdx0qre ororor<d oy6gttov f'lpo66ptov FranklinRooseveltror - Oeolpqtrrcri oe proreotroyrr{ rivqoq pe otH a r r y T r u m a n g 6 p v o v t o g ,o u o r o o r r r d ,r r g xo rlv evioxuorltqg oogderog tou v6ou HflA oe ovtrnop<i0eoq pe rq Meydtrq Bperorpdtouq. vio. To oirqpo tov Apeprrovtirv npog toug I{pepo, o lovropq npooptr6nel orrlv ouBperovoq yro rrlv deroero6ouorqv flotror'ir-rc

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on Eppoiov ovttpet<oniotrl<e otivrl 100.000 togunePPotrrr<. touq Bpetovoq trlg xtirpogrdeoe C)otoo,11r<uppvqorl on rotvoto trg HflA vo ovrtprofiioouv o,v O r t d p p r o t o u ( q r n p o . E n o r o o 0 t otg enrtponrlon ouotd0rlKprq l2peqq 1945, nporer;r6r<or {r A;reprrovog 6[r Bpetovog to (qrq;ro trlg f1oorotivrlg. vou vo e(etooOei tov To npropctqg enrtpon1govo<otvc0qr<e tou 1946: Anpitrro Kqlooe Ylq rqv nopoxri deloq eroEppoitovot4v llolorotivrl. ou 100.000 Andpprnre t4v nlOovrqto ropeho;ro r45 neproxqq. llpterve rrl ouvdxlo4 trlq ppetovlxrlq nopouoioq - nlKuPtqPxiqS. Ynoeirvue t4v tiporl rou rlPloplopo oyopdq yqq Yro touq EPPofouS. pvo tqv nptooq Or HflA uro06trloov

y r o r l v n o p o x r l d e r o ge r o o u 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 otqv floorotivq(!)' evdror BpetoEppoi<ov o nptopo v o i r o t o r A p o p e go n e p p r Q otv onppttqv oprotrrq Metd tou. oro ovotr 6roperopo tou q 166o rfq tou nopiopotog, O . Apeprrcovg enovqtrOo eto npoorcqvro Henry Grady <oro Bpetovg npeopeutrlg d le vr b e r t M o r r i s o n u n o u p y gE o < . l t e p r r < H yto tq 1946) e66ooov6vo ox6ro (lovrog evdl 6qproupyio6o outvopr,lvenopxttirv, 0o er<eioouoe Eppoiouq d6ereg 100.000 6iovtov oe etqoro pdoq pe tqv egoppoyq Truman onpptrou oxe6iou.O l-1pepog BpetoviordeMeydq e to oxro ror 11 ouror ApopegYroon' euOeiog oe Eppoioug t<ovo opvovtot Eppoioug p rouq voprtrieq, ouInoporr<69 0e 6rdtroyop touq Apopeq. to rdotqpo ouvexiotq<ov ndvttog, vourtrieg, - Oeppouopiou 1947. Ienrepppiou1946 1 9 4 7 r o u ' 1 1M e Y d t 1 To Oeppoupro (<or tr to npptrqpo Bpetovioovot<oivuroe

NASSER GAMALABDEL
rYunrroq o r P o - 1952,oupperefxe oto npo{rrnqpo yro
rnv qvarpon( rou reg0oppdvouBqorrd I r t r r 6 q n y d t n s . Farul<.Ouorrg 4ydtnq tou rrvriporoq, Mdloq rou r<;r;roroq en6rperle to 1953orov Naguib yro vo r4q Apoprrriq Eoorofu- ovoldper roOrirovro llpodpou rnq Ano t r r < r i q ' E v t ' l o 4 q .O p o r p o r i o q , r o r 4 p d r v r o q r o o t 6 o o r 4 v Nasser un{pfe [lpe- e{ouoio un rov ontruro 6leyx tou. -oq enioqTo 1954, ronpoyporeri04r<e 6poq r4q Apoprr4q Aqporpor(oq r4q Arynrou to rtiot4po p4 xupdpvrlon- rqv onoxdrp4o4 tov ppe1956- 1970r<oro rproq exgpoot4q rou rqvrrd)v orpoteupdrolv on tq xdrpo ror e{6p0pooe t4v opydvroo4 .Mouooutrpovropoprrorie0vrrro;ro. rri Aetr96t4ro" (Muslim Brotherhood) errr;r4oerq oxetrxd Or onr[erq ror or Fs rov Nasser riorqvrqr. Or enrrprtdq dnerro on pro onoruxqydvr; onnelpo ouppetrixet oe rouq eorrd(ouv rnv rprrrr4 rous orr9 otrogovioq rou. To 1955, ooruvoprrdq pe06oug nou xpnorFonor- oxerrrd rivqpo ror 4l6ver rqv oueteooe, nporerp6vou vq rorqoteiler Kd0e p6t4rd rou orov ovroyovroy (oto ntroieooteprr4 owfotoo4, Kqr orrs trov0oop6- oro rou rUuxpo llotrdpou) HnA - Eopte'Evrool'1q. veq enroy6qrou oro nefo rov 6re0vdrv tr14q To 1956, extr6yetor l-lpde6poqr4q Atsxdoeov. Erov ovrinoo, or unoot4ptrtdq ynrou ror npopoiver ot4v eOvrronof4o4 Korvorou enrroovrqr rrq orrovoyrrdq, vrx6q ror no)rrrrrdg peroppu0pforq,Kq- t4q Ardrpuyoqrou Eou6( oyvodrvtoq trq 06q ror rr1 ororqpfo rqq Aryrintou on trq ouoroerq rov HllA. H rpfoq nou qKoqTrorKroKpqrr169 6uvriperq ror ;.no te- oOqoerroioroe tqv notrrtrrri rou Kol g0opy6v4 povopxio. Anovteq, oo16oo, orif4oe o4provrrrd ro rpoq rou orov oupgrovov rr un4p{e ropugoioq 4y6- opoprr 16o;ro. To 1958,ouvorvei ot4v tqq o onofoq onorordor4oe rrlv o[ronp6- 6vooq Arynrou - Eupfoq, ro0dtq Kol orrl nro rolv Appov oto ;rdtro t4q re0voriq 64proupyio rrlq HvorydvqqApoptrrlq Ar1xorvdrqtoq.O Nasser yew{04r<e ouq 15 porporfoq, to 1958,q onofo 6ya4 lolTo 1967, ruieoercv OHE vo lovouopfou rou 1918, otqv Atre[dv6pero, 04r<ero 1961. ror nd0qve on6 ropror<ri npoopo{ oe onooper rrq rpqvurrrdquvdperq on 4trrxio 52 erdv, orrq 28 Eentepppfou rou tq Xepov4oo rou Ervri (pe ot6xo tqv 1970. Ee veopri 4lrrio, o16;.rr;,ouppereixe onoyvoo4, opxrrti, Kqr rnv npoopol{, oe oerpd roqldroeov rotd rqq ouvxl- or4 ouvdxero, tou lopo{). flop' tro ou(6yevqq ppetovrrrig nopouo(oq otq xdr- rd, otov lllepo rov'E{r Hpepdrv(1967), po. AroloOqo orporroxrrrl roprdpo ror ro qryurrroKd orpotepoto o4yriOr1rov ro 1938onogofr4oe on6 14 Boortrrr{ o rorrrvoxrxli qrto, evtir 4 xtpo qndtreErporrr,lru<riA<o6qpio r4q Aryntou. To oe (doq to 1979)t4 Xepovr1ootou Elvti.
rrG)TrKs K(Ir IIo-

r l n p r o x 4 ) n p v o o o r o v d t r Y x or o u E0vv (OHE). To Opyovropo Hvtopdvr,rv rou OHE 6qptluv6truoq M d r o ,q l - e v r r q U N S COP (United l l p e t r q t q v opyrloe l o m m i t t e eo n P a l e s t i n e N a t i o n sS p e c i aC E0vv yto Er6rr{ Enrtpon{ tov Hvtop6vtov Me trlv dvtooq orrlv rtqv flotrorotivrl). , r Bpetovoi p r o x q v o o u { d v e ry e o p e t p r < do 6Eoyro o{ronpen{ (r1tooovpro eurorpio q tov 6o. H eurorpiooutq nopouordotq<e UNSCOP rqt60eoe trlv nptooq rrlq Ylo Or Bpetovoi66x0qrov tqv tqv f'lotrorotivq. nptooq, potrovtrrltov e(orpetrrd no(tpio ror ouotoottrd p1 egopporyr1 ntrorr1 opoprrd ror tpio eppoird tepxto YqSouvpeto( rouq pe pro popqrl otro6eep6vo , n d v o l o q gp r r l v l e p o u o o t r q pu voprrcqg 6treyxo). 6re0vq

to ox6rotrlg tpononorqpdvo, Etrogpciq en t o v O H E r o U N S C O P u r o O e t q 0 q xo uro0etrlOqre No6ppproe , v6 otq ouv6xeto r o r o n o p p ig0qrco en on toug Eppoioug touq Apopeq.H ono6oxq tou oxeiou on otov tqv eppoirq rorvdtqto otqpixOqr<e notrrtrrri: ouoyrop e(r1gnoponovqttr< r<otopxqvonooxq ev6g eppoi<orpdtouq oveloptqtulg trlq rtooqq Kor trlq popqnq rd0e npoondonpprr.lrq rou, p noptrq)\q n o l otottvtcroe v q 6 q p r o u p y i o g 0erog r<pdtoug. opoprr<o tou oxe6ipetd tqv uro06tqoq Mdtrroto, ou on tov OHE, ol Eppoior(erivqoov putqg pe tov epipqAbdullah otrrdg ouvollrieg rrov Ynepropovioq Yto rrlv npoodptqoq nolotottvtoxo proxtiv tou npotetvpevou opoprrorpdtoug!

Iro6rqrd,q egoppoyrirou ox6iou rou OHE [iguye on6 to rntrtopotrr ootrvro poxtv. Or ror enrrevrptir0qKe orq ne6io r<rrv pdxeq(erivqoov nprv on ro t6oq nptteg rou 1947, npoondOrloov vo rqv or EBpcior 06oouv un rov 6eyx6rouq ro rpio tepdx r oy q g n o u n p o 6 p n ro ox66ro tou OHE. A n r 4 v n t r e u p dr o u q , o r B p e t o v o i ovoroivtooov, otrg ll Aerepppiou tou 1947, rr 0o noportovrov on rd0e vprpo 6rroir,lpd roug orqv neproxritrlg f1oorotivrlg, H ovopxio enertdorrq15Moibutou 1948. 0qreoriwopo: topoxdg ldonooov oe n6erg pe opoprrntrr'10uop, evdrror or pdxeg yevrre0qrov. O tetreuroioq Bperovg enioqpoq6guye ondrqv [lotrororivqouq 14 Moibu rou 1948 roro Ben-Gurion ovorrjpu(erqv ove{optqr<or oiorou loporltr orrg 15 Moiou (ov6ope tqv npr,rounoupyio), pe npriro f'lpepo rov perepdvo qydrq tou orrovrorrror<rvriporog Chaim Weizmann. O Truman ror o oopreurgrly6tqg Josef Stalin ovoyvdrproov opdorogto v6o r<pdtog ( p x pr ro 1 9 5 0t,o l o p o r l t ro u v e p y d o t q r e 'Evoor1, orevdpe rq loprerrrq evril,on ro 1950 ror evte0ev, or HflA dyrvov to oqpeio r<or ovogopdq rrlg roporl)\rvrig e{coteprr<r1g norrrrqg oogotreiog). H i 6 p u o qt o u l o p o r l n p o r d e o er r l v onoruxrlpdvq orpotrarrrxq en6ppooqndvte opopxtilv rporrilv:q Iupio n6tuxe etrdxtoto, oAipovog rinoto,to lpdr< onoop0qreypriyopo, 11 Aiyumogeventrd<r1 opyd,ev6 q lop6oviq evpnpeoe vo rorodpertrlv lepouoo)\qp. H ropeoodprlorl rou OHE 6gepe pro npoooprvrj ovoroxq(ll louviou- 9 loutriou), perd: otrtrd or pdxeqouvexiotqrov op6o<og 6oqro p6oorou 1949, eixe rotoro loporltr

<p6per ror vo enrpdtrr orov opovo <ep6ioer prr< r<opo rqv ove[optrloio tou. otporrovopoprrdrv O pq ouyxpovropg tr<otrrdrv uvdpeovntotnorei tt, otqv npoyporrrtqro, or Apopeg,ntrqv tov f1oqtov ovti0etoi npoq tq qprororvlrov,6ev oupyio evdq ove{dptqtou eppoiro rcp<itoug orq M6oq Avotolri, ror pdroto ovtonorpirou loporj 0qrov Oerrrdotqv np<rrtrrloq q yro ovorcoxq. n o trrtrr<q tou Evtotorq, loporitr rotd rorv fiotrotottviov tqv nepio6o - 1950 1948 tvooe to ovtreppoirooro0qpofloorropou:neprouoieq ro rou opopr<o floevcir 700.000 orrvi<av rotootpdgqrov, on ug eotieg onoporpv0r1Kqv orotlvror t o u g . T o o n o t 6 e o p o q t o v o o o t o p o qo pto popoprr6qropog vo pnv unoypdr{rer ore vo ovoyv<opioet vrprlouvO{rq erpqvqg, rntrorporrrd to lopo{. O ndepoqpetc96p0qre oro orKovoptr ne6io, p rrlv Aiyunto vo rtreivertr1Altintrolo ror puyq rou lou( yro ro roporltrrvd yro .oo ntroio pergepovnpoivto on rot npoq ro lopoq. H qproupyio tou rpdrouq rou loporitr tqq pnope(vo xopoKrnprorei org<potvpevo To v6o rpdnotrrtrrqg roropiog. noyr<oprog tqg roonot o q 6 < p e px er r d 6 e,g Eppoiouq pdq,p 6rogoperrq ytr<ooo ror nottrott<q pro eppoirq notpio: o rtrrlpovoprd, oe v6o to Npoq rqg Enrotpocprlg tou 195066cooe rroito;rooe trougtouq Eppoiouqvo TIro t p d { r o u v o t o l o p o q ,e v 6 o N 6 p o g t r l g toug noiteg l0oydveroq tou 19526rex<proe (oxr loporltriteq) ror tqg x6poq oe Eppoioug Apopeg(xr Eppoiouq). Or Apopeg notritegtou loporitrovrrpr d n r o o v t q v d v t o r l p e t o x e i p t o qt o u r c p d r o u q , y r o n o p d 6 e r y p oo , tqv oyopd <cr tq yr1q. rorrlpqoq

O Nasser rot q enovdoroon ot4v Aiyunto

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to rouq Apopeg, to yeyovg tr or EBpoiot un6ornoovKoKoproxeiproq yto opK. toq ordveqon rouq xptouovog tqg Eupdln4g 6ev ritov 6rrorooyio rrovrl vo enrtp6{er tq ouyrptqoq evg eppoiro rp<irous orl M6oq Avororiror tqv onopd<puvoq, neplnou,1.250.000 flotrorotrvirov on6 rrg notpoyovrrdg touq eot(eg. fto6tord, o orovtorrrg eOvrrropg rol e{rpepropq xorodyrooe -roOtgo orxoq enetexOqror evtdOqre o opoprrge0vtrropg ror e{tpepropg. H ovripooq trlg 6re0vogr<olvtqtogritov q Aroxrjpu{q tov Tprrirv rou 1950(Tripartite -HnA, Meydq Declaration) Bpetovioror fotrio- opgovo pe t4v onoio 0o un<ipxer roopponrlp6vq e(oy<,lyq n<ov oe Apopeg ror Eppoiouq r<or 0o ovo(rlteitorrotvrl 6pdor1 ttov tprcvoe onoro6qnote ouvoprorrj- e6ogrrrl 6rogopdnporrfer. fro rov opoBlr ropo, q ronervourr]ritto - 1949 tou 1948 npoxdeoe ivo roxupoio0qpo erir<qoqq ror otruor6otdg nortrrcig e(eli(erq.Irrl lupio, o Husni Zaim r<otdtrope rrlv e{ouoioro Mdptro rou 1949.Aiyoug priveg opytepo, dvo v6o npo{rrdnrlpo 6gepe orrlv e[ouoio rov Samial-Hinnawi, yro vo ovotponei r<or ourg pe tq oerpdtou on tov Adib Shishakli, o onoioqruBdpvqoe tq x6po 6oq to OeBpoudpro tou 1954. Tov loro tou 1951, o poortrrdg AbdullahoogovriOqre rq orrypri tqg ero6ou rou oro T(opiAl Aqsatrlq lepouoorip(on floorotrviouq, or onoior 6ev tov ouyxcpeoov not6 yro trq puotrr6qouvoprieq rou p ro loporitr). Itqv Aiyumo, 11 Euvooreiotou Mohamed Bpetovio,q Aiy<o ritov rivogoppoxoqror Ali ovetpdnqtov lotrro rou 1952on oudo vov nudrvog unootripr{qg.fro rrlv Aiyunto

ofrt.l;lotrrcv. Tunrrd, lydrnq rqq oryumlor{q enovdotooqg{rov o otporrlyg Muhammad Neguip.O ouorootrrdq, poq, rlydtqqtou rrvqporogrirov o ouvtoypotdpxqg GamalAbdel Nassero onoioq,oro 36 tou xpvro, ov6oBe tqv npoOunoupyio, tov Anpitrrotou 1954, r<or ovrrrordotqoeotrlv flpoepio tqq x6poq rov Neguib iyougprivegopyrepo.H norurr1 tou ot(6wo ritov e{orpetrrdoroq: nipnS onopdr<puvoq tov Bpetovrirv cn tqv Aiyunro,Oepeicoori tqq xdpog oq xupiopxqvoprl orov opoprr ror pouooupovrr r<6opo, roOdrg r<or 11 evepyg ouppetoxrlorov tuxp l-lepo. Tunrr<d, orrlv Kuptopxio tou Toprou oourdvourcor pe x.\qpovoprrog rlyepveg touq onoyvouq tou Mohamed Ali, q Aiyuntog ndpooe otq ogoipo enrpporig tqq Meydtrqg Bpetoviog, to 1881. H 6<pnqtou A floyroopiou f1otr6pou, ro 1914, dgepe tq Mey<ir1 B p e t o v i oo e e p n t r e p q rotdotooq p rlv O0opovrr{ Autorporopfo, evd 11 Aiyunroq ovorqpxOqr rTporeKropdto rqg Meydtrqg Bpetovioq. To 1936, 11 Aiyumog ror q Meydr1 Bpetoviounoypcigouv oupgr,lvio yro rq otd0peuoq 10.000 Bperovdrv orpouotriv otq Arpuyorou lou6( yro pronepio6o20 etdrv. Koto tr1 6rdpreroodror pet tov B' floy<oprof1epo, 11 Meydtrq BpetovionpoondOqoe vo evroxoer to epeiopotdrrlq orov opoprr ropo: to lem6pppro tou 1944, 11 Aiyunros,ro lpdr, q lupio, o Aipovogrcr q ynepropovio undyporfrov ro flpaltr<otro trlq - ovoBo0piotqKe Ae(dvperog o luv0qr<q to Mdptro rou 1945,6tov ro nopondvon6we rpdrq, ouv tr1 loou6rr<r1 ApoBioror rqv yep6vr1, 6qpropyrloov rrlv ApoprrrjAiy<o pe rr1 6 o p e u o qv o p r l v o n o p o < p u v O o o vn t 4 ppetovrrriogofpo enrpporig. fro tq Meydtrrl

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Opyrivorotlq yrq rnv Aneleu06ptoo4 rrls flolororivrlq (PLO) ond ro 1969.O Arafat yewrlO4re or4v Aiyunto { ttlv lepouooIrip, rov Ayouoro rou 1929.Meydlooe orrlv lepouool4p r<ororq l-ti(o on6 tqv onofo ovoyrdorrlK vq gnoxoprioel, tov ro loporil ro#lope tqv nq orov nle' Fo rou 1948- 1949.To 1956,onogo(t4oe qn to llovenlot4;ro tou Koiioou (ye t4v errrrrpo tou Mqxovoyou), ev6 rord rr1 rdprero r<,rvonourv tou un{p{e 'Evtoo4q flq)rqrotlvi@v evepy6p6toq t4q Oorrqrdv (Palestinian Students Union) ror ovdlope nlroorq nolrctrq 6ptior1.Etlq '60, ouvdpotre opx6qt4q eroetiog tou "Fatah". orrl 6rlproupvio qq opydvtlo4q To 1968, 11 Fatah ev60r1re Fe rnv PLO rqr ro 1969 o Arafat ovdlope to 4vio rng oPyrivtoo4q. Mdxpr to 1970,4 PLO pooe on rry lopovfo,6nou (ooov oprer6q xhdeq flolorotivror. To 1970'oo16oo, 4 r u p d p v q o 4r q q x t p o q o v d y r o o e t o v Arafat vo eyrorotreirpett4v lopovfo. 11 Apoprx{ Afyro ovoyvtproe To 1974, xor enroqporq tqv PLO toq t4 pvq vprrou nqlolotlvtqernpoodrn4oqs opxn Fn orq Hvoy6vo rou r<o troo.Ee oprtr(o 'E0v4, qnctirqoe rn n' o Arafat (rirqoe no]rororlvlqxo ovef6pr4rou trrroupyio rpdrouq' evt,ouyxpv<rlq,-rllooe tl 4 6vonl4 nritrq ev 0o orogot{oer, edv ev

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enrreux0ei outq o eOvlrq orxoq. T4 eroetfo tou '70,4 PLO eixe 6Po rr1 Bqput.Aut npordleo rnv ovti6po' oq rou loporil, to onoio ero6pole ro 1982 oro Aipovo ror oropdt4oe tlq enr06oetq. Iio pfo orp4 gopri,oArafat 6guye,ourri rq gopri yrq r4v Tvrq t4q Tuv4oioq. To 1988,drqve otpogli l80o Kqr 6{looe tl teppotf(er tqv dvontr4 ovtrnopd0eorl pe to lopo4l Kqr 6tt ovoyvropi(er to eppoir rpdroq. Etov fl6lepo tou Klnou' ro o Arafat rdx0qre pe to pdpoq tou 1991, Saddam Hussein ovoyr(ovroq t4 le' 0v{ rorv6t4ro vo roY ovrlpet<onioet pe roxunorf(o. To rripoq rou flqlqrotivlou 4ydr4 enovri0e ritov, to 1993,{eriv4oe ouvopilieq pe to lopori yro t4v erPqvrrri reuOdrqo4rou nolororrvtoro (4tr1' FEros. Or ronpoypoteoerg olorlqptitOqrov pe enttuxio -Eupgovfo tou Camp David' ourovopfo rtov lloJtqtorrvitov- rql to 1996 o Arafat e[e6yr1llpdepoq rqq flolortou 1996' otrvror{q Apx{S.An ro ;.16oo AvoMdoq ot4 6to6rroofo rpnvurrK4 n t45 6yto npoplqpoto rolrl ovupet<,lni(et ouvopfoq tou Arafat vq 06oel un tov 6leyx rou ro e[tpeplotlrri nolqlotlvlo' ypopKci ororxeiq ror trytotrlq or<4pr1q rupdpv4ropo4lvrl 11 orolou0e( p4g nou o4. To reJteutqiq 6o xpvlo, q drpn{rt rrlq Eerep4q intifada o{yqoe oe v6o rpioq ttg ox6oelq rou Arafat F xo loporil, ro ono(o rot endpole onoypeu' o4 petoriv4ons orov flqlsrotivlo 4Yftq' r4v ri4 enrpopqydvn enretv<irvovxqs uyeio rou.

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rou evrKror{Nasser(tou oqpovtrr<tepou p6trouq rqq Aiyroq),q nopouoio rqq ppetovrr{q oqpoioq orrl Altilpuyotou lou6( ror oe otpotrlyrrd orlpeiooto Kdrpo ror otqv A.}re{dv6pero6ev pnopooevo yiveronoertr1. Merd tov nepo, 11 Meydq Bperovio 616pe{etqv ovdyrq yro propr(rrri-odporponpOeopq-enovoronpoypdreuoq rov ox6oe6v rqq pe tqv Aiyumo,to lpd< ror tqv Ynepropovio. Or ppetovrr6gotpourotrrdg6uv<iperqdpxroov vo onoopovroron ro 46,\to tou NeitrouKorvo l.trooro0peouv orq Ardlpuyo rou lou6( pe opyoq, pu0pog. ptoq, Ootoo, q Bperovr rri orrovo;.rio, roo lnoprlpdvr1on tov e[oerri noyroprontrepo, ovul.tt6nr(e ooBopdnpopryporo ror o6{yr1oe otqv onoxdpqoq on trlv lvio,ro 1947. l-ro tqv rupripvqoqrcovEpyotrrv, ovdoyq onoxdpqorl ond rr;v Aiyumo 0o orjporve rn poyoio unopd0prorl tou otpotqyrr<o ptrou trlg xrilpoqotqv euoioOrltq neprox{ rqg M6oqg Avotorig, 6qlo6r1t<,rvnetpeoiolv, rnq Ktv q r r j p r o ge v e p y e r o < r j6 q v o p r 1 q T.o x p 6 o g t400 e<.ror {70 er. oe Aiyunto ror lpdr<, ovtiororxo,o4yrioetq Meydq Bpetoviovo vqpepdoertrg HflA r 6ev elvoroe 06oq vo owonorpr0eiotrg unoxpedotq fiou 6xerovotrdper ondvovuornv Edo Korrnv Touprio. H v6o peoovototrrr<ri nortrrrl tov Ayytrotv r<otdtrq{e oe onotuxio: 11 luv0rirq rou 1946pe tqv Ynepropovio yro rqv dEeronopopovriq Bpetovrirv orpotrr,ttrilv oto 66o9o9tqq xdlpoq yro 25 xpvro o6riyqoeoe ropox6g,evc or ou1"r<provieq p rrlv Aiyumo ror to lpd< tou 1948 onoppig0rl<ov on to ovriororxoeOvrrd rorvoporo. O t}tuxpq l1epog ror ro {6onoouo rou f1otr6pou rqg Kop6ogo64yqoeto urrr ouvoonropotqv ovo(r;trlorlylo rrl qproupyio g ovtroopreu pro g ou;tpoxioq-ovdtroyrlq r<q rou

NATO- otqv euptepr1 neproxrltqg Mdoqq Avotoriq(ox66lo 6rlproupyiog rou opyovtopo MEDO - Middle East Defence Organisation, ApuvtrrqOpyovropq M6oqg Avotorjq).H 186oyro tr1 rlproupyiorou MEDO oneppigOq on tqv Aiyumo, ev tov Or<rdrppro tou l95l q xdrpo rcotriyyere rqv Ayyo-Aryuntrorri luv0rirc1 tou 1936. 'Etor, or Neguibror Nasserev eixov vo ovtrperonioouvpvov toug Bperovogotrtrd <orto urlr ouvoonrop <,rg ovoo, o onoiog enrOupoo vo oupnptdper tqv Aiyunto (ror tq Arpuyotou loudQ orqv ovrrooBretrr{ ouppoxio. To OeBpoudpro tou 1953, q Mey<i4 BpetovioKorrl Aiyumog ripOovoe oup<provio, 6xr polq ylo ro lou(, o<i yro to Ioudv. H Aiyunrog enlOupooe tqv 6v<,lor; pe to lou6dv (un Bpetovrrri Aroirrlorl on to 1899) yo tqg opxoioggopoovrrriqnopdooqg nepi evr4roqtqg Kortrd6og tou Neiou ror e[orrioqrqq onou6orrqrog rou Neiou notopo yto rrlv Aiyunto (or nqy6qtou Neiouedyxovtor on to loudv). H oupgr,rvionpodBene tq re[oyoryri 6qpo{qgioporos oto onoio or lou6ovoi r.prlgroov un6p tqg ove{optqoiog toug q onoio Kotnpoyporonorrl0qr<e to 1956. Iupgrovio yto to xo0eorrilg tqg Artirpuyog tou Iou6( enriOe rov lotrrotou 1954-n oxetrrri ouvOrlrquneypdgq tov Or<rcppror<or npodpene rqv onoxdprloqrov Bperovrv evrq 20 pqvdrv, otrdpe enrtroyri enrotpo<pqg e<lvrdnoro r<pdtog tqg Apoprr<qq Aiyr<oq 11 q Touprio 6extov eniOeoq on tpiro rpdtog ntrqv rou lopor1tr. Motrovtr 11 Aiyuntog ritov xrilpo - r<eri oro ox66ro rov HflA yro rq Mioq Avororirot rqv onopvroorl trlg loBre'Evooqq trrrlq (yroour to yo, or HflA nieoov rn MeydtrqBperoviovo ono6ex0eirq oupgrovio rou 1954), evtotorq, ro 1955, n Ai-

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yumoq[poroorotqoe oe rivqoq rpottirv yro rqv ou6eteprqro! Oo16oo, trlv enox4 ereivq,ouereptr1to o{porvep4 ono8oxrl rnq o1,tprKovrrqg enrpporlq otqv neproxr; roOdrq 6p<ior1 rrlq lopre4 trrqg'Evooqg otq M6oq AvotorjenrrevrptKot oro lpdv.Itqv Toup.0qre otrlv Touprcio rio, npo6poe rerrrrloerg yro trq opp6vrreq enopxleq rou Kdpg Kot rou Ap6ox<iv (npoooptriOrlrov on tqv Touprio ro l92l), evril rotriyyere r<or rrl IpBooq tou Montreux yro ro ro0eot6g trov ltevdlv Kot rrlv eeOepr1 io6o(Bonopog,Aopovdtrro). Ito lpdv,undoro$erq oro0ept4to tou roOeotdrros rou Idxq unootrlpi(ovtoq tr1 rlproupyfopioq A(dprrqq ror pfogKoup6rrqq Aqporpotioq. Orqv, ornv to ox66roMEDO nopouortiorqK yto np6rq gopd orqv Aiyumo,derxve (ivo npoqro e0vrrdoupg6povtotqq xdrpoq. i\loore,yro rouq neproorepouq ApoBeqo nepog orrl Xepovqoo rlq Kopdoq rlrov proo6rdgopq ror porprvqund0eoq.

rdnorq rroitepq otpotqyrrri poptqro.Enrn6ov, q npoodyyroqpe ro lpdr< 0o qproupyooetpry;rog otrq ox6oerq HflA - Arymou

tryaltotv rordrv oxdoeov rov o opoBrr<drv rpotdrv.H ongooq ytq rnv enirtooq tov otpotrrotrrcv oxdoearv HnA -. lp<ir r<or HflA - l-lqKrotdv en6gepeveuprrdrqtooe Aiyunro ror lvio,ovriororxq. Or oxdoergAryntou - lpdr rotopdx0qrqv tov 6yrveepgovdgr6roitepo perd t4v enovdotooqtou 1952-rr 4 AiyuntoqenrrdrKrrnv npoltoroOe6pio orov opoBrr <opo Kor yrovo enrtxer rdtr rdroro,0oxp4orponorAiyro. An tqv dtrlq ntreu{oer rqv ApoBrr<q pd, ro lpdr< ene6iolr<e tq 64proupyio evqtepdotrou opoprro poortreiou. Moovrtr; uvooreio totv Hashemite Kup6pvrlo oto lpdr, tqv lop6ovio r<or yro prr<p 6r<iotrlpo ot4 Iupio,evrotorq, loxupteprlone6eix0qq 6uvooreiq rou lbn Saudorq loou6rrq Apopio.Ie r60e nepinrooq,q 6vooq tou lpdr pe tq Iupio,to Aipovo t<ot rrlv flotrotorivq0o neprpr(e oto edxroro tqv enrppoqtqq Aryntou ToEripgtwo r4g Boy6t4g otov opoprr ropo. To npdlro prlpo yro tq ovo{rqrou lup":::F$o 1954, or HflA onoreoocv rqv rplo grirvourrlg Boy<itqg 6yrvepe rqv unoypogri trlq ouvOqrqg peto{ rqg Touprioq Kotrou .yrorlv Touprio ror .* nny{ e(ontrropo i.i ro florrorriv.Iro i6ro p{<og rporoq, florrotdv otrq 4 Anpriou rou 1954. Arooono<pdotoov vo evroxoouv otporrtotrrdro Oqoeq rd0eoqopeprrovrrrjq oto Boq0eroq lpdr ror ro lpdv pe orxo vo 6qproupyrioouv l p d r ( 2 1 A n p r i o u )K o r o r o [ 1 o r c r o r d v (10 voovtrooBrerrr t(o on6 ro Bonopo 6oq M o i o u ) .l r r g 2 4 O e B p o u o p i o u r o u 1 9 5 5q , rov lv6noropr. H ongooq outrl rolv ApeTouprio rcor ro lpdr unoypdgouvIpgrovo prrovdrv xoponoiqoe rroitepotouq BpetoAporBoiog Ynoorqpr[qg(Ipgovo tqg Boydvog or onoioreiov pro no rotrri eurorpio tqq) ror ror<qpooouv tr oro lpgtovo out6 yo rr1ovogqSrrog v6ogouv0rirrlqpe to lprir< pnopovvo oupperdoxouv tro ro rpdr4 rrlg (q roxouoo ouvOrjrrl 6r1ye ro 1957). H evo- Apoprr{g Aiyroq rqr d^ o r<pdrq ro onoiq eiorrrrrl oqnpord0nKro 1953qn rov xov 6vvopoou;.rgpov yto u1v erpqvqr<or tqv Dulles r o r o g o p o o eo r q q p r o u p y i o p r o q oocpdero otq M6oq Avototrrl: 11 Meydtrq Bpeoupproxiog pe oo rpdrq ouvpuovp rrl tovio yfvetorp6oq orrg 5 Anpriou tou 1955, 'Evoor'1. IoBrerrrrl Iuvencirg, to lpdr ev eixe to florrordv, ro lenr6pppro,Kotro lpdv,rov

'Evcoorl q onoio dpxroevo enrerrver dvrovo evrogdpov yroro 6pcirpevo otq M6or1 Avoto{. flopd tqv dpvrloqt<,rv Aulr<riv, q Aiyuntoq derxve rotortrr<q oro vo npoxr,lprloel oe pro peydtrq npoprjOero parorrrivntrov:o Nasser npoond0qoeopxrr<d vo oupgovqotp rrlv Kivo, r<or pdvo 6tov 11 Oudorvyrtov Kqrro Aovivo opvq0qr<ov yro 6erepr1 gopd to oirrlpo rrlq Arymou,o NasserovqKoivoo, ro Iemdppprorou 1955, rnv unoypogqouprproviog yro tqv npoprl0elo toexooopor<lr<drv 6 n o v .T q g o p d o u t r 1 ,r l t o v q o e r p d t o u H Kpfo4 tou Eou6( loporlvo ovqouxqoer. An tq oupgcovio pe rqv Toexoooporcio, q Aiyunroqnpoprl0eOq"MiG-15" r ro 1955t ,o ev6rog6pov rou re 80 poxqrrrcd oepoor<clgr1 tnou Nasserorpdgqr<e oto6roxdrpoq rn (xplorponorqOqrcov orov [leporqg Kop6, ouvexr(pevr 1 6 r o p d x qp e t o ( t o u o q ) , 4 5 p o p p o p 6 r o r r r do e p o o r < d g q rnou "llyushin-28" opoprror<o;.rou Kot rou lopoq. Aiyo nprv ror ll5 oyxpovo rippoto ;.rdxqg on rqv unoypogritqg luv0q<r1q rou Mopriovtepo on onoro6rinote dppo pdxqgtou ou rou 1955, ro lopo( npoxtipqoe o orporoporltrrvo onootcoiou. To lopoqtr, owrp6rrrotrr<r] en6ppooq orq Aopio rqg fd(oq.flovtog,nieoetq Folioyto rrlv ovo0ecirpqoq rqq pdqtro, npoipq oe puotrrdg6ronpoypote- oupgrovloq rou 1954ovogoprr<d p rrlv npoorq p tqv r<up6pvqoq tqg fotriog yro rqv prj0ero poxqrrr<drv oepoor<ogrilv tnou "Mystere-4" nrilr1or1 nov.H Aror<qpu{4 rcovTprcirv rou ovtl t<ovMystere-2.H l-oio 1950, oprpovo p rnv onoio unotiOeror tr or ovtonorpi0qr<e Oerrrdror to npciro poxqtrrd Hl-lA,11 Meydq Bpetovfor<or 11 foio 6ev 0o dpxrocv vo e(oni(ouvto loporion tov or<oouOooov rrlv ropoo e[onropdlv otrl Anpiro tou 1956. M6oq Avorori,r<ot' ouoiov,rdOqre er<tg Errg on nq,o Nasser ovo(qrooe roxoqcn to loporl. Ipgcovope noog Korrqv orr<ovo1.rrr<4 ovdmu{q trlg Aryntou. r o r o p r r o q ,1 1 ovo(rjtqo11 e,< p 6 p o u qt o u To itrqppo rltov edv q xpqporo6rnonrlq lopor1tr, novqn rq fo,\io r<ol q ovtonrprovdntu{r;g0o 6revepyeito pe opeprr<ovrr<d on rnq reeutoiog rpov 6vo on6 to <prooueup<rlnoird 11oopretrrd rcovtrro. fro roug orotrr<d tqq Kpioqgtou lou6(. Ioprerr<o9, qnotetrooqpovtrrrj uno0qr<q Morpoio, q owipooq rrlg Alyntouqrov o rl orpootrrq ouprgcrlvio pe rqv Toexo11 ovo(r1tqor1 oyoprignorv. To ouppopevo oopor<io: to ox6ro - rel6i rltov q r<oto<pdtr1rqg Arorrlpu{r1q rov Tprv opvrlOqrov oreuri tou gpdyporogrou Aswan, ox6roro vo n<orjoouv o to ontrrrd ror qer<tpovrr<d onolo on66er{etr or HflA, 11foioror q ouotqpoto to onolo q Afyuntoq r<olq lupio Meydr1 Bpetovloovrrpretdrnt(ov trlv Aiyumo (rpqoov vo npopqOeuOov. H Iupio otpdgqpe ex0pr11ro. <e pe enrruxio, tr1 gopd outrj, otq lopretrr<q To gpdypo tou Aswan oxe6rdotqre pe Or<trilppro. H rcivqori ourq Ooppqoe rroirepo rqv Aiyunro r<or tq lupio, xtilpegor onoieg e(6gpo(ovto qvtr6urrrd oro0qpoto rou opoprro r<opou. To M<iptrotou 1955, 11 lupio, to lpdr<ror 11 loou6rr<r] Apopio onogdotoov vo npopov orq ouyrptrlorlptoqovtiotorxqq ouppoxfog. To 1955 oqporotqoe to tioqtqg nepr6oupetioloqg tcovoxdoeotv Aryntou - 6urr<or<opou t<ot rrlv 6vop{q porpoxpvrovepgtrrolv ouyr<pooeov rou opoprr<o r<6opou.

oroxo vo petopopgrioerrqv or<ovopio trlg Arymou npoogdpovtoq: (o) g60.000er<rdo,q roli\repyrlorpqg (p) 6rondruvo4 nq, ro, Neiou dcog to ovopo;le to Ioudv r<or (y) qe_ t<rprrri evdpyero. H ouvorrr] 6ondvqr4q en6v_ 6uor1g eixenponooyrotei oto noo6 tou 6 r q( o r o 0 e p 6 g $1,4 r r p 6 q t 9 5 6 ) .A p x r r d , o Nasser orpdgrlK yrq xpqpototqorlnpos rq Aoq (otrq Hf'lA, 14 Mey<iq Bperovioror rrlv flqyKoyrq Tpdne(o).Or ronpoypote_ oerq [eriv4oovotrq opx6gtou 1955ror oorqp604r<ov xorpiqenrruxio_oe <ipoopor_ poioq <oxuno{ioq-orrg 19 lou.)\iou tou 1956, tovo Dullesev4pipaloerov Arymro npi_ oprlorrlvOudorvyr<tov 6rr or HflA 6ev evrogpovtor yto rrl xprlporo6tqoq tou ipyou. Tqvi6roxpovr<i, to K<irpo ovoyvrilproe enrori_ poqto Koppouvrorrr xo0eotdlg rou flerivou ogevg og rivr;oqi<gpooqq uoopio<erog ttpoq rov utrr xopo odrol org <ivrloq oogderoq oe nepintotoq nou o v6ogooprerr_

rq qydtqqNikita Khrushchev oupgrovooe p rrlv Ou<iorvyrtovyto rrlv enrpori viou epndpyronorv orq M6oqAvotori. Ol yolrrls opptKovrrriq dpvrloqgritov: . ( o ) 1 1r o x u n o { i o n p o q t o n p o o n o tou Nasser: (p) r1ovtipootl rjv A;.reprrovdrv no_ poy<oyr pv o p p o r r o 6 r r r o g p d y p o r o u Aswan 0o periove to oryunrrorpoppdrrro onoio ovroyrrlvr(tov ro ollprKovrK orn gre0vr1oyopd ror (y) 4 6ondvq trlg xpq;roto6_ tqoqq 0o dopeue ro noo tqg opeprrovrr<riq porj0eroq npoq rrlv Aiyumo yro no,\d xpvro oe pro endv6uoq enlrpdnovroq orq lopretrr<r1 'Evcooq vo evroxoer tqg enrppor] rrig otrl x6_ po. H ovti6pool rou Nasserorqv ongoor1 rr,lv HflA rjrov r; e0vrr<onofqoq trlq Ardlpuyoq rou fou6(, otrg 26 louiou. H rcpuyo tou lou6( onoreooe _<or qnoteei-pdpogt4 g olyuntrorri g enr<pciteroq, o.\d un erSrrr<o0eot6g: H Iupgcovicf'lopoxpqoqg (Concession

j llij

r'fr

i,;r::

Agreement)npoq rov Ferdinandde Lesseps 6 e y x ot q q r t p u y o qo . oroo, o Nasser on6 rov AvtrBoordo rqq ArymouSaidflood r on6pprmeeg rrq npotdoergpe rqv oruotro-ouvuneypdgq .cn tov Topr<o oourdvoyio rr 4 rdrpuyo ertoupyei opo<i. flopdr1yro rr1.\erroupyio rqq rdrpuyoq yro 99 xpdvro o,Meydtrq Bperoviorol foio ouvdxroov rrg on tq xpovrd ivop{qq rqq ertoupyioq rqq , otpotrrrlrrr6g roug npoerorpooieq. An6 trlv (1869). H oupg<ovio our{ n6pooe qn rov , neup<i rou, ro loporjenl0upooe oo rinoLesseps otq NourrtrrorrlEtorpeiotqg Ardlpu- , ro d,\o orpotorrr{ endppooq orqv AiyuFro y o q r o u I o u 6 ( ( M a r i t i m e S u e z C a n a l , nro Koe6Sor fedayeen, pe dpo tq XepoCompany), olyunrrordrv oupgepvrr,rv, p oup- : vnoo rou lvd, eixov nurv6oerrrq enr06oerq petoxri tou pperovrroror rou yo,\rro qutoKtovioq rord ropoqrvcv Aqotxrov. Enrpooiou.Me tq trri(qtqg roxoqtqg oupgtovioq i n6ov,to lopori r10ee vo repporioer ro (1967), to rrcor<irporo erpet<itreuoqg tqq 16opoBrr pnro rou rlnou rqq Aqaba ror puyoq0o nepvooov oro oryunrror Arlporo. ' vo repioel 6ror epnopr<{ npdopoorl orrlv Ie ouv6prorou 1888, pe rq ouppetoxri I Agplr{ ror rq NorroovororrrjAoio. 0o16ew6o r<pordlv,. pero( rov onoiclv q Aiyumoq r qo ro loporjtr ev eixe rqv uvottrlro vo ror q O0opovrrui Aurorporopio,oupgcirvrloov e n r B d etr o enrOupqr roOeotdrg rd tqq on <orvotr q rdrpuyo ev 0o reioelnot6 orpqlolKns Pioq. yro rovdvonoio(epnoprrri noeprr). IpTov Orrdppro tou 1956, 11MeydqBpe, I qovo p trq onogdoerqtou ouve6piou, edv 11 l tovio, q folio ror ro loporitr oupg6vqoov Aiyumoq dxerve rq 6rdrpuyo, ro ouppotrdye-: (oe puorrrrl ouvrivrrloqot4v l-olio)otqv vo p6pr1 0o pnopooovvo ovoldpouv p<io4 ovdqrll4 rorvriq otpou<orrrrlqpdoqq rotd pe otxo rqv onorottioroorl rou statusquo. r rrlq Aryntou.To loporierodBoe otqv AiH eOvrr<onoirlorl rrls rtilpuyog 66ooe orrl I yunro, orrq 29 Orr<oBpiou.'On<oq eixe oup'MeydtrrlBperovio r<or rq fotrioro npoxqpo i gr,rvqOei, q MeydtrqBpetoviopopp<ip6roe to nou (qtooov yto Fto orpouou({ en6yBoor.l otyuntrord otpourorrrcd oepopproflpoKtrord rqq Aryntou. f'lpOeor1 rou Aovivou y6vou vo prlv rlrponei orrlv Aryunrlorrj rirov q ovdqr|lr1 6prSonq ewq progeBopd- f'loleprrri Aeponopio vo npoopdtreruq ro6oq, otrtr<i poqtrrv6q n errxerpnotor{ rot<iorooq tov xepooiequvdperg<or nerg, ev Bperovrrcv Evnolv Auvd;reov 6ev endrpene q foionopepnr(erov oryunrrot< oro. tqv ovdq{q otpctrorrr<{qpdoqg nprv on6 flopdqo or 6o eup<onoir6g xdrpeg(rjr4tov npooexrilemdpppro.H <o0uot6pr1oq ouoov (pe rq popgri reeorypdgou) on trlv rr] 66rooerqv eurolpio orrq Hf'lA vo en6pAiyuruo r<olro loporjtr vo onopocpuv0ov Bouv.HflA, MeydtrqBperovio rcorfotrtriooupl6km porprdon rq Ardrpuyo rou lou6(. Kcigdvrloov,terr<i, vo edcouv 14 Ardrpuyo rou rr t6roro p<oq ev 6yrve onoer<tore Iou6( und reOvr1 enomeio,otr\d q orpololon tqv Aiyunto (0o 6npenevo unox<,lp{oer rq p<ioq 0o rjrov 11 teeuroio evotror<urri nepinou l60km!),otrdote qn6 ro lopori, o q ( r o r n r v o n o i t q o q qt o u A p e p r r o v o to onoior fldrux tov orxo tou (erroOdprflpo66pou Eisenhower). orl rov fedayeen) dtoqrrq 2 NoepBpiou. Ito 6rdorrlponou orooOqoe, npot<i0qAiyeq <irpeq petd tqv erc{r,rori tqg enir<ov6r<igopeq oerqpe otxo to 6re0vri 0eor1q, ro IupporoAocpoeiog rou OHE

AYATOLLAH RUHOLL^AH KHOMEIN I

pqvS 0p4oreurr (oro Bpelo lpdr). Erei, o Khomeini

x q r o r , r o l , . , * 6 i ovdnru{e r4v nohrrr{ rou gl)rooogfo, q Y r 4 s o o r o t o s 6u 64o{ t4 6roxupdpv4o4 tou lpdv on r4v e{opio ro0o- 0o npdnel vo ovotrripouv ot rl4plr<oi. To {yqoe r4v loo;rrr<ri1964,eyrorootdOqre orrlv Touprfo, dorq nqvdorqon oto lpv ro 1965, onre rqt endorperle oro lprir. ror ovdrper[xo Koe- To 1978,o Khomeini 6guye on6 ro lp<ir ordrg rou Etix4, ro K q r y K q r o o r d 0 4 r e o r o l l o p f o l . A n
1979. O Khomeini yew{Oqre to 1900ror tirov yroq rou 0p4oreurlro r6doroouSayyid Mostafa. An6 prrpq, rdx0qre rrq opxdg tou Kopoviou, evdr opyrepoonooo rov loloplr6 Ndpo. Etrqopxdgrqq eroerioq rou '20,6lope rov rftIo "Ayatollah" (64Io8{, ro drpo rou @eo), evd oondo0rlK Kqr ewprigqo oro yuorrrtopd oro lokip 06rovros rov equr rou ndv<,ron6 ro eyroFrE Kqtrq utrtKd oyo06. Iloptilqo, er{e evrogdpov yro r4v epnlor<ritov peydtrov uvd;reov orq oorprKtirou lpdv. Mdfuoro, to 1941, o Khomeini dypor[e or4v rupdpv4or1rou Edx4 6rl or onogdoelq rqq ruppvrloriq rou v 6xouv ropio vo;rrrri o[io.Or ro6oxrrdqeneppdoerqrqq Meytil4g Bperovioq, tqq lotrtioq Kqt rt,rv HflA oro eoorreprrdrou lpdv rol 4 unoor{plfq rou ro0eorrirroq tou Edx4 o{yqoovrov Khomeini oe ;.rvry4ovunop60eoq pe rov lpov govdpxq. H orlyrpouoq rorv o ovptirv ropugtil04r<e rr16eroer(o rou '60, rov o E6x45 npoonri0qovo urrKonorrloer rqv tpour{ rorvrovio. O Khomeini ovrdpoo Koro Etix4q rdro[e r4 gudrro{ rou,ro 1963, Kot rnv efopio rou, ro 1964 erei rqooe ouvexdrg rou lpovorig vo e{eyepOovKqtd rou Edx4 xol rr,lv Ape,Orov prrovrirv. ovetpn4 rellrri o Itixqq, rov lovoudplo rou 1979, o Khomeini endorper[e 0proppeurtrd oro lpdv. To Aer6;.rppro,r[4giotrlre 6vo v6o Eriwoypo to onoio ovor{pu{e to lpdv lolo;lrr1 A4porpot(q Kor rov Khomeini lpdprl (4o{, 16oxo rou Muhammad ror ovttoro Op4oreurlr 4ydr4 rol ro0o'Eoq

rtyn.,0.

ro 1981,6ot ol nolrlroi qvrinqlor rou Khomeini erre6or4xov. To ;reyolrepo (rirqpo ror 14 rdpr<ero r4q rorupdpvqo4s rou Khomeini {rov o n t r e p o qp e t o l p d r ( 1 9 S 0- l 9 8 S ) . T o orrtir xpvlo rou notrdyou ouoodpeuoov repdorlo orKovoyu(d rol rolvrrrvlrd npopriyoro oro lpdv e{ovoyrd(ovroq rov Khomeini vq exOefrqv rordnouo4 tou nupq nou nptelvov ro Hvolpdvo 'E0vn, ro 1988.Aydooq petd ro rdtroq rou notrdpou,4 6lo;rrixq ;rero{ rov xl4prrdrv yro ro pIo touq orqv xupdpvnoq ouvxfor4re, evdr 4 rordotoorl rqg uyefog tou y4polo Khomeini enl e r v d r 0 4 r e . T o v l o r i v l o t o u 1 9 8 9 ,o K h o m e i n i 6 g q o e r q v r e J r e u t o i qr o u rvori, o r1furfo 89 erdrv.

xlsFtta

ut'rF

opotrr< Topeioeixov np60eor1 vo oveioouv oto AovSiVoedv ev o-ropotooedyeoo trg otpotrotrrdq enrxelpqoerg. H Kpioq tou lou6( petioroe rotorpugo to yqtpo tou NasserKotrov rcordotqoe 611pogrrjqydtq r<or rrov6 otpotrotrrc6rolrrltrl: nopdperve o[ronpenriq, 6rotqpqoerqv e(ouoio otrlv Aryunto rol evioxuoerqv qyepovrr<r1 tou 06oq otov opoprrd r<opo 6tov to lpclr ror r1lop6ovio-nopoooror<d groppetovrr<ig xdrpeg*rotoirooov tr1 MeydtrqBpetovio(r1 lopovio, pdroto, onoxdpqoeon to Ipgotvo rqq Boy6otqgr<or npooxdrpqo orrl oup_ poxio Arynrou, fupiog <or loou6r<qqApopioq rou 1955). H Aiyunrog rorrlpqoetov 6eyxo tqq Ardrpuyog tou lou6( (pe trg euoyiegrov HllA), evri q Pooio ovope rn xplpoto6tr1oq tou gpdypotogtou Aswan.

e(66<ooe to loporioe {rr]gropor<oc0vtog Enovdoroorl oro lpdK dpeoq <otcinouon rou nupg ror onoyrl_ orpoon on ro oryurr|qK66o9o9.Irrg 5, etd tr;v Kpio4tou Ioud( q Iopretrrq 'Evcooq NoepBpiou, q MeydtrqBpetovio ror q fa,\io dpxroe vo evrogdpetol rproenlt6011r<o ov trlv Aiyunro. Trlv enop6vq, otepo yro rq e[ei[erqorrl M6or1 npoyporonot{0qr<e onpoon ppsrovtK6v Kol Avoto4, rroitepo otrg x<irpeq rqg fupiog ror yorrdlv uvdpecov or onoieq dnerto,qn itou lpd<.To 1957, q Iupio undypoge oupgcovio yegdtpeg, ror un rrlv rion toxupvoororrovoprrqq Kot orpolortrriq ouvepyooiog pe p r < r i v r o t e { o t e p r < r i v n r d o e o v ( 1 6 l o i t e p o tq loprelrri 'Evcoor1, qndooe tpelq Apeplroon rrq Hl-.lA),6rotdx0q<ov vo oKtvrlronotn- vogrnopdrS t(clnpoxdrpqoe oe err<o0opi0ov! orqoro otpdteupo.To novopoplr< ouprox H eniOeorl otr;v Aiyunto nporcdeoe orleOvrrrotrxd rdppo "Ba'ath"0opuprj0qre on or<ovopl<q <pioq (tq orlpovtr<te_ trg gror<oppouvrorrriq l.rovtrrrj r<rvqoerg rou Khaled pr1petd to 1945)otq Meydr1 Bpetovio r1 Bal<dash r<or opydvcooe pro nortr<rircivrlorl o n o i o o n d e o e9 4 0 0 e r < ( . o t o 0 e p 6 gt r p i g 6v<oor1g pe trlv Aiyumo,6voorl q onoio npoy1 9 5 6 )t o t p i p r l v o O r < t c i r p p r o g - A e r < 6 p p p r o g potonorrj0qr<e tqv l11 Oeppouopiou rou 1958. 1956. Or nroetg otrl Itepivoou{r10qrccv r<or Avrr6privtog, ro lpdr< rcor r1lop6ovio6r1pr11 xrilpo dnpenevo 6overotei on to e(orteopyqoovtqv Apoprrrl Opoonov6io (Arab prr npo<erpdvou vo otqpi{er ro e0vr< vFederation) q onoio ptog 6ev 6rripreoe yropecruqre0veig xpqpotoyopdq. UroFct Oot6oo, ydoxpovrr< 6rdorrlpo: orrq 14 loutriou tou ote or HflA od ote ror ro Ale0v6gNopr(donooctvnovoorour<d 1958, rcvriporooro

lp<i< ror otqv lopovio.H e{6r(qout( orqv <rop6rd> rou Iupgcvou rrlq Boydrqq, en6gepeveuprrtqto oe A;reprrovog r<or Bpetovog oronoiolperorivrloov otpoteporo oto AiBovo Kot rnv lop6ovio: 16oo o l-1pe6pog rou ArCamille Chamoun oo ror o Boorrdc Bdvou rqqlop6oviog Hussein one66x0qoov rn orportotrrqnpoltopoulo tov Apeprr<ovv. To onordeopo rSov11 rdooorltqq Movopxioq otqv lop6ovio Kotn snovogopd rrlq nortrrrlg roopponiog oto Aipovo.H enovdorooqoto lpdr dgepe er vdouoto npoor<rjvro to ev6rog6pov tov lopretrr<dv yrorq M6oqAvotor1. eoroo, 11 ruBdpvqoq tou lpdr qrov 6e6r1op6vo ou66rpqKqtq nopouofo rrovlopretr<dlv qtov e{ioouovenr0prprl p u'lv nopouoiototv ApeplrovtivH nortrrrl reiouoqq trlg Iopretrrclg 'Evr,loqg otrl Miorl Avotorj pooiotrlre oe pro eu6rrrr1 npoodyyroq (oepoopq otov opoBrr< e0vrrop) r<or un{p{e oro6ror<q: Evioxuorl r4q roxunorf.riogrrrrv Apripov rpos ro Epgovo rqq Boydrqq. Erporrorrr<{ ou;.rgrovioAryrinrou - Toexooloporiog,ro 1955. Kpfo4rou fou6( rol xp4;roto6rqor1 rou gpriyporoqrouAswan, ro 1956. fuppetoxri oro sgpooqtour cuvdpro rou npoyFqronorri0qreoro Kdrpo, ro Aexpppro rou 1957. Enioqprl enfor<er[4 rou Nasser or4 M'oxo,rov . Mdro rou 1958. Anpiro qrrrpo npoodyyroqq Anoruxqp6vq rou frixrl rou lpdv,ro 1959. Beltftrlo4rolv oxdoeqlv F rrlv Toupxio peniro 1960. Avoyvtpro4 rou Koupdrr (1963)ror r4q lopovioq (1964). Ilopouoiorou Khrushchev oro eyroivro rou gpriyporoqrou Aswan, ro 1964.

H enovdotooq oto lpdr< dgepeorq 6rncopotrrrlororcr6po Kotrov nopdyovtoKivo.l1xpr to 1958, Ioprerrrrl'Ev<ooq r<qt HflA ovtoy<ovf(ovtov ogpo yro enrpporl orrl M6oq Avotoq. f'lopd tlg ovtr06oerg, ror or 5o xtirpeq rjtov np60upegvo plv enrrpdqllouv dor<pftr1 vo 6rer<r rrloouv prepi6ro enrpporl g ot4v neproxrl nog gdvr;re on tqv rorvrj otdoq HflA - Iopretr<qg'Evcoorlg rord tqq enippooqg tov Bpetovrilv r<or t<lv fdtrovoto Iou6(, to 1956(ol Ioprel<ol, pd.hoto, nptervov tqv on <orvo ovdqqUq otpotrcorrrrjg Epdorlgpe trq HflA evovriovtqg Meydqq Bpetoviog ror rrlg [oioq!). Or o unep6uvdperg rltov np60upeq vo ovoyvropioouv 11 pio orrlv dq 6wopo oupg6pov orn M6oqAvototrri. Mdroto, eixenpoto0ei q re[oyoyrl 6re0vog ouve6piou yroro (qrqporo nou o<popov orqv oogdero tqg Moqg Avotoqg. H Kivo ovr66pooedyovtog 6u q pr1 oupperoxq trlg oe 6vo tdroro ouv66pto ro KoOrotddr<upo. H enovdotooq oro lpdr< ondtro[e pevrq xdlpo on tq Movopxio, eyr<orviooe p<og por<pd nepioo nohrrrrig ootd0erog. Or 1.rro n p t o r o r p o u o l t < o i q y d r e gA b d u l K a r i m Kassim ror Abdul Salem Aref 6togrovooov oe "Ba'ath" oprerd (qrrjpoto,ev<il to r<6ppo ritov ex0prr<d roreipevo rTpoq rov Kassim (npoond0r1oe vo tov oogovrloer, ro 1959, rcor e(oogdroetrlv ntcoqtou, to 1963). To 1964, o Aref rco#ope tqv e{ouoio pe npo{rr<nqpo. kor<ir0qr<e, ptog, oe uorxqpq, to 1966, Kotornv efouoio tov re66x0qo ovenoprrlgo6ecpg tou Abdul Rahman Aref. To 1968, ro rppo "Ba'ath" enov{0e otrlv e{ouoioun tqv npoepio tou otpotqyo Hassan al-Balc: Iro6tor<d, o erertgtou Bakri Saddam Hussein, 6qpropyr1oe 6vov oyxpovo r<or roxup otpor tov onoio xpqor;ronoirloe yto vo prorpdtfer ro lpd<oe 6voouropxrr< <oOeotdrg, un rov on6uto 6eyxo rou r6louKotrrlq otKoyeveiog rou.

O IlIepoS rtov'E[r Hyepdv

6ro xpvro perd rr;v etopori tou 1956 ,:i,,,.", rov .itt ii, ror rrlv Kcrroorpogrlrolv Bdoetov ,,,1,]t-r fedayeen ot4 Xepo6vqoo rou lvd, ro loporjrorqpooetov deyxotov npoypdrov: ro ovopo F rqv Aiyunto nop6pevov oogorop6vo, to trrpdvr rou Eilat(orov rno tnqAqaba) pprortov oe orpri (o ntr40uopq rou ou(r10qreond to 1.000 orrg 13.000), evcir q rexvotroyrrriunepox{ rqg xdrpoqev6ro[e to loporjoto club rov nuprlvrr<irv uvdpeov. To 1967, ootoo, to r<tripo otlg ox6oerg lopori- Apdpov rtrrporuirOqre enrrivuvo: 11 rooprr<ri e{rpeprorrr<{opydvooq "Al Fatah', q onoio unoorqpl(6rov on rq lup[o onerooerqv oogero tou lopori. H ovri6pool rou loporjtrorq 6pdoq tqq Al-Fatah-dpxro ro 1956-rltov n xpfon rorrrrcirvorpoteupdtrovrord Bdoeovrrlg opydvtoonq ornv lop6ovioror oto Aipovo. Irrq 16 Moibutou 1967,oNasser(qt4oe qn ro Hvalpdvo'E0vq vo onoopouv rrlv etpqveutrrq vopqon to llvd (eixe ovqrrux0ei orq xepovqoo,ro1957).2n922 Moiou, 6rj<ooe 6tr o r6trnoq t4g Aqaba 0a r,\eioer y r o r d 0 e n o f on o u g 6 p e rr q o r l y o i ot o u loporitr.Iuyxpdvoq, 11lopovio undyporrUe opuvrrr opg<ovo Fe rnv Aiyunro Kot otyunuord otporeporo ndpooov oro ropovtr 66o9o9.Or rrvrloerq our6q npordeoovrr1 6uvo;rrr<ri ovtipooq rou loporjtrrot rov fl- l 'E{r trepo rrov Hpepdrv. H vi<q rou lopoqtr tirov otrorqporlrrj r<ol toxrotq: npooriprq- , on rnq lepouooqp n,p o i o o q o t 4 A u t r r 4 Ox0q (West Bank)tou lopdvq noropo ror <otdqr!4 orlpqqtqg Xepoovrloou rou lvd. To roterrqp6vo edgq npooigepov oto 1 loporltroogdero: poovrrq enrrpdterorrlq

x6poq ou[rl0rlKe onpovuK<i, evtororq,11 ouvopror{ ypopp{ nepropiorrl<e. ouven6q,r1 gIo[{ rrlq 6yrveneproorepoonotetreopo'Evontreq rrr<q. Or lopoqrvdq AuvdyergppioKovrqv ovototrrrdtqq Ar<ipuyoq tou lou6(, urrrd rou lopdvqnotopo ror eni tov orporqyrr<vurf<opdr<ov tou frotrdv. fro notrog loporltrrvog, to e6dg4 outd ritov 6vo e{orpetrr ronpoyycteurrrno:yto rqv E enrotpog{ rouq, ot x6peq 0o dnpenevo eopeuOov rr ev 0o onertrrioouv ror ndr tqv oogcitrero rou lopor1tr. Or 6rdgopeqnpoondOereq yto rnv novogopd rou e6c9rro statusquo orqv nponoeprr<ri xordotoorl 6ev teeogprloovKot ol pcixeq[ovdpxroov.H loBrerrr{ 'Evooq e{n r o ee r v 6 o u r q v A i y u n r o . M d r o t o , rov Orrdrppro,6vc ropoqrvd owrropnrtrrrBu0iotqre on rouq Alyuntiouq or onoior xpqorponoiqoov poorr{q npo6euoqq nupotroug. H owotr\oyr] nupdrvrotd prjroq tqq Ardrpuyoq rou lou6( nrvoo Kot ro loporinpoo n d 0 q o e v o e ( o v o y r d o e tr n v A i y u n t o v o npoBei oe rordncuorl rou nupq pe po(rrri ovtinorvo.H Aiyunroq 6ev ovrqnorcpiOqre,, Touvovriov, q ooplerr rrj orpolcorrrrj Bo{Oero ou(rlOqri un rqv nieo4 trlq v6oqonerriq. Ito ydrolno tqq lop6ovioq,11 oqpovrrrteprl e(6r[qritov q er6i<o[q250.000floororrvitov on rq Aurrrri 'Ox0q. ror q ovdyr4 opyciv<oor1q ptoqnto onoreeoporrr{g noorouvror4g ovtiotooqq: rl rqnlvouKrj rirro ttov rortrrdv opoBrrdlvorporupdrov 6nero rouq flcototrvioug rr 0o np6nel vo Boororovorrq 6rr6qtoug 6uvdperq, nporiorrrlg, To Nodppprorcv 1967, q Meydq Bperovio, pe rr'1v unoot{pr(q rorv HflA, rrlq loBre'Ev<oo4q rrr{q Korrrlq loiog, ndpooero q{- . gtoSto 262167 oro lupBotrroAogotreioq rou OHE pe to onoio roto6rro(tov onolq6d-

rl ou69,rl eo;rogppi-

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notenpoodprqoqe6<igouq pe rr1 Bio,roooe ro lopo{vo enov60el oro nponoe;rrr<d ovopo, roooe, enioqg,ro opoBrrd rpdtq vo 0voyvropioouv rrlv nop{r1tou lopoqtr, ev npoiptrene rr1 irorrl petoxeiproqtolv flotrorotrvir,lv petovoottilv. To {iqgropo our uro0etri0rlr<e on toug Apopeq (nqvrqq Iupioq), otrd oneppigOq on to lopoqtr. fro trq peydeg uvdperq, q ouvexr(pevr.1 epntrepr1 rotdotooq otq M6oq Avototrr] unovpeue to oupg6povtd touq. lroitepo 'Evoroq, ytorq loprerrr{ o ntrepog rou 1967 onerooe dpreoo to oupg6povto rrlq xpoq 'Evooq orrlvneproxri: q Ioprerrrri enrOupooe oo rlnote dtrotqv opotrri ertoupyio trlq 6rrirpuyoq ogevdq yto vo ouvxioervo unoorrlpi(et to BperoBlewdp ogeripou yro v0 prlvorroKonei o poorrg oroqtou lvrro Oreovo ond rq MeoyeroOdtroooo.H iotrtrio, q onoio 6ev otqpr(tov ntr6ov oro

opoprr< netpdloro (perd rrq enltuxq;.rdveg y e o t p { o e r g o r q v A y e p i oK o r o r n A r p r l ) , ovqouxooeon tqv evrervpevq nopouoio rou Poolr<o Noutrro otq Meoyero <or npoondOqoe vo onorr{oer epeiopotootov opoprr ropo npoog6povtog rntrtopotrr<dq reu<otrvoerq rot ntro oro lpdr ror orq Arpn.T6loq,yro rr1 Mey<itrq Bpetovio,q erprlvrl orrl M6oq Avorori o{porve o6r<ironqnpoo g o p d n e t p e o i o ur o r e ( o o g d t r t o nr o v epnoprrcv oriv npog tqv lvio ror t4 Notroovororrri Aoio. Trlv nepio6o 1968- 1969, q Aiyunroq efoniuoe 6vovn6epog0opdq tov lopoqtrrv6v oto p6tono tou loui(. To loporjowdpoo p qponoprroq p o p B o p r o p o o gt q v otyuntror<ri evoxtilpo.M6xpr to 1970, r.1 Iop r e r r r r i' E v t o o q r O e t e2 0 0 n r t o u gr < o l 15.000 otpotrreq - xerprotdq nupourrv ouotqpdttovorqv Aiyunto. Or ouyrpooerg

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dgepovonordeopo r<or to o rpdtq oupgdrvqoovvo {e<rvrloouv ouvoprtrleg p rnv npoontrrcq tqq cnoxripqonq rov lopoqrvdv oro rpo tou 1967 ovopdrouq Kotrrlv ovoyvproq tou Kpdtoug tou lcrporltr on tqv Afyunro.Tov Ayouoro tou 1970, q Aiyunrog ror to lopoqtr un6yporpov ou;.r<povio r<otdnouoqqrou nupg 6rdpr<eroq 90 rlpep6v: or ouyrpooerg 0o otopotooov o pro o<rlvo 50km er<otdpo0ev trlg Aldlpuyoq tou Iou6(, evdl r<opio xripo ev 0o npotoOooe vdeg otpotrotrr6q6uvdperg orrlv neproxq. H oqpgcoviooutq ovovecil0qre er v6ou to Nodpppro r<or to Oeppouripro tou 1971. 0o16oo, r1 A i y u n t o g ,r o t d n o p d p o o qr n q o u p g r ^ t v i o q , perdgepenupourrd ouotripoto orqv oiloyopeup6vq neproxrl. Trg ouvoprtrieq out6g ovtrpetcnroov pe exOptr1to or floorotivror, or onoior pvor toug 0o ppior<ovtov o v t r p d r o n o rp e t o loporltrotqv nepinroorl rou q Aiyunroq r<ol q lopovio ou1.t<pcovooov l.lro lopoq.H l o p 6 o v i o ,o p r o g n q 0 u o p g tqg onoiog

rlrov floorotivror, petotpdnq<eouorootrrd oe 6vo peydtrocrtpotne6o unovopeovtog t q v e ( o u o i ot o u B o o r r d H u s s e i nH . rordotoorl outq o6{yqoeoe epgro oppo{q peto{ tov Evn<lv Auvd;retov trlq xtirpog Kor rov flotrororrvic,tv npoogycov. q Tetr<d, erpqvrl e[oogoiotqreperd tqv en6ppooq eropoq rqg Iupiog r<ol rr1ror<r1pu(r1 tou Boorrd tr uro0etei to orxo rou notrorotrvror<o q o y r o t q 6 q p r o u p y i o ove{dprqtou rpdtoug. Kord tr1 6rdpr<ero rov topoxv otqv lopovio, to rpor<rvd otpote;rotonou otdOpeuov erei 6ev drovov ropio r<ivqoq unootqpr. Iupio, ovtiOeto, l r l q r o l v n o t r q r o t r v i o vH dotere oro ovopo 6vo prrcp ononoopro te0copor<ropdvov yro vo to onooperopytepo rdr<ocn trq nr6oelq tov Iopreurtiv. H rivqoq outrl ritov q otoyvo nou {exeiroe ro norrlpr rnS opynq rotd tou f'lpo66pou t q q I u p i o g J a d i do o n o f o q x p e d r 0 q r e rq orpouotrrri onotuxic otov flepo trov 'E[r HpepdlvKorrrlv ondrero rcovurfoprdtcov tou qn rov Froldv.Aiyo opyrepo,ovorpdnrlr<e petprono0rlotpotrly Hafiz as-Assad. Irrlv A i y u n r o , o { o g v r r d g O d v o t o gr o u N a s s e r -F ouvroy6gepe oro norrrr< npoor<r1vro yotrrri oporrlro- rov ovtrnpe6poAnwar as-Sadat.

O ntrepoq rou 1973

tsv n60oveo Nasse4 q M6oq Avoroq qtov xcoprop6vq oe 6o otpordne6o: ond tr1 pro neup<i, q ouppoxio lopoqtr- HnA ror ond rqv dq q oup. g. pox[o Arynrou - Iopretrrriq 'Evro<rq O Sadat, 6nolg r<or o Nasser, nr6orrlre on rqv nprilrrl otryp{ vo r<otoq{er oe erpqveurrrrj ou1.r<p<rlvio pe to loporl. To 1971, 6ylvegovep

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: rriq ror notrrrlr6q. Arruiropog tqq xdrpog ond ro 1979, r4v onoiq Kol o{y4oe oe rprS Korqorpoglroq noldpoug (1980- 1988 pe ro lprir, l99l pe 14 6rc0vriouppoxfq ror 2003, enio4q, p 14 6te0v{ouppoxio). Mfo on uq ntrdov otrrgileyipeveq npooornlrrirqrq xou opoprrori ropou, o Saddam Hussein yew{0qre ro 1937, oro Tikrit, on grotxri yopyrrci orxoydvelo. Ee4rrio18erdrv,6guye qn6 ro Tikrit r<or n{ye orrl Boytiv1 nou Kqr ooxotr{O4re pe r4v flolur{ (or4v ovrlnofteuo4 rou n o v o p o p r r o re i Ovlrrorlrori rdpporoq "Ba'ath"). Avopprx40rlre yp{yopo or4v rcpopxio r<qr ro 1959opyrivore onrinelpo ologoviog rou llpodpou rnq xdrpoq AbdulKarim Kassem.H onnelpo on6rux Kol o Hussein eyrordelrle t4 xrirpo (eyroroord0rlKoxo Krpo). Er4v Aiyunro, o Husseinonoqoe Noplr6. Endorpe{e or4 Boy6t4 ro 1963,onrire rql -tipxroe vo ooxoleirol er v6ou pe r4v [lohrrxr{.To 1968, ro xp;ro ',Ba'ath" rqr6Iopeqv e{ouo(o oro lpdr pe npo{rr<dn4Fo Koro SaddamHussein-p rous uroot4prxrdgrou- ouv6or4oe ro Enqvootortr Euppo)rto, org onoio ovdlope r4v ovunpoepfo,ro 1969. Erev69 ouvepydr4g rou llpo6pou Bakr, o Husseinooxol{0r1re F rqv owtper6nroqrov eooteprrdrv npop4pdralv ror rordgepe,ro 1970, vo ou;rgox{oel ;re

ourovotrrfo rouq, rppori(owoq r4v 6voil4 oppo{q (or ouyrpooerq enovel{gO4oov opydrepo). Err69 on6 ro (rirqpo trov Kopov, o Hussein lopopdtloe o4povrlr ptro or4v eOvlronoiqoq rou nerpetroiro nlorou r4q x6poq. To 1973, ol try6q rou nerpdroiou eKanqol6orr1rov, noq Kqr xo ero64po r4g xdrpog, enrtpdnovtoq ornv rupdpvqo4 vq gqp;.roel6vo yeytilo npypoppo orKovoprr{g rol rovovlr{q ovtinru{4g. Erov top6o rov e{<oreplrdv oxdoetov, ro 1975, ronpoyporeO4reF ro lpdv qv enfluo4 rtov ouvoplordv logop6v rorv 6o xolpriv, evrirro 1979ttix04re rord rqq ou;lgovioq tou Camp David (Aryrintou ror lopo4).To iro 6ro9, o Hussein ov6ope rqv npoepfo r4q xdrpog.'Evo xpvo opydrepo, ro lentdpppto rou 1980,to lpdr rorondrrlo rq oupgr.lvio rou 1975 rol erodpole oro lpdv eyrolvtd(ovroq 6vov onov4p orroeui n6lepo. H ^{{n rou nol6pou, ro 1988,rig4oe r4v orrovopfo rouorpoy;.rdvq Kor rr1 xdrpo pe 6vo e{oreprr xp6og r}oug 975 rq. Tov Ayouoto tou 1990, ro lpdr elo6pofe oro Koup6rr. H re0v{q oup;roxfo nou opyovdrO4re erfo{e ro lpor<lvti otpore;roro qn ro ylrp6 e1lpro, ro Oeppoudprorou 1991. An tre, ro rqOeo169 rou Saddam Hussein onoyovrig4re on6 14 reOv{ rolvdrqto. H opeprrovlxli endppoo4 or4 xdrpo ro Mdprro - Anpitrro tou 2003 o{yqoe orqv xordppuon rou roOeor<irrog,evdr 4 rx4 rou flou rou Hussein (rot torv rio ylov rou) oyvoeirol.

voi orgvrrdorqrov on pro po(rrri opoprrrj 'Evoeni0eoqoe 6o p6rono.Or Aryuntror<ig negAuvdpersntr6eqKov rcotd prlroq trlg Arrilpuyog tou lou6(, unepr6pooov rnv toporlviog.Ercg tov <itov, ro tDeppoudpro rou rvr1 ovtiorooq ror ndtuxov vo rero6oouv 1971, npoa<pep oro loporleeOepq ioo oro lvd. Ivtopo, F<,1q, n rotdotooq dtrtroon to lou6( pe ovtdloy;.ro tqv onoxdrpqoq { e . X r , l p i go e p o n o p r r qx d t r u { q K o r p r q v tov lopoqrvcv on to lvd. To 1972, emar- epnor<q rov opptKovrro 6ou Ittrou undp g0qre rq Moxo,xopiq ooroo vo riper tqv ttov lopoqrvv, or oryuTrrrqKdq 6uvdperg roOq'Evooq unoorrjprlq nou (r1rooe. Aiyo opytepo,(r1- 60q<ov. H lopretr<ri ovti6pooe ror t r l o e o n t o u g I o p r e t r < o qt e x v r r o gr < o r ondorere porj0ero otpotrtotr<ri orq lupio, to otpotrr,ltrroq ouppooug vo onoxoprioouv lpdr<r<or tqv Aiyunro. Ilg 15 Orctoppiou, to on tr1xdlpo. loporle<t{euoepto Trruxlp6vq, eupeiog T o 1 9 7 3o , S a d a te i 6 e t r l v o p r e p l r < o v r r < 1 r<ipor<og, ovteniOecrq. Ito ppero pitono, or porlOero npos ro loporjtrvo ouldverorlpovloupro<69 6uvdperg ( u n o o t q p r ( ; r e v eo gn rd, ev eixe q6q (errvrloetror o enorrropq rop6ovrr<6g, lpor<lvdg ooou6opoprr<6q Kolpoporov KqroKrrlpdvov e6og<ilv (r6rofuepo rqg Aurrv6gMovd6eg) enrt60qrovoto urfdpoto tou ttr<r1q Ox0r1g), npor<nr<4 tqv onoio qnoorpelr<odv old pioo oe 5o pdpegrcoOqrirOq qrov ro re0v6qircoro. H ovri6pooq ritov Kov Kcrunoxdlpqcrov. d;reoq: otrg 6 Or<t<^rppiou tou 1973, or lopoqtrrH rordnouoq tou nupg enetexOq otrg

tr ro poorrd oqpeio trlq e{toreprr<qg nortrr<r1g petiooqtov ox6oeolv tou Sadatqtov 11 rqg Aryntou pe tr1 loourrcr1 Apcpio Korrnv lop6ovio <or q ou;rgrioor1 lupiog - lopo-

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NV

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nlqv 6ev eivol e<prrtq qn oxettr {qgtolto pio enrotpogq ed<pouq 22 Orttoppiou,dnetto ouvtqq nepimorcqqnou undp(eryevrreupdvq peto(tcovo H np6tq oupgtovio rouOHE. or HflA,06trowoq dtrtr4, tqv An erpqvqq. 0ryq unercpioq yro one;.rnlor{ on tqv rpordrv tqq M6oqqAvotovo govov or rpnvonoloi To o rprq rcv 1974. ypdqq rov lovoudpro ror to lopoqtrvo uilonie(ov tqv A(umo trqq, petorivo;rq o Flo etprlvutrrq oupgdrvqoov to ouvtoptepo ypdtfouv oupgrovioerp4vrlg oneor 6ronpoypoteoetq Ito Boppd, [ toug. tqv enrppoq vo ovortqoouv qOetrov uvot: onorlopofl\ ko06g to nepintroreg ek0qoov vo 6rotopdolotoo x<,lpiq Aiyumo, orrlv tooerqv on6ooq olvttov 6ro06orp<ov rouq tqv dtrAn6 pe to lopoq, otxlto[ouv tq ox6oq toug oxettrd p rouq lopoqrvog orotxeiov gopopeepgovr(tov.totorctr9, Ooroo, to loporll r<otruorepyooe trq,o Sadat Itoug. (xopiq lopoqtr Arymou pro oup<ptovio tr voq tou utftporo vo og{oer to roOdrq 6ev qOetre t<ov 6rogopdrv reu06tqor1 ouvorrq F rov protoo oqpovtrrq otpotqyrrq 06oq. frotrdv, 'Evo Apotouq 0o 6uoopeotooe 06po trlq Stopdxqg opoprr rcopo) orovOdreq o - Apripotv qtov q Ooqtou Opyovrloporltrrvtv rrls f1d\orotivqg yroqv Aneeu06poorl opo - PLO),opOrganisation Liberation (Falestinian yovrop tov onoiov to lopoqtr opvovtovvo H 06oq tou loporil qtov.oxev ovoyvt^lpioer. ontrurr1: 4 PLO eivorpio tpopoxpottr{ opydevdrroeivqtnpo<puyeq, or f'lolorotivrot vr,rcr1,

ol

F"s.

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ropoq, ndwog, ev eixe rdO opoprr<q xtopiq. toug l-lotrorottvioug vo ogrloer Oeoq Mopoto ouv66pro oe unoot{pr(q.Mdtrroto, o peHussein, lopovgBoortrrdg <o,ro 1974,o yotrtepoqex0pq t<,rvllootottvit'lv,pe touq 6tt onoiougrlpOeoe ovorxtq pql4, ovoyv6proe

r
q PLO ovtrnpoooflttov noorouvrord q. orotrvi<ov. Ie ovtopo xpovrr rdotqpo,outrj rou 19736tooeoro noolorrvro< q nerpetroir{ nieoq 6geperdnoro onore6opoQ nepog rivqpo pro v6o riOqorlperd trq r6(erqrou ro: q Euponoirrl Orrovoprrq Korvrqro (EOK) 1970. Enioqq, 66er{eotouq Apopegrr 6ro06- e[6gpooerq oupndOerd rrlq orouq floororrvitouv 6vo noupoxopri oro x6plo touq:ro neouq, 4 MeydqBperovio (ndyoo) rrq notrr1tp6oro. To 1973, o Opyovropdqr<ovApoBrrdrv orqn^ov npos ro loporitr, ev6 rqr q lontovio Kporriv E[oyoyrlEflerpeoiou(Organisation perpiooeq grtro'rbpoqrvq qg otdorl. Itoroof Arab PetroleumExporting Countries)--oprd, ndw<oq, to opoBrrd rpdtq ouverqronoi4yovrr r;rq;ro rou OPEC- qvoKoivoro 6rr peloov rr 6ev pnopov vo nr6(ouvtov 6utrr dlvertqv nopoyroyri nerpetroiou, nporerpdvou r6opo yrondwo pe poxto netp6loro. vo ou[qOovol trp6q:q npdrq noyropro netpeoir<{ rpioq ritov yeyovq. Eygrifu oq nIepogoto Afpovo 'Otov <ipxroe o nepoq tou 1973, ot nopoyoyoi netpeoiouorov fleporr Kno o(qopd ttq 6uoroieq,o notrorotrvrorq a:lr;l..l;l1 oov rqv trpq rou opyo netpetraioursr70%. odq nord 6ev 6xooetqv e0vrr{ tou f $ O OPEC ovoroiv<ooe tr 0o nepropi(er ii rotd }i ouveiqoq.Ynotroyi(erortr to 1975 n6we noooorroieqpovd6eq(pqvroioq) (ooov orq M6oq Avorori, nepinou, rrlv rqpoyoy{ nerpeoiou, edv ro loporltr6ev onox<,r- 2.850.000floororivror, sfl rouq onoioug pooe on tro rs rotorcq;r6vo opoprrd ed(ooov oro lopori{ rdrto ond ro1.500.000 gq rcor 6ev ovoyvdrpr(e to r<orcpoto trdv flqpoqtrrvri rupropxio,750.000orqv lopovfo,

4 M to gd qg qq po ur rq rd O on yr ne

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200.000otq lupio. 400.000 oto Aipovo r<qr orqv lopovioto 1970, Merd ug ouyrcpooerq ro rvtpotov 6pootrlprotqtovrouq prqrpdp0rlre oto Aipovo.O Aipovogeke tq grlpq ol rdtott<ot Avototrqg: tqg M6or1q rqqEtrperiog 6pnoelorpetr<oi rqqxtirpog ekov onoerxOei Opqor<euporrorrpone(iteq, evc or 6rdcpopeg ror xptotrovoi) (pouooupdvot rrrg opoeg oppovlvo ouvepyd(ovrol rrlq xpogdetxvov rcupiog)getrog ov. ruinpog(or<ovoprr<6, peto{ rov O r F l o t r o r o t l v rn op r o < p u y e-g 6vontrot-eixovounepinou, onoiov <or6.000, yrevrpo0ei otpot6ne6o, ottq vdtreq oe d0trro neproxdg trlg xrirpog. pouproopd6o uoopeotqpdvov To 1975, tfopdtovqpOeoe oupnorq pe ooulpdvov yro rorroilo opd6oxptorovtilv {.ropd6cov Oprop6vorl-latrolorrrd06pototou rdrd6ou. xptottovtilv. p ro p6pogtu.rv otivtot tx0r1<ov roqtr6oerg Aro)to011oov ovttnotrotottvro16g H r<updp6wooq yevrr<e0qre. Kor owopo11 rdtre<ret6toteg neprntrioerg, vqoq, o6vopq tqv td{q. O ltpooero Itpot vo enrpder rg, nop' )rqout6, vtog pr<pgoe oprOp 6ev pnpeoevo snlrotpetdoetg 6roipeoqg, pd),er tqv td[r1.H otoflo ovtopo ;letetponq p rous floorntrepo, epgtrro oeovotxt ovotxrdotq ropxq. ortviouq vo epndrovtot oupqrov peto( progoproteprlg O ntrepog -pe otxo poxiog rqt flotrotottvltov po(tov vopetotpd{rer to Aipovooe pro oogotrqxdrpo Kor orpououKi pdoq yro rouq flotrorotrviot ono(ot enelorov ouq-Kor ttov trtopcovrt6v on tq xcirpo tqverio{qtov flotrotcrttvi<ov

oo, q Ao;roorg epgoviotrlre rotortrrcrltog yro pto oetpo en6ppooqq npoq ro evexpevo ltpoto tou Iupror<o pro en6ppooq yov: p6porq endppoot"l oto Aipovo 0o npor<oooe yeyovgto oroio tou lopoqtrotrlv neproxq, o0o o6qyooeyorpoio oe viq notre;.rr<q trlg lupiog yrpouol lopoq Iupioq. H Ooq dperltov lerdOoprl<or un6p t<ovltoptovtttilv: Kol noooq rpporopg ttlv ouyr<pooeolv tqq td(4q. vo<popd oto Aipovo 6rqprentrepog O eprptrrog to No6poe on tov Anpitrrotou 19756o19 ppro rou 1976, rn <o4 oe 40.000ovr<otroe trlv orr<ovoprr<r1 r<or r<ototpeQe Opcilnoug tqq xtipoq. O v6og Flpe6pogtqg unoopr1 on tqv opxq 6tt EliasHrawi,gdvqr<e xtirpog, ev eixe ote tqv e[ouoio otrdote Kol rrlv rotrl ouvroYpqrrr<q roxvo enrpdler 6vonr1

vror<q rou Kr} 1975 inou, oioug i ro6ovio,

rupipvqoq. ouH rotdnouorl tou nupg enlplrlOqr<e, tqg oroott<d,on tq Iupic, ptlg, q epntror<r1 o otrovoyt<dr<otog: Aopooro eixe peydo onoyriuvotrl Assad q0eetrlv toxtepr1 ororpooq tqg lupiog on to Aipovo.'Etol, Tov loro nv, erivnoov6ronpoypoteoelg. 11 PLO oupq lupio, o Aipovoqr<or rou 1977, o g v q o o v o l . t t on p o y e v o t e p r l u p q r o v i o (rou 1969)peto[ tou Arpdvouror tqg PLO, opYdpe tqv onofo q noolottvtot.{ o;r<p<ovo 'Evontreq ttg vo onopor<pvet enpretro vooq Brlput6 trlq on tqv np<oteouoo Auvdperq H onox6trlq x<ilpog. ror ug vdttegenopxieg od pqoq on tq Bqputnpoypotonorrl0qrce' floolotrviov tov pdxeq peto{ or oto Nto npor<otrtienovetrrl<pOqoov Korrov xptottovtirv tqg td(qg. Kor rqvrTrovogopd vroq rn otpotrcottrqen6ppcorltou lopoqq H endrtooqtou epguiouoto AiPovo evg qprovonoio o(yqoe orrl 8rlyroupyio tt inpedrpepe tr1Iupio npo tou 6rqppotoq (Etre0epog r<pdtoug xptotrovtro nunevordvet. Itqv enoxrltqg O0opovrrcqq [prrltou potrr1 otqv Aut rltov q xoprotrr<q f1oor- Aiovoq). q lupio, o Aipovoqror 11 rorpotopioq, 'Evontreg Auvdote ot evtqto tou Arpdvou: Ootpto evioioenopxlo. orivrl onoretrooov

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prqrrlq x6pog o<i ore ror q erpqveurrr{ vopr1 rou OHE pnpeoovvo enrp<iouv rqv erp{vq. O Etre0epoq Aipovoq ;reterpdnqoe 6vq rpdtoq - nopfo onotog etreyxpevo on ro loporl,ev< otrq unorneq enopxieqr4q xdrpoq rrattrroi orporoi ouvdxroov trq pdxeqror rq rpopoKpotrrdg ev6pyereq. rr or HflA 0eopovtouq eppoiroqonorrcopoq tqg Autrr{g Ox0qq nopdvopouq. To No6pBprorcu |,977, o lopoqrvq np<oOunoupyq MenechemBeginrdeoetov Sadat otqv lepouootrrip ylo ouvopieqror o Sadat one6x0q rqv npor.)rqoq: o Arynrroq qy6qg oe onenrotr<{ 0doq roOrirq pfuq Bprortov

F'

H Eupgr,lvio rou Camp David

elxee{6tr0er on epndtrepq rcordorooq pe q Arpq, evdr q orrovoyio rqq Arymou Bprortov oe onoov0eon.

Aneu0uvpevoq oro ropoqrv <olvopo6rduoq rou Arp<ivou unoorr.lpixOqre, ro (Knesset), o Sadat rd,\eoe i ro lopo4vo -. ouorootrrd, on to loporj(o Ntroq ouvdr'Uer oupgrovio elprjvqq pe emorpog{ oro f i Aipovoq ritov pdpoqtov e6oglrdlv npo rou 1967 ovopo ror ovoyv<irproq tou r. rerrr{oeovrou otovtouKorrvqpotog). Me rordrporoqowo6rd0eoqq tov f1oolorrviorv, rov tpno our enr6r<x0r1re q e[dpOpcooq rqq Or ou(qr{oerq peto( t<ovAryumfcov Kotrov 6vonr1q noorotrvror{q 6pdoqq.An ro 1948 lopoqrvdv(erivqoov oto r6trq zou lr977, doq ror to 1973, q onerri yro ro loporjepKdrpo. Or npordoerq rou lopo{tr yrorrl 'Ox0q xrov on ro yerrovrrd opoprrd rprirn. H rytov or or<ou0eq: ouwoyri yto rrlv ovtryer<irnroq rqq opoBrrrlg oneil{q ritov o ouv6uoop6qrqq texvooyrArorrip4oq rou eldyxou rqg rrEptoxliq rrlg unepoxqqKotrlq opeprrovrrcr]q orpouoond ro lopori. rrrqg ror orrovoplrrlg porl0eroq. Auvortqro eniloyrig unrlrodrqrog yn An ro 1973ror eweOev or floorotivror rous KoroiKoug perof qq ropoqlvr{qt ' onotdeoov oqpeio ovogopdqyro rov opoBlKqt rqg lop6ovlr{q (xr nolororlvrorrig), x ropo: on6rtqoov 6vono tprlporo,r6prnleupriq. f ,. . oov u'l 6re0vr1 oupn<i0erq ror eixov 6eop6vq Enrorpogri opr0po Apripov orrq tqv unoor{pl(q tou opoprr<o rcopou. To orrs rou. loporjtrowe{g04 dyrorpo ow{ tqv ooyri Eleu0epioyro rouq lopo4fuvoq vo ^ otq goq rqg onerrig ror rcvr;Oqre 6uvoprrti_ poouvyn orqv neprox4. .l otpotrorrrd nporerp6vou vo rrlv rorooreier. Ndo opxri roxupripv4oqs rqq To 1976,0Kevrpooptoup6q ruBepvrltrrqoup4q neproxrig. voonropq oro lopori ovtrpetdlnr(e otKovopt_: . r<i npoprjporoxor oto{io orq AurrrcriOx0q. l Or HflA ov6oBov ro po rou ropeoo. r O <ewpo6efrqouvoonropq nou npo6xu{e oBqrrjror q relrri oullgrovioerprivrlq pero( ond trg eroy6q rcu 1977 rorripu{etr q Aurrlq Aryntou Kor rou lopo{ uneypdgq . ,i ttrrl Ox0q ev np6nervo ertorpogi orouq Iem6pppro tou 1978, oro Camp David.I :: Apopeq Kot o orlotKropq rrlq neproxrlq 0o govo F rouq 6pouq tqq oupgrovioq, rl Xep. npdner vo ouvexrotei. ovqoogtou Irvd 0o enrorpegrovorrlv :. O Apeprrovgf'lpe6pogCarter 6r1ooe yunro, ev6 otq Autrrri Ox0q ror tq Atpio

0TIorKrouq. To rpoeuv Sadat o Sadat

YEMENH
o 1963, {donooe enovdorqoq or4v Yep6vq und rqv rlyeoio rou To{fopxou Sallal. O Sallal, F rnv urooriprn qS Arynrou, rorrigepe vo enrrpotrloel r<ol ovor{pu{e tq xrpoAq;.ror<porio. O er0povroprivoq lp6p4q(rir4oe ror dtrope pori0ero on 14 foourxri Apopio ror rre, orprp6g, orq xtirpo {6onooe eggroqn6epoq. Tov Ayouororou 1965, o Nasser Kqr o Boorriq Feisal oupgdrvnoqv vo otopotrioouv rqv nopoxli pori0eloqKqt vq onoopouv ro orpore;roro. H oupgovfo, worors, v r4p{Oqxe. OFoS, n xorrrv@rrKri riuo rou 1967 oriyrloeornv qvoyKootrrf onoyrfotpoon q9 Arymou on u1v yep6vq. O epgrifuoq ndtrepoqor4v yepdvrl up;.rotifiqK ro 1970: 114porporfo rorqpri0qre, olld or grtropovopxrroiouyyeteixov orrlv rupdpv4orl. O epgrog nepoqnpordeoe oopopd npoptrripotq ornv ev6rrpo u;q xdrpog: to 1967, r6p0r6eq Aoir4 A4poxporio r4q Yepdv4q.lb ppero rp{po qq x6pog ovo-pe rr1 pori0elo rrlg Eoourrrig r4px04xe ApopiogApoprrri Aqpoxpotio qq yep6vqg, ro 1972. fio 14 Eoourr{ Apopfo, 11 6volo4 rtov o r<por6v 0o {rov eglrr{ pvo un6 qv npon60eor1 u ro vrio rp6rogev0o rirov ropprouvouro, otrdgeId0epo. To 1976, dneno on6 pro oelp6 ;.ruortrdrvouvoplhdrv,4 Eooulrri Apopio onorordorqoe uq ox6oer5xqq F rqAoirli Aqporpodo qq Yep6v4q. ErqA4gor<porio u1q yepdvqq,o Flpe6poq qq xdrpoq,ouwoyporripx4q lbrahim al-Hamdi, oogovri04re rc l9'Tl.O 6rdox g r o u , o u v r o y ; . r o r d p x 4 gA h m a d a l Ghashni,oogovriO4reror out6q ro 197g. To 1979, q Aoirli Aqporpotio ero6poe orq Ar1;.rorpotio t4q Yepdv4q.T4v ilo xpovrti, q Aoir4 A4porpotio undyporle ouv0{r4 6rdprerog20 er6v pe tq Eopretrr{'Evoo4. To o opoe0v{ rpdq evtirOqrov, ro 1990 un 14 roxupdpvqoq rou llpodpou rnq A4porporioq r4g Yeydvqg.Ilop' rio ouni, 'EvonJreq or Auvripelq ev evonolri0r;rov Kor,ro 1994,yto npoond0ero loxr,tptopo trov 6rio rpordrv o{yqoe orqv (enltuxrlp6v4) eropo{ rov EvdnlovAuvriyeorv rqq Aoirliq A4por<poiloq ou; A4porporio tqq Ye;rdv4g,yroq 6lor{p4oq rqq 6v<,ro49. To Eenrdpppro rou 1994, to Ewoypo tou l99l yrq rnv evonoirloq r4q xtpog rpononor404re orlpovtlrri. To Oeppoudplo rou 1995, or xupepv{otq rrls ye;r6vr19 xor t4q Eoourr<{g Apopioq oupgdrv4oov reIrrd rqr leu06rqoov trq ouvoplordg rous 6rogopds (q enioqp4 ou;.rgorvio uneypdgrl rov lovro rou 2000). To Aerdyppro rou 1995,11Epu0poio rordope dvo v4oi rqq Yeydv4q otqv Epu0p6 Otitroooo,4 Yepdv4 ovrdpooe rol ol o x6peg ouyrpoorqKqv orpqutortr<i 6orq ro Mdlo tou 1996, tov ouygrvqoqv o r<orrinouorlrou nupq xor leOvrilolrrlofo. Tov Orrdrppro rou 1998,4re0v{q rorrrloio (er6lr reOvdq rroor{pro) onegrivO4 tl ro v4oi ovrlrel orqv yey6v4. H Epu0poio oep<iorqr<e r4v ongoo4 xot ondoupe xt5 orpqrrorlrdq r4q uvdpelq ond ro v4oi.

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tqq l-d(oq0o qproupyovtov npptrqpotov otro;.rioourvoprq tdrnroe-npoocoprvd,noororrvro rrj r<porr r<rjovrtqto, eleyxpevr1 govrlOrlre o Sadat. Oot6oo, q e{ouoio petoprguor<don to lopoq. pdot4r<e opcdotov Hosni Mubaral< o onoi' To <lipo eugopiogon trlv unoypogritqg og or<ooOqo rrlv e{roreprr<r1 norrrrrirou 'Erol, oupg<ovioq 6rrlpreoeprq 6vo xpvo:q or<onporotxou tou. q onoxpqor1 rov vopr<qrordoroon oro lopo4trenrervrirOqre, lopoqrvv on tq Xepovr1oo tou Itvd ooevdr11 nortrrrltqq xcpog oro Boppd (Aipo<qpdr0qrce tov Anpilorou 1982. Enln6ov vog) ror otq Autrrri Ox0q 6yrveortrr1ptepr1 rotdgepe vo oufrioerrqv e[olteprr<ri otKovopt- t (or Eppoior dnorror ou{rj0r1rov on trg 20.000 r<rlporlOero fipoq rlv Aiyunro,ev oto eoootrq 120.000 6<oq ro 1985, entrrlyqoov nuprlvr- reprr Oionroe p6tpo undp tqq etreOepqg n r6q eyr<oroordoerg oto lpdr<, 6re(rjx0qoponorcrrqq g (voprponoirloq 6r<gpooq norrr <drv 0 noprrri enr6popri otq Brlput). oxqporroptv, oneeu06pcoon rov notrrrr rtirv v Ito t6qtou 1981, n ri Ioourrri Apopio nor<potouprdvrov, evioxuorl tqq etreu0epiog rou pouoiooe 6vo oxd6ro erpqvrlq yro tr1 M6orl Tnou) ror ouyxpvtoq neplproelq oFUVI- r Avotorlopgovo pe to onoio ro lopoq0o r6q 6ondvegnpog geoqt<rlvorrovoprrriv x ovcyvtopr(rov 6 ond tov opoprr ropo, otrd r<or r<orvtovrrcrirv enevoeov. oro rTporou 1967ovopo.H nptooq ourq o Itov toydo trov e{oteprr<rv ox6oeov,o 6ev eixe,terrd,rcopio v txq. Tov Ortpplo Mubarak 6rctqprloeotevdqror <o69 ox6oerg tou 1981, 11 oupgrovio tou Camp Davidovtrpre- pe trg HflA, petioloe rrq oxdoergrqq Ary- O 6 t n M x r 'E

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mouFro do opopr<<i rpdtrl, ev6 rpdrqoe vo er6rdr{er toug f1oorouviouq on tq Bqpu_ oloordoerq on to loporjl, xopiq cooroova r orqv onoio 6ev rpqoevo eropder go_ npoBei otq 6rot<ipo{q rov 6rpeprilv ox6oec,rv. popevo trg oncilereq ror t4 6uoop6oKto 'Ecrg rou ro 1987, or oxioelg rqq Arymou pe to Apeprrovol-lpo66pouRonaldReagan. Tov neprootepo opoprr<d rpdtq trlq MdoqgAvo_ loro rou 1982, q Avororr<ri Brlputdgroteri_ ro(q eixovperro0ei: 11 Aiyumoq 6yrve6err{ gOq on trq xprorrovrr<dg 6uvdperg, evc to fe_ (erv6ou) otqv ApoBrr<ri Aiyr<o, to 19g9, q 6po nt6ppproor ropoqrvig uvciperg ero6potrov rqgonoioq eniotpe{re oro K<irpo. otq Autrrri Brlput. fto eotoreprr<, o Mubarakrotdgepe vo H eroBorj oro Aipovo 60eoe oe r<[v6uvo nepropioer or1;.rovrrr<d rq 6rog0opd,evcurotqv dveu 6pcovunoorripr{4 ratv Apeprrovcv Odrrloe pronro greeOepq rdoq orqv orKo_ rpos ro eppoir< <pcitog.Ev< <or oro oor_ voprrrl norrrrri evroxovroqrriv rrotrr{ prr<, q porpoxpvloepntror<{ rqq x6pog oro nptoropouio. flopdqo, pog,6rotr;pqoe to Aipovo r<or ol ondrereq oe 6p{uxo 6uvoprr ro0eordrq drror<rqg ovdyrrlq otq xdrpo_ro ei_ oriyqoovoe rolvorvr<ri 6uoopior<ero. H 6re_ xeenrBrier o Sadat, to lggl- pe otxo tov 0vrigrorvr4ro dotertre pro tpqvurrKri 6vo_ iep<o rov e{rpeprorrr<6vroo prr<6vopycvdl_ pq nporerpdvou vo 6reurouv0ei q onoxdrprl_ oer,lv. H o6uvo1.tio, nop, q ourd, rqq rup6p_ orl rov lloorotrvirov Korrov fprov on tq vqorlq vo roronoepqoet rrlv otKovoprr<rj e{o_ uurri Bqput: p6xpr rr1 orrypri ereivq,or 0trioor1 rorvqir6v po(drv o6riyqo orrlv ondreleq ovdpxovrovotrg 12.000 r!ux6g. f.lo_ d{opor1 rqq rooprrrig pioq rord tr1 rdprero pdqo, o Apepr<ovq f'lpepog ovoroivor_ rqq6eroerioq tou '90 ;.re otxo petplono0eiq oe 6vo v6o erpr;veutrr ox66lo ro onoio, rotrtlKoS (reto{ tov onoiov rqr o i6roq o poq, onoppig0qr<e opdooq on rov Begin. Mubarak) or onolornp6opeuovrov rooprr< 'Evov6o ox66roovororvtir0ry<e on rq foour_ xoporr{po tou rpdrouq,xprotrovog rmeg r<rj Apopio, odote ror our6 eixe rorepq ror(6voug toupioteg (pero{ tcov onoir,rvror

Eupol{ oroAfpovo
euporj rou lopor]l oto Aipovo ripxr_ oe orrq6 louvioutou 1982. Enior;po, q ropoqrvr1 rup6pvrloqqvoKoivoo 0tl oTxoq rqgen6pBooqq {tcv q er<roOdprorl ,pu Noriou ArBdvou on trg 6vonec noqr_ opdeg. Avenioqpo, proq, yro tov y d B e g i nK o t r o u s e O v l r r o t 6 c olouq o Nrroq Aipovog ritov p6pogtqg rrlgEnoyyeiog. H en6ppoorloro Aipovo ennuxr;pivq otpotr<,rrr rd, od onotu_ norrrrd. Ev t6et, to loporj eniruxe

o v r r 1 t r 6 r r o qI.e r d O e n e p i n t o o r l ,o t o u ouoo Brlput (nporo<irvto g,neplnou, 500.000 yrpooerg oro Aipovo perol tolv lopoqrvdrv npocpuyeq), pe otxo tqv onoprpuvonrqq Korrov flotrorotrvir^lv (ror trov lprov) ouvexi- opydvoorlgHizbullah on to Aipovo.To ono(ovrov.Tov Orcdrppro tou 1983, 239 Apeprro- tdeopotrov poppop6ropcirv ritov q Hizbullah voi ne(ovoteg o<otdrOqr<ov ond eni0eorlouvo roto{loOei otq ouvei6qoqrov ABovd(ov ro<tovioq petd to poppop6roppouooupo- ouvexi(ovtogtrg enr06oelg ourorrovloq otq vrrdv 06oeovon tov opeprrovrr6o oro. (rilvq oogoeiog tqv onoio eixov povopeprirg, H nopoitqoq tou Beginoqporotr1oe tqv qproupyqoer or lcrpoqrvoi oto Ndtro Aipo-: onoyr<iotprooq trov loporlrvdv on ro AiBovo vo. To 1998, to loporitrnpoogdpOqr<e vo oro(oorlr;priOr1re to 1985). xalp{oel on to Nlo Aipovo,edv ror e<p., H lupio, on tqv neupd rqg, on6ruxevo oov 11 <upipvnonrnq xtirpog 6roogor(e tr q pperrpno nortrrcrig evonoiqoqg tou ArBd- neproxrl6ev 0o xprlotponotnOei otg pdorl-, vou.Avti0ero, q PLO opyov60qre er vdou opp4rqproenr06oeov rotd tou lopor1tr. O Ai.. otq Bqput <ortq lvo 6qproupydrvtoq povog opvrlOrlre ug tqv nptoor1ror rdtreoeto, npono06oerg yto pro v6o otpotrotrrrj en6plopoqtroe dveuprovonoxdlpqorl. Tov lovoupoorl tou loporl. Ito6ro<d,6oq to 1987, o Aidpro tou 2000,{ogvrrd, to loporiovor<oivropovoqeixe 6rorpe0ei oe tpio r<or opydtepooe oe u 0o onoxop{oel oro6rord ond ro Ntdooepo orpotneo: oto Nto, ro lopori uo Aipovo 6oq tov lotrro.'Evo xpvo opyreouvdxroe vo unootrlpi(etro xptolovtr r<po- po, rov lovrorou 2001, un rr1 troir<r1 nfeoq, trr ppgalpo,evrto untrornorqg xdrpog ror q lupio onopdr<puve ro otpotepotd rrlg eixe porpooreipeto{ tou oouvit4 Selimalon tr1 BrlputKorrnv n6pr[ neprox4. Hossror rou xprolovo Michel Aoun.Or pdxeq ouvexiornKov Kotto 19896vo p6pogtou H Arnoryoriorou Boolt Hussein rorvoBouiou tqq xrilpog,6nog elxeer<eyei to 1972, ouvovtq0rlr<e otq loour<r1Apopio ;re iyo nprv on trlv eroporj rou lopoqtr otxo tr1 6ronpoypdreuol yroro tiog tov l5 oro Aipovo,to 1982, o Boorfudg trlg xpvrov epgrog 8ropdxqg, e{otteprr6veneplopovioqHusseinovdope rntrotpopdoeorv r<or Erduor1q. Ipgovo pe rrg onogdtrrq np<,ltopouio yro tqv eniuoq tov 6rocpooergq npoepiorqg xdlpoqnopdpeve oro x6p<irv rou lopoqpe tov opoplr r<opo. H xeprorov poptovrtv, q npol0unoupyio (pe ou{4vtprrrl rio tqg npoond0toq rou Hussein pdvegop;.ror6tqteq) nepvd oto xdpro t<ov rirov q nopd6oon,K pdpouqtou lopori, oproouvrtdrv, ev 11 rcorvrqro rov orrtv 0o eixe op6vcov <otot<rrlp6vtov e6og6v pe ovrdloypo ou(r1pdvr1 e<npoodnqoqoto r<orvoporo tqg rqv erprlvq. Trlv rE6oourrj ouppepr(rov r<or o xrilpog. Or vieg ouyr<pooerg nou orcoo0r1- ShimonPeres, qydtrlgtou ropoqrvo Epyotroov r<ototrloov rouq loporltrrvog r<upiop- <o Kdpporoq<ornpo0unoupyg tqq xdrpog xouq oro Nro ror rr1 Iupio vo e6yxer rr1 tqv nepioo 1984- 1986. To nppqporjtov BrlputKotrlv un6ornr; x6po. rr r<dOe x6po eixe pro o6ronpoypdteurq opI t o 6 t q 1 9 9 31 , 9 9 5r < o r 1 9 9 6r , o l o p o r l xq q onoio epxrov oe eu0eiooyr<pouo4 pe npoxtpqoeoe erctetopdvouq Kot o<po6pog T|q oTrott4org rou dou r<pdtouq. To pro poppopropog oro Aipovo Korrnv npcore- rov nopoxoprloeovtou loporjtr {tov: (o) pro

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gtopgrl ourovopiog yrorous l-lotrororrviouq, (B) rorr]pr1or1 tov rcove6ogcilvto onoio <oro_ 'E{r tctrj04rov orov l1epo trov Hpepv,to 1967 ror (y) 6ronpoyporeoerq pvo p rrlv lop6ovio (xopiqtrlv nopouoio ernpoorincov qqPLO). rou Husseinrjtov vo oup_ . H npoo6yyroq gov{oer perqv PLO eni proqpoorrrjgopxrjg (yq peovrdtroypo trlv erprivrl) ror q 6ropyd_ vtoorl evq 6re0vog ouvepiou Hrrl oupp_ rox{rov n6wepvtpr,tv pevtou luppoui_ ouAogotreiog rou OHE (HflA, Meydrl Bpetsvio, fotrlo, IoBrerrrri'Evoro11, Kivo), tou lopor1tr ror prog<orvrlg ovu[pooonioq lop_ - llotrororrviov.H np6toorl ovtirv rou ilussein 6ev pprjre ovtonrproq on rov .poBrr ropo, nqv rqg Aryntou. To 19g5, o enroriqOq<e tqv OudorvyKrov yto enirou oxe6iouo<i ror yro 6to, yrorrlv npo;rri0ero opptKovt-

rv nov.H otdoq rou flpoigpou Reagan un{p{e e(roopponqtrr<rj: on rl pro,6ev 66_ x0qr<e yevrrri oup;.reroxr1 otrq 6ronpoypote_ oerg-unootripr{e rr.1 gppouo tov on' euOei_ og 6ronpoyporeoe<ov pero{ tou loporjtrror tqq lop6ovioq-on rqv dlq,6p<oq, oupgvr1o orrlv nriqoqnupourr<dv ouotqpdt<ov xor poxqtr<rv oepocrr<ogriv orqv lop6ovio.H dp_ vrlon oupproxqq tov HflA oto npotervpe_ vo ouvdplorjtov to rrvero dopo tqq 6rno_ nporopouioq tou Bocltrrd ;.rotr<{q Hussein. O Hussein rotqyp4oetqv pLO yro rlv ovenrtuxrj6r<poorl tqq npoon<i0erdg tou. rcor xl <i6rro, xo0rilg q ovdropQrl rqg noorotrvror{g 6vonqq roxoqoro AiBovo o6riyqoeoe d{opo4 rov rpopoKpotrrdrv evepyertirv ergpd_ poq ropoqrvtirv orxotv (nepinroorlAchille Lauro,ro 1985). Tn oxurdqoro erpqveuu<d ox66roovdopov er< vdouor HflA, to 19g6. Tq gopci ourrj,poq, rltov q oerpdtr;q lopovioq vo opvrl0ei to oxd6ro. To 1987, or lloorotlvrol or onoior Bpiorco_ vtov un ropoqrvri r<otoxri (Autrr<ri Ox0q ror Acopi6o rqq fd(oq) {erivqoov 6vonq ovrioto_ or1(intifada) orgvl6rd(ovtoq loporlrvog <or Apepr<ovoq. H intifadafer<ivrloe orq f<i(o nou or lloororlvror (ooov rdto on dOrec ouv0{reg 6ropioorlq<or or ropoqtvig Apxdq Aogoeioq eg{ppo(ov pdppopeq rcotoototr_ r<69 pe06ouq:o netponlepog ror<i trov lopoqrvtilv otporrtotrilv o6r]y4oeot4v ovto_ oyrj nupdlv <or ro Odvoto opretdrv op<ixr,lv. Or ouyrpooerqyprjyopoenertdOrlrovotqv lepouoorip r<or rr1Autr<ri Ox0q. H perovci_ oruorl 200.000Eppoirov on tq foprelr<ri 'Evoor1, to 1990, 6rove ro npdypoto xerp6tepo: endgeperorvovrr{ dvrooq oto lcrpori, evcir q rpiorl oto Koupirt (eropolq tou lpdr ror endppooqtcovApeprrovdrv) o6riyqoe oe npoooprvrj petioto4rov ox6oecov Iupioq _

HflA. To ldonoopo rqg intifadai6<ooeotrlv petdoxeroe rovdvo ouv6pro, p6xpr vo tepl o p 6 o v i o t o n p d o x q p o v o c l n o y K t o t p c o 0 e i porrorei4 intifada. nr1pr,lq on tr1 Autrrq Ox0q ror vo petocpdH eropotrrl tou lpdr<oto Koup6rt <ndyoperro noorotrvror npplrlpootqv ropoqr- o) npoooprvdtrg e{ei{erg oto noolorrvrovq rcup6pvr1or1. flopdr1o, o Hussein otpd16 (rltqpo ro069 11 neproxrjeixe vo ovupgrlKnpoq to lpdrcyro no.\rtrr<ri Kororpolortonioerdtronreotrrdtepo npoBtrripoto. evtir trrrl unoorrlpr[q.An tqv dtrqneupd, or yro pio, or<pq, qopd q evtqro trov Apdporv HflA pp60r1r<ov oe 6oroq 06oq on tqv or<rpdotrlr<e. Mnpootd otrl v6o ourri npoy-ro onoio r<or nortrr<ri tou lopori unootriprpotr<tqro,q lop6ovio <otq6iKoo rnv tpoKt. (ov orr<ovoprrd pe g2 rg oe etqoro pdoqvq eropoq, ouvtdxOrlrepe to roto6rr<ootx<i ror to 1989pitrqoovovorxtd yro ofi' eu0eiog gqgioporo ttov Hvop6vov E0v6v, odt4v ouvoprieg pe rqv PLO! i6ro otryprl ouvdxroevo erodyer netp6oro H ovripooq tou loporjrltov o<poio:ro on to lpd< rol vo e[dyertpgr;ro rol ovtotr. <upepvriv <ppo"Lil<ud", und tqv nieoq eOvr- Aor<tr<d. . H opepr<ovrr<r1 enppooq tou 1990 'Evto. r<rotr<cirv r<r,<lv ovoroivooe tr ev no<er- l99l ror 11r<otdppeuoq tqq lopretrr<qg tor vo nopo6oere6d<pq pe ovtdtroypo rrlv oqg *erpqevropg tqg oopretrr<r1q enrpporlq etprlvq, tr 0o ouvexloer rov onorr<ro;l tqq otrl Moq Avotori-6geperrq Hf'lA oe 0do4 Auurrlg Ox0qg ror tr 6ev nprertorvo ouptoxog<or dvorle ro 6ppo yto rrlv npodl0r'1.

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npoxopooeoe po(rr<6q nopoxoprloerg, ev6 o Arafat ror 11 PLO eixov ono6uvo;rto0ei petd O npdrtog l-lepoq tou Knouevloxu- rqv qtto tou lpdr. Yn rqv nieoqtov Apeptoerrg oxoerg trlg Aryntou Kot rrlq fupioq rovdv -ror tq pdoq tqg Hamas- o Rabin peirg HflA,e[ootpd<roe pog tqv lop6ovio 6ev eixe dq enroyq on to vo 6ronpoyporotrqvPLOond rrlv erprlveutrrrl 6ro6r<ooio. reuOei pe toug floororrvioug. Or 6ronpoy;roH notrrrrrrl tov Hl-lA orrlpix0qre orov rpteoergoutig r<porqOqrov pruotrr<dg r<or o611porrop tou onor<ropo trlg Autrr<qq Ox0qg yloov orrl Alorrjpu{qtou 'Ooo, to 1993: to Kor ou1vopxrlrqq enrorpogqge6ogcilvpe lopoqovoyvriproe tqv PLO oq rrlv enioqprl ovrdoypo trlv e{oogdrorl rnq oo<pderog ovrrnpoolno tou noorotrvrorco oo, evrir q rt0v ouvptov rou loporitr.Iuyxpvr,.rq, to PLO ovoyvcitproe ro rroi<,rpo rou loporlvo lopo{tr (rpqoer<or dope tq ropepoiooql 6xer rcp<itog (r<or r<oto6it<oo rrlv rug{ pio). ev nprertor vo ovo(qtr1Oei 11 oqrou ovMe 5e6op6vq outrl rr1 poorrrlqpxi, n Aror<r]notrorotrvro<o idprqrou r<pdtoug. Or ropu{q rou Ooo nepredppove tpio crtd6ro: (er<ivr1oov, to 1991, Boutreoerg otq Mo6pitq, To np6to otdro npodptrene t4v onoxdrKor ouvexiorlt<ov orlv Oudorvyrtov.eor_ prlon rov ropor;rvdlv 6uvdperov on rrlv nq oo,11 oogovio tou rlydrrltqg Hizbullah, tqg leprxog r<or t4 Atopi6o tqq l-d(oq, p oroIeixq Abbas Musani, on roug lopoqlvog 6rorr1 nopd6oonrrlq e{ouoiog orqv pLO. oroAipovo, orrg opx6gtou 1992, npor<deoe vdo eunro. O orxogtou lopoqnopdperve o i6rog: q perir,loq rov oxdoetlv;re triv lop6ovio ror q lupioror q roipeorl tov l-loorotrvicov. O Yltzha ka b i n R ( v d o gn p o 0 u n o u p y q tou loporltr) ovoroivooe u eivornp0upoqvo ou(qrqoer pe rq Iupio tqv enrotpogrj tcov utftopdrov rou lrodv otrl lupio. Ivtopo, ptog, yrve oog6g rr to loporl evvoooe rov neproprop trovlopor1rvcv peorv 6uvd ro r xt rrlvonoyriorpoon. Ixelrcd pe to noor_ ortvror,o Rabin npterve tq qploupyio proq -un noororrvrorqg opx(q o<rpq, yro n6vte xpvrope errero;r6veg e{ouoiegoe topeig rotvrovrrqg nortrrrig, od pe edxrotrlnor_ rr{ e[ouoio. Topeyotrrepo nppqpo orrlv tpqvuui r{ 6ro6rrooio rlrovrr ote o Rabinote o \ \ i ppiorovrov Arafat oe Odoqroxog:o Rabin -1', I eixe roxvq neroqUq<pio oto rorvopotrro ror I -*.- 0vrrperdrnr(e to gdo;ro rnq ovorponqg edv ,t

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r Kop6or -dOvogvoprirov- dxouv TroPouoro orrs oPrvs neprox6g rrlq Norro6urrr{q Aoiog edrror 4.400xpuo, nepinou. 'Exouv xoporr4prorei, xr drro, toqdOvog xropiqrprirog roOdrg oprOpov 26.000.000 rluxdg (rorri npoodyyro4)' evrirro vo4r rptirog rou Kouprottivporpd(erorpero{ri qg Toupriog (vorroovotofu 169 enopxieq), rou lpdr (ppercq enopxieq), tou lpdv (poperouurdg enopxfeg)Kor rqq Eupicq (poperoovotohr6qenopxieq). H neprox{ rr.lv (Koup6rordv) ndpooe orov Kop6r,lv 6leyxo rtov Apripoly Kor or Kopor oonoiqrov tqv roloprrri Op4ore(o. Tov q9 llo or6vo, o dleyxoq neproxrig ndpoo orous Eelr(oroug Kor ro l4o orrirvo otouq O0orpovog. Orrovoprrd,ro lGup6rordv eivornlorioro oe nerpeloirri ono06poro (Krpror ror Mooolq),evdroro ovoporou rpdrouq ppiorowor ol n4ydq rorvnorolltvTiyp4 ror Eugpdrrl. H Euv04r4 torv Eepprirv (1920) npo6plene rq 4proupyiocvefdprqtou rogp6rro rpdtouq. (lo16oo, ro yeyoydro -enrrpdr4orl rou Keydl orqv Touprfo, qvroytovroFg rov peydlalv uvpeolv yro rov dleyxo rqq M6o4qAvorol{q, ropgrooqrou opoprro e0vrxro;ro-o4yqoov orqv unoypqqli rqS Euv0{r4q rqq Ao(riw4g (1923), nou owrKor6ouloe ourri rtov Eeppdv ror 4 onoio ovorpooe rrl ouyrpdr4o4 ove[ripqrou rouprro

rpdtouq, ro e6rig4 rou onoiou polprior4Kov oe rdooepo rptir4 (eore;rp6vo, nporerpdvouvo roOfororor 6orolog o ouvtovropriSKor n rorvri otporrrrltrxli 6prio4 rrov Koprov). Kord r4 rriprem r4g 6eroeriog rou '20, oroAori04oov onopo6rrdqe{eydpoerg, xropiqproqenr. ruxio norqoutdg tou 1925ror tou 1945 or4v TouprforI onoio, perri rov B' [1oyro;.ro [Ilego, en6poe oopopogne. propro;.roq orouq Kopou5 rqS Norroovotohrrig Toupriog (ylooorroq, nofuu. pe ordxo r4v oIrog rol rorrroprKog) Ioiroo4 tqq e0vrr{q rouq ouvef4o4g. Ilopti ro yeyovq rr opreroi l(oripor 6xouv onoppog40eion r4v rouprrr{ rorvrovio,ewororg, or oxdoerqrorv rio rorvor{rrov {rov ndvro reropdveq.To 1984, ro PKK, pro oprorep{ opydvolo4 yop{rorrr{g r6eoloyioq 4 onoio xopoxtr;pior4xe @srpoyoKporrr{ on ro rouprrr roOeordrq, ferivr;oe dvonlo oytivo rord r4g Toupriog ye ortixo 14 4proupyioovefdptqtou xoup6rxorpriroug. To onoroprigo4rot4q oyrpouo4g o4gel604re ro Mriprro rou 1995, rov 35.000Toprororporr6req n6pooovto yo npo: ovopo pe ro lpdr, nporerpdvou oprilouv Odoerg Korlp6ov ovroprdv (onox6p4oov 6{r ep6opti6eqopyrepo). Mdxprro ;16oorou 1999, nepinou 30.000 Toriprorror Kopor, orpou6reg KorroIireq, eixov x6oer 14 (o{ rouq rord 14 6rdprero r4q e{6yepoqg. To Oeppoutipro rou 1999, or rouprrr6g Muourdg Yn4peoieq, pe rq po{0erorov o;.reprrovrr<irv Korrr,ly ropo4lvrv Muott-

rtvYnqpeordv, ouvdlopov tov r1y6rr1 rou PK( Abdullah Ogalan, otqv Kdvuo. Irq 6irq nou qroloOrlo, o Ogalan rorotrdorqre oe 06vqro -r; norvri ;retotp6nqreoe rodpro 6eopd- evt 4 Toupriq qvoxoivooe 6u 0q egop;roer 4nlrepeq nohurds rpos toug Koripouq eriv ro PKK oropot{oel r4v 6von4 ptior1. TovAyouoto rou 1999, ro PKK ovoxofvoloe rr ovoordllel rq orpqrtlrtK{ rou 6po4r<or 6u perotpdnrqr o nolrrrr opyovropd. To tDeppoudpro rou 2000, ro PKK r{pu{e rol enioqprorr;v xordnouo4 rox ex0ponpo{t(v Kot 4looe 6tl 0o epyoorei yro ro lrordporo rolv Kop6otv p6oo oe 6vo 4poxpour6 nofolo. Iro lprir, xornlv 6vonl4q owlnop60eo4q rr1 eroerio tou '60, 11rupdpvrlo4 t4qxtipoq oupgdrvrloe or4v ourovo;.rio rov KouptK6v enopxldrwo 1970. H roiluonpyionou orolo04oe orlyqoe oe v6o noleprx{ oriyr<pouo4 ro l974,our{ tq gopper4v unoor{pr{q rou lpv. frivropo, t'totoo, ro 1975, 4 vdo e{6yepo4 rotdppeuoe er06tovtqq rrlv Texepdv4.fldwcog, orKoripor rou lprir ovronfr.roov tqv tpovrrui unoorripl[r1rord t4 6ldprero rou mldpoupe ro lpdr (1980- 1988)nporoItvtoq rq ogopr1ovtfpoor; rrlq Boy6rirqgq onoioev iorooe vo xpqolponolri: oetx4prr6qouofeq (ro 1988) rord Kop6ovopdxt'w nporoldrwoq xlrri6eq 0ov6I rouq. Merrit4v riuo tou lprir orov fl6eI porou Kdlnou (1991), o{yqo o v6o roug Kop6ou5 rou lpdr<.Kor I e[6yepoq ourri, pa4,ovupertoniorrlK F lroirei pqogoSprrpo on6 14 Boydrq o4ydrvroq neproorpouq on 1.000.000ovI 0pdrnoug vo xorogyouv oq npdoguyeq *-

orrlv Touprio Kor oro lpriv. Ito p6oo tou 'E0vq 1991, ro Hv<rrp6vo rtileoov ro lpdr vo oepoorei ro rroldrporo rrov Kopov, vd) to f6ro droq or HIIA ror q Mey6r1 Bperovfo qvqxoivtloqv tl qproupyoriv (drvq onoypeuoqq nt4oeov oro Bpero lpdr, nporerp6vou vo rpoorqxeoouv rnv Koup6rK{ perovdrqro rr19 xdrpoq.To 1992,ot Koripol rou lpdr npordeocv epgtrro ndtrepo pero{ri r)v unoornptrrdrv rou PUK rqr ourdrv tou KDP.'Eorg ro t64 rou 1997, to KDB F trlv unoorripr[r1 tolv rporrvrv orporeupdttov, rordgepov vq 06oouv und rov 6eyx roug t4v rotdoroorl, evdr riOovoe ouvewrir;on F rqv Touprio yro rqv npoopori ror rqv onvpyonoirlo4 rr.rv ovtdprrrotv orpotondorv tou PKK, oro B6pero lprix. H epglro ropdx4 ;rero{ rotv Kopr.rvrou lpdr repporiorqr<e ro Eenr6pppro rou 1998,6rqv to o peyrilo rp;roro (PUK ror KDP) undypor[ov outrrgorv(o yro ro ox4pqrlopd rolvriq nep r g e p e r o r { q r u p 6 p v 4 o 4 q . E n r n l d o v ,4 ou;rgovio rqlooe to PKK vo oropottior vo po on6 tlq xouplrdq neproxdq rou lp<ir. Erlpepo, 4 o4povtlrrpq rpoontrrrl yrq rous Kopougrou lpdx eivol 4 erretopdvrl ourovo;rfo 4, orqv rohupn rtov neprntdroeov, 4 ove{opt4oio. H npoontlr<q ourri evtoxO4re oqpovrrrd on6 14 orporrrorrr4 o6uvop(o t4q Boyr4q vo enrpderrrlv Kuptqpxfo tr;g orrq ppereqrouprrdq enopxfeqr4g xdrpoq, rrq orp6t4teg rou Kq0ord)ro5rou Hussein, r4v riprorrl ouvepyooio pero{ rtov Koptov Kor rt'rv Apeplrovdrv otrtrci rqr qn6 trq ror6g ox6oerq rclv HllA ye rqv Touprio.

To 6etepo otdro npodptrene ex,\oydg pvo 6ev unoxdpqoe otrdnpoxrilprlonoevtq tpr6v prlvdrv yro trlv ovder{r1 tonrrdlv ponipo ror ovo(rltqoe etprlvqror oxdoerg notro rotrvro r<drv ru pepvqoe<ov. rcotrqq yertoviosUerrlv lop6ovio.H npoond' T6trog, to tpito ordro npo6pene tqv Oero rou Rabinvo petrdroer trq ox6oerg rou dvoplq rov ouvoprrdrv yto ro ro0eotg tr,lv loporlpe rrlv lop6ovio r;tov pdpogevgeu140, nepinou,eppoircilv onorrcropv rrlg Autrptepou oxe6iou erprivqg r o u l o p o r i p e rqq Ox0qg Kotrrlq lepouootrqp. trougtoug Apopeq yeftovdgtou (Aiyunrog, l-lopd ro 6noro epn6to,to np<irtootdl o p 6 o v i o ,I u p i o r o r A i p o v o q ) .C ) o t o o ,t o 'Ooo ro t4g oupgr,lviog rou otror<trqp60r1re rer6i otqv npoon<iOero ourq 6ev rjtov 11 r<or or ropo4trrv6g 6uvdpelgonoxcpqoov on lopovio(q onoio,oe terrc( ovduoq,6ev eit r q n p o p e n p e v en ge p r o x d gO . poirog, or xe e6ogrr<dg 6rer<rrrioerg rord tou lopoq), er<troydg nou nporipene to etepo otdlo od11 lupia, q onoio eixe eogrrdq 6togonpoypotonorq0qrov ro 1995. To rpiro, pcoq, p6g pe ro lopoqtr(ur,Udrpoto l-rodv). otd6ro tou oxeiou ovtrpetdlnloe-ror e{oTo (ritqpo trlq Iupiog rpov ror nopop6ver r<oouOel vo ovuproni(er- ooBopd npopq- nonor<o. Ir6xog tqg lupioq eivor q 6qprovtipoor1on toug Eppoiougonoioupyio prog Meydqq lupioq q onolo nepr1.roto: rcoug, ovtipoorl rnq Hamas(rpopo<potrr<69 troppdver trlv enopxio rqg Atre{ov6p6rtog evdpyereg rotd tov lopoq.\rvtilv r<or ropdxq ( c n t 4 v T o u p r i o ) ,t o A i p o v o ,t o B p e r o pe rov Arafat). lopoq<orp6poqtrlg lopoviog. Kor o Assad 'Ooo -r<oro Rabingoptov- tr pe tq porj. Motrovtr11 Aror<qpu{r1 rou npoKor1{epe o o en o r t r r < n d p o p t r r l p o r oo r o v R a b i n , Oerotou lpdv 11 tou llqKrotdv q Iupio 0o evrotorq, o lopoqtrrvg npo0unoupyg xr pnopooe vo rotootei pto npqypouKn nupn-

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Rabin uo ouuO*i_ ooedlero rou loporl pe trlv erpriv4 11tnv "T'*!, pe nopdAqq proq nopox_ :1t (Aopi6o rqq fd(os, Autrr<4 ,ff"ltU:lar uxuq, urpdrporo rou frodv)r<or norrrr4q e{ouoiog orouqf1oororrviouq, orjyrloe ottlv exp4{q e0vrrrorrrrlq Bioqon g;;;.,_ roug tppoiouq ror rr16oogovio tou yitzhak Rabin, ro 1995.
Tov lofuo rou 1994, o Husseinundypor.lie oultgovio erprjvrlq pe to lopo{A tepporf(o_ woql6xpvro nodpou r<or 6vtoo4q'peto{ tov6oxarprilv, evc rov OrtriBpro tou f6rou ftouq uneyprigrl n4pnS ouvOrlrrlopg<o_ I o.n* .o toporj,\:(o) enrorp6ger ij]rl :q::::t, upou

,':r'J"J:r:;,; I'p: 1,.::J;;; tou ttov HflA.H norrrr<ri

vr{ voyr1 ror vo onerriot rrlv oog<iero roulopori. To 1995, 11 enrBi<oo4 rou lopo{ otqpr(_ _rov orrlvnpoqypivrl orporralrrrri rexvoloyfo -or opuvrrrig 6on<iveq r4q xdrpoq4.ov .nq rd[eoq rr,lvg7 6rq oe errloro p<ioq_ Kot oro nuprlvrr orootrioro ro

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opoonoi4oq r<,lv6rn\oporrr<cv rouq llelpdloro Kot OvtKtopg uv, ro0tq oro enio4goe ouvepyooiootouq lpriv rts rou touptopo, tov enrrolvrrlvrcirv, tqg mooiog rou neprBdowog, tou epnopl" . , o lpdv Oeolpeiror qvononooto pipoq rqqorrovoprrcrig ovdruu{qq. ftov ovri_ rqs Mioqq Avoro{g, 11 ou *o, 6ru'no_ lopovio oupgrvqoe vo prlv oupp_ oerovivoovrf-roporlrv otporrorrr< rr{0r1<e6ro6oxrr<i on rouq ApoBeq(tov Zo tlop, orevo npoog6pertqv enr<pd_ ortirvo) ror on rouq Moyyouq rlq Ytqorpoutorrr<{ (ro l4o orri_ xprjoq q onoio 0o vo), o<i nor6 6ev onotdeoeono,nio rord tou loporil.Oot6oo, ryeror f,oq ol ox6_ euptonokrig vopqq. rovoxrop<v tutOuo ,.o_ fydfns 14 enr6erv604<ov ro fe_ rdprerorou B' floyroopfou l-lo6pou tou 1997, q xOJ rov ro loporjnpoond_ po rotor<r{0r1<e on toug Bpetovoc ror

nporerpivou vo ono6i6ovrot orrlv 619 vepoe et{oro pd_ }rt lr,t _yovro |nn^iov to 6o r<pdrr1 oupgr,ivrloov o

ertpiner ro pou tou top6civ4

350 km,yrtq orrtv neproxq rqs

0qoe vo oogovrjoer tov r6purrit4q Hamas (rooprr<rj opyrivcoo4 pe 6pdoq *o_O .o, r<or d6po to Apdv, ,p".r"r"" foporj .r,, To OeBpou<ipro rou 1999, o eoo,_ lo10f,os). Arcig Husseinni0ove on ropr<fvo ror o 6rd6oxg tou,Abdullah ll bin al_Huss"in, orugr,_ o rrl prptono0rie(alteprr{ nortrr<{ rou notdpo rou e{oogoi(owoq .qu o,nouop,n4 unootripr{4 r<ovHl-lA, rqq loou6rr<rlq Apoj Bfoqror tou lopori.

rouq Ioprut<og r,:g q Meto 1945. To 1942, 'Evr,loq ydr1 Bpetcvio <ol 11 lopretrr<( ouprgtivqoov vo onoxiopqoouvcn tr1 xtilpo d(r pqveg perd to tdogtov exOponpofrcv (No6pipprog 1945). Ooroo,o Stalin npoond0qoe vc 6rctqprlotrrlv ntppoq rrlg xriipogrou oto lpdv:ovor<r;pu{e og ave{dptqro xpdtog u'lv Tlopxfs tou A(eppnoit(dv (oto Boperoutr< lpdv),evcit evioxuoetq 6pdoq evg r<oupSrro evonou <rvripotog. H oopretrr<r1 epnoxr1 r<o0uot6pr1oe rccr tqv onoxpqcrrl rov Bperovtilv rl onoio rt<d npoypctonorrl0qr<e ro Mdpro totr 1946. Aiyo vr,lpitepq, rov lovoudpto, rr.lvnpal0un o u p y i ot o u l p d v o v 6 o p e o Q a v a me s Sultaneh o onoiog enror<6q0qr<e tq Moxo ro Oeppoudpro, nporcerpivou vo (qt(oer on tov Stalin vo prlv npoorOqoei tov e6ogrrc 6raperop tou lpdv.Ie ovtdcypo npooigp tlro oupgcovic yro to nerpdoro. Ol oopretrr<69 uvdyerg onoxdrpqocv triyeg ep6opdeg crpyrepo, odq oupg<,lvio ev une'Etor, ypdrpq not6. to A(eppnoit(dvndpooe

orrlv r(upropxio tqg loprerrr<r1q'Evoloqg.'Exo vtag onooyei on Bperovog r<or lopletrKoS, o Qavamotpdgqre rpoq nS HflA yro orxovo;rrr<4 porjOero. r<or rntropotrr<r1 l'lopd tqv onoxtilprlorltc,.rv Bpetovrilv r<or rtq ilorq6rogopdgpeto( ttov o xarpdrv, o ouv6etr<g r<pir<og otrg oxioelg rouq noppeveq Ayyoipovrr<q Eroipeiolletpetroiou ( A n g l o - l r a n i aO n i l C o m p a n y- A I O C ) , n onoio eixe tqv onorerorrrqexperdeuor1 tclv netpeoir<<ilv r<orroopidrov rqq xdlpo g. To 6oo6o on to netpdoro rjtov nqyri (orqgyro to lpdv.To |1947, q r<up6pvqoq tqg xripog ovor<olvr,roe tqv erpoppoyq evg npoypoppotog orr<ovoprr<qg ovdntu{qg ouvotrr. y <o r.,Uoug on ro oTToio ro $242 er, $651erc. e 0o npopxovtov on tqv epnopio rou n. tpeoiou. Evrororg, to r<p6q on to netpi. g oroyro r.o fiq l,947r<or 1948nepropiotqxov T oqpovtrr<d nopd tqv o(qoq talv r<epri.rv rqq o etorpeiog! Morpoio, 11 rpovrrr] r<updpvqor; rd. treoetqv r<upipvqorl rqg Meydr1g Bpetovioq o yro enovo6ronpoypdteuo tq q o u p r p < o v i o q e r

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rou1933 (ouve<perduorl yro 60 xpvro). To1949, uneypdgq q vo oupgrrrvio, opgro_ vqFerqv onoio to rpovrrdAqporo 0o dU_ pove ou{rlpivor<6p6r1 rotd 50% xor noo rqgrd[eoqrov f5,l ex. eg<ino( arq ono(r1_ piooq h.o u g p o u g t q q v 6 o q o u p g r o v i o q ovripooe pro pepi6o eOvrr<rordrv or onoior enr0upooov rqv r<or<ipyqoq <<iOe ouvKp_ rtiMeuoqg. To 1950, tov eavam 6re66x0no mporqyqAli Razmara, o onoioq npoondOrl_ oevoegoppoer tqv ovo0eotprlpdvrl oupgco_ vioyrotqv eryetdeuoq r<ovnetpeoi<,rv tqgxdpog. Mdtoro, p.uq...Aoogovq0qre ro Mdprro tou l95l r<or triyeq eB6opdeg op_ ytepo 11 netpeoiou tqg Bloprlxovio xdrpoq e0vxonorrj0qre. TovRazmara ro6x0qreo HusainAla, gitrog rou ldxq MuhammadReza pahlevi. TovAyouoro y<,lq rou 1953, q 6rorupipvrloqndpooe otov Dr Muhammad Musaddiq, 6vov e0vrrror{ o onoioq ou.,prrrniorqrc i on tq 6re0vr] r<orvtqro, odoto r onodppove peydqq qpotrr<-

nortrr{ (orj tou lpdv rjrov 6rpu0pq,p rov I<ix4 vo npoono0ei vo ovotp6rfet rov Musaddiq Kotrov q vo 06er vo ovorp6rl.rer tov l<ixn. Terrcd, ro (rjrqpo rrlq 6rop<ixqq yro ro roOeotrirqtc,rvnetpeoialv 6reu0etrj0r.1 re. H v6o oupgrovioovoyvdproeto reteeopdvo rr;q eOvrr<onoiqoqq, nalq enioqqrlv Kuptap_ H e0vrronoiqoq tqg netpeoirrlqBrogq- xio tou rpovrrooo eni tov nerpeoirdrv o6qyqoe otrlv rotdpyqon rlq etolpei<ortoopdrtov rrlq xrilpog (q v6o rpovrrri erot_ 'AIOC" r<or rq qproupyio proqv6og.O peio nou ovtrr<ordotqoe tqv AIOC 6rorqp{_ endpeve rr, npoxerpivouto ppe0qre). Enrntrdov, qproupyrjOqr<e pio r<orvo_ Aqporo vo dperrqv ono(qpiororl npo{io ort<iretolperdrv q Fepr (Bpetovrrcdlv, Ko_ rqvonriltreto ttov peroxdrv, 0o 6npene vo vrr<irvxor yotrrr<v), ev oupgcovriOrir<e r<or 11 rrlv np<i(r1 eOvrronoiqoqq. An i roto porjr<ovonol rprr<riq ono(r1p iooqq npoq rtreupd roug,or Bpetovoiopvovtov vo to ppetovrrq;roro (or 6rn<,rpotrr6g ox6_ trlv npd{q eOvrronoiqoqq, evdr orqrov 6o rpotdrv onorcroord0qrov n{_ oov tr q oupg<ovio tou 1933ritov ev poq ro 1954). To 1951, otq 6rop<ixr1 evendr<qoov or HflA unootrlpi(owoqrrg 06oergrqq H Srorupdpvqon rou E6xrl Bperoviog, pe peydqporqenrgroOdrg 6ev q0eevo e{ovoyrdosr ro nt6oq tou Musaddiq on qv e{ouvo ovo(rprjoer unoorripr[q on rr1 Io_ oio pro enrtuxio yro {rov {er<<i0opq 'Evrrlorl. Mdxprtrq opx6q rou 1953, q tov ldxr1. Or unoorqprrtdg tou opr-

orprorri EolKo Koro6t6x0rlKov ouornpoKd Kot q Movqpxio oroeponotierlK otrlv efouoio p6oal otporrrotrrdrvrupepvr;oe<ov (6coq to 1957)ror eeyxpevov norrrr<vru pepvri oe.ov, orrl ouv6xerq. Evroxu pdvoq n o r t r r d ,o I d x q q e g q p p o o e p r o y e v v o i o oypotrr{ petopp0proqq onoio rov 6gepe oe ovrrnopd0orl p rouq peytitroug yolort{yoveq.[1opdtrqtro, q 6ro6rrooioerperdeuoqq rou netpetroiro norirou tqq xdrpoq opoonorri0qre, pe onot6opo ro doo6o vs ou{4Oovoqpovrrrd:qn ro 1963ror dnerro, o eOvlrqnotoqtou lpdv nopouoio(eetrioro o[qoq rqg td(eorq rou 7%. Itov top6o rov e{oteprrtirv ox6oov,o Idxqq onogdoto,ro 1955, vo ewoxOeioro 6urrr otporneo Kot oro Ipgrovo rqq Boyritqq. Or oxdoerq tou lpdv pe rr1 Meydr1 Bperovioror rrq HflA quvdxroovvo Betrvovror,'iv<ir, to 1963, or <<noyopveq>> oxdoerq pero( tqq Texepdv4q Kotrrlq Moxoq dpxroov vo nopouor<i(ouv orlpeioBerioor1q. An ro 1963Kor vrev, ogo opvrjOqK rqv eyrotdoroorl nuprlvrrtirvncov oto 6ogq rou, ro lpdv orpdgqre o Ftcr nto ove[dprqrq ordoq ondvovtroro ptirpevo tqq M6oqq Avoroqq.'Eoqro 1969, q xdpo rirov on rouq oqpovrtrtepouqnopdyovreqenrpporlq orrl M6or1Avorori.H nortrr{ rou Idxq orrovoprrli ovdnru(q ndoq Ouoio(ou{rov 11 ven6g, Kcl orpquorrrri 6vopr1)Kqt ro rrrpdoro{rov to p6oo. Orov, ro 1973, or netpetroronopoyroydq xtirpeqovoKolvooov oqpovrrrdqou({oerq orqv trprl rou netpeofou, (qrqoe rq peyorepq o l<ixr1q 6uvotrl o{qoq epxpevoqo ovrtrTop60eoq pe uq rrproorepeq opoBrr6qx<irpeg, or onoieq ev enrOupooov vo Sqproupyrioouv oopopd orrovoprrd npoBtrrltrroto orrq urrrdq xdrpeqrouq rotepouq netrdreg rouq.'Eoq ro 1975,

q rrp{ -ror rq 6ooo- ovd pop6r ou{ri0qre, toudxrorov, 6ro gop6q Kot ro ouvorr<i ooo ou(ri0qrov on to 92,3 6rq oro 918,2 rg (ro e0vrr npoiv ou({0qre, ouvo^tKd, ror 42,5%\.To 6ooo ourd, root6oo, ev 6onovrl04xovyto rrlv orrovoprr{ ovdntu{q, odyro oFuvuKoriq e(ontrropoq: ro 1975, 11 xtpo 6ontivqoegl0 rq yro trlv dpuvo xol hopouoiooe dtrerypo orov nponoloyrop tqq r<i{eog rou gl 619.H ou(qpdvq (rpqorl Kqr rl reptoplop6v4npoogopd dgepov dvoo orrq try6q (ntrr1Otoprop) ror onoitrloq yo ou(qp6youqproOoq. H rorvarvrrri 6uoopiorero evtdOqre,evrirro Ko0eor6q rou Idxrl eixe vo ovrr;let<rlnioer r4v ovri6poon rov vr4prlrrruiv poud6<ov (0pqoreutrr<v opxr1, ydrv) ror ralv e(tpeprorrirv golt4rrv. T orpdpo. tou ldxq qrov rr ooxor10r1xe rous oprorpoqe{rpeprordqoe no o Bo0p oyvorvtoq, ouoroourd, rq pq 6pdoq rqq MuorrK{q Aoruvop "SAVAK" (opyovtiOrlreror ernor6e o n r o u q A p e p r r o v o qr o r r o u g l o p o r l

- 1979, voq). Tqv nepioo1953 o ovo(qrrloe rqv otKovoFtKrl ovdmu{r1

qope rrl orpqtolKrl. To pvo, palq, rotdgepe rltov vo evroxoer ro r<i qvrovoK.\oourd tou oo:rov. rov voudprorou 1979, o ldxrlq rdeoerov ShahpurBakhtiarvo ovoldper rqv noupyio, o reeuroioq60eoe orq po onopdr<puvo{ tou ond to Opvo! Ouorootrrd, o Idxrlq 60eoe o i6rog tqv ovorponrlqtouq Bdoerq vo rrovonor{ot rts Boorr_repeg

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0n0r0q ,Ayatollah 4rov o gflvctlil.oq :<,\1ptiig Ruholla hh o r n e i n i6 K . e v a x r c r vr _ o vr ( r o l r i KxopoKr4pa tou rpdtoug, npdopeuov tr;v eqoppoyq tcu iolc1iiro vcpor.rotiq unoOdorq rou r<pdtoug, evri Oeropoccv tii grio tou lpdvpe ug Fll-l,Acprcprio.To rcivqpcoutd ,60 opyovrilOqr<e otrg opxdg ti-1g er<oeriog tou rotovrrpetnroc t<ctcotctrnr<o il[tpa rqv T]c_ - 1963, pioo1962 ptpc -rq onoio oqyilocv o r q ve ( o p i o t o v K h o m e i n i ( n p t c o t l v Touprior<or opyrei:o pl6oo rou ipc.rr,otrl fotrlio, nou ror ouvdxroe vc ov.rri-rorreatsr ro r<o0eorcg rou ldrrl). Ita6rcrr<d,1 laplelxq

e I e i x 0 1 1 r s c r T p o o o n r r < i 1r < 6 v t p o t o i - r i(homeini p {ov ldxq. Ie r<d8anepfnte,ioq, ol,ri,lq,n lopdxq rorv 6o ov6peirv ritcirr o_ yKpouoq o r6eooyrciv: rqq Opqor<eutri<r]g uE rrlv t<ool-lt<4. l-{ locrprr<r; enavdotooq oto lpdv enrrpdtqoe oe edrrotr: xpovrrc 6rdotqi;o cn tq pic dxpq tqg xcpog otriv dAq.

ffip{cppoq Eou Khcmeinri

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,i loroPtr{ neptoxri r4g lloorori- to nveriporou ell4vlo;ro ror rou xpt: , f . " : , " n S e r r e i v e r o r e 6 o g t r 6 o r 4 v orrovtoyo. To 638,4 llololorivn -Kor q ', 1 neptox{ pero{ri rtov o4peplv<irv lepouoo{p- rotorr{04re on6 roug popeloovorofu rrirv enopxrriv rou loporil Apopeq.H' Jlolororfv4 e{eixO4re oe Kor r)v rotexopdvrrrv'eog6v r4g Auurep{ neproxriyro toug pouooulpdvoug rtig Ox04q. Ol opxotrepol xrirorror ror or4v rpir4 reprep4 4 lepouoorip rqg llololoriv4q {rov or rovvovfteg. n4 rou lol6trr (perri 14 Mdrro Kor rn An r4v rpir4 xlfuerio n.X., 4 neprox{ Me6ivo). ndpooe orov 6eyxo nolldv to6v, yeErororri, ol floolorfvloroonrior4ro{ rov onofiov or Eppoiol, or onofol KoYro lop rol rov poprr nolu. xcitdlopov F6poS rrlg lloororivqg ro op. To 1517, r1llolororivq ndpoooroy 1.230 n.X., nepinou. Ot loporlirS, ptrr dleyxo rrlq O0orpourriq Aurorporopioq ouvollotrnovfo eppoirdlv guldlv, vir46o4 ro l83l,6rov o ovrrpoorldg r49 Alotrv rous xovvovireq to 1.125n.X. rot yrinrou, MuhammadAli, rordlope r4v rordlopov ro peyolrepo pdpog r4q neproxrir49 lfoororiv4g(dog ro 1840, xtpcq (4 N6uo9 llolororiv4 nop6petve rov q oOotrrovrr{ruplopxfo enovdorov eyxo rov Ollloroialv). O Boot- 0e). H nolrlr{ xerpog614<r4 rt,ly tdgAopi ror o 6r6oxq rou Eolo;.r6v Eppoiorv r4g 6roonoprigoriy4oeot4v rotdgepov vo unortifouv rol toug Olhovdnru{q rou ott.ryt<rrlrorirlv{;rotoq oroioug Kot vo rlproupyrioouv 6vo evr- pe orxo r4v (puo4 eppoirori rpdrog oio xpriroq (6og ro 06voro rou Boorlri orq 14rr19Enoyyeliog (Ilocroriv4). Eolop6vro, w 922 n.X.) rol or4 ouvdTo 1917, F rnv unoor{pr{4 torv Aptixero 6o ove{tipr4ro eppoird rptirq (ro q flolororiv4 npooe orov 6eyxo Fov, lopori Kor rnv louoio): ro lopo{t nd- rov Bperovdrv. H ovyr4 ylo roopponio poo orov dleyxo rorv Aooupi@v, oro uvdpetovorqv rrptox{ drove rouq t64 rou 8ou ql6vo n.X., evr 4 lou6oio Bperovorig vq qrolouO{oouv plo noh. ndpooe orov dleyxo r4g Bopu6vog, trrri lyoooiog:orouq Apopeq uno. oug opx6g rou 6ou ql6vq n.X. oxd04re ove{opr4ofo, evd noptiI4lo. To 539 n.X.,l llolorotiv4 rotort{uro06rqoe 14 Aror{puf4 rou Balfour 0qre on roug fldpoeq, ro 333 n.X. qn oripgtovo F rnv onoio ovoyvrrlpl(rov touq Moreveg rou Meydou Aeftiv- ro 6trofolpo rolv Eppoitov vo 6xouv ovspou, yro vo teOei, opy6repo, un6 rov {ripr4ro rpdrog orrlv rrprox{ r4q no. dleyxo rov Pr,l1lofiov. Er4v nporopu(oororfv4g. vrrv{ enoxf, o Mdyog Krovorovrivog xor Kord 14 lripreto nou q neprox{ q p4rr6po rou, Ayio El6v4, dgepov r4v pprordrov un6 pperovrrri Arofr4o4 lfolororfvq or4 ogoipo enrpporig tou (1922- 1948), or eppoirdg ror or nolor. Bu(ovriou rot rd6ooov ornv neprox{ orrvtordq xolvrirqreg6ev pnpeoov vo

ouvundpfouvror q 6vtoo4 ropug60qKeornv neptoxri, tloirepo petd to 1928 tov t1 e ppoir4 trrerov6' ror ro 1933, oruoqnpos rqy neproxli oulrl0qre o4yovrrxd.H po(r14 petovrioreuo4 orrlv rlptoxri rogoponoi4oe Eppoitov rq 4poypogrr4 npoyltorlKrnrq -ro 450.000 tou nlqOuopro, 1880, ro 95olo rqq flolororiv4q 4rov Apopeq, evdr to f948 ro noooor out 6neoe oto 68,50/o rou nl40uogo, 1.900.000-ror orly4oe oe e[6yepo4toug Apopeq, r4v nepioo . t939. 1936

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O B' lloyr<doproq llleyog 69ePe ptooxertx{ erp4veuo4 orqv neplox4. H 6vtoo4,ooroo, enov4l0e to 1945.To olorotopo rov Eppoitov r4q Eupdnqq 6vo rtr(po oupndOeloq qyroripy4oe npoqro ouovtotrr6 rivqpo, polovtr 11 MeyrilqBpetovfo opvotivrqv rloFqrli r d v o e n r t p d r l e rt 4 v e f o o o 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 Eppoiov or4v Flotrorotivrl.OI ropoxdq I o u v e x i o r r l r o v6 o q t o 1 9 4 8 , < l t o v t o Aov6fvo ovorofvooe u onoxopei ono rol rr 4 enitruorl rou nPo' rqvneproxrl ph{poroqyeroprp(etqr ortr Hvtop6vo 'E0v4. H rioror4 npoon60ero Ytq r4v lpqvrr{ reu06rnoq tou npoptrripotoq Auurri Ox0q. H 6p6or1 tov e{tpeptortr<iv nqlqt' unrip[e ro ox6ro tou OHE yto rxot6opyovtioeov ror 4 oldtro' orrvroxtilv toug on pqoq. To ox6ro oneppigOq tou lopo4hvori npo0unoupordo4 Apopeq Kor otlq 15 Mqibu tou 1948ro rr4 yori Ariel Sharon 6xouv nporo6oel te' lopor{I o v o r < 4 p x 0 4 r eo v e I d p t 4 r o p6otro npoprlpoto ot4v elp4veurlxri KPoros. qxolo0qo, ro6rrooio, lo' ol Erovndlepo nou ;.reonordeoprooutrl vq 0e( t o r q n d notrlotiq ovevepydq. To ope po4hvdq uvdperqvfr4oov rouq Apo' peg ror ro Kpdtoq tou lopo{tr rotox- lopoiitr enrpdvel otov d;reoo rppotl' pooernv rinop{{ rou, ou{dvovtoq, p6- op tt'lv enr06oeov outortovfoq npoItoro,r4v enrxpdrerdtou. H lopovio rorl npopei oe eoglrdq nopoxtoprioelq npooripr4oe ror our4 14 Autrr{ Ox04, Trpoqxous flolororrvfouq.

evtir 4 Aiyuntoq evoorpdt@oe rq Aopfo rrlq Ri(oq. O nepoq rot6or4oe np' oguys 780.000 flqlolotrv(ou5. An ro 1948,{er<rvdror enio4;ro (oe enfneo rpordrv) 11ropdx4 Eppoitov ror Ap6porv.To 1i67, 11ropdx4 out4 o64yr1oe orov fllepo uov'E{r Hpepdlv nou ot un6ot4oov Apoprrdq'Evonleg AuvdtrrelS ronervortrr4 {tto xol to lopo4tr rordtro' pe rq Xepo6vnoo rou Erv<ion t4v Aiyuilro, tr1 Autrrq Ox04 on rqv lopovfo xor to ur[tyoto tou l-rotrdv on6 t4 dneltq on 45 xPdvlo Eupio. To 1993, nolSpou ror 6vtoo4q, to loporll r<or4 PLO oupgtitvnoqv' oro CamP David elpqvrrri tlq rr,rv HflA, vo leuOetr'1oouv rogop6q rous: q ou;rgtovio rpodplene 14 ouyrpt4o4 evg outvoPou rPd' rous tt^lv flqlorottvit,lv oro Kqrxdyevo qn ro loporitr e694, oPxfq yevopfvqq on t4 Atopio t4q 16(o5 ror t4v n6trq 'Ox0r;, ro 1994. t4q leprxoq,otrl Autlrri T o E e n r d p p p l o r o u 1 9 9 5 ,P L O r o t l o p c 4 l u n d y p o r l r o vp r o e r e p q o u p grovio yro rqv enrtooq tov neploxtitv outovopfoq torv fl qqlottvftlv nPoKlydvou vo neprloppdvetqr otr6xl4pr1 4

r<o0sordq qn our6 nptoorpo curcpxtK eixov epntrorcei oe 6vovorpotqpn,\epo. tou Idxq, cdrytepo6reg0op;rdvo. Ar Cr oxdoerg tou Idxq pe trg HflA rjrov trg npc0teg rcrdog ripipeg, to vdo r<oOeorq oproteg.Ap6o<,lg petd tqv enrr<pdtqcrq rqg ovrrpetcilnlo ne ppqpo o u y t < e v r p o o lr qr l q roopr r<r1g enovdotooq g,nooi lpovoi-petoe l o u o i c g o r r l v K v r p t t <e i1 { o u o i a .l l p o 0 u ( tov onoiutvr<or veopoi o{r<,_rpotr<oin! noupyg t4g xriipog Slop[otr1i<e o Opqoreurr- o r u o v t r o r H l - l A 0 o n p o o n o O 4 o o u v o <grovoopevog MehdiBazargan, evc o yqenovoglipouvoto Opvotov Idxq (ro eixov p a r gA y a t o l l a h ( o v d r t o r o gO p q o x e u r r r < g Korogdpr to 1953). H r<otdq{iq tqg A,pepro r q v r e p q xovrrcqg n y d r q q )K h o m e i n io n o o p 0 q < e flpeopeiog igepe oe ontrutotdpc nq Qum. C v6og npol0unoupyg one6ei- t r g o x d o e r qT e x e p d v q g - O u d o r v y r c r olv <or x0q ovenopr.4E vo edyler t o u g o r < p o i o u g o{qoe r<otordpugo ro ovrrcpeptKcvrr<d orrooprotdg r<ot ro N o 5 ; r p p r o t o u 1 9 7 9p r o o0qpororov lpovrilv. H ovri6pooqtov HflA opdo e(tpeprorcv eroEpoe otrlv Apepir<o- *r<otrov dtrolv peyduiv 6utrrrjlv uvd;recovvrr<(l-lpeopeio nporodrvroq rlv opyrl (r<or qtov vo enrpdouv epnoprr< e;rndpy<o oto rnv onoruxqpdvq endppoon) r r l g O u d < r v _ lpdv ovoyrd(ovroq rov Khomeini vo orpogf 'Evoo4 qv Kot 6v o6qyrloeotqv yxtov.To yeyovg, rrpoqrq lopretrr<q (ouprptovieg epnoo v o r p o n nt o u < o 0 e o t c i r o g0 , o p p r . 1 ote r1 prrrjg ouvepyooiog unoypopqKclv, enioqg, pe Moxo q onofo <popr1Or1rce rr or HflA 0o tqv Avotorr<q l-eppovio, tqv Toexoo,\oporlo npoono0rloouv vo ovartrloouv rov 6eyxo ror rq Bouyopio). tqg xc0pog, onorctdlvtog, rltoi, er vdou npIlg opxdg lovouopiou1980, o Apreplroopao4 oro A<pyovrotdv, dnou ol loBretrr<ol v g f 1 p e 6 p o gC a r t e r n p o e r 6 o n o i q o e ro

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Saddam Hussein Takriti,o onoiog6perve otq orcrd tou Bal<r 6o19 to 1979, tov ovd,\ope ror enro{pr,tg tqv e{ouoio. O npdltog otxog tou Hussein rltov vo onorotootrior rrlv nypovrr<r i6o11 0 t o u l p d r o t q v n e p r o x r ir o u fleporr<o Knou. An6guye,pe doyro, vo 60er oe p4En pe tq Iupio, trlv Aiyunto r<or to loporlror ovrcyroviorqK rq loou6r<r1Apopio ror to lpdv.Aeopdvourr r<olr1 Ioourrr1Apopio r<or to lpdv -6trlg to 1979ovrir<ov otrlv ogoipo enrpporig tolv HflA, to 'Evooq lpdr otpdgrlr< npoq tr1Iopretr<r1 ror to .t972 to o r<pdtquniypo{rov ouv0qr<r1 11 Hvooq rou Saddam Hussein onolo npopene, peto{ dtrov, <ruvepyooio t(oro ilIFoS oro orpouorrr top6o. Fe ro lpdv flopoorqvrorcd o, otoo, o Hussein 6ev , r o l p d v , t o r o O e o t d g tou Aref eixe I enrOupooe vo evtoxOel to lpdr otq oqoipo o v o t p o n etio , 1 9 6 8p , e n p o I r r < n q p o enrpporig tqg lopretrr<qg'Evoloqg <orro 1975 *, r<or rrlv npoe6piotrlg xrilpogr<oteixe o n6'ruxernv uroypogri oulLgtovioq pe tq [ootporqyg AhmadHassan al-Bakrrou <6uio yro tqv ndrqoq evg nupqvrrco ovtrpo"Ba'ath" poroq r<ol o otevq tou ouvepydtrlg otrlpo. To lpdr eixe unoypdr].rer rq luv0qrq

M q - A r o o n o p d qr < o vl ' l u p q v l r r i r v (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) ror -un tqv nieorl trrlv ropoqrv6vovti6pdoe<ov- qtrooe tr ono66xetoronororinotedeyxo on rq Are0u4 Enrrponri Atoprr<riq Ev6pyerog (lnternational Atomic Energy Agency). Tetrl r<i, to 1980, o r n u p q v r r 6 qe y r c o r o o t d o e rrg ou lpdr poppop6iorqrov on ro lopo{. Err6g on tq l-strio, to lp<ir oupgtirvrlo Kclt p rnv lroio yro rqv er<noi6euoq o[roporrrdrv rou lporrvo Nourrro Kot rnq Aeponopioq,ro0q enioqq yro rq vounriyqorl6ro noeprr<vnoiov (0o enrxerpooov orov fleporr Kno,rr1 pvq Oodooro d{oo rou lpdr). H ovdnru{q rou lpdr 6ev enrrtxOqre pvo oro otporr<orrrrop6o: r1 ruB6pvqo4 eg{ppooe 6vo ernqreurlr npypoppo 0eropqrrr{q ror rexvrrqq ernoieuoqg rqr 6vq npdypoppoo(qoqq rqq yearpyrrriq nopoyootdxo trlv our<iprero oe tpgrpo. H Y{q, P xpqpoto6tqorl r<ovruBepvrltrrcv rpoypopy<irrov, oe noooord 90%,npoyporonorovtqv guorr<i on ro netpeoirdiooo, rq onoio onoreooovro 98% rorv rporrvdv e(oyrrlydrv. H nopoyoyri on ro 2.000.000Bopdro rqv qpdpo, ro 1973, ou{q04re oto 2.500.000 p o p 6 r or r l v 1 1 p 6 p or,o 1 9 7 7 ,K o t o r o popdro 3.700.000 rqv q;r6po, ro 1979. To 1980, ro lpdr erodBotre oto lpdv er<petoeupevo rr'1v o6uvopiorqq x6poq (rcor rou v6ou r<o0eordroq). Ertq on6 rrlv qvlndOero rou Hussein, npoq ro npdoarnorou Khomeini,or yorrqq eroBo{qrirov: (o) r1 npoondOeto rou lpdv vo erperoleu0ei rr1 orrrrrq perovrnrqoro Nrro lpdr<evovtiov t o u H u s s e i n( , F ) q n r O o v {o u p p e t o x r it o u Khomeini oro orToruxl.lpdvo npo{rr<n4po evovriovtou Husseinw 1979, (y) q npoon<iOerorrlq Texepdvqq vo 06oer un6 rqv enrppo{ rnq trlv roup6rrrj perovrqrotou lpdr

(nepinou, ro 18% tou ntrqOuopo) () to r<or ro0eor<irq rcupropxioq rou noro;;o Shatt alArab orq ouvopror{ pe06pro. O S a d d a mH u s s e i n0 e < p q o e u eixe onooyei on rrq onotrrioelqrov Kop6otv y r o o v e { o p t q o i o ,6 r o v , t o 1 9 7 3 , 6x0nr<e Kopouqunoupyog oro r<uBepvqrrr oup: poro, ro 1974, oupgrirvqoe otr;v ourovopio 'v tqq neprox{q tou Krpror r<or ro 1975, tov o ldxrlq rjlooe rr ro lpdv otoprotd rrlv npoogopd r60e eiouq porlOerog npoq rous Kop6ouqrou lpdr. H ovotponri rou ldxr1, c,lotoo, dtro(e to e6opdvo. O norop6g Shatt al-Arab perog6perro x vepd rou Tiypq ror rou Eugpdrq otov f'lept orr Kno. To o notd;.rro p6ouv oto 6op goq rou lpdr, otrdo noro;lq Shatt eivqtto t guorx ovopo (yro 200km) peto( tou lpdr : Korrou lpdv.O noropq eivorq pv4 16[ov oq rou lpdrcor4 Odoooo(f'leporrqKtry noq) ror y6o<o trov lrevdv tou Oppod( orrlv t ovorxt{ Odoooo (lvrrq Or<eov6q). To fte0 vd rou Oppo( on6xouv800km on ro lp<ir, T old ptrrg triyeqerorovrd6eg p6rpo on to p fpdv.To l97l,ro lpdv ero6poe rol rordope 1 ro o ;rrrp<i vqord oro p6oo rrov orevtv ro e onoio q Meydtrq Bpetovioenr0upooe vo peK roBrpdoer oro HvopdvoApoprxdEprpdto. H ovripooq rou lpdr rirov vo rorcr[el r<i0e ,f 6rnopotrr<q ox6oq pe ro lp<iv. ff H nprirr4 ouvO{xq q onoio ro0pr(e ro g ovopo peto{ rqq O0opovrrqqAurorporo piog ror tou lpdv oro noro;"rShatt uneypdgr1 ro 1555. Itrq opx6q tou 20o orrvo, or g Topror eixov rorogdper vo 06oouvun rov ,f 6eyxrous rov notop (xolpiq,poq, ro lpdv vo ovoyvopioer not6 ourq tqv e{6r{rf. H r<iuoq rr'1q O0opovlrrjq Autorpotopiog peropipooe to (rjtrlpo oro 6r<ioxo rco0eordrq,ro lpdr<. To 1937, pro v6o ouv0rirrlou-

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v{gOq o, p g o v op r r l v o n o i o o n o t o p g qtov ee0epoq npog xprloqon toug epnoprKouq Kotorpotrr,rtrKog orougt<ov6o Kpordv. To 1969, to lpdv ovorcoivr,ioe tr ev ovoyvropf(el, n6ov, tq ouv0r;<qrou 1937. To lpdrovr66pooe ror ovot<oivt.loe tr o notopg onoreel e( oor<rlpou lpor<rv eOvrr< 6o9o9. To 1975, lpdr<r<or lpdv ou;.rgvrloov v qe n o v 6 0re or K q e o r 6 qt o u 1 9 3 7u e ovrdtrtroypo ro lpdv vo ndtfervo unootqpi(er toug Kop6oug rou lpdr<. O Saddam Hussein e<t[p11oe tr 11 eroBotrtj iou 1980 0o rltov pro ypqyoprlKor nrruxrlpevq endppoon. OpcoS, nqpd rq 6uoro_ 'Evontreg trieg, or lpovrr<dg Auvdpergr<otdgepov voovrrpdoouv K o rv o r < o 0 r i 6 o o u v roug lporrvog oto ovopo. Or notreprrig enrxtprlostq ouvexiotrl<ov yro op<etd xp_ vto ror{tov r6roitepo orporqp6g. To otpotq_ yrocpdlpo rou lpdr< r]tov tr, ev<il trg npdrteq epopd6eg orlpeicooe ouvtprntr169 vireg, 0etiprloe 6rr eixe rotopdtrt rrlv qvroroon ttrtv lpovdrv ror ovriorere trq enrxerpqoerq. 0oroo, ro lpdv rordgepe vo entppo6ver, opxrrd, rorvo ouy<potrloer, teh<d, tqv rpro enr0errrrl evdpyero torv lpor<rvrv 6uvdpeorv tot,nepvdrvrog orrlv ovteniOeoq, 6repuve to p6rorno npog poppdp6roe ro Boppd: tq Bo_ opo (Ntrolpdr<) on rr1 Odtroooor<or tr1 Moootrq (Bpero lpdr) on tov o6po.'E<og to1982,ro orpotrtorrr eixe tooppo;rdtr,rno n { o eH r .o v r i 6 p o o r rlo u l p d r cq r o v 6 r t r 1 1 : poppdproe trg rpovrrcdq nerpeoir<dg eyKorootooerg ror dtpepe tov nepooe 6re0vig enineo npoer6onorvtog yro etreiperq otrlv Irpoopopo rou netpeoiou. To 1985, to lpdrc revqpyqoe pro6etepqpeydqenl0etrr<q evpyero, oil\d or lpovoi rcordgepovvo rnv ovuperonioouv. To 1986, pdroro, to lpdv e(ond)ruoe eupeioq r.\ipor<og ovtenioeoq rol

<otdgepe vo nepdoer otrl 6uur<ri6x0q tou notopo Shatt poppop6f(ovtog tq Boy6dtq. Ooroo,q npoond0ero (to 1987) yro r<otdr1tnq Boopo ondtuxe. {q Ito pdtcono tou fleporr<o Knou, 11 norrrr<r1 tou lpd<efxerdnoro onotedouoro. H o r r < o v o 1 .rro io u lpdv ovtrpernroe oopopd npoprlpoto roOcCg to dooo on t4v e(oyaryri tou netpeoiou (xpqorponorovrov yro tq xpqporo6tqoq t<ovotpotr<our<rirv nlxtp4oeotv)per60r;r<cv orlpcvrrr<d. An rqv dtrr1, to lpdr<, poovrr oncileoe 6vo oqpovtrr< n e t p e o i r <n e 6 i o o r o N r o , p n p e o ev o e[roopponrior lq otKovoprr<dg onereg ror vo xpqpoto6otqoertr1 ouvdxero rou notrrjpou p r<ov6ro on to Kou6rt r<or <io opoprr<d r<pdtq(to Koupirt eixe pev e6ogrr<6q Srogopig pe to lpdr<, odOeorpooe ro lpdv peyotrrepr; onerq yro rrlv ouvoxrl r4q xcpog: to l/3 tou ntrriOuopo tou Koupdrt qtov oriteg). Me ro vo ovoi(er 6vo 6erepo pdtono otq Odtroooo, to lpdr nioterletr 0o nporo-

.i. rii.

6oer rqv epnor{ tov HflA. fro nopd6erypo, op tqq rd(e<oq tou 30%- 40%,oopopdqeto Kouprt,q orrovol.rio tou ono(ouotqpr(leirferq orrlv TTopoyoyri, pqevrr6qenevpoOpon rqv ele0epqrdtov oe peydtro orq Kqr oneroeoorvon rrlv epnopio (rltqoe enrtorrrrd on6 0eor1 tou netpetroiou, rou rou nerpetroiou. Itrq ronpoy;roreoerq -or6trvovroq trg Hf'lA vq rTpoororoer noorotroOqoov, ropio neupdev prtrooe on eprr ottro oro fleporrc Kno- ro ntroio 06oq roxoqyrori ropio ev eixe enrrporqoer rou KouBdrrror vo enrrpd$ervo n6ouvpe [erdOopo oro neio tov poxr* To ({tqpo opeprrovrr<r1 (rcorrinopriBoorvrrlq or'1;roio rou Kupropxrro ro0eor6roq rou notopo ' t o v o S a d d a mH u s s e i Iupgroviogrqq leveqqtou 1959).Aiyo opyShatt enr0qre rpo, n opeprrovrrrl gpeydro StarknpooBrj- oupgdrvqoepe tr; v6o rup6pvqoq tou Ali Oqre on Blrlpoto vourrrqq rpooqq tnou Akbar HashemiRafsanlani oe 6oo 6rorpovo"Exocet" yolhrr'1q (errole04re pe rqv npo6euoqq o Frov Khomeini. H eurotrio on rouq lporcvoq), g{peq unqpxov u to o rportvq rlydrns ou;rgdlvqoe F rov lpdv eixe noyreoer ro ftevd rou Oppo( o p t r o y t o u n p o r d e o e o n o p i e g . O pe rrve(rrqqrotooreu{q nupourrd ouorripoq, (eroOdproovorq 2 Auyoorou poto, evdrto oirrlpo tou Koup6rr npoq rn 1990, rov ro lpdr erodBoe oro KoB6rr Moxo ro nloio rrlg xdrpoqvo ntrdouvpe rr1 ro npoodprrloe. O Saddam Hussein 4Oetre o o p r e r r r q o q p o i o 0 o p B q o er r q H f ' l A , o r pe to (qrrlporou lpriv, retrer6oer oprour<i onoieq erripqoov rr rdtr rdroro 0o dgepve reioer6qlo6q ro ovoiorr p6rtono, to ooprerrrorxo orov fleporrd K6no. rer;.rdvou vo enroer rrq rogop6qrou p -nopo6oorord O r n o p o n d v u re { e i { e r q6 n e r o o vr o u g nooro(ror exOprrdAyeprrovoq r r n p 6 n e rv o e n d p p o u vr o r npoq tq Boy6drq) KouB6rr. Fvo 6tot to IupporoAogoeiogndpooe rlrrlgropo ro<irwoq ro 6o rpdrq oe rordnouorl tou nupq.Apxrrd, to- lptiv ev 66x04re ro Q{gropo' tooroo,ro o16(ooorq neiq tov ;rox6v ovdyrcoe rqv Texepdvrl vo oupBrpoorei ror vo rototrq(er oe oupgrovioto 1988. To lpdv xorqyopooerrq HflA r unoorrlpi(ouv ro lpdr.'Oxr d6rro, ro0drg-oe peroyev6otepoxpvo- one6eix0rl 6rr or opeprrovrrdg Muorrr6qYnqpeoieq unoorqpr(ovto lpdr pe ntr4pogopieq,6no ror ouppoul6q. 'Evo xpvo perd, o Khomeinin60oveogrlvovrog nioo rou 6vo Oeorporrr rpdroq orryqxe6v,qn6 to ovoorqq 6re1.totro1livo, Ovoqroivrnroq oS rpdroq - nopio ror e(orperrrdroronreotrr rpoq rous lpovoq. O nlepoq elxe og{oer nioo tou Fro orrovopio roreorpopp6vq,pe erqoro nr10<opr-

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rrs opxq r o u viog,rou lpdv (tou ldxq) r<or dovxr,lpdrv,
l 9 o u o r d l v ot,o o v6og ooutrtdvogovtrpetdrnroeonoteeOpdv -yvroor o p o t r r t i r q v e [ 6 y e p o 1 1 rou rcrvrjpotog " P F L O A G " . ' E x o v t o g K o r t o SI o u t o v d t o e{ooqoioer tqv t o u M o o r < d tK o rr o u elouolo,o Qaboose<pqppooe 6vo grtr6oO p d v -o v 6 n r u ( eo r e v d g o x 6 o e r gd p u v o q (o npypoppoorrovopr<riq ror rorvtovr<qg roroogderog pe tr1 Meydtrq Bpetovio. To ovoouyrptqorls Korovdnru[qq. Itqv notrr1920, q luv0rjrq rou As Sib enroqponofqoe trrrl or<r1vq, o v6og ooutrtdvognorte0qre to roxorprop o onoioq eixe ovonruxOei pe nouporop <epi(owqqrrlv op6protrl oro loutrtovdro tou Moordt. Me tq porl- ouprndOero (rcor unootriprn) tnS rorvroviog. 0eto rov Bpetovv, o Ioutrrdvog Said bin Itov top6o tov e{oreprrcbv ox6oeov,o Taimur enrrpdrqoorov ntrepoTTou ot<o- v6og oourdvog or<oo0qo rnv notrrtrrcq tro0r1oe ro roxr,lprop to 1954, on6- tqg ouetep6tqtoq:unoorqpr(e rqv unoevcir rperlre vdoropetrrop, ro 1959. ypo<pr1 oupgr,lvioq erprlvqg pero( rrlg ArTq eroeriotou '60, o Saidondtuxe vo yntou r<or rou lopo{,rc 1979, Korouvoxpqorponorqoer tov netpeoix noro tqg potryqoe pe trq HflA vo ouvd{er ouv0rlr<r1 xtirpcg, nporerpdvou vo enlroxver rqv otKo- otpotrcotrr<r1g ouvepyooiog, to 1980. Itov voptq r<or rorv<ovrrrl ovdntu{q rqq xtipoq, ntrepoperol rou lpdr Korrou lpdv,to i 6qproupyrilvtog rorvorvrr<( ovotopoxq. H ovo- O p d v t d x 0 r l K p r o F p o q t o u l p d r < ' I topoxrl outq o6rlyr1oe oe ovorxtq eldyeporl ooroo, p6trrg tetreitooov or exOponpo{ieg, ro oprorep rivrlpo<Aoirc I on Mdtono yro or ox6oergrrlg xrirpogpe tqv Texepdvqoqpe)\ticooq. , rrlv Anetreu0dpooq rou Kororcqprivou Apo- 1riooov oq povtrr<q 'Otov i Brro Ktrnou> ( P o p u l a rF r o n t f o r t h e to lpdr erodpoe oro Koupdrr, o L i b e r a t i o n o f t h e O c c u p i e dA r a b G u l f v o e n r t r o ep re rI Q a b o o sn p o o n d O q o e rivqpo ro onoio unootqpixOqre ntropotrr<d i PFLOAG), p6oo tqv r<ploq. Otov, ptog, or i on ro <oppouvrotrrcd <oOeottilg rqg Nori- npoondOerdq tou 6ev 6gepovonor6eo;ro, Yepdvqg. ouvtdxOry<e ntrqpolq pe tq 6reOvri ouppoi ou ' Kotdtq 6rdpr<ero tqq e(6yeporlq, rov xio <or6r60eoe tov evo6pro <orto xepooio loIto rou 1970, overpdnrl o oourdvog xrilpotqg xdlpogorq 6rd0eoq rov ctpprKoSaid. Itqv erOpvroq rou Saidouppreteixov vrrv ror tc,lvpperovrrtv 6uvdpeov. Tq 6e'90, q tr1q rcup6pvqoqg, Bpetovoi oppouor Kqrio rou eloreprrri notrrtrrcr1 rou Fdtrr1 r o t g u o r r d o 6 r d 6 o x o g , I o u t d v o q Opdv enrrevtp60qreotrlv unootrlpr[nrnq H npdrrqnotrrtrr.4 npdq tou v6ou e r p r l v e u t r < q6 gr o 6 r r o o i o qp e t o [ t o v Qaboos. oouhdvou qtov vo odlelro 6vopo tou lopoqrv<ilv Kor rov flotrorotrvirov, <oOtiq rprouq, on <Ioutrtqvdrorqg Moordt <or Kor orlv opoonoirloq ro.tvoxdoetovrou rou - - Opdu -roe <Ioutovdro tou Opdv>. -r""" opoprro r<opou oto ovotrrou p ro 1 tqv unoorrlpr[q rqg Meydr1g Bpeto- eppoir< rpdtog. i Me
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pdoer otqv rporcvq enrrpdtero. Aur qtovro enrxeipqpo tqq Boy66rqq. To 1961, ro Boorr Koupdrrovorrlpx0qre ove{dptrltorpdtoq o KouBdrr rpov 6voei6oqov<opotriog ror pdtroq rou OHE.O orporrlyq Kassim orqv neproxq tou f'leporro K6trnou: enov6ope to oitqyo rou lpdr ror ro Kou. yeoypogrr<i prrprepoon ,rr ro Bdrr (rpqoe rqv unoorqpr(r1tou Aovivou,
To 1963, to lp<ir ovoyvdrproe to Koupdrrror 11 xdrpo6yrvep6og tqq ApoprrrlqAiyrog. 'Otov to lpdr erodpoe oro KouBdrr, o pooilrrrl orroy6vero Epiplq rcor11 rqg quyoe0qrovoro e{<oreprr, ev<ir (eg peq opytepo q xdrpo ovorrlpx0r1re xio rou lpdr.

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lpdr, ro lpdv 11 rq loourr<r1 ApoBio,od nouorrepooq npos ro rotd rego{v eror;po.Oq pdpoq rqq O0opovrrriqAutor p o r o p [ o q , o v o y v r o p i o t r ' 1 ro eg o u t v o p q enopxio ro l8o sr6vo. H Meyd4Bpetovio 66er{e dvrovo evrogdpovyro ro Koupdrr ror perd to r6troqrou A floyroopiou [1o6pou n nprox{ n6pooe orrlv Kupropxio ralv '30, Bpetovdrv. Tr16eroerio rou ro lpdr rerrrooe to KouBdrr(ritov p6poq rrlq nopxioq Boopo). Ago 11 Boopo ndpooe orqv rupropxio rou lpr, ro Koup6rr6npenerqr our vq ne-

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To nooro Koup6rtritov pro

o o 4 y r o r q B o y 6 d r q .E n r n p o o 0 6 r o q , S a d d a mH u s s e i ne r r i p 4 o e - o v O o o p d noq onoeix0qre- tr'o )\odq rqg to dtrsopoprrd rpdtrl ror q 6re0vqq r q r o e v 0 o o v r r p o o o v u v o p r r d , unoyroe, ootoo, rr q npoodprrloq KouBdrrqnerooe dpeoo to rov HflA: 11 evoopdt<,loq rou KouB6rr lpdr dtrlo(e 6popotrrd rg roopponieq OPEC,nou to lpdr onorrooe vo

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ytlyg xopo orov rdepo, i:e repriorrcnerpc_ ytoyrl (nepinou 9"000.0 pcpdrctrlv qpdpotl r<or tapdorro ano0duuta. H norurgl <oi xilpiasq q o'i{ovofiu<il y5t0poxrl cn rqv eropori oro Koupdlt rpdrrqreopdoiog tov cl trpdgrou mei;lecicu oupcycici lrj0rlr<ov {oxedv$rnerordrrlxev). dtro dvonppr1prc yio :iig i{trTA,.o, .,g B,o_ prlx0vrr<d avenruyi.:ive g x,lpeg or cnnier; ovtrperdrnt(cv oi1 p;d 5 rc ol ;r,cvo pI11q ri-ulcqq qq ondro rri1rqg erce::lcq reu ,gS.i_.{ npdlq tou Hussein E:v plncpoi-,,ce vc yir.,el onoerrq i<or oe o.rtoi:<; xpov;i<d 6ldorlpc 0vonrx0qre ;.;iceupeicoup;,lc><ia ,.rn13 rnv l y e o ir oo v F i l l A r < s r un rqv cl,/ic rou OHE. ho otpctrr,.ttr xrj eniriess,ro ilp c qyc a_ ;-i v0,xpvrc .FvLrol or f-{llA i<crr1fop;a;ri<i1 evioxuoov pe r:yxpcvcicTr,r.t ro rpcrxrv4

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ilroon rrlq Knpou eivor 6tt q Knpog ev ro06rer rorrdoporo netpetroiou).Me dtrtro tryro, our nou npordtreorrlv oyeprrovrxri en6ppoorlot4v npoodprrlqrl rou KouB6rr oro lpdr ev rltov q nopoBioorltou te0voq rroiou, qdq 6rotdpo[4 tou teOvoq epnopiou. To 1991, or .Hf'lA drovov oq969 orov ropro rr orq <N6o Td[q flpoyydtcov>0o unepoonioouvF rd0e rpno ro e0vrrd rouq oupg6povro.

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et to t6troq rou nodpou pe ro lpdr, ro 1988, ro lpdv {erivqoe pro 6rqrrooio pr(rr{g ovoouyrprqoqq rqq xdlpoq.Tq 6o nevroer{ ovontu[tord npoypdpporo (1989- 1994ror 1995- 2000, oe e(6trr{q Bpioreror rcorrpito) to egrippooe q Texeprivqoxerdotqrov 11 rerp6vouvq ovoouyKporrlOei or 6pcotqprtr1ro ouq roreorpoyp6veq tov nlepo urrr6q nopxiqKorvo O o vo r u n o o p 6 qr q q x 6 p o q ( epyootdoro nopoyr,lyrlq evdpyeroq, yeio, orqppopror, orr irtuo, eyroroordoergror oxoeio). O O<ivoroq rou Khomeini,ro 1989, ylo o 6vov norrrr ovtoyrovtopyto

rooxq rou,vrr<qrriq rou onoiou

(enove(etrdyq o Rafsanjani orqv npoe6pio 1993). Aq flpepog, o Rafsanlani

[e rqv ovoxrirou rpdrouqorq

dnorpq,nofutrrrj rrlv onoio unoorrlpt{e 0eppo o Khatami(ro66x0qretov <oq Opqoreurrrqqy6tqq rqq To 1992, ndvrtog, o Khatami

vo enov60er OproprBeurrrd oro notrr npoorrivrorc 1997 rep6i(ovtoqro 70%

':l111'*t 11Tl'll* 1jj:rl:{lfrrl

gtigr,lv xor rrlv npoe6pio trlq x<poq. Oq onoior qvovdooovrl.l 0rpeio rou ornv flpol-lpe6pog tou lpdv,o Khatami ouvdxroevo pio ro 2001. egoppd(er pro norrrrc{ ovoxrig rcoretreu0eIrov roprSorov e{oreprrrirv ox6oe<ov, 11 piogrou Tnou clq edxrorq npon60eor1 TexepdvqnpoondOqoe vo petrdoer rrlv tyrorr1ouyrprrlo4 prqs grletre0epqqrorr<vo trlq x6poq q onofo eiie nr1yei on rr;v vorvlog. eropotrr]orqv Apeprrovrrrl f'lpeoBio,ro H notrrclrrioutq dgepe rov Khatami oe 1980, ror to rdroypo rou Khomeini, ro 19g9. oyrpouorl F rous ouvrr;prprroqr<ouq opgtovope ro onoio rqooe rd0e pourrlq nortrr<{q 6lite rrlq x6poq, oyrpouoq q o o u p d v ov o o o g o v r l o e r o v B p e t o v onoio, ro 1998, oqyrloeotq 6oogovioo ouyypog6oSalmanRushdierou onoiou to .grtretre0epov "The norrrrdv ror rprrilv grleeprpio Satanic Verses"(1988)Oeropri0n0lpiltv ouyypogdrov. flopd rrlv ovri6pooq re npooBqrrrdyro rqv looprrriniorq! Xtoouvrqpqrrrdv,q norrrr<rj rou Khatami piq vo undp(ouv Oeppdq ox6oerq, ro lpdv rorrlv pntoroovq ralv lpovdrv, or t<igepevo 6xel opo6q oxioerg pe ro nepto-

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orpo Kpdtrl t<ordrl ldpKlornq npo<i o t t t o i t e p ot o u piogtou Rafsanjan o unoupygE[oteprr<civ Khatami (ro 1998, - cnor<r1pu(q rou lpdv undypo$eoupg<ovio , onoiog r o u K h o m e i n i )o tou 6rotoyliotoq rlq 6lnoporlKdq onorotdotqoe n,\rlptlq - Aovivou. Texepdvqg oxdoerg , d v t < , l qt,t l g x t i t p o gp e t t g O r o x 6 o e r gn r f u x p d gr < c r;tr e t o ( t t l v HflA nopdpervov r<ooporpofog unqp(e 6vo r<tripo 6o xropcirv p e vo o t x o H f l A o r T o 1 9 9 5 , xunogiog. peydq onortloer onotp6{ouv to lpdv vo r o x - o n o y 6 p e u o o vr < d 0 e nplgptoKq pootqprt1ro oro 11 enev6utrr<r1 epnoprrcq pgo p e p t < o v t t <o t iu lv lpdv yrottg etotpeieg vq Oudorvyrtov {.rr1qroe pvtr,rv(to 1996, pq oe r<d0e r<upoeov ilo yro rrlv enrpoq 11 onolo 0o ouvepyo(etorpeio opeprr<ovrr<q An to tqg Texepdvqg). rov p ro r<oOeotcg npog HflA tov 1998<ai 6netto,q nortrr<q o to lpov yrveqnrtepnKol fierpoflnoov,

np<itq qooq, npoypdppoto nolrlorlKv ovrotrloy<ilv.

O poqtqq Esourxqq APoPioq otn M6on Avoto{

t q g l o o u 6 r r r l qA p o p i o q ' o Booiero 1 i1 o ouotoottrd, eivor;rio ou1t1-tox pero l8o ordlvo onoio ovontxerlK tg rrlv SaudiKol rov ro( trlg orr<oyveto Wahabis, oup;roxioq onoio,orlq opxqrou l9ou qrvo,<otdgepe vo cnorctrloetov netlvtov pouooutr" tov 6o repcirv eyxo To orlpovttt<te' (Mdrcr<o Melvo). r<ot uvtov outrlqqtov o Abdul po p6og tqg ouppoxiog ' 1953) fpuoa o, o n o ( o g (1880 A z i zi d n S a u d Apopioq tqg loourr<r1q to Booltrero to 1932, Apopfo,pe drtooq peyou' H Ioou6rr<q pt' n1Ouop l<m', otrd rpl rov 2.000.000 er to 1945, nepinou, rdtort<ot, rp (7.000.000 6ev qtov Apopeq) or 2.300.000 tov onoi<,.1v

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o 1783, 4 o t - ovorripu{r1rr19ovefopr4oioq t4q,4 otKo_ roy6velo trov voprrri ovdntu{r; t49 xdrpog 6ev pooior4al-Khalifa xo- re qnorerour<ti oto nerpdolo. Enevr d g e p e y o 0 d o l orq npoyporonolri04rov otq propr4xovio unr5 tov dtreyx r49 Kqt orov xpnl.toxoorKovoylr roydo. H ro Mnoxpdrv.Ev rr^l peto{, ol Bperovoi oorriOero nou enlrptqo oxqv neploxri ror or Otrqvoidpxoov vq enlelKvouv tou l'leporro K6nou en4p6ooe o4po_ dwovo e;rnoprr< evlog6pov ytq rnv r_ vtlr<i 14 otoOepr4to rou e;lptirou. ll_ proxrl. Kord 14 6ldpxelo rou lgou qtvo, q oirepo ro l98l ror ro l9g5,6rqv or Ap*6S Meyriq Bpetovfo -p 1lo oerp6 ouv04_ r4q xripoq onordur[ov roripr0;reqnpo_ r6v- 60eoe ro Mnoxpdrv or4 ogoipo onti0eleg (unortvopeveg on rqv Texeenrpporig rqq. priv4) ovorponrig r4q poorrrrig orroy6_ llerp6loro ovor<og04K oro MrTo- veloq. To Mnoxp6v ovrdpooe r<ql ro lggl xpdv ro 1932Kql q xdrpo eroriOe o prq dyrve p6oqtou Euppouiou Euvepyooioq v6ogriorl norou,eu4pepioq Kqt olKovo_ rou Knou (Gulf Cooperation Council - rolvrovrrfg xelpog6rr;on9 l.nKrlq Kqr GCC), npoxdpr;oe ot4v npoprigerq onrovdnru{qq. H eurlpepfo our{ o{y4oe r<iv ouor4;.rrirorv qn rlq HllA, evdr to ot4vovrinru{4 evg oyxpovou 6totKqrt_ 1987 oupgrilvqo vo nopdoxet fu;revlrdq xopovrdou ro onofo dgepe t4 xrpo oe leurovoerg npos ro Apeprr<ovrr Nouoqpoivouoo epnoprrri Kqr orpoxqytr{ 0d_ 1116.H o;ruvrlrri ouvepyoo(o tou MnE_ or1 (r1ption tou BpetovrKo BqolrKori xpdlv Kqt rarv HIIA enrpepord0qK<lv F Nourrxo pplor<6rovoro Mnoxpdv). Tov rq orivor!4 roriprOpotv oupgtovrv ro l99l lovouripro tou 1968,4 pperovrr{ rupdp_ ror ro 1994. Evdl q oogtirq rt,ly e{atreprvqoq, oro noforoenrpo{g oxe6iou ylo rrirv ouv6pov r4q xtipog 6xel loogol_ i neprron6g onovdrv,qvqroivtoqe 6rl rei- oOei, oto eoorreplr6 ;rdrorno,4 rup6pv4_ vet Iequg otpotr<orlrdq p<ioelgqvotol- oq rng xdrpoq ovrrperoni(er npopl{poro I K0rou Eou6(, otqrqxd 6oq ro 1g7'.. H pe rous olfreg. onogoorl ourf goprip4oe ro Mnoxp6rv to To 1999, o Epipqq lsa bin Sulman al6rcr6rrooe eogrrd ro lptiv (ri4 K h a l i f a i onoio n60ove rql o l66oxoq xou, on ro 1928). H Texepdv4 onodx04xe 14 Hamad bin lsa al-Khalifa,or<olo04oero porilqoq rrov nollrdrv rol nog ourri er_ ppo r4g nollrlrrig yerptond0erqs Kol r<ornrv6re{oyoy{q npo{ni qpqorqK rtov Ferqppu0;.rioealv (ouorriOrlxe dvo vdo ro Mdro rou 1970ror ouq 15 Ewoypo, evdr qneeuOepr0qrov I 9toporoq lor ol Auyoorou rou l97l 4 x6po ovor4prlx04noltlrof rporoyevol). To Oeppouripto 1 reove{tiprqroeprptiro. 'Earqro 1971, ot tou 2001,ro Eptpto ovor4pxO4re Eui nolrrrr<dS (updroerqot4 x6po o6riy4oov vtoyporrr{ Movopxio. To vdo Ewoypo I

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yll{{:iiui::'ii* )iiii} I t1i:1111#,j:l

to rovopxd npdy;rorotqq M6oqqAvorotrrlg: onrrqoe oqprovtrrnoro petd ro rdog rrovtepo ntro on nerpdloro onoeixOqre rou B' ['loyroopiou ['lolpou. H otporqyrr4 -otqv <roprd>> 6,rr to poxrprrri oepoordgrl ror to dppoto 06oq tqg x<irpoq rqq M6oqq tqg Avoroqgror pero[ rou ['leporro Ktrnou, pdxnS.H xrpo peiooe tqv nopoy<oytj erco(eOrye rord 30%, trp{ rou lvrro Oreovo Kor rrlq Epu0pdq @drou 4 Bopetrrorl p6oo oe iyoug on ro $3 oro $12to Bopdtrr troooog- oriy4oe rqv qyeoio rrls vo ovc(qtqq loou6rr{g To E0vrr l-'lpoiv pro orporqyrrrig oqpooioq oup;.roxio F n v q . rr'1oer roxup6g ApoBioq ou[qOqre ro 250% ;16oooe 6vo rrq HflA ror vo rlptoupyrioer trre 'Evonleq xp6vo, evcir ro 6ooo on ro netp6oroouAuv<iperg. oto $40 rq, on rq $4 rq,ro 1974, H opeprrovrr{ re(o6uor1 orq M6oq Avo[qOr1rov to 1978. totr{ {erivr'1oe on tq Ioourrrj Apopio "ARAMCO" (ArabH npd{q ourrj 66er[eotov ropo 6tr q q etorpeio rsv, ro 1950, American Company)oupgdrvqoeF rrlv KU- Ioou6rrq Apopio,errq ond etrovoyrr, pdpvqoqr4q xdrpoqyro 50% - 50% erpetd: ro errrdBdpoq: ro 1980, 6xerror nortrr .treuor1 xpqForoorKovopxdrv l/3 rtov noyrdopr<ov rou netpeoironlorou rqq xpog. (v errdq qn ro ooBtetrr ono0epdr<o otpotqyrrrl Irorord, or HflA ovdnrulov prro pnlorc) ovrlre orq loourrr1Apopio! pe Ioourrq Apopio, ouptrroxio oul.ryoxio rr1 poortrrr{ H orkoydvero rqq x<irpoq 11onoio epxrov oe ovtiOeorl F ro ovu{ro! poorrrr1q H e ror nooro. orroy6novioxupq e{otpettrd ouvoroOqporo rr'19 Bpoird rti tqg otqpixO4re orqv onopdyr,\rrrl vroqrrlq x6poE. noros 6lor yv<pr(ov H 6uvooreiorov Saudiqrov to ovtipopo Foynrnq repopxfoq: o KorrToroq vor o rtioxoqrou Boorrd otq uvooreio trov Hashemite,11onolo rup6pvrloeto lpdr 6oq ro 1958ror ouvexi(et oxoq rou ro66xou. \ pro To ooBoprepo npoBrjporo rrlq vo r<uBepvd rrlv lopovio.An t4v dtrtrq, -perd q 1979rpov oufovpevq ro pero( tqq loourrqq vioq nr0ov{ ouvepyooio g0opdror q 6er$q e(errreup6vou oto Apopioq Kqrrrls Arynrou <orvtogte>> Aut o6qyqoe oe ex yeyovq6tr o NassBr{rov groooprerrrq, ro uvoprro. vq perovdoruorlKot o[r1oqtov ev or Saudi4tov grtroopeprrcovoi. petr<Or1rov yro rnv rexvrr{ nqreio. Or ox6oerqrolv 6o xrop<v perd to 06voto tou Nasser,ro 1970, noq petrc04rov ror or ox6oerqrqq x6poq pe ro lpdv (perd ro 1965). To 1969-ouv6pto tov opoBrrcdrv rportilv oto Mopro- 6yrvegovep6 rr q loourrq ApoBio {rov q roxuptepdroro,q Aiyupq opoprrri xcirpo. To 1972, rrroq rou Sadatonoporpv0qre on{ rq ooBrerrrrienrpporlror npoodyyrornv (Koprd>tou opoprroropou. O ntrepoqrou 1973evioxuoe rr'106oq rqq loou6rrrlq Apopioq oro notrrrrrdKororhov rop6o r<ove(oteprrcdlv xdrponpoonti04oe xopig enttuxio vo oer rrg 6rogop6gpeto( rou loporlrot

qrov r<6opou. To npBtrqpo opoBrro 6yrve npoo6yyroq rou npoBqporog

0p4oxewrrrlg onr[eorgror xr on rrlg: q IoourrcqApoBio onoitr;oe ond repriqntrqg loporitrrrlv rrorpog{ rr'1q lepouooqp. Itqv euprepqropdxq H

'Evooqg, q x6po roulpqoe Ioprerrr{q grtroopeprrovrrq norrrrq t4g.

10

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O Boortrrdg Khalidn60ove ro l9g2 <or o 6rd6oxq tou, Fahd, norreO4r<e pe orxo vo6rotqprioer trq rooptr<69 opx6gtqq ooou_ 6opoprrc{g rorvrovioq Korrov erouyxpovrop i4geOvr<rig orrovoprfog. H eroporj tou lpd< oto Kouprtefxe oopoprorq orpouour i g ,n o r r r x i g K o r o t K o v o p r x de qn r n r d l o e r c yto rr1 loou6rrq Apopio. fro vq ono0oppver pro nr0ovrj lporrvrj etopotr{ oto 66ogq rr1g,q rupdpvrlorlrqq xtopog oupgtilvrlo orl ordOpeuoq6e<dov xilrd6olv Apeprr<ovrilv otporrorcv oto 66o_ 9oqrrlq,ev6 ouppereixeotporrr,ttrr<d <or orrg enrxerp{oerg. Merdtov nepo, q nopcyroyri nerpeoi_

ou rrlq x<npoq ou{{OnK orlpovnKdnporerprevou vo petprootovor orrovoprrdq on6_ ereq tqg neprouAuyootou 1990_ Oe_ ppouopioul99l ror vo ovruro[rotov ro orrovoprrcinpoprjpototq onoio ouooo_ peOqr<ov ror o6rjyqoovo prclprr<pri, o<i 6vtovq orrovoprr<q rpioq to 1993, rov or Hl-IA (rjtqoov enrto<trr<ri on tq loou6rr<4 Apopio vo <oqUer ro rotog .r1g,opor_ oioq rov o;reprrovrrcv 6uvdpecov otri xcpo (nepinou, $516rq).Ev tor pero[,o rpotrrg nponooyropq rnq xcpogpprordtov oe 6rcpr6qdIerppo qn to l9g3 ovoyrd(owog ro ol<ovoptK enrteeio tqg r<updpvqoqq vo nepropioer rrg r<porr<6g 6ondvegKorvo Kq_

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6overop. rogyrorov Eoreprr rordorooq entetv<Oqre H orrovotrrrrq on trg xopq6qrrp6q rou opyo netpetrofr'1 Iourrq Apopio opou. C)oroo,to 1994, vq0qre vo oupgovqoeroe ;reiooqrrls flopooto y<,ryqq (6nloq, otqv o(qoqtov trpdrv), ntroioro tou OPEC. Ko0drq, prog, or ttyq ouv6xr(ovvo r<rv o v r o r o e x o p q t r d e n i n e o ,q I o o u t r { ApoBio dtrtro[enorrrrrl ror oupgdrvqoeoe peiooq rnq nopoyoyqqrotd 7%,to Mdptro rou 1999. Itqv eo<oteprrq notrrtrrri orqvrl, o Bootee n e p t o p t o p 6 v q g r d qF a h d n p o x < i r p r l o o qo , 1 9 9 2p , e tq od r t o o q g p e t o p p O p r or to ouppouiou otooq evq ouppoutreurtro onoio ouvepiooe yro npdltrl gopd to Aer6ppprotou 1993. o Itov top6o rc,rve{oreprrcvoxdoecov, Fahdnpoon60qoexopiq enttuxio Boorrdg nepootq Boovo teppotioer tov epgtrro 1992, ev tqv iro xpoto vio Ep(eyoplvq, vrd npoxdrpqoornv ovdntu{q rntopottnp6qv rdrv ox6oe<ov F uS pouooutrpovrr6q 6qporpotieq (Tot(rrrotdv, Toupooprerr169 rpevrordv ror Ou(pnerrotdv). Itr1 M6oq Avotori,q notrrtrrri rqq Ioqre otrlv eniuApo BioqenrrevrptilO ourr<r1q (4tripotoq. To Oeon rou nqororrvroro ppoudprotou 1995, q rup6pvqoqtqq loouronpoypoteoerq rrqq ApoBiog(ercivqoe rov ouvope rqv Yep6vnyro trl 6reu06tqor1 pror6v roug rogop<irv. Oettr<d Or ou(qt{oerq otrorqpdrOqrov rov lovro rou 2000. Ev t<o peto[ri, to 1998, q x<po rov nenpo6pq orqv er<perdleuoq neo pro opgroBqtopvq rpeloronqytirv prox{ oro ovopo pe ro Hvtop6vcApoprrd 6vtooq otrg peto[ Eprpdroqproupydrvroq toug ox6oerg

H rorroofoerp4veuoqg orq M6on Avorol{

,1 ;, 6otrogovio tou lopoqtrtvoqy6tl1 , 1 i . , " : "]1 . 7 1 ' ' aR 1;1 k a b i n ,r o N o 6 p p p r o t o u l; tov t 1995,6gepe otqv nptoOunoupyio Shimon Peres(unoupyqE(oteprrv otqv rupdpvqoq Rabin) o onoiog ouv6xtoetqv otq M6oq Avorotr{ nou notrrtrrcr1 erpqveuorlq orooOqoeo npordroxdq tou. Evtq tou nopdooetr1 ro<uB6pvqory 1996, to loporj tralv ttov n6errlvtqq Autrr<4q Ox0r1gotqv flotrorotrvror4Apxri (un tqv npoepio rou n6ov,oe ouvepyooiope Arafat); uneOuvr1 ltpor, yro rnv oogdtreto rov lopoqtrrv (errdg rr;g XeBp6vog,reprl ntrq yto tou AoBi toqnpoteouoq rou Boorrd EBpoioug -nprv ond tqv ovorripu[q tqq lepouoo{pr o r t n o q o v o n o o e o qt o v E p p o i o v f 1 o Appodp,loqdr ror lor6p). tpropxdrv npoxtopoEv6 q erpqveurrx{ rorrooio evdpyereq ergpdoe opod, rpopoKpouK6q pog roporlrvdlv orxorv on flotrorotivroug o u q o p x 6 gt o u 1 9 9 6 , ropcrorpquotrroq, rr unovpeuoovtrlv niotq tov lopoqtrrvdlv tqv o r n o p o x < o p r i o r o qu s 0 o e n r g 6 p o u v notrun0qtqoogdtrero. "Likud" To Mdro,ro eOvrrcottrr6ppo o v6oq npal0unouprdproe rrq eroy6gr<ot y 6 g , B e n j a m i nN e t a n y a h u ,u n o o x 6 0 4 r e rot <<oogdlero oe ouqtouq lopoqtrrvog> onoxdt. tq 6ro6rrooic neporr6pto. <n<iy<ooe> prlons rov ropoqrv<irv uvdpeov edv,npor1. youp6vrog, q.flotrororrvrorrl Apx{ 6ev trovorrlq. norooeuq unoxpedlorq ntdoeotv, Kotnrv roxup<irv o;reprrcovrrcv q v6c rupdpvqoqouvdxroetrq ronpoyltoot reoerqyro ro roOeotdlqtqq Xeppdvoq rov lovoutiprorou onoieq otrorqp<ir0qKov Itpotq onoop0r1. 1997,6rsvo lopo4rvq

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v ntoe<ov, onpoyltoppvoqot u o p l or o u

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re on ro 80% (nrlvtcov ropoqrvv ouvor_ tr q floototrvroxq Apxrl 6ev 6Kovetinorq rcdrv). Oot6oo, 11 v6o r<up6pvr;oq onorpdoloe yro vo ono0oppver toug iloororivroug e{_ v on p o x o p r l o o t r r l v o v d y e p o qo l r < r o ; . r t i v tpeprotdg. H ongooq outrj,poovurKovo_ orqv Avototrrr<4 lepouoor1p, <fvqoq 11 onoio noinorouq govotrKog Eppoioug, npor<de_ pxrov oe ovriOeorlp ro oupgovqp6vo. o rnv ovti6pooq rou pyouKo, r<o069 rcor Kord ouvdnero o,r o u v o p r l i e g o r o p r d t q o o v dov r<evtpoo p rotepdrv rco ppritr,,rv. Tetrr r<<i, yro dr1 pio gopd. to rorvopolo tqg xcpog o n o g d o r o ev o To rolor<oipr t o u 1 9 9 8 ,o N e t a n y a h u n p o r q p u x O o v n p o p e qe x o y d g ro Mdro ovrrpertilnroe ogo6pq r<prtr<r1 on eqtrg tou 1999. Itrq ercoydg npdteuoe ro pyol_ norrrrdg nopord{ergoro lopoqrv rorvor<r<ppo ro onoio qyr1Oqrce rou ouvoont_ por oo . v Or<tdppror T , ; r < u p 6 p v q otq ou opo <'Evo lopo{>(One lsrael). N6og npor_ Likud oupgcvr1o vo nopoxopqoer vo 13% Ounoupyg ovdope o rlydtrlgtou epyotrr<o irlg u t r r r i qO x O q q p e o v t d o y p o rqv rprpotoq EhudBarak. 0ogdero rtov loporlrvrjrv r<qr rov rpporrO BarakOeoe tperg peydoug orxouq op rov enrOdoov ouroKrovioq. Opotq,6o yro rlv e(oteprr<q tou nortrrcr1: (o) 6ronpoy_ y{veg opytepo, o Netanyahu<ndy<ooe> 14 poteoetqp rous floorotrviouq, (F) oup_ oupgrovio rou Orcolppiou p ro enrxeipqpo gcovioerprivqq p rn Iupio r<or (y) onoyri_

ii fili;,i'riir.:.i

orpool rou lopo4^ on ro Ntro Aipovo ' ep6opdeqoPYdrpo, , vrq l2 pnvdrv.AiyS optop6vo q v 6 o r u p d p v n o qn o p o x t i r p q o e edrpqtqq Autr<qg OxOqq otqv l-lotrorotrvrorrl Apxrl, evtirdgqoe vo evvoq0ei6tr 0o : en6otpege to u{rprototou l-ro6votq IuTo Aer<dpppro rnv erpqvq. pio pe ovrdoypo to lopoqtrrcorq Iupio oupg6vqtou 1999, x<opiq, oov vo ouvexioouv trq ouvoprfeg, oupvo rotorilouv oe ouYKKPlF6vq p<oq, g<,lvio. pe tr1 Iupio . H cnotuxiq otrq ouvo;.rrlfeq oto tov lopoqrvtirv ondltrereg ror or peydtreg Nrro AiBovo ovdy<ooovtov Barakvo 6to- l 6utd(er tr;v onoyriotpooq tov ropoqhvdrv vdpeovon to Ntro AiBovooto e0vtrd ovopo,6tor noq ourd roOopi(ovtoron rrlv Kotootorrr4 Xdpto tou OHE. Toutxpovo,to rotroroiprtou 2000,o Apeprrovq f'lpe6poq Bill Clinton rdtreoe to o p6pt'1

oto Camp David pe otxo tqv eniteu[4 tou 6reu06tqoq yro Fro ouvotrrrq oupgtoviog x,o p l g p t l g npoBqpotoq notrotottvtoro enrtuxio. H onotuxio oto Camp David o6qYrloe to Ie' otqv 6rpq[q tqg etepqqintifada, ro' m6pBprotou 2000,Kqtorrlv ouotoottrcq O. r o r r o o i o g t p l v u r r r q g r n q tdppeuoq oroY to Aer6pppto Kcll BarakncportqOqrce o n p < o O u n o u p y l rO t i l r ot o v 6 r o 6 6 x 0 q r e O Sharonqtrooe eOvrrior{qAriel Sharon. 6rr, edv ev reppotlotei 11 Bio,ev npretrot ro lopo{tr vo ou(qtqoet rqvdvo erprlveuttr oxd6ro. rlq evrun6' O6trovtoqvo 6roor<e6dot ou' o Sharon eOvrr<topo, oerqnepl eppoir<o otqv ruB6pvqoqp6tr4rou PYo' pnepr6ope trro rpporoq.hxog tqq ruBdpvqoqg 'tov p6oo lopoqtrrvd. oogdtrero rltov 6vog: Yto 6ro<po' To npdypoto, Ftq, 6tropovtetrei<og

KOYBEIT
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ro eooteprr r4q opoprr{q xepoovr.loou oto orlpepv Koupdrcror ooxorl04KqvF ro e;.rnpro. Eto r6tr4 xou lgou otrilvo, ol Bperovoi 60eoov rrlv neploxri ur rov 6leyxri rous -F 14 opgorv4 yvtiry4 trov ronrrdrv 4yetdrv ol onoiol riOelov vo onoloyov on6 rouq O0topovoriq- nporerpdvou vo e{oogolfoouv uq ypqFFdS entrotvrovrrv Kot Frogop<irvon xol rpos rrlv lvfq. To 1899,o qy6rrlg tou Koupdrr,Mubarak al-Sabah, undyporle oultgrovfo pe rq Meytrq Bperovio ovorrlpooowog rq xdrpo nporertoptiro: ro Aovivo ix rov ftreyxo trov 0egr<ov e[oreprrrlqror oyuvttxriq nolrrrr{q ror 4 otroydveroralv Sabah efxe un6 rov 6leyx qg rrq eo<oreprrdq uno06oerg. llerpdloro ovorolg04Kr oro Koupdlr oto rdlrl trlg eroerfos rou '30, oId 11 nl{pnS er;rertrIeuo4 rou 6yrve npqyyqrtxrir4ro perri ro r6oq tou B' floyroop(ou llotr6;.rou. O netpetroirq nloroq peroppgore rrlv rolvtovio r4q xdrpoq (ror trlv orroy6verot<ov Sabah): peydtro 4poto 6pyo ilpqypqxonor{04rov tq onoio unom4pr{ovrqv orKovoprrri ov<inru{4. To 1961,4Mey6tr4 Bpetovio evdxprve r4vove[opr4oio tou Koupelr.To lptix, to onoforerrrooe rq edg4 t4q xtirpog oq pdpoqrou Noriou lprir, unoorripr{e rou lpdx on6 ro Kour 6rt o roxtopropq pdrrrirov nopdvopoq. To notrfueupo r4g

xrirpoq frov rrripopgo, Fs t4v ou<oydvelo Sabah vo ror4pei rov dtreyxo (4 xrirpo o v o r q p x O 4 r < ee p l p d r o ) . e v r o r i r o l q , porg, to Evroy;.ro rou 1962 en6rpene rqv tior<4o4 efouoioq on rov Iq6. n6: vrtog, o o neprnrdroerq (1976ror 1986) q roxq rou Euvrdy;roroq oveordlq, ylo vq enqv6l0er triyoug p{veg opydrepo. To 1980, rov fdonooe o ntrepoq lpdv - lprir, to Koupdlr unoor{prfe evepyd t4 Boydtq er06rovtoq r4v oogdtrerq rq5 xdrpoq orov rivuvo oxeloo;ro K<rlnrF o I { S r p o v r r d r v o v r l n o i v < o v .T o 1 9 9 0 , ootoo, or ox6oelq Koupdrc - lpr enrerv604r<ov:ro lprir rotqyp4ce to Koupdrr 6u ev ulpef ttq nooootroelq rou OPEC Kqr 6rr nopov6porq 6xel ovrtr{oel nerpdtrolo o{iog $2 lq on rporrvri nxpIoron4y{. Irq 2 Auyoorou, ro lptir elodpotre oro Koup6rr, rordlope rol npooriprqoe rr1 xdrpo,yro vo errox0ei, ro Mdprro rou 1991, on rrq oupl.loxlr6quvdperq. Ko0<ilqunoxopooov or rporvdq uv6;rerq,xordorpet[ov 14 poprlxovrr{ Kot, y ydvel,rrlv orrovo;lrrri uno6op{ rou Koupflr ror 6xr pvo: o6rr1peg ouloydq onri prplrc0r5eq xor ;rouoeio perogdpOqrov oro lptir. Merd rov nepo,ro Koupdrrgtipyoo 6vo erceropdvo npypoppo olrovo;.rtr{g ovoouyr<pr4oqqqS xpoq (xp4porooropevo qnd rov nerpeoixd noto rrlq xdrpoq)' evdr,ror6nv oxeurtiq ou;rgorvioq, or Hl-lA ovdopov rqv unoxp6too4 rcogrifuoqq t4q ove{opr4oioq Kor rnq eogrr{q orepoldrrpoq tou prrpo eprpdtou. H m6on ror.r Saddam Hussein lrovonoirloe r4v 4yeoio Korrous nolfueg qq x6poq.

puKrlrpofi4, F rrl YvlKuolroJVrle6orov lo<or tqv rctrrpdrcool ov cruroKTovlog Mdtoto,rqv dvol{r1 porlrvvovttnoiv<ov. erodpoov uvdperg tou 2002,or ropoqtrrvq otpotqyrr<qg Ox0r1<or r<otdopov otrl Autrr<r1 ouneproxdq oqpooioq Ytorptqepopd6eg' erotovtdeq unntouq <ot tcot6v6troBov or<ropoq. notrotottvtorog notrog orpqrav

tqv oveloptqolo onoio to lpdr ovoyvtpr(e tou Koup6rt. or<eporrqto Korrqv e6o<prrq ouv6to lpdr< tou 1994, Kotd tq rdprero tqv rotooteiet vo rou xrorqv npoono0erd orrooto Boppd (;-re e{dyepoqtov Koptov voprrd p6oo) ror tov otlttilv oto Nto (pe oto Nto, or 6uvdorpotttott<d p6oo).Evtit, ve H u s s e i ne n r r < p d t q o oo p e r qr o u S a d d a m ovto1to xpovrr rdotrlpo, oto Boppd 11 enrrpdtqoe, Ylo v0 tov Kopr,lv e[6yepor1 KInou tou O etepoq l-ltrepoq ropdxqpeto{ oe epgro oqyrloertetrrr<d 'Ev<ooqg Kouprotdv tou or HflA nPoYPo- tqg flotprotrr<rig ov lovrotou 1993, (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan PUK) Korrou oto lPdr Pe ronoiqoov pro enr6PoPq "Tomahawl<", K o u p r r o Aqpo<potrro KPPotoq texvotnou nupotrouq Party- KDP). Democratic (Kurdish 11 onoio ovtt;retoniIoyiog cruise,evpyero ol qydtegtou Tov Ayouoro rou 1996, on tq le0vq<or6rd0eoq orrlKp <prtrrcq Husseinvo vtqto. H rpioq otrl M6oq Avotoq <pvr1<e KDP (rltqoov on tov Saddam O 6 r o p d x q . Hussein e p c p r o o t r l v e n 6 p p e r poiver reuOftr1oq npog rdnorogFopqnC vc otpo30.000 onootdovtog qy6- ovtonor<piOqr<e tov o lporcrvg tou 1994, to Nopppro -otqv oupon rouq npoototeup6vq trtilteg oe to r q q u n 6 y p o r l e r d t o y l . l oo p 9 < , r v p or onoior roropov pdxoug ppero(drvr1ro Apxqyeiotou PUK oto lrbil <ot 6tot o tpqpotog tou Botou peyctrtepou 6eyxog KDP. Or HflA ow6peiou lp< n6pooeoto 6o nupoutrlrv 6pooov p rnv e{onuoq oto Ntro lpdr. C)oroo,iyo enr6pop<irv o p y t e p o ,o H u s s e i nu n o o t ( p r [ e e r v 6 o u otpotttott<dto KDB outq tq gopd ernop0drvtog ro Apxqyeio rou PUK orri to KDP olqto t6trq tou 1997, Sulaymaniyah: ppeyotepo rou to dtreyx tov un eixe lpdr<. poq rou Bopeiou to PUK ror to To lentpPprotou 1998, yro to oxrlporloupr<ptovio KDP un6ypotlrov rupdpvrlorlg. neprgeperorqg op progr<orvrlg epgtrro otrlv outq 6pole t6trog H oup<ptovio lpdr.Ito ttov Kop6ovtou Bopefou ropdxq rorl olKovoprr<r1 6rotqpo nou peootrdprlo, t d o t o o q o t o l p d r <r c o r 6 o t q p o p o t t r r lr o ev pno' o nriOopropg 1995ror to 1996:

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unootqpi(er r0r rq reevri voouppopsr,roei ioouo*oo.,l pe:: il-ff:tfi f"*o: rrls rupios pe trs HnA 6,o.ope;;" ovtrpooq -r<or ,1'":::"": ^o-11"0"i"1;";; orpor o,u<ri
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Ar<olou0orjv to o4;rovurdrepoA4poypogrr<ti ror Orrovqrrrd Eoucrurd Eroxeio ror pey60q tol Kpordv r4q MdoqqAvororiq noq out roroyptigowor qtov OHE.

AITYNTOE
llohfueupo Apx4yq xpdrouq 'Evoneq Auvdperq A;.ruvtrrdq ondveg l'lporeouoo 'Erroo4 Ilr10uopq (2002) llurvr4ro A{qo4 nl40uopo l-llq0uopriq ro 2025 fll40uop6g to 2050 Aotrrg nl40uop6g Aypouxdq n4Ouopdq E0urq op6eq Enioqp4 ytr<irooo Enlxpororioo Op4oreio fl pooortiryevo riplo (o{q IIor6rr<ri Ovqorpr4to Mopgortrrd enineo E0vrr vripropo E0vr16ero664po Kord xegol{v ero6r;po Feorpyrrriq ropr6oq Broprlxovfo Ynrlpeofeq Epyourd Suvoprr6 Erq Feopyio Et4 Brop4xovfo Errg Ynrlpeoieq Po6rogovrrdq ouoreudg T4tregovrr6q ouoreudq Euoxeu6qr4eop6oeov Euv6popdqInternet Ilollf oerqegrlpepiov Aurorivqro Kordtrtr4troo6116ircuo

IEPAHA
Aqporpotio f'lpe6poq t63.500 8,9% tou AEfl lepouootrqp (633.700) 21.946 km' 6.029.529 274,74 rtowoilkm' 1,48% 7.612.022 8.5r6.835 9t% 9% 82%EBpoior Eppoird 77%Eppoiot 78,9 xpvro 0,8% 99,7% Ier6tr 6rs $110,4 $t8.3t0

Aqporporio f1pe6poq 443.000 3,2% tou AEfl Kdrpo (6.789.000) 997.739 km' 70.7t2.345 70,87 rdtorrorikm' t,66% 95.164.237 il3.002.084 45% 55% 99%'Apopes Apopr<d 94% pouooutrpdvor 64xpvro 5,9% 70,7% Aipo $996rq $r.400 16,6% tou AEI-I 34% tou AEI-I 49,4%rcu AEtl 34J%rou ntrr10uopo 30% 72% 48% 317/1.000 roroir<oug 86/1.000 rotoiroug ll9/1.000 roroircouq 0,085/1.000 rotoirouq 38/1.000 rotoir<oug 30/1.000 rotoircoug 78%en[tou ouvou

44,8% rcu ntrqOuopro 2% 25% 73% 524l1.000 r<otolroug 482i1.000 <otoir<ouq 288/1.000 <otoiroug 26,1/1.000 r<oroiroug 291/1.000 rotoir<oug 2701|'.000 rcotoixoug 100% en[tou ouvou

Y-

EYPIA
Ilolfueupo Apxqy6q rpdrouq 'Evonleq Auvdgerq Apuvrrrdq ondveq llpolreouoo 'Er<rooq nrt0uop6q(2002) llurvrr1to A{4o4 nrl0uoporl Illrl0uopq ro 2025 fltr40uopq ro 2050 Aorrr6q ntrq0uop6q Ayporrr9 nl40uop6q E0vrr6goyd6eq Enfo4pq yldooo Enrrpotorloo Op4oreio llpooortirpevo 6plo (or{q Ilolrrrl 0v4olyr4ro Mopgrorrr enineo E0ur vplo;ro E0vrrd ero64po Kor regotrqv ero6qpo Feoryyrrdq ro;16o9 Bropqxovfo Ynqpeofeq Epyotrr 8uvoprr Irrl Feopyio Err; Brogrlxovio Errq Yn4peoieq Porogr,lvlx6g ouoreudq Tqlegovrr6q ouoreu6q Euoreudq t4leopdoeorv Euvpop69Internet Iltol{oerq eg4yepfov Autoriv4ro Kotltrqo olr irruo

AIBANOE
Arlpor<potio flpdepog

Aqpor<potio f1pepoq 32t.000 5,6% tou AEI-'I Aopoor<g (2.036,.000) 185.180 km' t7.t55.8t4 92,64 r<dtorr<or/km' 2,50% 26.547.725 34.437.235 54% 46% 90% Apopeq Apoprrcd pou<routrpdvor 86% 69,1 xpvro 3,3% 87,8% Aipo gl7'rs $991 24,1% rcu AEfl 30,2% rou AEI-I 45,7%rcu AEfl 30,1% tou nq0uopo 28%
25% 47% 27811.000 roroircoug 103/1.000 rotoircouq 70/1.000 rotoiroug, 20/1.000 rotoi<oug 30/1.000 rotoiroug 23% eni tou ouvou

7r.830
3,4% tou AEI-I Bqputs (1.500.000) 10.452 km' 3.677.780 351,87 r<dtorr<or/km' 1,36% 4.564.539 4.940.731 90% t0% 93% Apopeq Apoprr<<1 70% pouooupdvor 71,8 xpvro 2,7% 95,4% Aipo 6rq $16,5 $4.486 lt,9% 72% 66J% 41,3% rou nq0uopo 7% 3t% 62% 907/1.000 rotoi<oug 195/1.000 rotoir<oug 375/1.000 rotoir<oug 1,211.000 rctofu<ouq l4ll1.000 rotoiroug 336/1.000 rorofr<oug 85%enitou ouvtrou

g q q q q uq tou

IOPAANIA
llotriteupo Ap*nydS rpdrouq 'Evonleq Auvdperg Apuvrrr6q ondveg llporeouoo 'Extoorl l-lq0uopq(2002) flurvdrqro A$4oq n40uopori l-llq0uoyg ro 2025 It40uopdqro 2050 Aorrrq nlrl0uop6q Aypotrrdq n40uopdq E0vrrdqop6eq Enioqp4 yldrooo Enrrporooo Op4orefo llpooordpevo pro (ro49 flor6rr<{ 0v4or;rt4to Mopgrorlrd enineo E0vrr vpro;ro E0vrr ero4po Kor regoriv ero64po leopyrrq rop6og Brop4xovfo Ynr;peofeq Epyorrr6 uvo;rlrd Er4 Feopyio Er4 Brop4xovio Euq Yn4peoieg Porogrrlvlrdqouor<eudq Trllegotvrr<dq ouoreudq, Euoreudq r4eoptioeolv Iuvpopdq Internet Ilorioerqeg4pepiov Auroxivqto Kot6llqlo o1166irruo Iuwoypotr<r1 Movopxfo Boorrdg t00.240 6,9%rou AEfl Apdv (1.187.000) 89.556 km' 5.307.470 59,26<dtorr<or/km' 2,89% 8.65t.714 |.772]89 74% 26% 98%Apopeg Apopr<d 93%pouooupdvor 77,7 xpvro 2% 99,6% Aqvdpro $8'36tq $t.s64 24,1% rou AEfl 30,2% tou AEI-I 45,7%rcu AEll 27,4% rcu nqOuopo 6% 25% 69% 27|'1i'.000 <otoir<oug 93/1.000 rotoir<ouq 82/1.000 rotoiroug 0,15/1.000 rotoir<oug 45/1.000 rcctoirouq 68/1.000 r<otoir<ouq 100% enitou ouvou

IPAK

Bcy6dtrl (4.336.000) 438.317 km' 24.00t.8t6 54,76 rdtorr<or/km' 2,82% 40.4t8.381 56.460.779 77% 23% 77,5%ApoBes Apoprrd 96% pouoou,\pdvor 67,4xpua 5,8% 74% Aqvdpro

26,9%rou nr10uopo t6% t8% 66% 2291|.000 rotoi<oug 2911.000 r<oroir<oug 835/1.000 rotoiroug 20/1.000 roroir<oug 52l1.000 rotoiroug 84% eni rou cruvou

IPN
lloiteu;.ro Apx4yqrpdrouq 'Evoneq Auvdperq Apuvrtr<69 ondveg llpoteouoo 'Erroo4 Flq0uopdq (2002) flurvt4ro A[4o4 nlq0uopo l-lqOuopq ro 2025 Ill40uopqro 2050 Aotrr9 n40uopq Aypotrr9 ntrr1Ouopq E0vrrdq op6eq Enforlpqyldrooo
Enlrporooo 0pqorefo llpooordryevo 6pro (r,rriq l-lorr r<ri0vrlorpr4ro Mopgrorrr enine6o E0vrr v6ptopo EOvrreror1po Kor<i r<egol{v ero<i4yo leorpyrrq ropdoq Brop4xovio Ynqpeoieq Epyour uvoprr Er4 leorpyfo Errl Blop4xovio Etrq Yn4peoisq Po6logorurdq ouoreudq Tqlegovlr<69 ouoreudg Euoreu6q r4leopdoeclv Iuvpopdq Internet flolrioerq egrlpepitov Autoxfvqro Korri4tro orr irruo looprr<q Aqpor<potio Opqor<eurrr<g Hyft11q 5t3.000 7,5%tou AEfl Texepdvq (6.758.845) 1.648.000 km' 66.622.704 40,43r<drolror/km, 0,77% 88.409.309

KOYB EiT

0)

ol

ouq uq oug

oug oug Iou

r00.t98.725 62% 38% 60% llpoeg fleporr<d 99% pouooupdvor 70,3 xpvrc 2,8% 94,6% Arlvdpro 6rq $104,9 $t.57s 18,9% tou AEI-I 22,3% tou AEI-I 58,8% tou AEI-I 29,5%rcu ntrqOuopo 23% 3t% 45% 263/1.000 roroiroug 149/1.000 rcotoir<oug 7ll1.000 rotoir<ouq 0,01 l/1.000 r<otoiroug 241'.000 roroir<oug 4ll1.000 roroiroug 56%enitou ouvou

Iuw/r<rj Movopxio EUiprtS t5.500 9,8% tou AEfl Koup6rc (28.2s9) 17.813 km' 2.ilt.s61 I18,54 rdtorr<or/l<m' 3,33% 4.175.172 6.374.800 98% 2% 80% Apopeq Apoprrd 85% pouooutrpdvor 76,5 xpvro l,t% 92,8% Arlvdpro 6rq $37,8 $17.901 0,4% rou AEt-l 53,5% tou AEI-I 46,1% tou AEll 38,1% tou nq0uopo t% 25% 74% 678/1.000 <croirouq 2441|,.000 rorofu<ouq 505/1.000 rotoir<oug 2,3/1.000 r<otoir<ouq 37611.000 rcotoir<ouq 408i1.000 roroirouq 8l%enitou ouvou

T.APABIA
llolfueupo Apxnyds rprouq 'Evonleq Auvdperq Ayuvrlrdg ondveq llpolreouoo 'Ertoorl FllqOuopdq (2002) llurvr4ro A{4o4 nl4Ouoyo l-llqOuopdqro 2025 Il40uopq ro 2050 Aorrr<gn40uopq Ayporrr9 ntrq0uopg E0vrr6qop6eq Enio4p4 yldrooo Enrrpororioo Op4oreio llpooorrirpevo pro (or{9 Ilorlr{ 0v4orpdr4ro Mopgortrr enineo E0vr16vpropo E0vrr ero6qyo Kord regoriv ero6qpo Feapylr6q ro;.r6oq Bropqxovio Yn4peoieq Epyorrr uvoprr Er4 Feopyio Errl Blop4xovfo Errq Yn4peoieg Porogalvlr6qouoreudq T4egovlr6q ouoreu6q Euoreudq tr1eopdoeolv Euvpop6qInternet Ilorrioerqegrlpepfov Autoxfvqro Kordl4o orrd irruo Movopxio Boolr<iq t26.500 l0,l%tou AEI-I Prdvt(2.620.000) 2.240.000 km' 23.5t3.330 10,50 rcdtorrcor/km, 3,27% 48.5t6.5t6 91.|2.26s 86% I4% 95%Apopeq Apopr<d 94%pouooutrp<ivol 68,4xpvro 5% 93,6% Prdr 6rq 9173,3 $7.340 7 %r c v A E f l 47,7%rcu AEfl 45,2% rou AEfl 29%rou nr;0uopo l9% 20% 6t% 321/1.000 roroir<oug 137/1.000 roroir<ouq 26211.000 r<otoir<oug 0,15/1.000 rotoircoug 59/1.000 rotoiroug l5l/1.000 r<otoircoug 30%eni rou ouvou

I(ATAP
Movopxio

Epipns t2.330
ll,7% tou AEfl Ntxo (392.384) 1|.427 km' 793.341 69,43r<<ltorr<ot/km, 3,02% t.t53.966 t.239.2t6 93% 7% 40% Apopeq Apoprr<d 85% pouooupdvor 72,9xpvto 2)% 95% Prdr 6rq $14,5 $t8.245

39,5% tou nqOuopo 3% 32% 65% 450/1.000 <otoir<oug 268/1.000 roroiroug 404/1.000 roroir<oug 0,053/1.000 r<orofroug l6l/1.000 rotofu<oug 2741|..000 rotoiroug 90% en{rou ouvou

MNAXPEIN
lloireupo Apxqyq xprirouq 'Evonleq Auvd;.rerg A;.ruwlr<6q ondveq flpolteouoo 'Erroorl It40uopq (2002) llurvr4ro A{qoq nl40uotrro Fl40uopdq ro 2025 Ilrl0uoy6q ro 2050 Aorrr<iq nlq0uopq Ayporrrg rr10uopq E0vrr<dq op6e9 Enfo4pq ydrooo Enlxporooo gprloreio Ilpoooxdrpevopro (ro{9 llorrr{ 0v4or;.rt4ro Mopgr^ltlr< enineo EOvrrv;.lopo E0vrr ero64;ro Kord rego{v erori64yo leoryyrrq ro;16o9 Brog4xovio Ynqpeofeq Epyorrr uvcpr16 Erq Feopyio Er4 Bropqxovio Euq Ynqpeofeq Pologrovlr6qouoreueq T4legovrr<dq ouol<eudq Euoxeu65t4leop<ioeotv EuvpopdgInternet flortrrioergeg4pepfarv Auroriv4ro Kor6I4o orrd irruo

HAE

Iuvtoyporrr<rj Movopxlo Arlporpotio Epip'tS l-1pe6pog il.000 65.000 6,4%rouAEll 5,9%rou AEI-I Movdpo (148.000) Apno Nrdpnr (605.000) 707km, 83.600 km, 656.397 2.44s.989 928,43 r<dtorror/km, 29,26r<dtorr<or/km, t,67% l,s8% 86s.890 3.269.743 973.412 3.696.962 92% 86% 8% t4% 73%Apopeg 42%Apopeg Apoprrd Apoprr<d 85% pouooupdvor 96% pouooupdvor 73,5 xpvro 74,5xpvto t,9% 1,6% 98J% 90,6% Aqvcipro Nupxdp $8 6rq 9466rq $12.177 $t8.806 0,9% tou AE[l 2,2%rovAEll 39,9% rouAElt 57,5% tou AEfl 59,2% rou AEt-l 40,3% rouAEft 47,6% rcu nqOuopo 58,7% rcu nq0uopo % 8% 'r-ro/ 54% 43% 65% 580/1.000 roto[r<oug 355/1.000 rcoroircouq 250/1.000 rotofroug 391/1.000 <otoir<oug 4721|-000 rotoirouq 134/1.000 rotoir<ouq 1,6/1.000 <otoi<ouq 9,2/1.000 rotoir<oug ll711.000 rotoiroug 170/1.000 roroi<ouq 303i1.000 rotofxoug 103/1.000 <otoircoug 78% enirou ouvou |l00%eni tou ouvou
LT /O

OMAN
llotrfueupo Apxrlyq rpdroug 'Evoneq Auvd;relq Ayuvrrrdg cndveq flprrlreouoo 'Erroo4 fi4Ouop6q(2002) flurvdtqro A{qoq nl40uoporl Ilq0uopdq to 2025 Illrl0uopq ro 2050 Aorlr6q nlrl0uoydq Ayporrr<qntr40uopg E0vrrdgo;r6eq Enioqy4 ytrrirooo Enrrpororioo Opqoreio llpoooxrirpevo 6pro (or1q llorlrri 0v4orpt4ro Mopgorrrd enineo E0vrr vdplopo E0vrx6ero4po Kord rego{v ero6q;ro Fearyylr6qropdog Btopqxovfo Yn4peofeq Epyorrr uvotrr116 ftr1Feopyfo Et4 Brop4xovfo Etrg Ynrlpeofeq Pologorvlrdqouor<eudq T4egorvrr<69 ouoreudq Euoreudg rqleopdoeolv EuvpopdgInternet l-lrol{oerq egrl pepit'lv Autorivqro Kor6trl4lo o1166irruo

YEMENH
Arlporcpotio l-lpe6pog 54.000 7,8% rou AEI-I Idvo (972.000) 527.970 t<m' t8.70L257 35,42 <dtorrcor/l<m2 3,40% 39.643.901 7t.|9.251 25% 75% Kupitog Apopeg Apoprrd 99% pouooupdvor 60,6 xpvro 6,7% 66J% Prdtrr rg $8,5 $4s5 15,3% tou AEfl 46,2%rcu AEn 38,4% tou AEfl 29,5% rcu ntrr1Ouopo 6t% tv%
110/

Movopxio Ioutdvoq 43.400 l0% tou AEfl Moo<dr (635.000) 309.500km' 7.713j62 8,77 r<dtorror/km' 3,41% 5.294.475 8.337.734 84% t6% 75%Apopeq Apoprrd 88% pouooupdvor 72,3xpvto 2,2% 98,3% Aqvdpro gl56rs

$s.s29
3,3%tou AEI-I 53,4% rou AEfl 43,2%rcu AEll 23,4% rcv nq0uopo 4s% 24% 32% 580/1.000 <oroiroug 250/1.000 rotofrouq 4721|'.000 <otofroug 1,6/1.000 roroir<oug ll711.000 <otofrcoug 303/1.000 r<otoir<ouq 78% eni tou ouvou

6411.000 r<orofu<oug l911.000 ro-roircoug 29l1.000 <otoir<oug l5/1.000 roroir<oug 3411.000 rcoroir<ouq 12% enitou ouvou.

"ffiwm*"ywq #w*ppwwgw *wwag$#q ffiKry ffi**wry &wwxm&

Ailyunroq
m Erporg Enpris
Apporo ptix4q: 755 M-tAt (to 200 un nopd6ooq), 1.515 M-60A3/-60A1. Ie unqpeolo prxpdq -SS-54. opr0pg op;rdrovT-621 Te0olpor<ro;.rvo oxriporo: 150 BMp-1, 2 . 3 0 0M - 1 1 3 2,0 0 B M R - 6 0 08 , 00 Fahd, il2 Commando. To BMP-lovop6vetor vq onooupOov. Ie e(6r[q Bpior<eror to npypoppo EIFV (Egyptian InfantryFightingVehicle). Erlreu;r6vore0toporlop6vo ox{;roto: 40lYPR-765 Aroirqo4q ror fleprouoyr1q, 159 outorrvopevor l;ror M-106A2/M-125A2, 50 M-577AzAroirqor1q <or Edyxou l-1upq, opr0pqBRDM-l/-2Mrlxovrro, 40 ovtropporr<d M-901 lmproved TOW Vehicles, 200 qvuoppourdYPR-765, 26 ovrropporrrd M-981. Torrlr<<i nupoutrlrd ouotriporo: opr0pq Scud rcor Sakr-36. llolonof erto{eurdq pouretdv: 145 BM-ll rtov l22mm,60 BM-21 tcov l22mm,175 M-88 rorv l22mm.Yn nopd6oorl 26 ouotrluoroM-270. flupopolx:1.240 pupour<opevo nupoptr0 6 r o g p < o vr o p e t p q p d t r o ( vl 2 2 m m , l30mm, l52mm,l80mm,203mm), 361quror<rvopevo nupoptro M-109A2/A3 rov l55mm (ro 201un nopd6oorl),124outor<rvouevo nupopo SP-122 rc,rvl22mm (ro 24 un no_ pd6ooq). Avo;r6vetor q 6vop(q rotooreuqg oprOpo eogprivpu;rouropevov nupoptrtovVammas l55mm/52Cal. O;.ror: 400 povdegoe Srdgoporopetprlpoto (l20mm, l60mm, 240mm). Ilupoplo dveu onroOopoy{oeoq:900 povd6eq 82mmr<or l07mm). Koteu0uvpvoovrrqpFqtlK6 no: 520TOW 220 MILAN,200 Swingfire. Avrroeponoplxd nupopo:350 ourorr_ vopevoZSU,23-4(4x23mm), ourorrvopevo Z S U - 5 7 - 2( 2 x 5 7 m m ) ,6 6 y l - t 6 7 A 2V u t c a n , 2.000+rogptov 6ropetprlpdrco (v 20mm, 2 3 m m3 , 7 m m3 , 5 m m5 , 7mm,85mm ,0mm). l0 Ilupoulro ovrtoponoplxo ouorrfporo: 36 Crotale,Chaparral, SA-7,765A-6, lg0 SA-3, 320 SA-2,12tmprovedHawk,50 Avenger pqporo pe 1.058 Stinger: E n t 0 e r l r d e t r l r 6 n r e p o :3 5 A H - 6 4 A + Apache, l5 Commando ,64 yli-41-61-8. Metogoplrd elrnrepo: l5 Mi-gT,65 SA.342K Gazelle, t9 CH-47CG|SDChinool<, 18 UH-12,2 A5-61. Ie e[6trr(q ppior<etor ro npypoppoovopdOproqq tolvApacheoto eni_ ne6o -64D Kot rov Chinook oro enfne6o_ 475D

l-loeplxNouttr
Ynoppxro:T6ooeporldoqg Romeo. yn vounrjyqorl 6o unoBpxro r<dor1q Moray. Meydeqpovd6eq entgoveioq:'Evq ovrr_ topnrlr,6xo gpeycireg(or rdooeprgrd_ oqg Perryror or 6o r<dor1q Knox). Toxdo orrign Kot nptrollrd:22 roteuOuvpevov 14 ropnrdrotorxql lg Bqpdrrov, neprnor<d. Yn vounrlyqoqrdooepo ordgrl rdoqq Ambassador Ml<.1 ll. Anoporrr<dg uvdperq:Tpio oppotoy<oyd, 23 onoporrr<iq drcotor. l'lloio vopronod;rou: l8 unepdr<rro rcor nopdrtro vopr<oreutrrd. Aeponoprrd pdoo; Evv6qSA-3421

ii,*pr*tlt/sr$hli:i4ri:: {r:"{{!:

Gazelle, 66ro SH-2G SuperSeasprite (option yro 66ro enrndov). To evonopeivovtoSea KingMk.47onoopovror.

l'loeprr Nourrr
Moxr;urti oepoor6g4: 25 F-4Ephanrom l l , 3 6 S h e n y a nF g - 6 , 5 4 S h e n y a nF g-7,16 Mirage.2000, 4 8 M i r a g e . 5 D / E ,2 2 0 F 16{18lClD FightingFalcon(ouvofurqoprOpq),84Mic-21. Aepoorrig4 4lerrpovrro noldpou: 14 MiG-21, ilr Mirage.SSDR,2 EC-|3OH,6{r E-2C Hawkeye-2000 (ro dvo un nopd6oorl,o e[6fu{qnpypoptrro ovoBd0yroqq or enineo Hawkeye-2000), rdooepo Beechcraft-1900 ELINT(Electronic Intelligence). Merogoprrri oepoorrigq: 19 C-130H Hercules, l6ooepo DH-5D, 6{r oepoorcdgq evodprou ovegoroopo(rpio KC-|35,rpio Boeing-707). Ernoreurrrri qpooKdgq: 70 AlphaJet, 55 L-29Delfin,54 EMB-3t2Tucano,66rcq L-39, 48 L-59,tdooepo ll-14, 6(r Mirage.SSDD 6r Commander-ll4B. Yn6 nopd6ooq 80 K-8E rq onoio 0o ovurotoor{oouv ro L-29, ev6 oe e[6r{q Bpioreror o 6royorvro;rS yro rqv rloyrirou v6ou oepoor<igouq opxrr{g ernoieuoqq.

Ytk.v.2t.3, t.400M-60A3, OOO ll-+g, 50 T-62, 200T-55.H 6rooq Merkava Mk.46xerqvontux0e(. Te0toporropdvo oxri;.rorq:ouvor rd, 5.000 rogprov rn<ov (rupitoq M-ll3). fl ollqnoi erro{eureg pourertv: 48 M270(227 mm), opr0pg ouor4pdrov 6ro gpr,rv 6 r o y e t p q p d t <(o v 2 m ml,3 5 r n m2 l2 ,4 0 m m , 290mm). Ilupoporrd: 70 pupoutrropevo M-l0l (l05mm), 100 pupouropevo D-30(t22mm), pupouro;revq -71 Solram M-6gl (l55mm), 200 outorrvopevo M-107 (l75mm), 300 ourorrvopevo 133M-50 (l55mm),300 outorrvopevo M-109 (l55mm), 200 ourorrvopevo M-ll0 (203mm). 'Olpor: 900 pov<i6eq 6rogp<,rv roperpqpdrov(8lmm, l20mm, l60mm). Avrtopllotlrri roreuOuv;revrov p4pti. trov:TOW,MILAN, MAPATS, Spike. Avrroeponoprrri ouor{;.roro: 24 Chaparral 20mm, nupoBdlo 30mmrqr 40mm, 500Stingeri lmproved Hawk, Patriot. Ent0errrd errntepo: 39 AH-644+ Apache. Metogoprr ehrnrepo:40 CH-53^/q 38 A8-206, 25 AB-212,34 UH-60ABtack Hawk,15 S-70A-50 Peace Hawk.

Erpotdgiqpds
Apporo

lloleptr Nourtr< Ynoppxro: Tpio rdoqqDolphin, rpio Erpor4yr6gAuvdperg rdor1q Gal. Ie unqpeoio, roudxrorov.200 nupqvrr6q Movdeqenrgoveiog:15ordg4 r<oreuregodq or onoieqe{oni(ouv to Bororrrd Ouvpevov 12neprnorrd. Bqtrrdrarv, pl4potoJericho Ullllll. Tperq nupoBoopxieg Anopourdq 6uvri;rerg:'Evo op;rotoy<oy, ovtrnupourrcv ouorqpdt<ov Arrow-2 (q pio rperq onoBotrrdq drotor. nupoBoopxio unnop<iooq). Noutrrdq uvtiperg: Ao SA-366G, 6{r A8-206, n6vte A5-565MA. ptixqg: 1.000+ Merkava

lopoq

Iloeprr{ Aeponopio

62,

vod,

Mrov m,

t0l m),

Moxqrrrd oepoortigq: 95 F_4E phantom ll/-4E 2000, ll0 Kfir, 57 Skyhawt<, 7t F_tSAtBtl Strike Eagle, 356 F-|6A/B/C/DFighting Fatcon (to 102 eivorun nopd6ooq). Aepoorrigrl 4ler<rpovtr<o nod;.rou: Ao Boeing-707 E L I N T , o B o e i n g _ 7 0 7 Phalcon. Metogoprrd oepoordg4: 40 C_llTC_7, l9 C-1308/H Hercules, n6we KC-135 (evodprog ovego6roopg), or<tdr Boeing-707 (evoprog ovego6roopg).

200

KI-

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:
-

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Apporo yrix4q: t.4OO T-72, t.000T_62, 2.000 T-54/-55. Ie el6r{q ppioretor ro np_ ypoppo ovopdOproqq 200 opprlr<ov T_55oto enine6o T-55MVpe our<povrrrj poqOero. Te0orporrop6vooxriporo: 2.300 BMp_1,

2 4 mm,

_t52,t.000 1.500 BTp-50/-60t BRDM_t/-2. Tqrrlrd nupoulrd ouor{poro: 24 Frog-7,60 Scud-8, SS-t2, t8 SS-2t, M_9. l-lolqntrof erro{eurdq pourerdrv: oprO_ pg ouotqpdt<ov l22mm, l40mm, 240mm. llupoporr< : 2.600 pupou<opevo ru_ p o p o6 r o g p o r v ropetpqpdtov (l22mm, l 3 0 m m ,l 5 5 m m , l 8 0 m m )4 , 00 ouro<rvopevo 2 5 I t o v 1 2 2 m m , 5 02 5 3 t o r v l 5 2 m m ,1 0 0 ovtropporrr<<i nupopo. 'Olpor: oqpovtrr<g glmm, oprOpq p<ov l20mm,l60mm. Avrropporlr<d roreuOuvyevorvp4p6torv: Snapper, Sagger, Swatter; Spigot, Spandrel, Hot, MILAN,Kornet-E. Avrroeponoprx<iouorriporo: pupoutr_ ropevoovropofloptr<i nupopo 6rogpcov 6rogerpqpdrov (23mm, 37mm,57mm,gSmm, l00mm),300 ouro<rvopevo nupoBo ZSU_ 23-4 (4x23mm),6ro ZSU-57-2 (2x57mm),

I I
I i

44+

A/D, k ac

pio

TU-

oy, 6[t

ilPp*fit,q [f{ l]li,il t::ti?0;

oprepS nupourKdv ouorrlpdrov 400 SA-Z-3, Te0oporlopdvo oxritrroro: 950M-|13, 100 48 SA-5, 5A-6/-7,60 SA-8,200 SA_9, SA_il/_t3. Spartan, 120 Saracen, 130 Saladin, 140 Ferret,50 Enr0errrdelrnrepo:36 Mi-24, 55 BTR-94. Gazelle,lO0 Mi-8. Ilupopollr6: 17oworrvopevs M-59rov Merogoprxdefurn1epo: 100Mi-lZ, Mil55mm, 38 outorrvopevo M-ll4rorvl55mm, 8,6dro Mi-2,50Mi-25, 16Mi-14 Haze. n6we 35 oworrvopevo M;52 tov l05mm, 29 qutoKa-25Hormone (oe poov0unoBpuxror rrvopevo M-44rolv l55mm, ll0 oworcvouenodpou). vo M-109 rov l55mm, 100outorrvopevo Mll0A2tarv203mm. lloleptx Noutlx Olpol: oprOpg dtrpov rogpr,rv 6ropeKoppdreg:Ao r<ioqq Petya ll. rp4pdrov (8lmm, l07mm, l20mm). Ertig4 & Ileprnohrri: Orrr ordgq rcoAvtlopporrrd roteuOuvyevolv pl4pti. reu0uvpevov orr< neprnorrd. tarv: 330TOW 310Dragon. Brlprir<ov, Ie el6r{r1 BpiAnoporrrdguvriperq: Tpiooppotoytoyd. oKrrorro npypoppo npop{Oeroq 30 ouot4Illoio voprono6pou:'E{r voproreurrru!. trrdrolv Javelin. Aeponoprr6g wdperq:12Mt-4,.4 Ka-25, Avuoeponoplrd ouorriyorq: 200 owo20Mi-t4. rcvopevo nupoBdo M-42rcov 40mm, 100 ouIlopdrcro 6pwo:'EvoTdypoEnrtriprloqg, torrvopevo nupoBo Vulcan, l6 ouroxrvo36 nupoBtro 6roperpriporoq l30mm, 12nupo- pevonupoBdo ZSU-23-4 (4x23mm), 270nupo roperpfporoq l00mm, 12npouor ed- pourrd ouorrjporo Redeye, 14 lmproved gous-mgoveioq SS-C-l3. Hawk165A-6,320 SA-8,320 SA-9, SA-t3/-t4, Ent0errrti efurdntepo: 2l AH-lSW Iloeprxri Aeponopio Cobra. Mcu<rprrti oepoor6g4:150 MiG-21, 70MiGMerogplrd efurdnrepo:A6rs AS-332 23,40MiG-29,30 MiG-30, 16Su-278K (nopo6- Super Puma, 18UH-IH,6o Challenger-604, orq oe(6tu[q),40 Mic-23BN,40 Su-20/-22. 6voTristar-S0O, rpio S-70ABlackHawk, dvo Avoyvropounioepoordg4:'E{r MiG-25R. sA-3r6C. Merogoprrti oepoordg4: T6ooepo ll-76, 6{r An-26, 6(r An-12, o An-24, orrtir ll-14. Iloleprrd Nouur tdogepo Tu-134. flepmofurti orrig4: 17nopdrcro KotuTrErno6eutrrd oepoor6g4: 20 MiG:2OU, pdrtroneplnohrd. 83 L-39 Albatross, 60 l,-29Delphin, 30 MBB223Flamingo,30 MiG-l7,6qr PAC Shahbaz. floleprrri Aeponopio Mox4tlrti oepoorrigq: 25 Mirage.F. lCyEyBl,16 F-|6A/B Fighting Fatcon (un6ro. Oeotdq evorrioorlq on r4v A;reprrovrrri floEtpotg tqptis : eprrri Aeponopio),50 F-SE/F. 'rApyoto prix4q: 288 Challenger-l (nopoMetogoprrd oepoordg4; Lo C-212, oerq oe e{6trr(q), 350 Khatid, 50 M-60A3, 8o CN-235(und ro0eorcg evoxiooqg on6 218 M-60At. tqv Touircr rri l-loep rrr1Aeponopio), r6ooepo

lop6ovio

00 50
v

C-130H Hercules. Itpot6g inpds oepooxrig4:20 Bulldog, ^.,^T]Eo,t1u^.rr<ci prrpdqopr0p ouo socara ;.rtix4g: g Zutfiqar, TB_20, or<16 -^ .lry.* Hughes500D (errOl 50 M-60A1 (edxroro < mepo).

m,

TO-

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fpov
Erpot4yl r6q Auvritrre Ig
upgovo pe trq Muotrr<dg ynqpeoieq tov H[lA xqr tou loporj, ro lpdv Exa oo_ ' . r<,\r1p6oer tqv ovdnru{r1rou pofuorr_ . ro Brjporoq Shahab llt .

p-

p<ps oprop.lTl!ffi :;;Y;i|, :lf .), 50 Scorpion.

y<,r 6Ae r,rrq, "".;;;:lf ffi:r;; T-72S

(6xouv unootei

,\yo 6re qq, ""."ri"'-il;HJ fJ:J (ppetovrrcd, edxroto

o

dpirl-

O-

uouved 4. W

oxri;.roro:200 BMp_1, - _ -Te0<oporropdvo 200 M-tt3At,320 rpoxogpo BTR_40/_50/_ 601-152, tpoxogpo EE_9Cascavet, Ferret. rpoxogpo M_gGreyhound, Fox. Torrlrd nupoulr<d yotoBeqve<6s ouor{;roto: 300+ ^. tnq.i;:',?iiff. p r i p o t oe d g o u q - e 6 d g o u g scud_B pe rrq i6req ror 60 rqyq, o e{dr{q ppi_ orr;v 6<5oor1 llgorvo Scud_C. oKovrot to npoyp<ippoto ovdmu(qq rov K_ tlosnoferto{eurdg pourer6v: Shahab 64 tV (pe piyroro pe4ver<is _. I:::". BM-2f. rarv l22mm,Fadjir rov 2.000km) 240mm (tonrr<riq <orShahab V (pepiyrotoperlver<dq oxe6iooqg Kor ropoyoyqg), 5.000km). Fadjr-5rorv rrrmm lronrr{g oxe6ioor;g r<or nopoytoyqq).

32 04, vo

.F-

O-

o-

t2, n Po

lnilPB*i]r& []dsn.&trn txYs5

l'lupopofur: flepinou, 2.200oworrvo- i 1.800 pupouropevo nupop6o rogpov nupoBo rcgdpov 6ropetpqpdr<ov roperpqpcirov Fvo (23mm, 35mm, 40mm, 57mm, (75mm,85mm, l05mm; l20mm, l22mm, l30mm, 85mm), oprO;rq outorrvoyevcov ouorqpdttrrv l55mm),ourorrvo;levo nupoBo M-107rov ZSU-23-2 (2x23mm), 100 ZSU-57-2 l75mm,ourorrvopevonupoBdtroM-l09Al (2x57mm), nupoufu peqrd ouor{potop6oou rorv l55mm, ouroxrvopevo nupoBo M-ll0 ver<og MIM-238 lmproved HawkPhase 11,200 rrov 203mm,ourorrvopevo nupoBdtro pxpoBerlverog Rapiec SA-7,gop4rri RBSThunder-l ralvl22mm (ronrr{qoxeiooqq ror 70,gopqtd Stinger, Misagh-|, opr0yq FrKpS nopoyr,ly{q), ourorrvopevo nupoptro Tigercat. Thunder-2 rov l55mm(ronrrriq oxe6ioorlg Aeponopio Erporo:12F-27,34 Cessnaror nopoyroyrig). 185/-310, iro Cessna O-2A,6o Falcon-20, Olpol: orlpowrrg opr0p6q ororxeir,rv oe ndvreAero Commander-690, 16PC-68, 12 rdgopo 6ropetp{poro (8lmm, l07mm, l20mm). AH-IJ TwinCobra, 22+Beil-214,2t Mi-17, Mi-9, Ilupopdlo dveu ono0o6pp4o4q:opr0- 64 CH-47C Chinook, 156 A8-206, emd NASpq ororxeiov 6rogdpurv roperp4pdrtov 332Super Puma,6fr AB-205, 6ro HH-34E n6. (75mm,l06mm). we AB-212.6o 5-61. Avuopprourri roreuOuvdyevorv pt4p6: tolv: Entac, SS-ll/-12, Dragon, 130BGM-ZI Ilote;rrr Nourlx TOWKonkurs. Ynopprixro: Tpio x.\dor1q Kilo ror ew6o Avtroeponoprrti ouor{poro: nepinou, miniunoppxro (midget):

pov 7mm,

dtrov 57-2 etrq,200 RBS0pq

ssnan-20, 8,12 Mi-8, NASn64E

Opeydreg:Tperq r.\do4q VosperMk.5 Errigq ror neplnorr:32 ordgq <oteu_ Ouvpevtov pqpdtalv r<or 125neprnor<<i. . Anoporrrd noio: Ew6o oppotoy<,ryd rol i[r onoporrrig dxoror. l-lloio vopronodpou: Tpio voproreurrrd. Aeponoprr<d;l6oo:'Evo oepoordgoq p-3F , Orion vourrr4q ouvepyooioq, 24 oepoox<ig4 F-27voutrr<{q rpooqq,dr<o SH_3D SeaKing, i(r AB-212, 6[r Strike Commande6 rdooeoo Falcon-2OE, t5 AB-205,66ro 48_206,tooepo RH-53qnivre M-17. lfopdrrro ri;.ruvo: l4O+ p^4poro Hy_21_4 Silkworm r<or C-801/-802.

r<ot<i rr1 6rdprerotrlg enrxeipqoqq <Kotoryi_ o tqg Epripou> neplproov o4povrr<dtqv rox rou lpor<rvo frporo. To 6o6er<oer6g epndpyro nou oroo011oe , ierrlrl rg ovtoqrrrrv ror or teeuroieqorpouort_ rdq entxerp{oerq, ouoroorrr<i, 6xouv enrgdper rqv orrri onoov0eoq tov Evnov uvd_ pov rqq xtpoq. Oo npdnervo oqpercooupe tr to ororxeiq nou or<oou0ov ovog6po_ v T o t o r r l o r p o r r o r l r < {r o x r o u l p d r < nprv on tqv endypooq tov Apeprrovcv.

Etporg inptis
Apyoro ptix4g: flepinou, Z.OOO T_721_ 691-621-591-5554 (opropdvoixouv Kqto_ otpogei yto rqv e{epeor1 ovrooKlK6v). Te0orportop6vo oxri1roro: l-lepinou, 3.300 BMP-ll-2,M-l13 (rupir,rq, orr;v 6r6ooq -ll3Al, rpoxogpo BTR-50/_60/t 52, 0T_62, M-3,EE-9Cascavel,AML-90, Ferret,ERC_90. F U G - 7 0 ,K o r o o r p o g i q o p ; , r d r o v pdxnq VCT). ToKrtKd nupourrri ouotliporo: Ayvo_ oros oprOpq e6<igouq_e6dgouq Bqp<irov Scud,pe oupporrriq r<or noe;rrxiq regoiq xqplrdv ror prooyrr6vouorriv (q erripqorl ov{rer orrq opeprxovrr<6q Apx6q). j erro{eur6g pouretrv: Iloono

llole;urri Aeponopio

Mox4rrrd oepoortigq: l5 MiG_29,25 Su_ 74,25 F-l4ATomcar, 50 F-SE/F Tiger il,40 F_ 4 D l E P h a n t o ml l , p r r p q o p r 0 p qR F _ 4 E Phantom ll (oe p6oovoyvcprorlq),20 F_6(rr_ ve(rrovriypogorov MiG-19), 40 F_7(rlee_ r ovtiypogorr,rvMiG-21). , oepoorg4: Ew6o Boeing- I _ -Merogoplr<ti 747, f4 Boeing-707,17 C-|3OHHercutes, t3 F_ r 27,rpio Falcon-20, 6o Aero Commander, emdDHC-2,pxpq opr0pqy_7. t Aepoor<6g4 4exrpovrro notdpou: r Ao ll-76 Mainstay oe po 6yr<orprlq npor,- , 6onoiqorlq ror edyxou. 2 5 0 + , o r o 6 r o p 6 r p q p or o v l 0 g m m Kol Ernor6eurrr<d oepoortig4: 45 F_33A, 49 l22mm. U-22,25 pC_7, EMB-3t2 Tucano,35 dfrTB_2t, Ilupoporr: flepinou, 1.500 pupouxo6(rTB-200, prxpq opr0pq MFt_t7 Mushshak. i pvo Kol curorcrvopevo nupoptrc6rqe_ provropetpqp<ir<ov (85mm,l00mm,l22mm, l 3 0 m m l,5 2 m m l,5 5 m m ) . Olpot: Meydog oprOpg oto 6ro;retpri_ poro rov l20mmr<or l60mm. ,Evoneg prv cn ro 1980, or lporrvdq Avuopporrr<d roteu0uv6pevov BqpdAuvdperqrjrov on trq roxuptepeg rov: Swingfire, Sagger, Swatrer,HOT, SS_ll. orrlv euprep4neproxqTrlSM6oqq M I L A N . Avororlq. Or oeponoprr<oi BopBop6ropoi Avrroeponoprrti ouorriporo: flepinou,

lpdr

'r*Fi}*{i1* f *{i3{tti {HY*}

Ap;roro trrdx4q: 315M-lA2Abram, 406 M-60A3, 300At"lX-30 (ro neproorpo o onoOrlreuoq, toudxrorov, rs 1500o ono-edrrsr 12 oupOov). fe e(6r(4 Bpiorovror xpvro-or ronpoyporeoerq ytorqv npopi0ero, nepinou, 150oppdrolv pdxqqLeclerc on rq yotrrrcrj GIAT, otrd ro nrOovtepo eivor rr to npypoppo 0o eyrotoergOei tryo rou ur{qo rotoug. Te0oporropdvooxriporo: 400 M-2 Bradley, 1.600 M-l13 oe 6r<igopeq er66oerg, 500AMX-|0B160tpoxogpoPiranha 8x8, EE-ll Urutus, 50Al Fahd OF-40-8, 200 rqroflole;rtrri Noutrr orpogeiqop;rdtovFdxrlq OTOVCC-1, opr0I e u n q p e o i oB p i o r e r o r p r o g p e y 6 t o , pq rotootpog6alv oppcitrov AMX-|OP pe ort6 o16911 r<oteuOuvpevov Blqpdtov rcor ovrropporrrd B{potoHOT,350AMt-60/79 topnrdrorot Kcl neprnorrd ordg4 (etrd- 90. xroto on ourd Bplorcovror o rtxtprloror{ Tortlrd nupoulrd ouor{;loro: 50 rotdoroorl). DF.3A. Ilollqnloi errofeur6q pourerdv: 60 Iloleprr{ Aeponopio Astrosll. Moxqtrrri oepoortig4: flepinou, 180 Ilupopofur:100pupoutrropevo nuporogptov rnqrv (MiG-21/-23 | -25t-27 | -Zg, M-lOl rov l05mm, pupouropevo nuBo Mirage.F-1, F-61-7(t<tve(Lrcd ovriypogo rtov poBo M-l14 rorv l55mm, pupourcopevo MiG-19/-21), Su-25, T-52 Jet Provost.Aprerd nupoBo 90 M-198 r<ov l55mm, 72 pupoutroepoordgq tqg lporrvriqlloeprrrlq Aeporopevo nupoBdtro FH-70 rov l55mm, 280 nopioq ppiorcowor oto lp<ivnporetp6vouvo ourorrvoyevo nupoBtro M-109 6rogptov npootoreuOovond to nupd uov ou1l1.trixov. er6oe<ov qurorrvopevo rov 155mm,50 ruTo oepoorcdgq owd eivol opgipooedv enrpoBo GCTrov l55mm. otpogov. O p r o t4 : 0 0 o r o r x e i or o v S l m mr o r .Metogoprrri oepoorrigq: 20 An-2, l07mm, ll0 qrorxeio rov l20mm. orrcAn-12, orrdr An-24,6o An-26,13 ll-14, Avrroppotrrd rcoreu0uvyevov Btrqpri-'. o Tu-124, l2 Wessex, o B-N lslander; 6o t a r v : D r a g o n ,B G M - 7 1 TOW BGM-71 Heron. lmprovedTOW HOT.
Ernoreurlrdoepoordgq: 230 6rogptov tncov. Avrro6ponoptxri ouor{yoto: 600+ erto(ewdg Stingerror Mistral. Enr0errrd errnrepo: l2 AH-64A+ Apache (oe e(6r{qnpdypoppo ovoBd0pronS oro enineo-64D Apache). Merogoplrri elrrdnrepo: 2l UH-60A

4.000 pupouropevo ror ourorcvopevo nupoBo rogdpov roperpqpdrov (23mm, 3 7 m m ,5 7 m m ,8 5 m m ,l 0 0 m m ) ,o p r O p q nu-3| - 6l -Tl -g| -9| poutrr rtv ouorrl pdtr,rv SA-21 14. Roland. Aeponopio Erpcrori: f'lepinou, 400 errcnteporogdpr,lvrnorv (enrOetrrdetrrr<nrepo Mi-24 Hind, enrOerrr< irrnrepo e Gazellee(onrop6vo p ovuopForrrd Bripoto HOT, ovoyvroprorrrcd errnrepoBO-105, perogoprrd elrnrepoAlouette 1ll,perogoprrd errcnrepo SuperFrelon).

I. Apopio
Etporq inptis
ub

06

2 c i-

4-

-2

x8, e-

0t-

D e s e r t H a w k , l 5 B e l l - 4 0 6 C6 , E rA S _ 3 6 5 N Floeprr{ Aeponopfo Dauphin, 28 A8-206Jet Ranger, 6(r Alouette M o x 4 t l r r i o e p o o r t i g 4 : 1 0 6T o r n a d o l l l , 1 8 K V - t 0 7 i l , 2 9 A B - 2 1 2t,6 S _ 7 0B t a c k IDS/ADVt42 F-tSC/S Strike Eagte,70 F_SE/F Hawk,ll CougarMk.2. g RF-5EFreedomFighter FreedomFighter, (oe poovoyvriproqg). Floleylx Nqutlx Merogoprrd oepoox<ig4:33 C_130E/H Erri94 enrgovefoq: Tdooeprq gpeydteg, Hercules ,d w e C N - 2 3 S3 n , 5 C_212_20 0 6 v,o rdooeprgr<oppdteg Kor onpovut<g oprOpg ,Boeing-707/320, 6o Jetstar, 6o Falcon_20, orogdv <oreu0uvpevov p,\qpdrtov Kor n_ orrcir KE-3A (oe po evodprou ovego6ro_ prnor<6v. opo),enrclKC-130(oe po evo6prou ove_ lllofo voprono6pou: A6ro vopr<o,\reugo6rocrpo). ItKO. ExnqreutrKri oepooxrig4: l2 T_41A, 50 Anoporrr<dguvdper6:Tdooepooppo_ PC-9,28 Hawk,6o 12 Jetsream-31, Cessna_ toyroyd <orrdooeprg onopotrr<69 ci<otot. t72. Aeponoprxd pdoo: 19Dauphin, 1 2A S _ Herrpovrr<qn6epog: Ent<i E_3Aoe 532U Super Puma. po6yr<orpqg npoer6onoiqoqq Koreiyxou.

60

ou-

vo -

ov u-

OI

rd71

0+

A+
:;+idF_=,

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p'-

04

632 r783 1869

'Etoq tqq EyhoS.Or Apopeqevonorovror rdr<,r on pro rorvrly<irooo ror Opqoreio. H orroydvero al-Khalifa 06terun rov 6eyx tqg to Mnoxpdrv. Ynoypdgeror Iuyg<ovio l-lopoxrirp4orlq tqq Ar<irpuyoq tou lou6( 4 rpos rov Ferdinand qn rov Avtrpoordo de Lesseps tqg Arymousaid llood yrorq erroupyio rqg rdrpuyoq yro 99 xpvlo.Ir4 ouvdxero, q oupg<ovio ouui ndpooeon rov Lesseps otq Noutrlorrj ftorpeio tqqArrirpuyog rou lou6(, oryunrrorcv oupgepvrov, pe oupyetoxritou ppetovrro Korrou yo,\rro Aqpooiou.

t88l 1888 i

1892 t896 1897 t899 r9t6 t9t7 1920 t923

H Aiyumog nepvd otov 6eyxotqg Meydqg Bpetovioq. Ie ouvi6plo nou npoyporonoui0qr<e ew6o rpordrv, pero{ F rq oupFeroxq trov onoi<ov q Aiyumoq <ol q O0opovrr{ Aurorcporopio, ou;rg<ovriOrlre u q rdrpuyo ev 0o reioernot6 <oryro <ov6vcnoio (epnoplrd Ipgrovo;rerrq onogdotq rou ouve6piou, { noeprr). edv 11 Aiyuntoq irerverq 6r<ipuyo,ro oupBopevo p6pr1 0o pnopooov vo ovotrdBouv pdoq pe orxo tqv onoKordoroon rou statusquo. H M. Bperovio06terun rov 6eyx qq qv neproxri rolv HAE (Trucial states). o rheodore Herlz 6qpooreer to prBio <To Eppoirc6 Kpdtoq>oto onoio npopd,\er <oq oqtr1qproupyio eBpoirorpcirouqor4v f1oorotivq. o Herlz opyovdrver or4 Booreio (Epetio) to np<iro orrovrorr* ouv66pro. lpero I o floyr<oproq lttovrotrrqOpyovropq. O qydtqgrou Koupdrt, Mubarak al-Sabah, unoypdger oupgrovio pe 14 Mey<iq Bpetovioovorqpooowoq rq xcirponporerropdto. To Kotdp nepvciotov dtreyxottov Bperovdvoq nporer<ropdto. H rcup6pvqorl rqq Mey<itrqg Bpetoviog uro06tqoe rq 6rorripu[qtou Balfour yrorq 6qproupyio ove[<iprqrou eBpoir<o rcp<iroug orqv f1oorotivq. Ynoypdgerorq Iuv0rjrq tarv fepptv.Mero( dtrov,npoBdner tq ooroorl ove(dprqrourouprro rpdrouq. Ynoypdgetor 11 luv0rjr<q trlqAo(<iwqq q onoio ovtrrq0rotd outrj trov leBpcirvror q onoio ovorpef tq ouyrprqoq ove(dpultou r<oup6lro rpdtouq,ro edgq rou onoiou 6roporpdorqrov oe r6ooepo rpdrr.1. Aqproupyekor ro Booitrero tqq loourrriq ApoBioq, H MeydtrqBperovioror ro lpdv unoyprigouvoupgtovioouverpetdtreuorlq tov nerpeoiovtqq x6poq yro 60 xp6vlo. ror q l''teydtrq Bpetoviounoypdgouvoupgrovioyro rq otd0peuoq ! llVrT"q 10.000 Bpetovrilv otporr<otrivorq arrirpuyo tou roui( yro pio nepio6o 20 er6v. H EnrtponriPeelnporeivet ro lo;lelotrr tqq floorotivqq oe rpio r<p<irq: 6vo opoprr,6volou6oir,p rouq Bpetovoq vo 6rotqpovtov dtreyxo proqpr<p{qneproxrjg pe npdoBooqorq Meoyero Odtrsooo.

t932 t933

t937

H Mey<iq Bperovioex6i6er:qeux{ BiBo opgovo pe rqv onoio o eBpotkq nqOuopq.qq nolo,o.ln*r" " npdner vo {enepvd to l/3 tou ouvorro n\qOuopo. Anorux4 p6vr1 onnelp_o npo{rxonripotoq oto " lpdr on rov proyeppov Rashid Ali "f_"ifrni.H Mey<iq Bperovro-xor foprerrxri .Evaloq 4 oupgrovov vo onoxclprloouv on6 ro rpdvi{r priveq pet<iro tioq.o, Bj rroy*oopiou fro^'pou. H Aiyumoq,ro tpcir,:.i:ll oAfBovoq"--' ynepropEovfo ror 'l 4 unoypdgouv ro flpcor<ol.\o rqq A,\e{civ6paoq. I To xpcirrltou l-lparror<A,\ou rqg Ae{dvperoq, ouv rrl foou6rrri Apopio KoI rrlv yepivq, unoycdglu1 .qu op,urprl' ir"ra _q qproupyrwo g tqv.Apoprr<rjAry,<otq lre 6iopeuo4 "" ;il;;u"rpuv0ov ' ''' -"' on t4 ppetovrrriogoipo "n,ppo4i. H M. Bperovio unoyprigel fuvOr]r<4 pe trlv ynepropovfo yronopopov4 ppetovl<t.lv orpo'r,lrlrdlv 6uvcipeov'ot4u opo1r,xr1 xpo yto 25 xpvro. Or Bperovoionoxalpovon6 to lo<iv. H Mey<i,\q Bpetovioov111ivr,r1e rr to (ritrlpo yro rq rlproupyfo 11 xr eppoirorpdtoug orq Mioq nn*o,rf"rp";.n" oppordrqtorou OHE. H [evrr<ri fuv6euo4 rou OHE onogcoi(eryrorr1 ouyrprrlorlrqq UNSCOP O OHE uro0erei (eogpcq rpononorqpiveq) rrq nporoorq rrls UNSCOP yrorrrv eniuoq rrlq 6ropdxqq Eppoi'v'- nolo,o.,ui.uv. H Meyd4 Bpetovioov

od

t{

1,
9/t944 3/t945

1946 3/t946
s).

2/t947 5/t947 nlt947 t2/t947 1948

slt948

o Ben_Gt rr1man'.""i,,-*"iJ,i'o',?"1,""":H::H"

Irrg l5 Moibu,

ci r yr otrl ord 0 pe u oqo*" ",-;;'Jl":*u],",::ffi: j il]i ljl,.lj: *, to-rp " oroupsa,vies onepp iso oo" "ro-" I *;r:i"T Jff::il';jil:*, 4

vp p oil" .,;;_T,?, :;'# #ff :i,fi i,",. iH Jl,' u,o uIe4 8 H Meydr1 Bpetovfoun

OU

3/t949

orl cv.

1950

xpdtqeroBcilouv oro v6orp<iroi,xrpis, ,".0o., vo pnop6oouv r1v i6puorl tou toporji. , por"qouvexior4rov ::.:l:.e:e.uv eogto ;lioo tou 1949, pl.ronpoooprvrj ovo<rrrxr] (ll louviou _9 louiou). Ynoyp<igeror vio oupg<,rvfo rnq Meyd4g Bperovfog lToS.j Kor rou lpdvyrotq ouver<petci,\euoq ;;" ,;";;" nerpeoi<,rv. o HusniZaim <oroopB.::rl e{ouoio otq fupio-Aiyoug prlveq opytepo, ovorpineror :?." onrov Sami al_Hinnawi oo,or_oq-;no tovAdib Shishakli, o onofoq rupipvrloe t1 x<irpo ioq to o.p;.fi; rou t9S4. tltqgi(etol o Npoq r4g Enrorpogr]q, o onoiog urur,.o rr<ofopo oe oug rougEBpoiouq vo enrorp6{rouu o.o tp",ii. ;rvdvetor rlAror<ripu{4 ttovTprdrv (Hl-lA, Mey<iq Bpetovio _", ,"U"iJpgovo trlv onofo l.r

0o undpxerroopponqp6vq e{oy<oyrl n<ov oe Apopeq r<or Eppoiouqror - e6ogrr{ 0o ovo(qreiror rorvrl6pdoq rov tpr6v oe ororinore ouvoprorri "ARAMCO" 6rogopdnpor{er. H erorpeio oupgoveipe rqv ruB6pv4oq tqq loou6rrriq Apopioqyro 50%- 50%erperdeuoq tou nerpeoironorourqg x<poq.

4ltgsl 7ltgsl r0/r9sl

4952

H nerpetroirrj rou lpdv e0vrronoreiror. Bropqxovio Aoogoveiror, oto T(opiAl Aqsatqq lepouootrrip, o Boorrdq Abdullah rqq Yneprop6ovioq. H Aiyuntog roroyy6trtrer t4 luv0r1r<q tou 1936pe tq Meydq Bperovio. tUqgi(eror o Npog trlg l0oy6verog, o onoioqroxopi(er rouq notrireq t4q xcpoq oe EBpoioug (xr loporllireq)ror Apopeg(xr Eppoiouq). Or Apopeqnoireq rou lopori ovrrperdnroov rqv dvroqperoxeiproq tou rpdroug.Tov loro, ovotpdneror otqv Aiyumo o Boorfudq Faruk on oyd6o o[ropotrr6v. O Dullesnpoteiver rr16rlproupyic proqouppoxioq pe oo rpdrq ouvdpeuov pe rq Ioprerrrri'Evotoq.

8/r9s3

Tq rorup6pvrlorl rou lpdv ovotropB<iver o e0vrrrotrjq Dr Muhammad Musaddiq. To ({rqpo tqq ropdxqg yroto ro0eor6g ratv rpovrrvnerpetroi<ov reuOerq0qre: q v6o oupgrovio ovoyv<ilproe to retetreopdvo tqg e0vrronoiqoqq, qpropyqo ptov6o rorvonpo{ioorcdrerorper<irv, evc ou;rgovr1Oqre ror q rotoBorjrrovonor4rlrqq ono(rlpiooqq npos ro Bpetovrrc Aqporo.

4il954

O ouvtoypot<ipx4g Gamal Abdel Nasserovcoppdver tqv npar0unoupyio rqq ArymouKorrnv npoe6pio, lyoug pqveq opyrepo. Ynoypdcpetor q luv0rjrq pero{ rqq TouprioqKotrou l-lorrotdv(q npdrrrlnp<i(4 qproupyioq tou lupg<irvou trlg Boy6drqq). H Aiyuntog ror q Mey<itrr1 Bpetoviodpxowot o oupg<ovio yroto rcoOeot<q tqqArdrpuyos rou lou6( (q oxetrrri ouvO{rq urreypdgq tov Orcdrppro): onoxtirpqoqt<ovBperovdrv ewq 20 pqv<ilv, otr<i pe enrtroyri enrorpogrlg edv ninoro r<pdrog rqq ApoprrrlqAlyroq{ q Touprio exrov eniOeoq on tplto rpdtoq ntrr1v tou lopoq. H Afyumoq nporoororei oe rivrlpo ouereptqroq. H Touprio ror to lpdr unoypdgouv to lpgrovoAporBoiog Ynoorrjpr(qq (Ipgr,rvo tqg Boy6drqq). Iupio, lpdr ror loourrq Apopio oupgrovov ot4 ouyrprqoq owiororx4q-rou Iupgdrvourqq Boy6<irr1gouppoxioq. H Meydq Bperovioyiverorp6trog tou lpg<vourqq Boy6dt4i. To florrotdv yiverorpdtroq rou Iupgtirvoutqq Boydrr1g.

7il954

t955 2lt95s

3/r9ss
4lt95s 9/r955

rl

O Nasserovororvriler tr oupgtvr1o p rrlv Toexoooporio yro rqv npop{0ero6n<ov.

r0/t955 t956 711956.

To lpdv yiverorp6oq rou lupgrirvou rrlq Boy<irqq. Ie<rvd11 6pdoq tqq e(rpeprorrrr]g opyrlvoorlg,.Al-Fatah" rord tcovlopoqfuvdrv O Dullesevqpdp<ooe tov Alynrronpiopq orqv Oudovyr<tov tr or HflA ev ev6rogdpovrot ylo rq xpqpcro6rqon- KorooKurj rou gpriypctroq rou Aswan. Ev piper,cog rivqoq 6uoopdor<eloq, to Kdrpoovoyvtopi(er to Koppouvtorrr ro0eot<itq rrlq Kivoq,svtil otrq 26 rou privoo Nasser ovororvrilver r4v eOvlxonoiqorl trlqArdpuyoq rou lou6(. fe puorrrri ouvrivrqoq,11 Meydq Bpetovio,q l-oio rcor ro lopori oupgdlvqoov otqv ovdrlrrUq rcorv{q orporr<orrrrlg 6pdorlqxotd rqg Arymou: to loporj ero6poe otrq 29 rou privo(q Mey<iq Bpetoviopoppdp6roe to oryuntord oepo6ppro, evdlq foio nopepn6r(e to orlo). ftrg 5 rou pnvo, Meydq Bpetovio xor fol,\io enrt60r1<ov n otriv Aiyumo. 4 Trlv enopdvq, npoypotonorriOrlre onpooqBperovrrdrv xot yorr<dlv uvdpearv or onoieg, iyeq rirpeg opytepo, xor un tqv nieor.l roxuprv eoolteprrcv ro r e{otepr rdrv nr6oeolv, 6rotdx0r1 rov vo oKrvqrorror 4Oov. H lop6ovioonoxopeion ro fpgovo trlq Boydrqg ror npooxopei otrl ouppoxioAryntou, Iupiog ror loou6rrrjg Apopioq, tou 1955. H fupio unoyp<iger oupgrovio orrovoprr<riq KotorpolorrKrlq ouvepyooiog pe rr1Ioprerrrrl 'Evooq, qneover tpelq Apreprrcvoq rncop<iteq ror npoxopei oe erroo0piorq orqv erpqveutrxri 6vopqralv Hvopdvorv Eovv. To ouptor rppo "Ba'ath"OopuBry04<e on ug grtroxopprouvlotrr<dg rrvqoerg tou KhaledBakdash r<or opy<ivrooe pro notrrtrrrj rlvqoq dvolorlqp rrrv Aiyunto. Awrp<irwoq, ro lpdr ror q lopoviorpouv rqv Apoprr{ Opoonov6io. Arotretor 11 Apoprr{ Opoonoviolpdr - lop6oviog perd to {6onoopo enovqororrrd)v rcvq;rdtov oe Boy6dr4r<or Apdv,ovriorotxo. "Ba'ath" To rpor<rv rcppo er<6q6ver cnoruxq;.r6vr1 onnerpo oogovioq rou f'lpopou tqq xdrpog, Kassim. Arqeror 11 6vr,loq peto( rqg ArymouKorrnq lupicq. To KouBdrr ovo<qpooeror ove{<iptqro rpdroq. To rpor<rv rppo "Ba'ath"opyovdrver enrruxqpdvo rivqpo ovotponriq rou l1podpou rrlq x<irpog Kassim. O v6oqflpepoqovoyvtopi(er tqv ove{opt4oioror rr;v e6ogrr<q orepoltqto rou Koupirt.leond enovdotoorlotqv Yep6vq un trlv r;yeoio tou to(iopxou Sallal, o onoiog, tnS Arynrou, r<otdqepe Urrlv unoor4ptq vo enrrpot{oer Kotvo ovoKt'lp{er rq xdlpoArlporporio. Er6qtrcvetor npo{rrnr;pooto lpdr Kotrnv e{ouoio rotoopBdvet oAref. Iro lpdv,o Idxqg e(opi(ertov Khomeini.

t0/,9s6

il/r956

l2lt956 t957

2/1958

7ta958 r959 r96l r963

1964

1966 t967 sla967

It<ortvetor oe 6uorxqpoo lporrvgflpe6poqAref.Itqv e(ouoio tov 6re6ix0r1 o o6ecpq tou, Abdul Rahman. Aqproupyeitor r'1 Aoirri Arlporpotio rrlg Yey6vqg. 'E0vq Itrg 16tou prlvq, o Nasser(rjtqoe ond to Hvolp6vo vo onoopouv rnv lpnvuuK{ vopqon to llvd, ev or.:422qtroloe l o r<trnoq tqqAqaba0o r<eioer yro rciOe noionou 0o gdpeltr1 oqpoiotou lopoqtr. H lop6oviounoypdger opuvtrr opgrovo pe tqv Aiyumo rol oryuntrord otpotepoto nepvov oto lop6ovrr<6 ogoq.H rivrloq owrl nporoei tr1 uvoprr<ri ovri6pooqrou lopori, pe onotdtreopo vo (eondoel o eypevog <f1trepoq rorv'E[r Hpepriw (ro lopori rcototroppdver tqv lepouoorip, tq Autrr4 Ox0r1rol tq Xepovqootou lvd). 'Ev<ooqq -p rnv unoor{prlq t<,rv H Meydtrq Bpetovio Hl1A,tqq IoBretrrrig Korrlq foiognepvdro rlq<propo 262167 oto Iuppotrro Aogoeioq tou OHE pe to onoio rororrdotrlre rdOenpoodptqoq e6dgouqpe tq pio. evt, ouyxpvolq, ertrq0er to lopori vq enov60er oro nponoeplrd ovopo ror ro opoprrdrpdtq vo ovoyv<,tpioouv rrlv nop(q tou loporitr. To {rqgropo ourd uro0etriOqr<e on touq Apopeq(ntrr1v rqg Iupioq),otrd onoppig0qr<e qn to lopor]tr. To rporrvrppo "Ba'ath"enov6pxetor otqv elouoio un tqv npoe6pio rou orporrlyoHassan al-Bakr: H Fatah evdrvetor pe tqv PLO. H Meydq Bperovio ovqrolvdver tr oto ntroforo enrpolriq neptronv 6onovrilv 0o rdreioer pdoetq treq rrq otpotrrolr<6g ovorotrrrd tou lou6(, ototord,6r,19 ro 1971. To lopoqtrow66pooenpoytrrotonordrvrqq poppop6ropoq oponoprroq orqv oryuruorrl evoxrilpo.

61967

rlt967

t968 tlt968

t968-r969 fltrepoggOop<ig tov lopoqrvriv oto pdtono tou lou6( on rqv Aiyumo.

t970 811970

H rupdpvqoq rrlq lop6ovioq e(ovoyrd(er rovArafat oe e(opio. H Afyumoqror to lopcriunoypdgouv ou;rgovior<ordnouoqg tou nupq 6rdp<erog 90 qpep<ilv (q oupgrovio outri ovovedr0qre er v6ouro No6pppro tou 1970 rol ro <Deppoudpro tou l97l).fleOoiver (ogvrrd o Nasse6 tov roSixeror oAnwar as-Sadat. To lpdv erop<ier ror rototroyBdver 6o prr<pd vqordoto ;.16oo tc,rv Itevdlv tou Oppo( ro onoio q Meydtrq Bpetovioenr0u;rooe vo peroprpdoer oto HvopdvoApopr<dEprpoto. H ovripooqtou lptk rjrovvo rorc{rer rd0e rntr<oporrrri ox6oq ye to lpdv. O Sadat npoogdperoro lopoqee0epq 6io6o oto louri(, pe ovtdtroypo tqv onox<irploq rov lopoqrvdrv on to lvd. To Kordp <orro Mnoxpdrv ovo<r1pooovtor ove(dptqroeprpdtc. To HAE ovoxqpooowor ove[dprqro <p<itog.

l97l

2lt97l 81197, l2lt97l

e:;: fi !:.d::'fi ouv04rr1 ::]T-" ouvepyooioq oro^orpquouKO .pjo..fo ppero rprlpo rqq yepivqq ovorqpooerot, rq pori0ero l.l .qq :oorO,n4C ApoBioq, Apoprr<rj Aqpor<porfo rr;q yrpgnns.
o oAPEc -opyovrr< rpripo rou opEc- ovor<oivc,roe tr prercver trlv nopoyolyrl nerpeofou, npor<erpdvou vo ou{r1Oov or up6q (ou{rj0r6ovro70%).

vo ey<o toe ir,u. *

O Sadat(4t<i on touq foBrerrr<oq texv16s1,,-

:- |pd;;;;ypd

,.:;"j,1 "o^. "t

t0/t973

io' o yo

t/t974

I/t976

I/t977 9/t978 1979

unoop4q tqq xaipog. H rupio' o Afpovog<or11 PLo oupgrovov vo onopor<pver 'Evone<-uyeye,s opyrivr,ro4 4 noorotrvlorrl trq .rls onJ .qJ Jpr..oroo '' ' tou ArB<ivou, B4put,ror rrq vrreqenopxfeq .qq ",i,poq. o lopoflrvq npcl0unoupy.q Menechem Begin rov sadat o'.' r<oef orrlv lepouoorjp yro ouvoprieg. Yrroypdgetorr; oupgr,lvio e.rprjvqq tou Camp David peto{ tqg ArymouKotrou lopori. :eond rooprr<ri enovdorooq oro Jpdv. O f<ixr1q ovotpdneror Korrrlv qyeoiotqg xdrpog ovoopp<iver e *rfqfi"OqKhomeini. rto lpdr,

p ro qoprorepri qoupp oxio ;;ili:Jffi::l:,f : :ll 1tF"-peto{ s reppoti(ero .,u*o^,;;:-, lffi::: ;: ::", <,4 40 o; ov0poinov Kolrrlv rotoorpogrj .qq o,*ouo1r,*rjq

frrg 6 rou prlvq, Aiyunroqror fupfo eropdouv on Nro r<or Boppd, ovtfotorxo, oto lopori. To loporji o,gu,du1r.", r<or unox<,lpei, yto vo ovor<lprfer opytepo p, .r1u,.,to.4pr{rl tov HnA. lt'g 22,unoypdgetor rotdnouorl ror r,rpii.To lp<ir< oupgoveforrlv ourovopio tqg neproxqg rou Krpror. H Apoprr<ri Afyr<o ovoyv<opi(er ,.,io,1p,o .il nib oq rq pvq vprpr1 opx{ er<npoodlnqoqq rou nqorotrvr-j fooC. futrrgcovio pero{ .nr,ly::::1.:1.o, topo.rl yro onepno<rl on tqv xpioq: to o r<pcirq oupgalvov oe p,o ,,p,iu"r.,nrj uvoprl pero( touq.

il/t979

o s.aau'inu"t . }l",Til,:;_ A^..^.._, il;l*:ffi:io qYeprvqq''"Bau,, Kporio rr1 o.,.r y.p6;; q .q ouvO{rr1 1T.*1.1" 6rdpr<erog 20 et<ilv pe tr1foprerrxri.Evcooq.
Mio opci6oe{rpeprot<ilv eroriBole orrlv Apeprr<ovrr<r] flpeopeio

r4ve{ouoio ovoo;rpdver

iff .li#:*
Or nupqvrriq

oot4 Ko' rnv o"o-,"a ."Ju p;"n 1,-i oq Ie80) rolori

l98l

*0",,::5:,:vo oxi6rou,o4un, yrotq M6or1 Avotori, oupgovo peto onoioto lopori eo ouoyu"p,q.iu onotov opoprr< r<otrro,

eyroroorci, U"T"r, o n roIop o rj,\ ra u, o, o' "pou ; :;ffi',..J Ji"ffj fi;*, H.roou6rr<rj Apopio

'{r:j1:tnlrl :'.;
otr\d pe Bdo4to npo rou 1967 ovopo.

r0/r981
41t982 611982

Aoogoveitor o Sadat, rov lo66xetor or4v npoe6piorqq Arymou o HosniMubarak. Olorqpdrverorq onoxpr1onrov lopoqtrrvdlv on rq Xepovr1oo tou lvd. To loporltr eroBdel oro AiBovoror rctoopBdver rrq vrreqenopxieg tqg x<poq. O Arafat e(ovoyr<d(etor oe e(opfo yro pio or<6pr1 gopd. 239 Apeprrovoi ne(ovoteq orottirOqrov on eni0eoqoutorrovioq,petd to BopBop6rop pouooupovrrrv Odoeov on tov opeprrovr16 6o oro. To PKK (errvd dvonlo oy<itvo ror<i tqq Toupriog p orxo tr1 64yroupyio ove(dptqrou KouptKo xp<irouq. To lpdr npoypmoflotei propey<ir1 enr0etrrri evdpyero oro pdtono pe to lpdv, xtopiqporq enrruxlo. To lpdv e{onotrer eupeiogrtriporoq ovreniOeoq rol rorogdpver vo nepdoer otq 6utrrri xOqrou noropo Shattror vo popBopioer rr1Boydr4. Or flqtrqrorivror tqqutrrfg Ox0qq ror rqgAtopioq rqq f6(og [erivrloov 6vonqovriorooq (intifada). Teppoti(eror o ndtrepoq peto[ tou lpdrc Korrou lpdv.O Saddam Hussein xpqorponorei xqprr6qouoieqrotd Kopovop<ix<,lv nporowoqro 0dvoto xrhd6ov ov0ptncov. O Arafat 6qtrdrver otr teppoti(er rqv 6vonqovtrnopdOeoq pe to loporll r<or ovoyvropi(er to eppoir r<pdroq. H A\umoq yiverorerrrj -er v6ou* orqv ApoprrrlAlyro, q 66po tqg orofoq enrotpdger oro Kdtpo,ev<ir or HflA pir1oov yronpt4 gopd ovorrcdyro oneuOeioq ouvo;rrieq pero( rou lopo{ Korrnq PLO.fleOoiver o Khomeini, rov 6ro66xetor o Rafsanjani.

r0/r983
t984 1985 r986 t987 t988

r989

t990 811990 r99l lllggt' 2/t991 t99t

Tq 6o rpdrq tqq Yepdvqg evdvovtor un6 rq 6ror<uB6pvqoq rou f'lpo66pou rqq A4 porporioqrqqYep6vqg. To lprir eropdtr\er r<or rorooypdver ro Koup6rr. -rcr lerrvov orr'1 Mopirq opytepo, orqv Oudorvyrcov-6ropoueoerq peto[ rou loporiKorrov flotrororrviov. Apxi(er11 enrxeipqoq <Kororyi6o tr'1q Ep{pou>p orxo tqv oneleu06poorl rou Koup6rr. Ierrvovor xepooieq enrxerprioerq: or ouppoxr169 6uv<iperq flpotrovouv oro 66o<iooq rou KouB6rtror to sneeuOep<irvouv. To Hvop6vo'E0vq rotrovro lpdr vo opooriro rrolcpoto t<ovKop6ov,ev<ir HllA ror MeydtrrlBperovioovorolvrvouv tq qproupyio (drvqq onoypeuoqq m{oe<ovoto Bperolpdr yrotqv npootooio trlq roup6rrqgperovr4toq. 'Ooo: H Arorrlpulq tou ro loporltr ovoyvdrproe rqv PLO <oq rqv enio4pq ovrrnpoonotou notrorotrvroro oo, ev< n PLO ovoyv<ilproe

t993

ro tKqf<opo rou lopq{vo 6xtKpdroq.

6il993 1994 71t994 r/4994 t995

Or HflA npoypqronorov enr6poprj oro lpdrc pe nupoouq tnou "Tomahawk", rexvooyioq cruise. Ie eni6er(qroxog, o Saddam Hussein ouyKvrpdvt orpotepoto oto ovopope to Koup6rr, xropig prrlq vo npox<,lprioer oe v6q eropotr{. O Boorrdq rqq lop6oviog Hussein unoypdger oupgrovio erpqvqq pe to loporl (n n4pnq fuvO{<q uneypdgrl tov Orcdrppro tou 1994). O Saddam Hussein unoypdger 6rdroypo opgcovo pe ro onoio to lpdr< 0o ovoyv<irpr(e trlv ove{optrloioror tqv e6ogrrrioreportrpotou Koupdrr. Aoogoveirot on govotr<Eppoiooyitzhak Rabin. Or HflA onoyopeouv r<d0e epnoprr<rj ri enev6urrr<q pootqpr6trlrooro lp<iv yrorrq etorpeieg opepr <ovn<cilv oupgepwov. H foou6rr<q Apopio {e<rvdronpoypoteoerq pe rqv yep6vq yrotr16leu06rnoq rov ouvoplor<cbv toug 6rogoprilv. 35.000 Topr<or orpotrcilreq nepvov to ovopope to lp6r nporerp6vou vo npoopdtrouv 06oerg Kop6tov ovropttirv(onoxdpqoov 6{r ep6op<ieq opycpo). O OHE nepv<i rlrigropoenrtpdnovtog oto lpdr vo npoxr,lpriot ornv ndrqor1 nepropropdvqq noo6trltoq nerpeo iou,riote vo rr<ovonorrloer dpeoeq ovdyreq(to yvrootdnpypoppo <nerpdoro ovti tpogipcou). H Epu0poio rorooppciver 6vovqoi rrlq yepdvqg otqv Epu0pOdoooo. H Yep6vq ovlpd rqr or 6o xrilpeq ouyrpoovror otpotr<otrro 6oq ro Mdrotou 1996, tov oupgrilvqoov oe rordnouoqrou nupg. H Oudorvyr<tov rfr.lgi(er vpo yrorqv enrpoq rupdloetov oe r<dOe prl opptKovtK{ etorpeioI onoio 0o ouvepyo(rcrv ro roOeotg F tqq Texepdvqq. To lopor] nopo6ier oto6rord tq 6ror<upipvrloq 6ovtcov neovrqg Autrr{q Ox0qq otqv f1oorotrvrorq Apxri er<rg tqg Xeppdvoq. "Likud" To eOvrrrotrr r<ppo <epi(er ug eroydq oro loporj ror o v6oq nproOunoupyq, Benf amin Netanyah u, <noydlver> tq 6ro6rrooio neporrdpto onoxtilprlorlq r<ovropoqrvcv uvdpe<ov edv,nporlyoup6voq, 11 f1oorotrvror<q Apxrj ev rrovonorooe lq unoxperiroerq rr.1q. Or qy6req rou KDP (qrov on tov Saddam Hussein vo endpBer ot4v epgtrro 6ropdxrl rov Kopovtou Bopeioulpdr. O Hussein eneppoiver ror o ieyxoqrqg neproxqq peroBrpd(etor oro KDp O Khatamirep6i(er0proppeutrr<d rrq npoeprrdg eroy6q oto lpdv. Ooxqpvowor or tonpoyporeoerq yroto ro0eorrilg tqq Xepprvoq, pe rqv onox<irpqoq rou lopoqrvo ftporo on to g0%rnq nrlq. To lopgi npoogiperor vo onoxoprjoer on to NrroAiovo e<lv q r<updpvnol rnq xrilpoq e{oogqioer rr q neproxri ev 0o xpqorponorqOei og pdoq - opp4rrjpro enr06oetov rqrd tou lopoq.

2lt99s 3lt99s 414995

l2la995

1996

sfi996

8/r996

t997 u1997 r998

H loou6rr{ ApoBionpox<opei orqv eqrerduon rov netpetroron4yv oe proopgropqro;revq neprox{ oto ovopope ro HAE 6qproupydrwoq 6wooq orrq peto( toug ox6oerq.

911998 t0/1998

To PUK ror ro KDP unoypdgouv oupgtovio yio to oxqporrop proqrov{g neprgeperorrlq ruB6pvrloqq. H ruB6pvqoq tou lopo{ oupgoveior4v nopoxdrpqoq 13% enrn6ov edgouq rqqAurrrriq Ox04q pe owdtroypo r4v oogdtrero tolv lopoqlvrv rol tov repporropdttdv enr06qeov ourorrovioq.Are0v6g rroorriproonogooi(er rr to vr1of orqv Epu0pd Odooooov4rerorqv Yepdvq (q Epu0poio oeBdotqretqv ongooq rol on6oupe trg otporrorr<dq tqq 6uvdperq). f'lporerp6vou vo e{ovoyroorei q Boydtq oe ono6ox{ t<ovre0vdrv enr0e<,rpqrv, or HflA xor 4 MeydtrrlBperovionpoypotonolov oeponoprr6q enrpop6q eni rdooeprg qp6pq. fleOoiver on roprivo o Boorrdq Hussein tqg lop6ovioq. fro Opvo tov 6ro6x0qK o ytoqrou,Abdullah ll bin al-Hussein. Ol rouprrr6q Muorrrdg Ynqpeoieq, pe tq BoqOero rov opptKovrr<irv ror rov ropoqrvdrv Muolr<drv Ynqpeordrv, outropBdvouv tov qy6rqtou PKK,Abdullah Ogalan, orqv K6vuo. To PKK ovorcorvriver tr ovoot6tret rn orpolorlrq tou 6pdoq ror rr petorp6neror oe norrrrdopyovlop. To loporiovororv<ver otorord {ogvrrd tr 0o onoxolprloer ond to Ntro AiBovo6toq rov lotrro.

12il998

2/a999

2t2000

To PKK rqpooerenrorlp<oq tqv rordnouorltov ex0ponpo(rtirv ror 6qrirver rr 0o epyooreiyroro 6rrortpoto t<ovKop6ov p6oo oe 6vo qporporrr noioro. l
l

2000

O l-lpepog Bill Clinton r<6eoe loporl ror flotrororrvioug oro Camp Davidpe otxo rqv enireu(qoupg<,rvioq yro plo ouvorr{ 6reuOftqoq rou nqtrororrvrorco npoptrqpotog, xr,lpiq p<oq enrruxlo. Ioou6rr{ Apopio ror Yepivqou;rg<ovov orq reu06tqoq t<ov e6ogrrcv touq 6rogopdrv. leon<ioto rorexpevo96dgq n 6erepqintifada. H Iupio onoporpver ro otpotepordrqg cn rq Br.lput Korrrlv n6pr[ neproxrl. AopBdvouv xd,poor rpoporcporlrdq enr06oelq otq N6o Ypr<q. Or Hl-lA eneppoivouv oto Agyovrotdv. 'Ox0q Or ropoqfuv6q 6uvdperq eropd.\ouv orq Aurrr<r1 rol rorooppdvouv orpotrlyrqq oqpooioqneproxdq yto rpersep6op<ieq, outrtropB<ivouv unnrouqror rotoorpdgouv no.\oq notrololvrorog orrcopoq. Ierrvd q enippoorl tolv Apeprrov<irv Kotrov Bpetov<,5v oto lpdr<, Or enrxerpr]oerg otrorqp<ilvovtor pe enrruxlotov Anpitrro.

612000 I
i

9l2oo0 l 612001 I gl20ol 2002 2OOz l l

3/2003 l