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or opvovrovvo ovoyvropioouv rnv e(ouoio rou Xotrigq. Or 6r<ioxor tou Toyrpotr- Mneyr,An - Apotrdvrqr MoiK- Iox, endrttvov ro rpdrog rr,lv ler(orotv oro e6dgq rrlq Iupiog, rqq l1otrororivqg, tqq AppevioqKorrrls Kevtprx4g Mrrpdq Aoioq (neproxriKonno6oriog,oqpeprvrlKewprrri Toupr<io). H Mdxq tou Mor(rrdpr (1071) ror 4 ouvtprprjtov p u ( o v t r v d lo vr p o t e u p d r o v O o p B q o o v tr; Xptotrovrrq Aoq <or o6riyrloov orqv Flpc'Etoq - 1099). tq Iroupogopio (1096 ro 1079, or let(oror eixov rorodBerorqprirq Mtrpd Aoio (pdxpr rq Xpuoonolq, on6vovrr qn rqv Ktovotovrrvono,\q). Touq Ier(orouqnpoond0rloevo ovoxqrrioer o Aurorpdropog Movouq A Kopvqvq, to 1176, otrd otq M<ixqtou Mupro<dgolouo Bu(ovrrvq hpordq 6no0e nov<oeOpio, F qnotieopovo yKorooro0ov oprorrrd or Iet(oxorToprororq Mrrpd Aoio.

Merd ro 0dvoro tou Mqir - Iox, ro rpdtoq tov let(orcolv noprirpooe Kot rov l3o ordlvo6qproupyrj0qre pro crerpd rporr6iov pero{ rqq Bu(ovrrvriq Awo<potopioq Korrou rpdrouq tov ler(or<ov, pe roxup= repo our tou Poup (Rum P<opoior, Poptoi) nou eixe nptoteouoo rrl Niroro (opytepo ro lrvro). To 1243, ,tr eixe onopeiver on6 ro xpdtoq tov letrr(orov rorcrr{Oqre on touq Moyyoug, ev6, to 1299, 6vog Toprcog no6popxoq, o Ooydv, rpsyporon o i 4 o e o e r p d e n r p o p vo t r q B u ( o v t r v d q e n o p x i e qt q q A u t r r r j q A v o t o l o g ( M r r c p d Aoio). Or unqroor rou Oopdv dylvovyvr,loroi roqO0<opovoi (on tqv touprrrri tr6(q "Osmanlilar" nou o4poiver <or onyovor tou Oopdv>). loroprrd, q 6vop(q rqg eqvotouprcrrlg oyrcpouo4q o p r o 0 e r e i t o ro t o x p 6 v o x r on rov l0o orvo (epgdvroq tov let(oKov orrlv Kewprrri Aoio), o<i on rrq op-

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x6q tou llou qr6vo,tov or let(oror eniKrrvov ro r<potog rouq 6urrKor<or oneitrqoov uq ovororrdq enopxieq rqg Bu(ovrrvrjg Autorpotopioq,p onoKop<p<opo tq Mdxrl tou Mor(rrepr,to 1071. Qq npog ro xcipo,oproOetefuor ornv rproxrltqg Mrr<pdg Aoiog r<or tqq Avoroiog. - 1299)tqq Ie outrl trlv npdtq gdoq (1071 etrtrqvotoupr<rr<riq (oyrpouorl oyr<pouoqg Bu(ovtrvv<or ler(orcov), 6ropopgdr0qKov Kor or npono06oerg oyr<pouonq rov O0topovv(roxov rov let(or<ov);re ro Bu(dvtro: -6ro H onderq tolv euponoirdv enopxrciv crp60q<ov oe rdrpopeg qyepovieg q ndpooqv orqv r<upropxio rqg Bevetioq Kot rrlg - pnoptF6vopoq-Kor rou or<ovo1.rrr<o ro edyxou rrlq Avorotrucqg Meooyeiou 011oe to Bu(dvtro vo enrrevrptilot ro

evrog6povrou orrlv Kovotovrrvonotrq, tq Mrrpd Acrio(Aurorcpctopio t49 Nirorog) r<or tov l-lvto (Autor<poropio tqg Tpone(ovtoS). Tnv no,\rtrr<r1 rov pTTopt<rilvnpovopiovnpoq toug Bevetog(ror - rpdr4) eyr<ortrg deg rtorr<69 ntrerg v i o o e o A u t o < p d ' t o p o gB o o i t r e r o q B' o Bouyoporcvoq Korrepuve o Autor<pdpe ropog A6[rogA Kopvqvq, to 1082, (enfoqyor<porr< xpuopouo yypcgo). o An rrlv dIq,q nopcr<pq talv let(orcov rdto on trlv nieorl t<ovMoyy6tr0rv Kql tcov Apdp<ov, ov6er{etoug O0o;.rovog Toprcoug, or onoior, pqv dxovtog dtrr; (pe roug Moyytroug enrtroyq oto ovqrorrd <or touq Apopeqoro vlo), otpdrpqr<ov npoq ro e{oo0evqo;.rdvo uttr<d Bu(dv t r o . M o r p o i oq , 6 e t e p qg d o q ( 1 2 9 9 1453)rqq elqvoroupr<rrrig oyr<pouoqg

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rcro.O 6rd6oxoq rou Oopv,Opxdv (1326 1362), ror6ope rq Nrr<opq6ero (to 1337) xor tqv flpooo -rr1v onoio ror r<ot6orr1o nporeouoo tqg O0opovrrr;qAutorpotopioqooxqprilvovroq rnv r<otdrltlrq rqg Mrrpdg A o i o q . M 6 x p r r o p 6 o o r o u l 4 o u o r 6 v o ,o r OOopovoi eixov enerteiver rqv rupropxio rouq 6o9 tr1 Odoooo rou Moppop<l (ondvovu on tqv Kovorovtrvonotrr1) ror ro Alyoio f16oyoq (nopdrd tqq MrrpdgAoioq).

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poOoiso, r1u(civtrv'1 Au"tor<potopicr, ovdtr6irivueirepiooncrpcrr<-pqg, 6rorripr:tiuvotrrarg u<r-rvq vcl oe oxdpq otpo"ci<,r'rrrdg npor<adoouv toug Ce ,ripcvoq. O0rupcvof noiuop:{ol Mdrots, opr(rof rog trrro0ocppot r:n5 eixov xpqoiprcnorrlOei rouq u(ov'ervorjcl T o i 3 5 4 ,o i 0 t : y c v o i T o p r o rn * : p v o t i v K l o ro q t o i 3 6 9 r c r c . \ n p p d o t i ' 1 vE u p c i i n r (rlcrpuvdtqv Ka.\inorl vcuv iooxrr<d ( lo t 1 1O p d u q ) , q r o ) ,t 4 v A p r c v o r i n o A r rn 5 e r e p r i T f i rJTeucuo ( u u onoic evrve 1 'Hne rpo trlv t,::<potcpiog, rrlv Mcrinefrvi,r, <crtq O*.;ooolic. .o r '..i Y n t q v q y e o i o t o u t q 6 v . l o {r -. 1389), q C0r,:povrOpxdv,MoupcitA (1362 rq Auto;<potopio6iepuve'rc;o'ropd t11-c (1 1 1r 1 rcr - npoooptrlorl totv otrl Brr<avrr< tr: I6ppc*rv ot1 Mdxl tou Koooucpoire6iou, eupu.rnoit/.{rv otpcru1189, r<cr ouvtpipri'tu-rv to 1396) pdr,*rvotrl Mdxq tqc Nir<.jnolr1q,

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onoi'er iipl;:upyricve{dptqtrov i<porrSialv'c* f ' l i t U c l tou i<fji";ou{'ttr'v 0;1r<av ilTrir:'l Iei,t(o{rxi,rv). o i:layrer(qt Tov i4oupclt A SicrLra>,0r1<e "u*u cnoicu repA ii:v WrJZj 11crorl,liei parictiii<e [3{arupero rriv ilrtc to*v C0a,pcvr-iv omo tov Tcptpdvr: ctq f4erxq tr1-c Ayr',upog.l'letd to 0dvoto rrr'.: cvicr4rlr A, rl 6rcri-tr1xa nur tc C0ulpovrr<q,Autor<pcro;rio 6o-couq e*rpri trlg 1;crpdiotrl;'lov T!oij{-t*': (pe triv eyxprci-;tr;u Teilirpi,vctri.Ar<co*6r1oe rcv q evd:qeprqiiri,r rcpdxq orc co 1413, -cTq{ fi uror{patcpiaq c iT,:r{ttci6td0qr<e on A (|4i3 - 142-l): r':v l'Xc-rirpa0 o e5*g11 tci.r T o i 4 0 3 , x c t a , | ' a 5 - ; p c ri vte 'lcc,"ro {o l4il rr erieprl torr Ioul.e!;itlv rdclr l4li to edg4 rou l1dcs. T'o l'i39, o rc6oA, Moupdt B' (|421 - 1444 x*( tou Mr,rdpre0 - i45!), xotopr et<vdor..r rq leppio r<ci1446, r<crr tr1 Bouyopic avc,ts !44'{, or uv'iyerq

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tqg Xprotrovrxriq Aoqg e{owdlOqrov otrl Mdxqrrlg Bdpvoq(or;peprvq Bouyopio). T6 o gr , o 1 4 5 3o , r d 6 o x o gt o u M o u p d r B ' , - 1446 Modpe0 B'o flopOrpris (1444 <qrt45l - l 4 8 l ) , r o t 6 o p et 4 v K o v o r o v r r v o n o q (tpirq r<or reeutoionporreouootqg O0opovrrrlq Autorpotopioq) ror rcrduoe tr1 Bu(ovrrvq Autorpotopio. Metd tqv dlcooq rrlq Kovotovrrvono)tqg, or O0<opovo[ ouvxloov pe orxo vo oorr1p<oouv rqv rordrrnon rqq Bo<ovrr{g Xepoovqoou(rordtr4{rqtqg Apovicg, to 1457) Korrou etrAqvrro xpou. To 1459, roroopBdvetor to Aourdro rov A0qvdrv ror,rqoxrrd, q Aurorporopio rrlq Tpone(ovrog (1461), trlq Nirorog (1461) ror to Aeonotdrotou Muotpd (1461). To 1462, rototropBdveror q Adopoq (rtrlori rrlq Beverioq) ror ro 1470 q Epororor 6egor peveurdg rcqoerq tqg fleonovvrioou (Me0drvq, Kopdrvq, Nontrro, Apyoq, Move ppoord). To 1522, o IoueiydvA o Meyolonpenrlg - 1566) (1520 rotdtropetq P6o er<6rrovtoq rouqInnreg tou Tdypotog tou Ayiou lodvvq (roreixovro vrloi on to 1308)ror tq Xio (to 1566)'evd o leip B' o M60uooq - 1574) (1566 r<or6trope rqv Knpo (t570 l57l). Tdloq;o Axp6r rorotroppdver rrlv Kprltq (ro 1699) olortrrlprilvovtog, 6tor, rrlv Kqtdrrrlorl tou e,\qvrro xdrpou Kot rnv vonoirlo{tou rcdrol on6 rqv ntKupropxio r<ov O0topovtilv oourdv<,tv Kqt rnv nveuporrrri ro0o6qyrloq rou Orroupevtr<o florpropxeiou Ktdvorqvrrvouneorc. - 1453) H 6etepq gdoq (1299 rrlg er1voroupxrrrlg oyrpou<rqq opro0ereirorxpovtrond tq oto0eponoiqorl tqq nopouoiog tov O0or;rovciv oto qvotorrd ovopo tqq Bu(ovtrvrjg Autor<potopiog, un tqv qyeoio tou yvopxrl rouq Kot npdtou lourdvou,

Oopdv, 6o9 tqv dooq trlq Kovorovrrvonoqqror rqv rortiuoq rqq Bu(ovtrvnqAutorpotopioq. Qq npog ro xpo, outq oproOeteiror orqv nprox{ rrlq Mrrpdg Aoioq (6oq tqv rordtrqrlrq r4q Nrr<oprjeroq) ror rqv neproxri - Opdrqq. Kovotovrrvonoqg H poy6oic enlr<pdrqoq rov O0opov<irv Toprcorv ogeietor otqv enioqq poy6ofo ntdroq <or,ev t6er, orrlv nopoKprjrqq Bu(ovtrvqq Auror<poropioq q onoio, ond to tdq pp60r1re rou llou or6vo, vo ovrrpetotni(er: o Touq Opdyrouq. To Ixiopo trov Errtrqortv, ro 1054, o6qyqo orqv ex0pdrrlto tou 6urrro Kotrou ovotorroxptolovtrcor<6o;rou, ev or lroupogopieq onouvdpr,loovtr1 Bu(ovtrvrl Autor<potopio,pe onoropgro1.ro rqv dtrooq trlq Kovotovtrvonotrqqto 1204, nrjypoon ro onoio to Bu(vro oudnore ov6rcpr.le(rl Fu(ovuvrl enrrpdtto KoroKppotiorqre, ev< o n{pqS6eyxog tou e;rnopiourrlg Avororrrig Meooyeioundpooe srq BvrioKol otrl l6vopo). o Touq ler(orouq, opxlrd, ror rouq O0opovoq, otq ouv6xero, or onoior,un rqv nieoq tcov Moyytrtov Kotrov Ap<iBov, pet o r r v r l O q r o vo n d r q v n e p r o x { r o u l p d v orrl Mrrpd Aoio rqr on erei ot4 Botrrovrrq Xepovqoo. o To Forcovrr<i ror oorotrrd ibvq ro onoio re<r<ooov tqv ove{oprqoiotoug (Ipp o r , B o t r y o p o rP , o u p d v o rO , yypor ror Appdvror). o Tqv eootreprr<ri rpforl. H revtprrrj e[ouoio e{oo06v4oe ror oqyqoeoe ep<preg ropdxeq,notrrurorcorvtovrrdq topoxdg ror, ev tdtrero , r4v rotdppeuoqtqg Bu(cvuvqq Autor<pctopiog.

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is*L roypdgor Kqr roroPrKoi 06rouv (|)s f*.1. opt,i rqq Bu(ovtrv{q loropioq to .e "+' 324 p.X., rov Aurorpdropos rns P,F4Sovor4pooerol o Ktovotovtivoq A o Mdyoq. H nolrtrr{ rou (epoirooq r4q Xprorrovrrriq niorqq), or otportrrrttrdg rou enrruxieq ror 11i6puoq tqq Krovorovrrvonolqg -ol orrooylrdq epyooieq ferfv4oqv ro 324 p.X. ror ro enfoqpo eyroivro dywov otrq ll Mqiou tou 330 y.X.- perotoni(ouv to rdwpo evrogdpovros t4q Pr,rpoir{q Autorporopfog npos ro qvqrohrti. O roxtoproyS tnS Autorporop(oq oe Avorohrri rot Auur{ Popoir{ rPqYForonor{O4re pe ro Otivoto rou Meylou Oeoooiou, to 395 trr.X.,rqv o APrdloS ov6lope rr; 8rorupdpynoq rou qvorollro rp{poro5 Kor o Ovrirptoqt4 6rorup 6 p v 4 o r 1r o u u t t r o , T o 4 7 6 F . X . ' o orpor4yq Oorpoq erOpovi(et rov qurorpdtopo PropIo Auyouottro rot 4

Avorohr{ Pr,ryoir{ Autorpotopiq lqIerqr. T4 Bu(ovtrvri Aurorporopio t<upepvov rooxr16: Ktovorqwio H uvaore(otou Meydou vou (324-378). Oeo6ooiou o H uvqoreio rou Meytrou (379-457). touA6owo (457-518). o.H uvooreio rou louotivou(518-610). o H uvqoreio e H uvqoreiotou Hporlefou (610-717). o H uvqoreiorov looprov C/17-820). I H uvooreiorou Ayopiou (820-867). o H uvqotefq rov More6vov (867-

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1057-1059 t059-t067 t067-1068 Z' Mrxo{tr r068-1071 Polpov<iq A Aroy6vrlq t07t-t078 Mxo{l Z' t078-t081 NrrrlgpoqF' r08r-ilr8 Al6{roqA iltB-!t43 lodw4q B' [43-il80 Movou4tr A il80-il83 B' louorrvrovq B' 685=695,705-7tl A6{roq il83-il85 A Ae6vrrog 695-698 Avpur<og !185-!t95 Trpdproq B' 698-705 loodrroqB' lt95-t203 4tr6{roql'' Ortrrnnr169 7il-7t3 r203-t204 Avootdoloq B' I3-7t5 A6{roqA 4204 E' Oeo66oroq l-' Tl5-717 A6{roq ,204-t261 Adrov 717-741 Opoyror<por(o l"looupoq t26t-t782 741-775 MxorlH' Korvotovrivoq E' r282-t328 A6ovA o Xri(opoq 775-780 Av6p6vrroqB' t328-r341 780-797 Av6p6vrroql-' Kovorovrivoq ET' lowr1qE'l34l-1376, 1379-1390, 1390-1391 Erpriv4 797-842 r347-r354 lodw4q ET'* Nrrrlgpoq A 802-8tl t376-t379 Avpvrr<ogA Mxori A Poyropdq 8il-8r3 t390 Adt'rv E'o Appdvroq 813-820 lodwqq Z' t39t-t425 Movou{tr B' Mxc4I B' 20-829 4425-,448 l<,ltiw4q Fl' Oegrloq 829-842 t448-,4s3 Kovorovrivoq lA Mrxorl P 842-867 Booierog A 867-886 A6ov T'o Eogq 886-9r2 * fu;rpooileuoov
K<ovorovrivoq I'

324-337 337-361 361-363 363-364 364-378 379-395 395-408 408-450 450-457 457-474 474 414-49a 49t-518 5t8-527 527-565 565-578 578-582 582-602 602-6t0 6t0-641

Ak6{ov6po9 Kovorovrivoq Z' Por;rovdqA Aeronqvq* Po;.rovdqB'

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. H e6yepon otr1Xerp<lppo (oqpeprvri Atrpotpitq g<ioq (1453- l82l) rqq eqvovio), ro 1518. rouprur{q oyrpouoqqoproOereirol o H ouvtol.rooio orr'1P66o,tnv nepioo 1525xpovrrd on rqv lAtroloq rqq Kovorot53t. Vrrvonoqq 6o9 rqv 6vop(q tqq Eqvrrrjg o H edyepoq otr'1 Btroxio (oqpeprvri PoupoEnovdorooqg. Aev 6xer noeprrdxoporr{po vic), tqv nepio6o 1595- 1601, un rqv qyero0tg ppiorerorrdorqpog o Eqvropg oio tou Mrxorl rou lewoiou ror rq ou;rporol on tov toup<rr6 (uy. Itqv oudio, ev tr{ rou MqtponotrirqTupvBou, Arovuoiou npdrcertor yro oyrpouon -ov Kot unrjpxov - f1o,\oroyou. Pdq onopor r<<i, xtopiqopydv<ooq, o H e6yepon enovo ororr rd notqv Kevrprr{ Eld6o, rqv rrvriporootov etrqvrrdxrirpo- odyro 6rfo p i o 6 o 1 5 9 4- 1 6 0 1u , n 6 t q v r l y e o i ot o u <tovoyroour<ri oupBi<ooq>: Or Toprcor ooroApxrenrordnouTpirurlq (Tprrd<lv), Arovuoovrrlv notrrrrrrle(ouoio og rorortqrdq, evtir oiou rou (Drloo6gou, Kot rou enrorcnou 'Etrqveq ot opyov60qrov ror roBitooov <oq Oovopioulepogeip. 'Hnerpo, un66outrol. o H e6yepon orqv ro 16ll,enioqq H np6rr1enovoororrrq rivrloq tov unun rqv qyeoio rou ApxrenrornouTpir<6outrovEtrr1vov.erqk0r1re ror<i rr.1r<ip<qq,Alovuoioutou Ortroogou. Krrqrou Toupropeverrrco f1otr6pou (14631479) vn6 rqv qyeoio rov MrxoriPdn, n6An rlg opx6g tou lTou ortilvo6r,19 to

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1770,rceqvrr ororxioev npoyporonoiqoe ropio peydq enovoototrrri rivrloq.H gorl rrls etrtrrlvorouprrrrig oyrpouo4gndpooe oe prov6o 6rdotoor'1, ourrl rrlq e.\qvrrqg eOvrr{g ognvroqq, npooovororopdg o onoiog o6qyr1oe otrlv 6rpr1(qrou on^uepolriro qy6vo rov Etrr1vov.'H e0vrrri ognvrorlrou Eqvrro'E0vouq enqOe oro6rord.lerivqoe tov llo orcirvo pe t4 ogupqdrrlon rnq e,\qvrrqg eOvrrrlq ouveiqoqq(or l-looroyor, oq Bu(ovtrvoiAutorpdtopes, xprlotpofiorooov tov rittro <<Boorl6cq tov Etr{vtour ovti rou tittrou <cAutorpdtopaq talv Popoirov>), enrtoxvOqretov l8o qr6vo Kor rcopurpdl0rlre ro 1821. Tov l8o or6vo,11 epnoprrrlpoor4prrqro tov Bqroviovnepvd oto x6pro tov Erivov Korno69 etrqvrr6q ndtrerq(Oeoootrovir<q, Ippvq) ro0iotovtor onou6oioepnoprrd r<6vtpo trlg O0<opovrr<qg Aurorpotopioq.Itq Autrr<ri Eup<ilnq, ouyrjrotovtoreqvrrdq noporrieg pe nooroepnoprrripootqprtqto (Onooq,Mooooio), ev6 o ^rlvrKg epnoprrg or6troqoqper<ver 0eoporrrqo(r1or1. H Iuv0rlrq rou Kroutoorc Kowopt(ri,rc 1774 (teppdtroe tov np6to Poootoup<rr f1e'E0voq po),npoogdperoro Er1vrr 6o ove'Etrqveg -<or or drtiprpeg unqpeoieg: Ol or- Op066o{or Xprorrovoitqq O0opovrrqq Aworporopiog teov un tqv npoorooio rrlq P<,loiog, ev6 o etrr1vrrq or6oq pnopei, n6ovvo to(r6eer;re ptoorrrjoqpoio.hq6rord, o epnoprr<g noroqenavetor orq protexvio enrroxvovtog rrlv otKovoptKri ovdnrutou Etrtrqvropo. {q Ito rorvtovr<d r<or nofutrrd enineo, rq 06pu(ovrrvriq oq rrlq notrordg oprotorpotiog6xer trdper, n6ov, to Orroupevrr< flatpropxeio-o l-'lotprdpxqg 0ecopeitor e0vcipxqg torv Etrrivov- r(oror <Dovoprdreg (oto6rord, ondr<rqocv rov 6treyxo rqg rcevtprrrig rouprrr<qgAroi-

- 0doq rqorlq,on6 rq 06oq tou Apoyoupvou ro(ro pe outq rou Ynoupyo trov E(oteprxcv, ev on ro 1716 ovotroppdvouv rrlv qye, poviotr,lvnopoouvdprtov neproxdlv). Mrixprto p6oo rou lSou or6vo,rdrto qn rouq Oovoprrirreq Bpiorowov or un6ouor Eqveq, gtroxoi 6outron<lpor r<ot, orrl ouvrptmrrri touq nerorlrqgio. H orr<ovoprrq ovdntu(q tou Eqvropo, rov l8o ordrvo, oriyqoe otq qproupyio proqootrrriq tdlqq (f1prcprtor) - ouvetrror<pirou peto{ rqg nopo6ooror{q elouoioq rou ['lorpldpxq ror tov Oovoprolrdlv Korrou oqpovrrrrepou ouototrro tou'E0vouq,tou oo. H orrovoprr{ ovdntu(q ror q noltrrororvr,rvr<ri ov0eoqtou Etrqvropo o6rjyqoov 'E0voug o r r l v n v u p o t r r r lo v o y d v v n o n rou (Neoetrqvrrq Arog<orropq), rivqorl rl onoio enqpedotqre r<o0oprotrrd on r4v ov<itroyq nveuporrrririvrlorl tqq Eupc0nqg (Eupronci<q Arogorropq).'Etor, rpovtoroxotreioroog,tunoypo orrrig not6eio geio,er<6iowor etrqvrr<iprpio, perogpd(ovtoronou6olo6pyo Eup<,rnoi<,rv 6rcgotrotcvror evreivetor n ITtxt(r1tq;ro(uro06prlporooyio yro ro ytrrooor<6 rqon rqq Ko0opeouoog ri tnqAnpotrr{g). Otro ourd rq ouorouKd, ov<inru{qtqg e0vr r{ g ouvei6qorlq, orxovo;r rrr1ovdnrufq, notttrororvovrrri ouyrptr1or'1 ror nveupotrrq ovoydvvqoq e ,{ e l i x 0 q r o v - o g o p o r d r 0 q r o v on6 rouq etrqvrrcoq nqOuopog tqq O0opovrrqgAutorpotopioq ror yooxqoov rrlv 166otqq eOvrrcrjg ove[oprrloioq(eOvrrr] ognvrorl). fro tqv e0vrrq o<pnvtorl rov Eqv<ov, o lotoprrg Nrr<ooq l. Ipopdrvoq, oro rlpyo tou <Enrornnonrqq Neoetrtrrlvrxriq lotopioq>(1975), ypdger: <...o Erlvropg Eevr<opvo vo 6rogutrd{er top0tirver tqv nop{r1 rou oId,o<pq,vo (ovoouyr<evrpdroer ro ouorortcd tou ororxeio,6rooropnropdvo ;16oooto

xrilpo ror oto xpvo,Kotvo voouotdoerto p rrl ouvpyooioApovrilvotd<tov, Kqtd@e_ otorxeio (fdpouq,Bdxouq pov vo Korooreiouv, {6voe0vo,\oyrrd rerr<d, tqv e{6yepoq. rorApovog) nou eixov, pe to ndpoopotrov Kotd rq 6rdpr<ero rou 6etepou pooo_ orcvov, eroxc,lprfoer otrg e0vrr6ge,\qvrr<6g ne_ toup<rr<orj Flodpou (1798- 1792), or'Er1veg ptoxg). tqg Tepy6otqgxpqpoto66rnoov rov eEonl_ llpoyporircd, rotd tr1 6l<iprelo rou l6ou op evg plrpo orou un tqv rlyeoiotou 'Eqvo ror lTouordrvo, o eqvrrq nr1Ouopg tqg o{r<opouro tou poorro Nouu<o, OOtopovrrrjg Autor<potopio g nepropiotq r<e Adpnpou Kotovr1, o onoioq oqpeicooe op<e_ oqpovtrrd tryo rtov ouvexc0v no6uov. ro.rv tdg enrtuxiegoto Aryoio' npoooprvd,p<oq, ogoyrirv, rtov e{loo pIol.trilv(noropd(o po) r<o r r<o0dlg xor ourr] q e{6yepor1 ovrrperoniotqre rtovpioralv r<or po(rrv e{ovpono6ropcilv: onoteeopotrrcd on roug Topr<oug. Nqord epqpto0qrov, evri or e,\r1vrr<oi nqOuItrg opxdgtou lgou ordrvo,4 166o rrlq eOvr_ opor nptopiorrlKov ouq opervdg neproxdg. Ito rrlg ove(oprr;oiogtrov Erivov 6xer,n6ov, riqtou lSouordvo,o er1vrrq nr1Ouopg r,rprpdoer Kotrrlv opyrivcloq tou enepxpevou ekeou{r1Oei orlpovrrr<d rol eixe e(ono0ef oe 6vonou oyrirvo ovooppdvet q Orfur<rj Erorpeio oriqprl tq Bor<ovrrrl Xepovqoor<or trl Mr_ 11 onoio 6qproupyrl0rlKe yto ro oron out -6vop(q tou npritou po,roo_ rpdAoio.To 1768 otqv 0611ootqg Pt_roiog, to l8l4 (on to rouprrro flodpou-oqporo6oteirqv 6vop{q 1820, tqv qyeoiorqg <Drrrrjg Erorpeioq roteixe veovnovqorotr r<rirv rrvqpdtov orov e.4vl r o npiyrrnoqAtr6lov6poqy{qdvtqg,'Eqvog xr,ipo. Me 14 pcoorr<r] efolteprrcrl norrr<r] oro_ o{lcopotr<g tou Poorrco ltpoto). H Ottrrrri 0epd npooovotoropivq npoq rrlv xot<iuoq Etorpeiorotdgepe vo 6rerooer oe egtrg rqqO0opovr<qg Auto<poropiog, o Adlroq eqvr<69 nopor<ieg trlg Avororr<r1g Meooyeir<or o Oe6opoqOpg,pe Moipo l-loepr<rir.r ou t<or rrlq Boxovrr<rig Xepoovrioou, vc cruyKe_ rou Polorro Noutrro, {ecrrlr<ooov to vqord vrpdroerorlpovtr<dnood r<or vo 6loxereoer r o u A r y o i o u( 1 7 6 8 )x o r t q v f 1 e o n v v n o o otoug r6gteqKot rouq oppotoog trlg Hner_ (1769). l-lopduq npdrteg enrtuxieg, oi Topr<or, potr<rlgEd6oq no<oreg6ro. yqrrld_ hrg opx6gtou 1821, o Ad{ov6poq vtqg ero6poe otq Mo6opio r<or tq Boxio etr_ ni(ovtog orrl pororrcri unoorqpr{q, 11 onolo pog not6 ev rjpOe. Fl enovdotooqolq no_ po6ouvdpreg enopxieg on6tuxe,odxordgepe vo Seopeoel oqprovrr< oprOp roupr<rr<iv otpoteupdt<ov, enrrpdnovtqq ornv enovdotq_ ol nou (6onooe orrlv fleonvvqoo vo oro_ Oeoonor11Oei. Er<tg on trg rropo6ouvdBleq nopxiq, ror q otdorl rou Ar1 l-lood tov lo_ ovvivrov, poriOrloe to 1820, ot4 oro0eponoiqor.l t q g E r l v r r qE gn o v d o r o o q g 6ecrpeovtag roupr<rrc otpote'j1.roto prorprd cn tqv l-leonOvvnso.

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Pt.ogoPri rou Youtou Krov., I '; - 1; oroyrivou ov{ret orov ledpylo i Opovr({. H on6oo4 rou Kt. pdvou orrl veoell4vrx4 yldrooo ov{rel orov FedrpyroKouoouv6lo rol ppiorerqr oro prptfo "FedrpyroqOpovr({q Nrr6o Mntiptrrnopo, H llfuq Etilor To Xpovrr rqg flollopriog rol r4q iAt^toqqt4g Kovordvrrvonoqqr>, ord uq Erdoerg N6o Evopo - A.A.Ap6v4s (40'ivo 1993). "Euyevdorcror ripxovreq, erlopnproror 6{popxor Kor orpqrqyof, yewoldrotor otporrdreq, rrp4pdvol Kor ntotoi nolireg, ldpere Ior nol KqId 6rl dgrooe n 6po rou o exOpq r4q nf-

orqs pqg onogoroe yo FqS ntdoer orpo neproorepo pe Ic ro noleprrd y6oo xor rexvdopqro nou ro06rer. @dler vo opxfoer yevrrri eni0eo4 rcr n<ileyo on6 t4v {qpd xor on 14 0oooo,droryog vo FqS 6oyx6oer oov gopporep gi6r ror vo FqS rotoppoxOfoer oov ov{pepo rovrdpr. l'r' our6 ro lyo, oqq nopoKotrdrvo gep0eite pe yewor6r4ro ror 06ppoq, nalq rdvote pdxpr rdpo, ondvovtr orous exOpoq tqq niorqq poq. Agrivtl oro x6pro oo5 rqv rxq rqg o{oopdv4q ror lopnprig norpi6oq ;.rog, t4g peyolonpendorotqg ror euyevoq poorAeriouooq lt'lv rrrrv netov.-dpe-

re ro xol, odpgtq Fou,6tr ylo 16ooeprg youq efpoore unoxpeopdvor vo npotrpriooupe ro Orivoro nopd tr1 (o{. llpdrov, ylo rnv nior4 xol rq Opqoxefo pog,6etepov, yrq rqv notpio, rpirov, yrq rov poorrd,rov ovrlnpdoono rou K u p i o up o S , K q r , r d r o p r o v , y r o r o u s ouyyeveiq Korrous gilouq pcg. Av lorndv, o6pgro pou, npdnel vc oyolvr(6poorep6xpr 0ovrirou yto 6vov on rouq nopondvar lyoug, r6re 6xoupe unoxpdooq vo notrepdpe oxpo or<Inprepo rov npdrerrcr Ksr yrq rq rdooepopo(f, rogoperrr6 0o xdooupe ro ndvro. Av o @e9,e{olrioq rov oyoprrdrv poq, 6oer rr1 v(rq orouq onforouq, rotpdxoupe tov r(v6uvo vo xdoouyer4v 6yro nfor4 nou poq doroe o Xprorq ;.rero oipo rou rol eivor ro oq;rovuxtepo npdypo on' Io. Tr geloq pnopei vo 6xer rovefq ov repioel ortr4po rov ropo, oltrri x6oel r4v rluxli rou; Aerepov, 0o xdooupe r4v 6v6o{4 norpf6o Kqt rnv eleuOepfo Tpitov, to tilore 6vo[o rptiroq trrog. ilou rdrpc nlo eivor e{oo0ev4pdvo HoS, Kol rorrrvol.r6vo,0o n6oer oto xdpro rou dnrorou rupdvvou. T6loq,0q x6oouF ro oyon4pdvo poq nol6ld, rrq yuvoireg Kor rous un6lornouq ouyy. veigpoq. O pdppopoq oourdvoq priq 6xer onoreioer57 ydpeq r<ipo pe <itreg rl5 uvd;rerq tou Kqr pog noropre( pdpo vxro F r<0s pdoo nou 6tq06rel, olld rorogdpo;.re vo rov onorpooou;re ge 14 poq0ero rou Kupiou poq Xprorori nou pldner rs ndvtq. M4 6ellldoele olnv r6po, o6dpgrq pou. Efore rl,

or6po Kor oro p6pr16nou 6neoe to reixog on ro tqlepAo Kor rrq nolopx4trr6q p4xovdg, rotogdpoF vq ro erroreudoou;re F rov rorirepo rpno. 'Exoupe orrlpi{er Ieq uq e}rnieq poq orqv oKorqydxrlr4 {o rou Oeori. Or ex0poi pog 6ro06rouv 6nlo, rnnlr6,6rivqpq Kor ntr{0og, otrd epeig 6xou;re epnrotoorivrl oro 6vopo rou Kupiou ror Eor{po FoS,orq x6plo ;rog Kqt orq yevvolrit4ro rou poq xriproe o @e9. idpol rr q reptiorro oy6q rotv qniottrlv 0o enrteOei evovriov pog, nog ouv4Of(er,pe pdvouo4 oppri, oo(ovefo ror 0poog, enerri efpoote liyor, tirote vo FoS rpopd{ouv, vo LroSrouprioouv Kqr vq poq rrivouv vo xrioou;le ro 40116 poq pe rlq govds Kqt rous otroloypoq touq. Eoeiq 6pto9 yvropi(ere ro16 n6oo ov64ro eivol qur6 rql e xperti(eror vo oqq rq Oupioo. Ee lfyo 0o enrreOovKqr 0o pf{ouv evovtfov poq ndrpeq ror pdl4 op6tp4rq oqv r4v ripyo r4q 0rihooooq, oAri eni(o 6tr 8e 0o nerxouv rfnoro. foq p6no ror xofpoyot enerli, ov rol }riyor, tror ooq eiore d;lnetpol, yevvoiol, orrogoorqrrKo(, uvotof xor roki npoeror;roopdvor. No rorfere Kq]d ro Kgtitrr ooq pe rrq oonieq 14 otrypf rqq ougnlorriq Kqr vq xpqorForroreire pe enrruxfq ro e{f ooq x6pl pe ro ono0i. Or neprregooieq,or 0drporeq,or novonieq ror o undlornoq onfuopq oog eivor o 06o11 vo oog po40{oouv qnorleopotrxd o' 6q rr; rripreto xn9 pdx4g, ener6rl or ex0po( 6e lo0rouv ovdtroyo e{ontrrop. Eoeiq 0o eiore npoguloypdvor p6oo on6 to teixq, evdr

roiyovtol rl eoeig rpoyou6dre".'Hp0e Iornv, o66pgro Fou, o ooukdvoq, ;roq nol6pr4oe rol dxer opOtivolxro ro rp6ouo ordpo rori yl<l vo rottrppox0foer roo eytiq 6oo Kqr rqv n6r1nou drrroe o oei;.rvrlotoqpeydlciq ouror<priropoq, o Ktovoravrfvog, o onofoq rqv ogrporoe orqv Flovoyfc Adonolvq Oeorro rol oelnripOevoMopio, ergp6(ovrqq rnv eux{ vo rqv dxoupe ndvto poq0 ror npoordt4 t4q notpiqS Hoq, nou onoreei rotoEyro rqlv xprqrtqv6v, enio xol xoptl tov EArivov,xot r<otix4po6}ou rou r<opou. O dnroroq oou)rtrivoq, ripoq, 0der vo unoouhdqel r4v ntr4 nou ritov rtinoOqvrooteire rr dxete pyel yro ruv{yr re dvo{4, ovOooe oov rplovrtigutro c y p r d x o l p r o vx o l t o r e o r o u q 6 n t tou oypo ror eixe unortilel or4pr1 orous vo rorokiBouv 6rl ev 6xouv oxe6v rqv ugrllo: fl6vto l<ot Apgleon6vqvrf touq (dro xalpiq troylr, qI6 vio, flepoio rol flogoyovfo, Apo(veq rouq onoydvouq Erivov r<ol P<opoit^tv ror Kqnnqorfo, Fooris Kcr M4io, nou e{ouolri(ouv to (to. !6pere rl o Kdtrxougr<ot'lpr1peq, Boonoprovoq ror dnroroq rot ex0pg tqq niotrlq pcg Atrpovoq, Eupfo, Krllrfc rqr Meoonoooutdvoq rdluoe xtopfq ruptd orrfo ropio, Oorvfxrl rql noqrotiv4, Apopia t4v erp{v4 nou eixope petofri pog, ror lou6o[o, Borrprcvoq rot Er0eq, o0erdwog rouq dprouq nou eixe 6Moreovfc Kqt @ooqlio, Ehldo, Boloer.'Yotepc, ripOeoro orevd tov Ao<oorria, Aoxpoq rol Alrr,roq,Aropvop<irolv rqt dxrloe 6vo gpoplo yto vq vio, Axo'i'o rol fleonvvqoo,'Hnelpo pnopef vo nporoei ro04peprvci (nprdS ror llupio. Auxvireq t4q Aprorrrrig, oto xopdgrq, orous rrinouq Kot oTo Irolio, Toor<dvq, K6keq rol Keroycrineprp6fuo poq. teq, lonovfo trr6xpr rc F66elpo,Alpri4, 'Erorle ro onirro poq, orroto t(ol qtxMouprrovio r<orMoupouo{o, Al0lonio, po6rroe oouq xptorrovorlg ppriK Beio, Ero64, Noupl6io, Agprrrl rol tou, xordorperle grio tr1 poq Aiyunto. Aurq Aornv r4v n64, rq po;.rnpoorri rr drqve ouypoxio F rouq roroiroug ofrooq e,rv rqlv dItov ntieov, Or!el rou f,ldpov, nou vltir0ouv xop<! enelq va unooudroelKqt vq rnv dxer un e yvolpf(ouv ro ;.r0orou ytou rou yrqv e(ouoio rou. topyo o ono(og d$r1ve oo)rryrdpto rol @6ler vo ndper trg dyleq errl4oieq touq 6leye:"Av64ro (ro,ro oniuo ooq ;roq, 6nou npooxuvd;re rqv Ayio Tpld-

Kivot0o ppiorowol erreOel;.r6vot oro xrunri;lor ooq rov 0q rdvouv enf0eo4. Fro ro l6yo our, oyon4ro( pou oupnoleplo16g, vo eforg 6rot;.rol,rigopor, yewofor rol pdptilol yro 14 po{0etq rou @eo. Mrp40efr.eroug iyoug etr6govrS rtov Kopxq8ovfov, ol onoiol 6rpe$ov oe guy{ to repdorlo prrl;.roir6tnnrr pdvo ror yvo F rqv epgdvlorl Kor rlS gr,lv6g rouq. Ago oludv our ro n6ruxsv peptr<d (<o xopiq oyrr, epeiq nou ro e{ouolri(oupe npdnel vo to rorogdpou;.re nofui rolrepo. Ol exOpoi poq efvor xelprepot rr qn ro (t6o. Xrrln{ore rouq F poro, ono0rd,r[o rot qr<ivtlo.

i i i j

6o rql o{ooyori;re ro Aylo flvepo rou @eo,ror 6nou ot dyyeor upvoriv ro Oe Kqr rnv evov0p6nlo{ Tou, ylo vo rlq rdver rdno lotpefoq r4q rpeurqg Op4oxeioqtou ovqrou rleuronpog{rq Motipeg, ror otdptro yrc dtroyo rot roprieg. Adpglc xot oupnoeptotrig ;rou, 06cr vq rq oKgrefre ourd roti, ylo vo ;.refver ro 6voya, q 6{o ror q eeu0epfo oos orqv olr'rvl6tqto'. 'Enerto, orpdgqre npos xous Beveroq, nou orrcovrqv orq e{rd rou, xq eine: "EuyevefqBeverof, oyonq;.rdvoodpgro FqS,oro 6vopo tou Xploro, rol Oeo poq, yevvoiol, uvcroi rot 6;.rnetpor otpottrilreq nou nodqgop6g orotdroore o;rrp4rouq Ayoprlvorig pe rs Kogup6 ouoOld ror pe rr1 xrip4 rou Oeo, rdvovtoq ro oipo roug vo rp6{er oov nor<ipr on tq xdplo ooq, qcq nopor<otir oripepo vo urTpoorfoere pe I4 ooq t4v tpuxri ourriv rqv n64 nou ppioxerol oe roo 6ox4pq rordoroo4. !6pere rqri 6tl ndvrote t4v eixore ocv'erireprl notpio ror pqrdpo ooq. f t ' o u r o q q f i o p c r K q dK o r n d l v o gepOeite oov giol, op6nrorol ror o6pgrc FcS, orlq oroeq orryydq nou nepvdpeo. 'Yotepo yploe ilpoq rous Aryoproug, nou qtdxovtqv oro 6e{lti rou, t(or rous efns tq e{rig: .Evllpdtqrol r\lyoriptor, odprpro proq,yevvo{or rol 6vo{ol noe;rrot6q, {6pete r<orxorolopqivere rl r; uoruxrop6vq outri n44 ev {lov ydvo tr{ pou olei ror brx{ ooq yrcr notrloq youq. IloAqgopdg, rq po4Orioors np0upo

Kqr rq odroore ond rouq Aydprlvoq exOpoq rqg. No, proq,nou {pOe nl 4 orlyyrl vo ef{ere rqv oy6nr1 ooq npos rov Xplot6, poq0dlwoq rn F rq yewcl6r4ro Ko! rtlv ovpeio ooq". Tdoq, pilqoe oe oug yevlr6, 6yowoq: .Aev undpxel xpvoq ylo neplootepo ylo. ftropoiororq xdplo ooq ro ronelv<i you ot<{nrpo yto vo ro gud{ete pe oy<inq. Eoq noporadr vq 6ei[ete urpoof<oo4 rcl unoro{ orous otpcr4yog oogn rouq 8qgdpxous !(qr rouq erotvropxoug. No oytovloteire ol orj;.rgrovo ;.re tq 06oq Kcr ro oliolpri ooq. No rixere unrir[4 oog 6rl, ov rdvete pe n(otq oo ooq efno,6xol rqv eni6q 6rr o Oe6q go onolhti{er 6oug epdq rouq qpqprrooq,ylo pio cr<pr1 gopd, on6 t4 6iro14 oner{ Tou. Moq neprp6vel orov , oupov6 ro o;rdpovro otegdvl Kot orq yr; 4 olrirvrc {o'. Ago reheiore ro 6yo tou xot euxopi- I orno rov @e F ovqorvoypotig r<or rirpuo oro ;.rdrto, Ao ro orpoor{plo I ondvr4oe ouyr<lv4trrdvo F Fra gotvri: .Aq neOdvoutrre 6lor ylq rnv nforq tou ; Xproro Kqt yrq r4v norpio FqS". O l outorp6ropog drouoe ro 6ylo toug , pe xop6, rouq ruxopiorrlo p Aq tou rrlv rop6rd K<lrrous unooxdOrire nori'Enerro, oro 6po. efne: "^,ornv, o6dp- , gro Kclt oupnoeplordg pou, vo efote I 6 o 1d r o t p o r r o n p o r f . M e r q 6 v o p 4 nou Foq iver o Oeg ror 14 $o{0ero tqg Ayioq Tprrioq, or4v ono{o otrlpi- : (oupe egFqS 116enf6eq, og rdvou;.re I roug ex0poS Foq \r<lpyouv vlx4pdvor ono t4v n14 yog".

(Or usruxefg Porpoiol, o<poridrouoov ro yro rou outorpdropo, dogr{ov r4v roprd touq, oyroltiorqrov rqr 6rlqtyov Iol po((. Kovdvoq ev dgepve nro or4 pv4p4 rou ro oyonrlpSvorou norui, 14 yuvoiro Kor rr'lv neprouoio tou, qIId

eprrdq p4xov6q rouq rovtti otqv t6gpo, npoeror;ro(Fvor yrq rqv eniOeo4. Enio4S, ro peydlo exOprrri nofo dpxtoov vo rrvoYror, npoono06vroq vo gdpouv or4v orrri trq ydgupeg nou efxov rqtooreutioer. Or Topror dpxroov pe peydl4 riOelov rilor vo ne06vouv yro rq oolrqpio ogo6pt4ro ror opp4 t4v eniOeo4 14 r4q norpfoq rouq.'Yorepo, ytiptocv otrq orryp{ nou oooqv rq rordpro yro 06oerq rouq yrq vo gutrd{ouv to refx4 6etep4 gop6, xopfq vo roouv rqv6vq rqr us npoqr4g ndlqq. O ourorpropoq nriye opr6- ovO4po,noq eixov r<dver gopdq. O ooukdvoq r6ro(e vo ot'lq orov lep No rqq Ayioq Eogfog, yopeveq npooeux{0qre pe 6rpuo oro ;rdrro ror enrre0ov npdror or rytepo 6pnetpor, rorvdrvqoe r@v oxpdvrov ;ruot4p(tov. To trreprroiqfurrorpvor ror opretoi v6or, (ro drqvqv xqr noAoi dtrIor erefvq tr1 rore vo ;roq rouptioouv, Kor otq ouvvxrq.'Enerro, yproe oro ov<irropc ror x r q Y q p r x r o v e v o v r f o v F q s o t n r o ({r4oe ouyvdtrrq on6 6ouq. floroq yno- dpnerpor ror yevvoior, ;.repeyorep4 pei vo neprypdr[er ourri tq orrypli toug r6lyq ror rivop4.'Etor, orndv,o nIe0p{voug Kor rous ouptrroqnou oKo- poq rivorle oov ropivr. Or 6rrof po5 qvrrornKqv rrire oro noltr; Kovdvoq 6v0por ordrovrqv pe neio;ro, xrunooov 6ypro rouq ex0poS Kqr rous yrpdpr(ov rtiro noq 6e 0o pnoporio vo pivr oouyrivqtoq, orp4 rr ov ritov on {rio { on on ro te(x4, roroorpdgovroq ouyxpndrpo.'Yorepo, oveprlxope oto 6oyd vtoq Kor nol6q ond rrq noroprqrrx6g poq,py{rope qn6 rq ovtirropo ror rtivq- rouq p4xov6q. Or verpoi titov nollof ror r6ioq 6poq on to pe snrOedrpqoq orq te(x4 yro vo ev0cp- ond trq o neup6q, pvoupe rous gpoupoq nou rpotorioov ex0prr6 orpotdneo. Mritrrq tipxroov vo op4vouv ro dorpo rou oupovori, ro06q dypurwol uq 06oerqrouq. ppforovxov npoxroporioero gtoq t4q ppoq Kr pgqorq Ereivrl 14 vxro, rilor reix4 ror rouq npyouq, evd eixope xlef- vfor4re or4v ovqrol{ 4 po6orixrul4 or npooKrrrd 6leq trq nIeq, rirote vq ouy{, tro ro nl{0o5 rou exOponopotdpqv pnopef vq Frrr ri vo pyer rovdvog. x04re oe pro oerpti nou 6grove on6 t4 Orov grdoop orqv Koryopio, r4v drpo ;.ro p6xpr rqv dltr4 6rp4 t4q n6}r1q. Aroorqrov r6re rq rynovo, or odlnrynou ohorioov ylo npdrt4 gopd ro rorripro, lene(rlop Kor ovep{ropre otov yS Kor ro unIornq notreprrri pyovo pe npyo. An erei, oroyope govdq rot govdq r<oroolaypoq, ev6 to rovdvro uvqr 0pupo 6{o on6 qv nlq. Or g- pxroov vo p(xvouv Io po(i. Tdte, or Aoreg pdq einqv rr our6 yvrov 6t4 14 or Topror pp4oov ond {qpti Kqr qrr 06qooq oto reix4 rcordpxroov rn ouvxro, mer{ or ex0pof 6oepvov rrs ro-

pnlor<{ pc(f peq. er nro Ooppoldor6o14_ re, npoono0dvrog vc Eef{ouv rq yvvq!oov ortileg, avdp4xov n6vro o' our6q xol 6r4rd roug, ovdporvov ntill orlq or<tieq" pxvov qldronq ro pdtrl rouq evovrfov Or nlo rop4pof oropgtitlvqv srous rov 6rrdrv Foq. H gprrr{ rol o1rgfppon4 6pouq tov riAorv ror or enpevot rous prix4 rpeir4oe o rirpeq ror gorv6tov plporivtov ylq va prnopdoouvvo gCIdu ol xplorlavoi 0q dncrpvov nril tq vi_ oouv ornv rccipugrirou teixouq. Or or414. Tio no{o nou ;rerdgepov rlq ordeq pdtepeq ptixeq dyrvov otlq nAeq,nou or nor rrq rlvqrds {dgupeg onorpoor4xov qvrinEor ouyrporiovrov F rq onq0r6 on ro nopcOorioolo refx4 ror ovoyrri- oro xdplo Kot or vt(pof {rov opdtpqtot. ornKov vo yupfoouv nfoar dnporto. Ol Otov q napriro{ri poq <ipxloe vcr uiloxolnoeprxig ;rr;xov6q, nou dprxvav n6rpeg pei, rre nerxt4rov ;.rnpoorri o @egron rq reixq rqq nqg,ordrorcov, nopd_ Aoq FloAoroyog ror oA4p{rprog Kovro_ ofo 0iopo vo Bdnelroveig tov riro rol xou(qv6q, rio yewoiol rivpeq nou 6rperov oupovd orenoopdvouq on 6vq ov- t f r o v r o u q Ayopqvoq oe guyri, rouq vego orvr1q rol rqnvo. Ol lrof pog yrpd;.rroov rdrql Enri ro refxq Kor rouq droryav rrq exOplrdq noeprxdgy4xovdg ordpnroov. Euyxpdvog, drpe$ov oe poripe ro uyp6 nup, yr<pdpr(ovrlq or6eq pe Oerq Kl ollro{ poq, ev6 o Aworpdoouqpp(orowqv ndvar rous Kql orror- xopc5, nou pp84re erei dgrnnoq, rou6 vov ourorig fiou nrxrpooqv vq ov- eveOdppuve Kst rous noporrvorioe vd nopov oro teix4 pe peydleq n6rpeq, oreptive ;.reo06voq,6yovroq:,.Eu;rnoeprvuo, nupopdq ror t[o. Onou dpenov ordq ror o6dpglo f.tou,oqq noporodl, l ouyxevrpolp6vouqToproug, rouq xru- oro voyo rou Oeo, vo rpotdle 14 0r6oq nooov pe peydlo r4epo,oror6voooq p yeworr4ro. Bdntotr ro n{r v r q q K q t n l q y d v o v r o q n o I o q . O r 9oq rov ex0prv dpxloe vo roupd(erol ) ex0pof onq4oov trioo norj on rr1 Kot vq tooropnf(erol. Ae yoq xrunov, i o0evopri ovtioroo4 rrou ouvoyrorioo% n6ov,ye 16{11r<ororior4pro. Enit(or orov l t6ore 06l4oov vq rdvouv iyo n(oo, yro @e 6u vir<4 eivor tr<{ pog" No vrr60e4 vo [exoupoororiv, otri ol tooorio4eq re, olnv, xopti, enel6{ ro otegrivr rqq , ror or popoxor t4q Touprrrriq Auriq vir<r1q 0c eivqr 6tr pog, roo otq y4 rioo , torigxrunooov ps or8epdvropopr6 ror Kcl oxov oupov6. O @erig ppforetor oro poveupoyto vo Frlv unox<oplioouv.flor- reup FoS Kot npor<oeielio ororq , og ynopef vo nepryprir[reluq rpouydq rol oniotougtt. ro poyrqrri rtov rpoupqrrdv rol oto 6rio T4 orlyp{ nou plorioe o Aurorpdropog, orpotne6o; O Opupog rcl ot gotvdg o loriw4g louorrvrdv4g n4y604re on , toug dg0ovov ;.rdxptrov oupcv<i. Meprr<oi pr6og oro nrivol pdpoq tou e{ro rou : on rouq tr<oqpES, rou dpenov roug noto. Aurg o rrioo dpnerpog noe;lex0porigvo unogdpouv, rouq gr6vo(ov: or{q orov nIepo, ptdnowog ro ofyo vo i "Ti rriyere ouvexdg enlOioerq, ogo ev rpdxet qnri ro odryo rou, 6yrve rirptvoq i pnopeire vq FoS vrr{oere;". Ereivor, r- on gpo.'Exooe op6oo4 ro Oppoqrou,

or(lFdrno vq qy(|)vi(ror Kqt 6rp vo pper yorp orrrln4l6q, xrrrpfqvo or6greror rqv ov6peio Kor r4v r<opreprrtqto nou efxe eifer ;.r6xprr6re. Aev efne, polq, rinoro trrous ouvrpdgouq rou, ore 6gqoe rqvdvqv qvrrrorqordr4, yro vo pqv nporlqOei oyxuoq, nou 0o pnoporioe vo onopei porpoio. Or otpotrrirS rou tov ovo(rir4oov F ro pld;rpo ror,;roOoivovros rr efxe griyer, rotolrig04rov on ropoxri ror gpo. Euruxdrq,o Autorpdropoq, nou pp604xe eref rord rx4, touq eie ropoytrr6vouqror gopro;ldvouq oqv rq xuvrlyq;rdvo nppoto, ror 06lqob vo ;r60er rqv orrio.Orov, trorndv,ei6e rov orporqy rou, Iouorryrvr;, vo geyer, rov n4oioo Kqr xou efne:"Iiqtf ro 6Kqveq our6, uepg6 pou; Fpvo niool orrl 06oq oou. H n4yr1eivor oorlpovrn Kqr q nopouoio oou onopoitnr4. H n6lq or4pi(eror se ovq yro vq oro0ef". Tou eine rqr 6IIo noki, o16 ereivoq ev 6ooe onvr4oq. Awi0ero,6guye ror n{ye oro tl6pov, nou nd0qve vrponroopdvoq onri In4 yro r4v neprgpdvrloq rt,lv Ilalv .Or Toprcor, poq, efov rqv ropoxri torv rrrirv ;.rogror n{pov 06ppog. O loydv noodq xdwproe pe r<ordtr^l4lotryo rn grtroupio rov yevrrodp)v Kqr rov tilkov orporr<,ltdrv,evrir 6voq yryovroorpoq yeviroopo5 -nou )reyrov Xoqdv Kor Koroytov on roAoundr t4q Ku(frou- 6poAe pe ro oprotepd xSpr r4v oonio ndvo ond ro regdh tou,tppr1{e pe ro e{i to onoOi, cvdpqre oro o4peio rou reixorlq 6nou e(xqv opxfoer vq unoxopov or rr<of;.roqxor pixrrlre ndvol toug. Tov Xqodv qrotro0qoov, nepfnou,6lo1 30 Toripxor, nou 06lqoov vo govorlv e{ioou

yewoior. Ooor on rouq rroq pog eixcv onopeiver ersi 6pr{ov repdoueq n6rpS Kor pd4 evovriov roug, yrpeyf(ovrqs rous 18 xdro on rq reix4, oIti o Xoov rordgepe vo ovepei ror vo rp6{er oe guy{ rouq xprotrovoriq. Merd r4v enrtuxio rou, nolof 6llor Topror pp[Kqv rqv eurorpfo vq rov oxolou0rioouv Kor vo oKopgo<iroouv oro teixq, ogo or eldxroror rrof poq ev rorrigepov vo rouq e;.rno6ioouv.Ilo6p4oov, roorriooo pe Orippoq xqr oKrr'roqv noltroq. Korri t4 rriprero r4g oupnloKqg, o Xoodv xrunri04re ond n6rpo rqr 6neoe rdror. Mrqrov efov or rroi ;.roq, n{pov Otippo5 Kqr tov trr0opotrooovon 6leq rrq neupfq. Ereivoq o4r60r1re oro ydvoro xor ouv6xroe vo nolep, qII6 ro e{f rou xdpr dxO4re op6tpqro rporiporo on p64 ror 6neoe nopriuro. Etrl oyr<pouo4 ourri, orotdr04rov ror n4yrirO4rov noloi Toripr<or, or onofor perogdpOrlrov nioor oto otpotdneo. To n{0o9, prrlq, eNeivolvnou e(xov ovepei oro teixq 6roordpnroe touq rxoq pq5, nou eyror6lerrl.rcvto e{olreplxd ror 6rpe{ov pdoo orqv n64 ;re ro4 pfo, tirore o 6vog norooe tov 6tr4o.Ko0<irg ouv6porvov outd, oroor4rov govdg on p6oo, on 6[o Kqr qrr ro pdpog rou hpovro: "'Eneq ro gpopro. Etouq npyouq orrl0rlrov orlpofeq ror popo". Or grovdq ourdq drperlov oe guy4 touq 6rroq poq, evdr 6oroqv rorvopro 06ppoq orous exOpoq, nou dpxroov vo ovepoivouv oro reix4 <igopo ror ye olo)royporiq xopdq. 'Otqv o uoruxrogdvoq Auro<ptitopoq ror Aeon6r4q pou eie qur ro 06opo, noporoooe rov Oe6 ;.redrpuo oro

y6uo ror noporlvooe rouq orpou<req vo govov yewoior.Auoruxrirg, poq, ev un{pxe nl6ov roprri eni6q po{0eroq ri oupnoptioroo4g. T6re to(yrlqoe ro doy rou, dgOooe,oro o4peio qn6 6nou or ex0poi 6;.rnorvov otrlv ntrq rol pixrrlre ndvo roug no4 o Eoprldrv rotd t<,rvologtrolv. Erqv npdrr4 tou eni0eo4, touq yr<pdproe 6ouqrdror on6 tq reixrl, nptiyFq nou gdv4re oov 0o;.ro oe oouq to eiov. Mouyrpi(ovroq oov llovrtipl rol xpordrvrog ro onoO( oro e{i rou xdpl, dogofe rooug nolloq Toprouq, drore ro oipo 6rpexe oov nordpr on ro x6plo Kqr rq n6ro tou! O Opoyrforoq Toldvro, rov onoio ovogdpope nopon<ivro, gdvqre ov<irepoq or<ip4 Kqt on6 rov Axrlldq. Ilotrepdwoq oro 6e{td rou ouror<pdtopo, roppduo(e rouq ex0porlq ge 6vtro rql pe vxlo. To flo 6rqve rol o Oegrloq llootoloyog. Btrdnowoq rov Aurorpdropo vo oyovf(erol yro vo oroel qv n4 nou rrvveue, grirva{e rloiyovtoq: "Kolrepq vq ne0tivro nopri vo ({oro".'Yorepo, pprloe rpouy(ovroq ndvt,l orous exOporigrsl oKdrtooe { drperfc oe guy{ oouq pp60r1rov ;lnpoor tou. O laxiwqqAolpr4q, nou ppd0qr<e r<r ou169oro i6lo pdpoq, nolepooe F npo)royri, oov yewofoq orpou6tqg nou {rov. 'Ooor pp04Kqv oro nefo r4q Fdxnq Oopooovr4v rIp4 r(or rnv ov6peio rtov e[orperrrdv erefvov ov6pdrv. Ol enl06oerq enovotrrigOrl<ov6o rol rptq gopdq,p6xpl nou rorgepov vq rpdr[ouv rouq onforouq oe guyli, vq ororroouv notrloq Kqr vq yKpFfoouv dllouq rdrol on ro reixrl. Or orpoudteq poq notr6p4-

oov F peydq yewotrqro xor oro t6trog fneoov verpoi, ogo npoqyoupfvalg efxov npofevrioel repriorteg ontirleleq orouq ex0poq. floof tillor oro1604rov, eniorlq, rovrd orqv lft14 rou Ayiou Pto;rovo,nou or exOpoi eixov ot{oer rr1 peydtrq e6nol4 Kor ro gopepd xovvr, ;re ro onofo yrpd;roov ro reixq Kqr Kqtrigepov vq rptoroFnoriv orqv n6tr4. Tr1 orryp4 exefv4 eydl e pprorplouv rovrd orov Aurorpritopo rql Aeonrl Fou, enelr1efxo nrier vo enl0eolprior'l 6vq tiIo o4peio rqq nlqg, opgovo ye rq rotoyri tou. 'Orov pn{xov or exOpofot4v [16411,6rol{ov touq xprortovoq nou e{xqv onopeivr oro teixrl ;.rer4leprilo, p6trq,orvrlo ror ndrpeq.'Etol, dytvov xprol o6rtr4p4S rng Kovotovrlvorino4g, errq rotv nrlpyorv rou Boolleiou, rou Adovroq rol rou Ale{iou, roug onoiouq rpotooov ot voreg on rrlv Kpfrn nou nod;rqoov ond rrq 6{r pdxpl rtg orrr ro onyeu;ro Kqr oKrroqv nolloq Topxouq. Btrdnovrqs ro n{0oq tov ex0pdrv nou eixqv rupreoer rrlv n4, ev riOetrovvq nqpooOov,o6 eyov rr npotrpooov vo neOdvouv nopd vo (rioouv. Kdnotoq Topxoq elonof4oe rre tov oourdvo yrq rrlv 4porr{ tipuvd rous tc ereivog ou;rgdrv4oe vq rous entrpdrler vo griyouv F to nJtoio Kql 6o ro npdypoto nou efxov po(f rouq. llopd uq unooxiorq rou, 6;r<oq, o ooulrrivoq pe nohi rno rordgepe vq rouq neioel vo oglioouv rouq npyouq Kor vo gyouvAo o6pgro, or ltooi l-loritroq xol Tptoitroq,nol6Fnoqv pe yewol6r4ro, po(i pe opreroq

dAouqor4 06oq nou efxsv ovoldpel. Kord 14 rdprero tou oytilvo rouq, oKot604rcv noAoi rr on tlq 6uo nAeupdq. E e p r c o r r y p r 4 ,o f l o l o q e i e r o u q exOpogp6oo otqv n64 rar efne orov oeprpru:'rxdeqKsv tq lTdvto. Kpr[ou {re xor 0p{vr1oe yr1.H IlAq neoe. Avdrgeo nrq vo nclepdpe. Aq rolr6{ourrouldxrorov, vo otoOoripeepefq ol ir;.re, o!".'Eror, or Torlprot 6yrvov rplot tr;q Kovsrovrrvorinolqq, qv Tpitq 29 Mqibu 1453, ouq udpror to peorlpdpr.Apno(ov r<oloxpoldrtr(ov oouq dpprorav pnpoorri rouq, do<po(ovoou5 enrxelpooov vq qvrrorq0ov Kqr oe optopdvo gdpq e 8rorplvritov 4 yq on to no6nrdrpoto nou qtov ncopSvo rto. To 06opo ritov gprrr! I'lqvrori oroyovrov Op{vol l<ol novrori y(vovrov opnoyq yuvolrtiv 6ltlv rclv 4fur<tdtv. Apxdvuoqeq, vdeg rondleq r<orrol6ypleq odpvovrov qn ro pordtdoon rls Kr4ofeq 6nou eixov xotogriyel, evtir droryov ror opovrov. floloq ynopoo vo rrprypdr[er to rldproto Kqt rtq gto' vdq rov nor6rtv { 14 pep4ltooq rtov tptv errqortbv; To 6yro odrpo xor ofpo tou Xproro xuvrqv otrl yq! Or Topror dpno(ov ro repd oreq, to ona(ov ri ro xpororioov ytq loyoploop6 rouq. To ilo dKqvov Kor Fe ro lepd ovo' 0qycro. floonEtooqv rtq 6yteq elrveq, rouq ogorpotloov ro xpuotigt, to oo41rr ror rouq noltlpouq f0ouq rol dguoxvov pe out6q rpepdrro rol rpond4ro. 'rAllor orfu(ov to titroyd rous l.tro xPuoogovro ;.rero{otd pgro rt'rv lepdov Kqr dtrlol tq dKqvov tpone(o;rdvtltro.

Apno(ov to norr;ro papyoptt6plo on to 6yrc rerp{fuo, rqronqrosov ro tepd tref'r{rovo rov oyirrrv Kqr, qov npoytrrotrroi npdpopor tou 6rop6trou,6r<ovovopd' rp4rq ovooroupyripoto, nou yvo to 0privo pwoporiv vo nporodoouv. Xptor{, poortrrdFou, or onogdoerq Eou {enepv6ve ro puo tou ov0pdrnou! M6oo ot4v ondpovrrl erx4<rio tqq Ayioq Eogfoq' tov eniyero oupov, to 0pvo tqq {oq tou @eo,to dppc trov Xepoupefp, to geici qproripynpc, ro c{ro0opooto ror o o r e o o p o , r o o t o l ( l r 4 q V q S 'r o v rlporrepo ond Aouqtouq vooq,r6plene xoveiq rouq Topxouq vo tptilve Kor vo uivouv oro lep6 B(po rol orrlv Ayio Tpdne(o 4 vo ooelyov ntivtl oe yuvof' req, v6eq rondeqrol gtrpd nortd! floloq pnopooe vo pe(ver oouyrfvrltoq rol yro tqv tiyro errlqoio vc p4 0pr1v4or Hqs; 'Oor novooqv on6 to xox6 nou dptrenov. Etq on{tto, Op{vot t<ot rld;roto, orouq pripoug oup;.roi,ottq erx,lrlofeq n6vou, yuvotxeio ;rol' ovprrdq r<pouydq podyro,poppopr4teg, g6vor rol prc' opoi... Or euyeveigotrpti(ovrov rot ot ntrooror dxovov uq neptouoieq touq. Ee eg uq norefeg Kqr rrq yovldq tqq n6trqq yivovrov o;rdtp4ro roroupyrltrroro. Kqvdvo F6pos 4 rotogyro e ylfrrooe on6 rqv dpeuvc xcr rq peprlltoo4.Ol 6nroror dororlov r4noug rot yrp6ptoov onirro yrq vq ppouv xp{poto ( rpupp6' Ooo Fp4*ov to n4pov vouq O4oouporiq. yro vq xptdoouv t4v onl4orfo rouq. Xprord, poorh6 pou, ylittloe cn t4 0tri{rq ror rov nvo treq tlg nIelg Kqt rtq x6peq nou rotolrov xprotlovoft.

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rlyeoio trlq Enovdotooqgeixe ronrxd xoporcripo,pe touq nporpirouq vo rotqpovrov ,!s.x{:;:rr: o {6onoopo rqq Etrqvrr<rig Enovdoto6treyxo(fletronovvrloror{ lepouofo, Aperoq onS oqpoto6otei rrlv tdrcptq g<ioq l-ldyogrc.n.). H npctqnpoondOero yro tq qi - 1923) {: (1821 trlg eqvotouprrrrlq oproupyio revrprr<riq e(ouoiogqrov q A E0vrr<q -oor<,\qpdrverot rqv unoypogq yKpouorlq Iuvdeuoqorqv Apxoio Eni6oupo(lovouri[j tqq luv0r;rqg tqg A<o(dwqq*q onoio xopoproq1822), nou opiot4rce npoooprvri- yevr<ri nqpi(eror on rqv npoondOelotou Eqvr- rcup6pvqorl rqg Ed6og, uro0etri0qre lwoyro'E0vouq vq ouvevd)oer ouq roug etrqvr- po Kor ovoKqpx0qreq Edo ove(dprrlto rogntrr1Ouopoq oe 6vo evroio<orove(dprqxp<irog. to t<p<itog Korrnv npoonci0ero tqq OOopovrO ovtoyc,lvrop6q yro rqv e{ouoio oqyqoe r4q Autorpotopioq vo enlBrdroer Kqt vo FnporpfuouqKot orpolortrog orq B' E0vrrri totrtroxOei oe 6vo oyxpovo KoteOvl<d opoyeIuv6euor1, oro Aotpoq (1823), rl onoio enrBevdg rouprrr< poi<,loe r<pdtoq. rr1 06oq roxogtrov nporpirr,tv oto H Enovdoroorl tou l82l pprlre tqv Etrtrd6q rupepvqrrrd pyovo r<or oe epgtrron6epo - 1824). otpoutotrr<iiror;rq: orrlv rlntporrr{ xrilpo, (1823 H epgfuo6ropdxqreppotiotqpooov cpr<er6q xrrd6eg rdgtegKotoppo<e yp{yopo p rqv-ntKpdtqorlrov nporpitooipe otpotrorrr<r1 nelpo <ol orpordroto tr^lvor onoior ono;ldrpuvov rov Koororpcilvrl qOrr, ev<ir otrq etr4vr169 Odoooeg to{[euov prxpd, eudtrr rto noio-opytpo,xpqotponot- pnouptrto rl0qrov ertetop6vo to nordpro MAXOY YNEP NI:TEO: onrov Krovotovtivo Kovdpq- rrovd yro vouKAI IIATPIAO>. poxieq oe r<ierordq Odtroooeg (o rouprrr<g or6og onoreovtovon peydoror 6uorivqronoio). Tougnpdltouq pivS,q EnovdoroorlenerrriOqr<e orqv lleonwnoo Kot orq lteped Etrtrdq, 6cag rr1 Oeooqtrio ror tr1 More6ovio. lpqyopo, polq,nepropiotrlreotqv l-letrondv'Y6po, vqoo, rn heped Ed6o ror ro vqord In6roeg,Wopd ror ldpo. Trq otpotrrorr<6q enrxerprioerq, pe ropugoio tqv erotpoteio r<or TqvKoroorpogri tou Apdpotrq l-'lood (pe 30.000 otpot), oto AepBevd<ro (fleonvvqoog),on6 tov Oe6<opoKo,\orotpdrvn (rn oql.rovtrrtepn orpqrrouKri rcor notproltrrcq guotoyvropio rnq novoorotrlpdvqg Eld6oq), ouveuoqv ror npoond0etS ylo rov norrr< '/*e(rtQq'rWl,.in4l ni| e4'- .Pe.ae ror lorxrprr 6eyxotr'1qEnovdotooqqKol at Ek t i tt ydt qpatrdot tt. rq rr. tou v6ou rpdtouq (petrovtrrri). H norrrrri

FlEnovdoroon rou l82l

on tr1 orpotroltrr<ri qyeoio.lovdpxroe polg, nptuno, orqv f1etronvvrloo.'Eotg to 1827, out{ rq <popd peto( rov nporpitrov (vqordr- xropig vo ouvovrqoouv rroitepq ovtiotoorl,or reg evovtiovnetronowqoirov). O etepoqepTouprooryuntror<q 6uvdperq rordtropovoxegrosntre;rog (1824- 1825)6lq{e p rrlv 6v otrxlqpqrqv f1eonwqoo. entrpdtqo4 tov vqorot<ilv or onoior eixov r,rg Tov lororcu 1827, 11Pooio, q Meydq r;ydteqtov ledrpyroKouvtouprrq Kor rov Bpetovforor 11 foioouyr<potov rrlv Tprnrj Al6(ov6po Moupor<op6oro. Iuppoxio Koroupgovovvo endppouv rpoTo rdtrogrnq poFrovrrK{q (rjtqpo neproutqq r<erpdvou vo 6reu0erq0ei to erlvrr g (l 823) cr<oo0 EtrAqvrrr;q Enovdotoorl qcre11 -dpeoq nooq tov ex0ponpo[rv, outovol.tio cpxq progpeydqq neprntsrog (1825): or eprrlg Edog rdtcu on rrlv TTl<uptopxlo tou gureg 6ropdxeg eixovorro6uvog.toer rqv etr- Ioutdvou- rogppogtou euptepouAvototrqvrrqorpotrotrrq rox,q v6o nonrr4 rlye- A r r o Z q r q p o r o g ( r 1 c rtjr ,l g t x q q r r l q oio onoeixOqr<e g Autorcporopio ovirovil vo ovtonoi<gl0ei OOcoprov g). i<r] orrg npor<riorE rov Katp6v, evc o Ioutdvoq H dpvqoq tou Ioutrtdvou vo evrioer oul.tgrirvrloe o orpororr<r1 ouvepyooiope oSqyqoeorrl Noupoxiotou Nouopivou(20 tov flood rrlg ArynrouMope0-Aq o onoiOr<tcoppiou 1827)ror rnv Koroorporpq tou og orere rov yro tou, lpnpoqp flood, dvov Toupr<ooryuntro <o orou. rt<ovtoto pe otpor opyovro;.rdvo olrt^lpotr r<, To yeyovdtonou orotroOr1oov o6qyqoov, <ot ernor6eu;.rvo opgrrrvo preto eup<^lnoir<o terrd,otrlv ove{oprqoiorqg Ed6og: q Po-

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oio rrlpooettov nepootqv O0opovrrrj Aurorpotopio (1828)n onoio e{ovoy<d(eror vo unoyp<l{er tq Iuv0rlrr1tqg A6provonoqg " T (1829) .,..ror vo ovcyvr,lpiot rrlv ourovopiorqg Eld6og. O ovroyovro;.rg tolv peyc<,lv 6uvo_ povylo rov 6eyxo trlq Avotorrrig Meooyei_ ou e{ovdy<ooe tq Mey<iq Bpetoviovo uro0e_ r{oer ro flpotr<oo tou Aov6ivou (Oe_ p p o u d p r o1 g 8 3 0 )o , p g o r v op r o o n o i o q E,\do ovor<qpooeror ove[dptqto Booiero, penpootdtr6eq6uvdperq rq pooio,tq Meydr1 Bperovio r<or tr; [oio. H npoon<i0ero ovp0olor1g rqg x,ilpoqon rrlvewrdxpovq noeprrri 6pdoq trlv onoio eixe {errv{oero Kupepvrjr4q lordwqgKono6i_ '1, nt -nprilqvunoupyq orproq E{olteprrvtrlg po," l''"'* oioqKotereypdvog ro 1827on.tn l-, E0vo_ ouvdeuor1 tqg Tpot(r]vog- ovornq<e Bioro ro l83l pe rq oogoviorou (on 6o gir1 tqv Knpo.Autq I <Meydql6io> rjrov q rqqorroyeveloq t<ovMoupoprxotroictv, p rnv <onov6ut<rj ot(q> rqq etrqvtr<rjg e{<otepr_ unootrlpr(q ror dtrovnporpitrov Korrn oror{g nortr<rjg pdxpr to 1923r<or epxrov oe nqpqouvoiveoqtrlg Meydqg Bpetoviogror eu0eioovtiOeoqp uq eOvtr<6q grer6rr<rioe tqg l-oioq). Ar<ooOqoe ovopxio pixpr ro tc,rvriovpor<ovr<drv rportiv (Aipovio, fep_ 1832,6tov o npiy<rnoq trlg Bouopiog,'O0ovog, pio, Boulyopio), tqg O0opovrr<rig Auror<potoeneiyq on trg npootdtrec 6uvdpetg cog piog ror rqg norrrr<r1g uov peycik^lv 6uv<ipeorv K^rlpovoprKq rlyepvog rqg E,\d6og. To Mdro (Avotorr< Z{rrlpo). rou i6rou6toug,11 O0o;rovlrri Aurorporopio flpoto 6ope,polg, tqv roroprr{ ouv6o v o y v p r oe en i o q p ot q g o v e { o p . c q o i t o qg xrq Kcre{6r(qtr;g e4votoupr<rr<rjg oppo_ E,\ri6oq. H Eqvrr<q Enov<iorooq tou l92l {lS, 0o rltov ordnrpo vo ovo<rou;te rr1goq o6rlyqoe terxdotrl 6qproupyio ev6g prrpo rou Avotorr<o Zqrrjporoqto onoio,oq rpoq ove{<iptrltou elqvr<o r<pdroug to onoio ne_ trlv eqvotouprrr<rj oy<pouoq, eivorplo 6r_ predppove trlv l-letronvvrloo, rq lreped nolporrr<r] 6rcppoor;, dtor nog out{ uonorrl_ E,\d6o r<or trq Kur,\d6eq. E<otopppro, prq, 0r1r<e rotopr<dog dvogouyxepoopg 'Elqveq rqq no_ (ooov orpq r<dto.r on rov rouoKt_ rrrrrlg tr,rv ;,reydtov 6uvdpeovtrlg enoxrlg r (uy:q Ed6o dyrveove{optqtr1, odo (Poroio, Meydr1 Bpetovio,loiorqr, opyte_ Etrr1vro;.rq 6ev eixe oorqpot0e( notn<<i. po, l-eppovio r<or lroio), rqq <Meydqg 156o9> 'Eror, ovonrxOr1r<e to popo progovoyv_ Kor rrlq npocrndOerog rrov O0roprcv6v Top_ vqpdvqg Bu(ovtrvrjg A u t o r c p o t o p f o qn , ou r < o vy t o t r l o o t o o q e O v r < o rcpdroug (pe ertervrov on tqv A6protrrri Odoooo ror onoxopgcopo rqv E0vrr<r1 Enovdotooqtou rqv opooerpd tou Aipou ir,lg rov Flvto r<or Kepci ArotopK, rlv nepio6o lglg - lg2Z.\

!r,.:r opuqqiog'Eltrr1-r4q un4peo(os rou orq ptoorr( Arnlopovoq nolrtrrq ric, o Kono8iotptoq ooxol4O4re ouxvd lrrf^" 'trl,, i.,l ror rnloprit4q, pe ro ell4vrx (rir4po: Euq 5 Noeppp(ou oro llopfor, ndruxe vq Fqv nqYnoupy6qE{oreprrdrv rou 1815, poxoprlOei 146 Poorr{q Aurorpo4 ruptopxio ttov ldvtov Nriqt,lv oxn Meydl4 Bpetovio, old vq onoror ropioq (1815 1822) npdroq Kupepvrirrlq teJtdoouv ove[dpt4to rproq un t4v rou ove{6pr4rou e4- npootooio tou pperovtrori 0p6vou' ev<ir'
vrro rptouq (1830- l83l). O Kqnoiorpros yew(O4re ot4v Kdpxupo, oug 3l Ago oloxltipt'roe Iovouopiou tou 1776. poorx rrlrtro erno(euo4g rov $794\, n{ye otqv koio yro ovtiupeq onou6q. H nolrtrr{ ororopopio rou Kqnciorpro {eNivqoe tov ouor<i0r1xeq Entrivqooq l-lolrue(o (1800 - 1807)ror o not6pqs rou ouppeteixe oqv rupdpvqo{ rrlq' rre rtr{Oqr vq rrpoogdper trq unqPcieg rol.l.'Evo xpvo petd t4v rordluoq r4q Enrovqoou florteioq, o Kono6forprtls 6x0r1re vo ovotrdpet unqpeoio oro uroupyfo E{toreprrv t4q Porolr<4q Aurorpotopioq. To l8ll, peror604K otl'l Proolrri llpeopefo t4g Brdw4q Kqr to KaIoxoipr rou 1822 oto Bouroupdou. Kot6 tq rdprelo tou fuvepiou rns Brfvv4q - l8l5), o Konoforprog ouppeteixe (1814 ot4 pt,lou<4ovrrnPooq)rrio.Aiyouq pqveq opyrepo, otrq 6ronpoypoteoetq ol onofeq orlyqoov or4 Euv0r64 ttov Floploiov (20 Noeyppiou l8l5), xotp0oo vq trq pourdq onrferq,ge cnot6enrpdtrer Aeopo vo qfloKqtqoro0ei 4 looppon{q uvdpeov or4v Eupdrnrl.To Eem6pppro rou o Konofotproq ovoyoperi0qKKql 1815, eniorlpo unoupyr5gE[olreprxtirv rqq Pool' rerlqAurorpotopfoq. Ee 6q 14 ldprcero undpotre orov Todpo Atrd[ovpo ro 1816, A ox6ro nolnrr{q rlpos rqv O0opovlr<ri Aurorpotopfo, yro rq otoror{ qneeu06poor1 rolv xprorrqvrrdrv lodv r4g BoIrovrrriq Xepoovtioou. Tov lovoudPto rou 1820,tov enror6g04x orrlv Ayio l'lerponotrq o lDrlurg Alovriorog ltiv0oq Kor rou npoodgepe tqv 4yeofo rqq' np6rqoq rqv ono(o o Konofotproq 6ev 6x04xe, nporelp6vou vo unoornpf{er tov Ayrivo rqq Ave{opt4oioq on tq 06cq xou uroupyori E{oteprrdv proq peyti4g eupolnoirrlq vop4q. H ot6oq tou Kqno8iorpro rrordrOqre nlqptoq on tqv e{6fu1q rov yeyovr5rov.'Otov {6onooe q Ell4vrrri Enovdotoo4 oto kioro (Oeppoudproql82l) ror opytepo otqv flelonw4oo (Mdprrog l82l),4 Ptoo{qxotqi ewotolg o Kono' K<rsFv r4v I<{vr1o4, (orproq xot6p0ooe vo enqpedol rov Toripo rotd rpno ouotsortr Kot titol vq onorpdrler to xelptepo yto ro'E0voq. rtor qn6 ro rpoylxd Tov loro tou 1821, yeyov6q rou qnoyxovroFoli rou Orr<oupe' vrro flotprtipxq Fprlyopiou E', n6ruxe t4v eniooq poorro releorypdgou orov ororooo, vo rotogdper Eourdvo,xrrrpfq, vo rrvfoer Porootouprclrd ntrepo. Etqv npdrtq Kor nro rioror196o4 rqq EtrIqvl'

g. d e V er

vr-

r rrig Enovdorooqq, o l(onofotproq rot6npc nodq enrruxieq: I g.p. vo enlervdroelrlg oxdoelq rqg por oAlploe orlq ovdrepeg xupepvqtlr<dq oicq pe rqv O0to;rovrrri Autorporopfo 06oerq npooonlrdrqtrq on leq rlq ' e{ovoyrri(ovro5 rov Eoulrdvo vo 8lot4noJtlrrriq op6eq rou r6nou, snlruyxtivovros e0vrrri ouvox( o Frq r<pior;.rr1 I p,io., rov rpto yro tou orporo rowd orqv Kovotovrlvorino4. Touq npdrroug xpovrr{ ouyrupfo. : F{vq tou 1822,o Kono6forproq npoond- o Avoropydvoo rn Ar1;roluArofrrtroq I 0noe vq enl6elvroelnepolrdpol uq {611 ;.rerpno onoreleoyorlr. enrpop4pveq pt.loorouprrr6q ox6oelq, o Opydvore orpot<i rol oto, pe onord, xropfg 6;rarq vo ro rotogdpel, egdoov o eopo vo ouvexrqref o dvonlog oyvog, Todpoq enr0utrrooe vo dp0el o ouvvvo qneleu0epal0ef 11l-leon6wqooq rol v4oq pe r4v Auorpio. H roroo4 our{ vo rorotr4gOef 4 Eteperi Ev\do. o{y4oe or4v nopofrrloq rou'Eqvo 6l- o Anorordorqo rqv dvvoplq 16{4 crulq , nloptirq, o onoioq eyrotoorOqxe, relee0epeq neproxdg. , rd, or4 l'everir1. Tov Anpiho tou 1827, 11 F' o Avo06ppov rnv otrovo;.rlr{ pootr;r E0vrrri Euvdleuo4 tqg Tpor({vog e{6le{e prdrqro. I rov Kqno6iorpro Kupepvftn rnS Ev\doq I fl6ruxe, pe eotoxouq 6lnlopouroq ' yn enrd xpvlo, o{iropo to onoio o Koxerployorig, rqv npo<ir04or1 rou EA4vlnoforploq ono6x0qr<e.'Enelro on6 plo ro Z4r{poxoq Kor rrlv roroxriporo4 oriwopq neptoeio ouq Euptonoirdq Aut4q e4vrrriq ove{cpr4ofoq pe 14 F: 6q,o v6og Kupepv{rnq dgOooe orrlv yorep4 uvarri tepuvoq rrrlv ouvI Eltiq, rov lovoudpto rou 1828,ylo vo P(,)v , pper rov Krouroxri rdroxo r4q lrepedq Ago e{oogtiroe r4v cve{cprrloio r4g Eltioq Kqt rov lpnpo{p rdroxo oxe6v Elti6oq -oprotrrri e{oogolforqKs rov ortr4pqq r4q lleonowfoou.'O,rr e(xe loro tou 1832, rov 4 Ettro ovoyvropfI onopeivet on rq etre0epoerigrl ppr- orqr( oq ove{riptqro rptoq on6 r4v ordrov oe d0lro ror6oroorl, F Kqr- O0olyovtrli Auror<potop{q- o Kqnsiorpogpdv4 orrovopio rol 6rou;.r6v4 loi, orprqs oxeioqe rol npoond04oe vo Knon. To np6ro (4rnyo nou pO;rroeo egop;roer 6vo euproto npypo;riro , Konoiotproq {rov ol e{ouoieg rou Ku- eOvrr4q ovoouyrpdrnorlq crqy otKovopepvqt4.Iuq 18 lovouopiou rou l8?8, r; pfo, rrlv nolefo, ro rotvttvlrti npdroq, tlq BouI{ ouyroef E0vlxri Euv6euo4, 4 unootrrdqror ro epnr5plo.To npdypoppo onofo npoyporonol{0r;re rov AnpfAro ror out6 {pge oe ovriOeo4 pe to oupg6poo{yqoe or4 6repuvo4 r@v e{ouoldrv vxo rtov Ell{vov nporpfualv, ot onofor, pe rou Kupepv{r4 r5yororv neptorrioerov r4v unoorripr{q rng Meytir1qBperoviog (Ilpoooprvf Aro(r4or1 r4q Enrr<pcreioq). Kqr rnq Iolioq, unorfvrloov topcxiq 'Eroq uq 3 Oeppouopfourou 1830(Itpor(ond ro t6q rou 1830),ge onoroprigopo xolo rou Aovivou, ove{opr4o(o r4q rq 6oogoviq rou Konoforpro, ortg 27 EArioq), o Konofotproq eixe o4pel6oet Eeuuyppfou rou 183!, qro Nqnro"

To AvororrZ(rr1po
poq <Avotorr< Zritqpo> xpqori.iid,:.i; vo nprponorrloqre npo<erpdvou . : '1i,*,,,,i'r" ypogov ro 6rnopotr<dnpopqto l9o Korrov 206 ordrForo u.ls Eupdrnqg, vo, onpporotrlq noporpqq rqg O0ropovrrc{qAuto<poropioq, ooo otpotqyrrrigoq. pooiog-ertelvtov on tq Bordvro d<og trl M6oq Avototrrj- yro trg peydeq uvdperg tqq enoxqg (Auolpoouyyopio- Meydtr4 Bpetovio, or onoieqenr0u;rooov tq 6rorqpnon proqovoprlg Autorpotopioq,ro069 ror q Pooio, rl onoio enr0u;rooe tq rdtrur<pcorl Korrn 6qproupyionotrlcilveOvrrcbv t6v). [ 1 p r vo n t o I u v 6 p r o r r l g B r 6 v v q q (1815), rl Eupdnq rltov rorpepdvq oe, nepinou,50 <pdrq ror nIerq- rpdtq pe <orvdg noruotrr<6q rotopotrdq. poorrri H opxq tov peydtroveuponoirv 8uvd;reolv qtov q roopponio 6uvdpetov q onoio e[oogotrr(drovon 6vov pqxovrMetd to roop eoqrrdv eno(qpr6crecov. petrrop oto t6q tou lSou rrlg flotrroviog, q pvq neproxqq onoio 0o pnopoordrvo, oe vo e{unqpetqoer to pqxovrop r<ov eog r r 6 v o n o ( q p r c o e oq vrov q O0opovrr{ Aurorporopio. en6gepe pro To luv6pro rqq Brdvvqq yrq rrlv roopponio uv6o td{q npoypdt<,lv Itrg nopo6oorordg vdpeolvtrlq Euptirnqg. q fotrlorcor peyrieq Suvdperg npoot604r<ov q l-lptooioror treq po(i ouyrptqoov rrlv leprj Iuppoxio pe orxo tr1 rotrlpqoqtou euponoiroeogrr<o statusquo (ror guorrd, t<ovnpovopi<,lv toug). Eqr4q,rd0e ouvopror<ri tpononoiqoq 0 o d n p e n ev o e i x e n p o o n o g o o r o r e i r o r o u p g o v r l O ep i e t o [ t c o vn d v t e t r l g l e p l q

Iuppoxiog. 'Eror, orprp<irq, 6qproupyqOqre to Avoto).r<Zrpqpo:q ovqouxiop{ntoqpio on trg 6rotopd{er e u p o n o i r c dp ge y d e g uvdperq rnv rooppoilio uvdpetov enrroxvovroq tr1 rduoq r q q O 0 o p o v r r q gA u t o r p o t o p i o g r<or t r 1 6 q p r o u p y i oe [ o p t q p d v r o v e0vrr6v rpotdrv ot4 Botrrovrrri. -petd toug NoH erprlvq otqv Eupdrn4 no)\evteroug flo6poug-6rorqpq0qre6o9 f1epou). to 1853(6'.pnntou Kpr;roi<o Ev rto ;rero(, q Etrtrdo efxe enrpdtrer t4v ove[optqoiotqq to 1830. T o 1 8 3 1o , A r y n t r o gF l o o d gM c o d p e 0 Aq ero6poe oto e669q tqg O0opovrrc{g Auror<poropioq. f"lopci fltrero erepo Ptocrotouprr< po (1828 1829), q P<ooio, npoypotonortvrog orpo<priotqv e[olteprrri trlg notrrtr<{, unoorqpr{e orpotrcotrr<<1 rov Iourdvo rot pe luv0r1rq,to 1833, enioqporqv ov6ope npootooio rrlg O0opovrrrlg Autorpotopiog pe ovttioypo rqv onrrqoq npovol.rirov rov Aopoveoto Itevd rou Boonpou r<or tritov. flporer;r6vouvo opovonorrioer tr1 Iuv- Toupr<iog q Meydr1 0q<q P<ooiog rou 1833, Bperovionpocrnd0q<re vo 06oer to Itevd r<droon 6re0v{ deyxo. 'Enerto rot or<qp6g on porcpoxpdvteq peydeg 6ronpoypoteoerq, or eupornoir<69 6uvdperg o u p g < , r v o p v t q v O O t o p o v r r c q Autorpotopio (Iuv66pro talv ltevdv, l84l) r<or to ltevd 0o ege(rjg,ev <orprilerprlvqq, nopipevov rerordyro o to noepr<d ntroio.Me ourdv tov tpno, q Meydlq Bpetovio opovonoiqoero npov6protqg Poloioq. Irlpovtrrdg onogdoerqyro to Avototrrr Zrirqpo eixope<or orrl luv0rirq tov flopr-

:
oirov (1856), 11 onoio 60eoetdppo otov Kprpoir l-lepo. H Prroiq icorq lotrio, opgtepeg 6uoop e o t q p d v eo gn r r g r o t d [ e r gt q q l u v 0 { rqg,npoondOnoov vs rlploupyrloouv rratreop6vo 06rovtoqrrq pdoerq yto rqv ovoOe6pr;o{ tqq.'Etor, trornv, q P<,loio, erperoeupevr1 tov l-otronpoolr< f'lepotou 1 8 7 0r,< o t r j y y e r ue q r o r d l e r go r o n o i e g ogopooov oro ro0eorrigrrlg Mopr1g Odooooq, q foio60eoe 06po onoevcir oqqr0oy6vetoq rogp6oov enovonpoo6roproporov euponoirtiv ouvprov. Ito eoorepr<tqq O0<,l1.tovrr{q Autot<potopioq, or Botrr<ovrroi trool,dxovtog oorrlpopdvq e O v r r r io u v e i 6 q o r l , (r1tooov ove(optrloio, n<og ouvriBqro 1876pe rrl Bouyopio ror t4 leppio. H Pooiq er<peroleOnK ro yeyovg ror eropdltrer oto e6dgq rrlq O0olpovrr<rig Autorporopioqto 1877, npoetrover pdxpr rqv Kovorovrrvonotrr1 <or e{ovoyrri(ertov lourdvo vo unoypdrlrer tq luv0rjr<qtou Ayiouhegdvou (Mdptroq 1878), or 6rotdrqq onoioq ovo0eorpri0qr<ov liyo opyierg rpq, oro Kovyrpoo rou Bepotrivou (1878). An ro Kovyrp6oo rou Bepotrivou rioq rrlv drpq{q tou A' floyroopiou l-lotrEpou - l9l8), q 6rno;.rorio (1914 tou Avororro ZqrriporoqpetoroniotrlK ouq oxioerq oul.ryoxio Pooiog,feppoviog <or Auotpoouyyopiog, oupl.toxio rrlv onoio ovdnru(e o feppovq Koyredprog O0ovog gov MniopopK. Merd rqv onopdrpuvorltou Mniopopx (1890), or ox6oergPooioq - AuotpoouyyapiogenrervdrO4<ov (to o rpdtrl eixov ovrrrpoupevo oupgdpovto orq Borovrrq),q ouppoxioono6uvopdrOq<e ror q Pooio otpdgqr npoq t11 Meydr1 Bpetovio <ortr1 loioye trg onoieq un6ypo{e otpot r o t r r q o u p g r o v i ot,o 1 9 0 7( I u p p o x i o t q q Entente), orqovripopo rqq Tprnriq luppox i o q ( 1 8 8 2 )t r l q f e p p o v i o gA , uotpoouyyopioq ror lro,\iog. H Enovdorooqrrrrv Neoropr<,iv (1908) igepe v6o nvepo otqv opydvroon Kot rq roruB6pvqoq rqg O0opovrrrig Auto<potopioq rcr oneir1oe to oupgpovrorqg Auotp{oq oto Botrr<dvro. H Praoio npoond04oevo erpetotreuOei n p o g i 6 r o v g e l o q r o v 6 o e o p d v or o r oupg<ilvr1oe otrlv npoodprqoq rqq Boovioq - Ep(eyopivqq orqv AuorpoouyyprrrjAutorpotopio edv 11 tetreuroiounootripr(e to ndyro oirqpo tqg Poroioq yro etreOepr1 16euoqtov pcoorr<ritv notreprr<v noi<ov on ro Itevd. H Auotpoouyyopio, tooroo, 6ev oup<povei, npoooptd rr1 Boovio - Ep(eyopivq (Orrpproq 1908)povopep<q, ogrlvovtog tq Pcooio tonervorpdvq, erre0etpdvrl Kotxopig re0vrj unootrlpr(r1. - l9l3) dfOr Borovrroi fldlepor (1912 o[ov er<v6ou ro 6e6op6voogo neprdploqv ro e6drp4 tqg O0opovrr<{q Autor<potopiog otqv Aoio. To Avototrrr Zrirqpo enrOqrce oprotrrd perd to tdtrogrou A nqyr<oo;riou flo6pou. O lou,\tdvoq rdxOqr<e undp tqg Tprn(q Iuppoxiog l<or rqrd trl rdprero rov rtxrprioecov or xdlpegtrlg Ententeropoipooov ro e6dgr1tqq O0o;rovll<{g Auror<potopioq o e o g o i p e g e n r p p o r j gH . e n r r < p d t q ot rr llq E0vrr<qg Enovdotooqq rou Kepdouviotqo rrlv Touprlrrl Aqporpotio, nou 6lo6xOr;retrlv rtr4povoprd tqg O0opovlr<r1g Autorpotopiog ror q onoio eivor onot6treopo t4q terrr1q r e u 0 6 t r 1 o qtq ou Avotorro Zqtqpotoq.

Kcl TPOTT0)rrKOq

Fp6v- un6yporlre orqv Aprioero (lovroq

nolrrrr6q, rpu- l9l9) puo'trr nptotr<oAlo pe otxo tr1 rriq ror nprroq rlpnoupyioe0vrrriq nctpioq Yto rous
Flpe6poq tqq Touprrr{q A4porpotioq (!923 - 1938).O Kemal yevvrlOqre or4 @eoooloIe rlkrfo vfrq, to 1881. 12 erriv (1893),yivetor errdq ond trlv rctttep4 otpotrourri oxo{ @eooolovir<49ror rio xpdvro opyrepo (1895) orrl Exotrri A[rorpotrrdrv, oto Movoottipt. T4v nepioo 1899 - 1902 onou6(er ot4 Erpotrtotrrli Aror1pfo tr;q Kolvotovtrvonotr4q Kor orr'l Exolq torv l-evtrrv Enrrelefiov(1902- 1905). Korri 14 6rdprero rqq orpqrr)trr{q tou eNnoieuo4q,oon6(eror tqv e8vrrrotlrrl reoloy(o rov Neotoriprov. To 1906' r 6 p e r ,o r 4 A o p o o r r q q E u p i o $ , r l v eOvrrrortr{ opydvttoq "[1crpfo rqq Eeu0epiog"rqr to 1907(ot4 Oeoootrovi14 6nou eixt petoteOei) trlv opyrivororl o'Evroo4 r<or[lpooq,. Trg otpottrrrtlrdq rou rr<ovr4reqo Kemal trq erinoloe orrl BperoAlp4 rord r4 tdpxeto tou Touproitohxori llotrdpou (l9ll), to l9l3' rord rr1 6rdprero tou A BqAKqvrronorctd 14 rdprelo tou A ro 1915, Adtrrou, floyr<oo;.rfouflodpou -on6xpouoe touq AyyloyAou5, ot4 Xepovr1oo t49 Kofnolrlq- Kqr ro 1916,6tqvovsxEiuo r4v orrg pnpetoovotonpo6oo4 rtov Pt6o<ov ouyroleiToriprouq. Tov loho tou 1919, rq!, oto Erzerurn,ro A E0vrx Euv6plo, oro ono{o xoOopfotrlrov ol opxdq tou E0vrro Eupgdvou. Aroori04ce, to Ee, tq Sivas (feP6n t d p p p r o t o u 1 9 1 9o orrq), ro B' E0vrrri Euv6pro,to onofo enrrpoloe rrq onogdoerq rqg npo4yotir<orovorrlpupevr;g E0vrrriq Euvdeuorlq {e rov Kema! opxrlyri rqq E0vrrrlq Enovrisrooqq. Afyo opytepo, orrs 23 Mqibu r o u 1 9 2 0 , T l p o y p o r o n o r r i O 4 r e 'o t q v Ankara, 4 Meydlq E0voouv6euon,I'l onoio xqr e{6le{e tov Kemal flpdepo xupdpvqo4q. rn5 npoot,tprvriq norrtriq e{etri{erq rrS Ilopritrtrr1tro F

(upt6oerg, o Kemal dpxoe vo opyovdrver rqrrrr otpor. H E0vrxq Enovdotootl enrrptirqoe, rellxti, oro sor'rxptx6 rqt ovoyvrrrpiot4re on to eftoteplt<tov torv Oxrdrppro rov 1922,F rnv Avor<r,rx4 Mou6qvr6v. Aroori04oe q Euv0{xr1 trlq ovor<qAo(dwr1q (24 loutrfou 1923)ror 11 puqq rnq Touprfoq oe Aq;rorpotio (23 Orroppiou), pe npdto xor ro6plo flpe6po rov Kemal, o ono(oq,to 1924'lprier ro Aoir6 Penoupnltxovrrd K6pryo'to 6vq 6oq to 1948. ror ;rovo6rrd r<6ptrro O Kemal rupdpvrloe tqv Touprio pdxpr H nollurrl rou rrt' to 06vEt6 rou (1938). 6io{q qtov vo pretotpfr|lr rslv Toupxfo Arxdqenopx(eq r4q O0opovrrriq Auro- on 6vq nopo6oorox6 pouooul;rovtr r<proqro ono(o xupepvd o tooylrq v6KPqroPrqq. Avrf0eroq F rous pouq rrlq Entente FoS o dvo oyxpovo eupalnoir rpdroq -ror opy6repo, F rlq onogdoetq torv Ee- ro onoio rupepvri 4 roxq rou v6;rou.

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neprox{q, xalpigptoqonotieopo. o Trlvnepioo 1839 - 1841, q E,\do rer6irr1nrS xoupnpoovog6per, q e,\qvo_ o r r q f l p t o x d gO e o o o t r i o , ' H n e l p o S,*\, xor rouprrrri oyr<pouoq { evtdooetor Kp{rq, Kqt nd^t parqx<,lpiq onotdeopo. :':. oto yevrxtepo noiorotqq e{r_ Mvq e(6r{r1 onoteeito f'lpcotrcoo rou (r1g tou Avotorr<o Z4trjporoq. To 1g32, q Aovivou(lovoutiproq l84l),opgorvcr ro [.r Eldo eivqr ivo Booielo plrprig6r<rooqq, ro_ onoio q Kprjt4 nepvd otov 6eyxotqg reorpopydvo on rrq notreplrig ouyr<pooerg O0opovrr<riq Awoxpotopioq. rorrrg epgreq ropdxeq. H O0tovrrrif'lepio_ - 1862)xopor<rr;pi(eror 6oq(1832 on6 tqv To 1854, rotd 14 6r<iprero tou Kprproiro 'Hnerpog, onoruxio rou v6ou rpdroug vo opyovcoOei or_ f1o6pou, q q Oeoooio ror 11 Mo<e_ rovoptr<i, notrttrr<d Kot orpctrtorrxdoe 6vo ovio e(eydpOqrov. O Kprpoir<6g Flepoq oyxpovo noioro rrov vc owonorprOef end_ un{p{e KoroorpogrKq yro tqv Etrri6o: or (roorov rewprr< d{ovo rr.1q enioqpqq e(atte_ e{eydpoerg oniruxov roOrirg q enioqpq Ed_ pmrlq nortrrriq: rqv oox,\qp@oq rnq <Meyci_ o, ov6torpqorpotrrotr<<i ror rnorpotrr<6, trqg 166o9>. 6ev pnpeoevo npoogdperpoq0ero, 11 O0o_ Ie plo enoxrj nou q lepri Iuppoxio rjrov povrrrl Autor<poropio 6rroQetrq 6rnopotr_ roxupq, q Edo, porpcio,evt<ixO11re otq riq oxdoerg rrlq F rlv EId6oror.npodpqoe ogoipo enrpporjq rrlq r<cr 6yrve p6pogrqq ro_ ovtinorvo - 6ldr(ergrord torv er;vrrrilv ntrq_ rtrr{g tou cvtoyrovlopro tqq poloioq, rqq Me_ 0uoprilvtr;q Awo<poropioq, evcilMeycir.1 Bpe_ yd49 Bperovioq Korrrlq foliog(or xtirpeq ou_ tovio r<orloio rotdoBov rot rorr]prloov tiq 6rorqpooovun rov ieyx rouq ro tov 6eyxo tou flerpordon6 to lg54 ir,lq ro r<pporo e(ouoioqotnv Etrd6o). E6yxovrcg 1857(orporrartrr<<i) r<or to 1859(p6oroprog rqvnorrrrri (c,r4 tnq xdrpoq, or pey<ieg uv<i- enrtpon{qe6yxou). perg xotdgepov vo 06oouv rrlv npoond0ero uonoiqoqq tou opdpcroqrqg <Mey<iqq 1660g>un rov 6leyx rouq: rl e(dntroo4 r4q Ed6oq, qo411 npoyydtooq tou opdpo_ Toq rqq <Meydtrqg ldoq>, qtov ouv<iptr1o4 rov npo06oeovKot rov e0vrrriv oupgep6_ vrovrov pey<ir,lv uvdpe<,.rv. H npdlrrl 6r<gpooqrqq erlvotouprcrr<rjq ouyKpouonq, petd rqv Enovdotooqtou lg2l, rlrov11 - O0copovrr<qg 6rogovio Etrtrd6oq Au, roxporoplog oxetrrd pe to rc0eotdrqtqq Id_ pou, r n q O e o o a i o gt,q q H n e i p o u r ( o rr n q Kprjrrlq: fAn to 1832, q fdpoq eixeovorqpux0ei ou_ rovopn enopxio, pe 'Etrqvo rlyepvo.H Etrd6o 6re<irrloetqv npoociprnonrrls

H O0tovrrrillepiooq

flopd tqv roneivoorlrou 1854, trlv ntciloq tou'O0c,rvo Kqrrrlv dvo6o oro 0pvo tou [eropyiou A (1e63- l9l3), q Edo 6ev dio{e npooovcrorop otqv e{oreprrq trlg notrrrrr<ri. Evrotorg, ond to p6oo tou l9ou ordlvo11 erlvoroupr<rr<q oy<pouoq nqpe provds rdoroorl: q eMqvrr<q <Meydr1 166o> rqi q npoond0erotrlg O0copovl<qg Autor<potopiog yro enrpicooq elxovvo ovtrpettonioouv rrg e0vrr6g rer6rrrloergrov dov por<ovrrdlv ov (Atrpovrirv, Idpp<ov<or Bouydpov).

H.Meydl4 l6o,'xql to Avqtorr Z4rrlpo

trlq O0opovrrqgAutor<poropioq! mq - notrnr Evtinrovoutqq rqg rnopotrrqg rrlq npoypotrr<tqtog, q EId6o6evunoot{. urr pr(e trq e(ey6poerg oto Bordvrq, ro 1877, qg evdropvq0qre 6o gopdg (1875 r<or 1876)ra po ovovecioer tq luv0rlrq luppoxiognoueixs rrlv ouvdrlrer pe tq leppio' qn ro 1867. iropio on or<pr1 q eqvr<q <popd, rcovrq0otrpq e[ora v prr<ri nortr<(lenepdorr;re qn ro yeyovro: ro f1)'epog, {eond o 6etepogPc'lootouprrrg o onoiogreppori(erorpe rq luv0rirqrouAyi. rn ou lteqdvou, opgr,lvo pe tqv onoioro ovo. rri po rnq Ieppioq Kotrou MoupoBouviou reu. vo pvovrorrpoq ro Ndto elg pdpoqtov pper. ro

tov neproxv tqg More6oviog,4 Poupovio pt o 1864, to Entdvqcro nopox<opovtot ovo<qpooeror ove(dprqtr1, nog xorq Boutr re , on rr1 Meydtrq Bperoviootqv Ed6o yopio (<oq Hyepovio). Ynev0u;.ri(oupe tr11 on (rpov Bpetovr<l-lporer<topdroon Iuv0rlrq rou ,AyiouItegdvou ovo0eopq0rSe op ro l8l5)' ev6,ro 1866, orqv Kp{tq, (eond v6o on ro Iuv6protou Bepolvou (1878). yo yevr <eup6vq e{6yepor1. H er1vr r<r1 rupdpvrloq, fldvroq, ouvdnero rou luve6piourou Be. K r o t o u r r i r q r p o p do v 6 r o r p qv o o p O e io t o poivouunrjp{e 11 npoodptrlo4 tqg Oeooo. $og ttov neprordoecov, o6pdvrloe, 11 e[dyepoq iog(er<tg on tr;v Eooo6vo) ror tou No. 0 'Hnerpo on6ruxeror q unOeoq onooxdrioe ri1 luvpo Aprog on tqv orqv Etrdo P 6rdor<e{rq rov l1opro(orv (i869):rl Kpqtq no(Iupgr,lvio" tqg Kovorcvtrvonotrqq, Mdprroq o pdperve un tqv rupropxiotou loutdvou,olSBl)pe tq ouyr<otd0eon rnq Meydqg Bpero. d pe erreto;.r6vq ourovopio. viog.H evonoiqoq tqg ltoioq(1871) r<or rqq I H opdvero tqq d\,\rlvrro rpdtoug on6voleppoviog (1881, un rqv rlyeoiotqg flpooioq) vr ouq npocndOereq rou un6ouou Eqvr- 6 r o p p g o o ep r o v 6 o r d ( r 1 n p o y p d r o v oro opo qtov ouvdnero rrlq otKovoprr<rjg roOuBor<dvra r<or 6c^roe v6o rdotooqoto Avoro. otdpqcrrlg Korrnq otpotrrotrr<r1g'o6uvopiog, trrxZrltqpo.Itrg peydeg 6uvdperg trlg Po. eniorlq ouvdnerorriq ppetovrr<r1q enrpporlq oiog,trlg Meydqq Bpetoviog, rrlc Auorpoouy. otrlv Edo.Aeop6vrig trlq notrrtrrclg r<or oryopioq i<ortqg l-otrtriog ouyrcotodyowor, ntrd. rovoprrcqg e(dptrloqg trlg Ed6og ond rq ov, q ltcio ror I [eppovio, or onoiegrer6r. l'4eydq BpetovioKorrov 06oeo,rv tou AovSi<ov pepi8roon tqv O0olpovlrri Autor<po. vou ndvtooro Avorofu< Zrltrlpo -rotrlprloq topio r<or enrpporloto Bordvro: q Auotpo. g Autor<potoplo prig C0opovr gr<r1 ouyyoplorotooppdver tq Boovio- Ep(eyoBi;rrog o6vo 11 e.\qvrrq e{<,iteprrri notrrtrrq np6opeustq vq (1878) r<or relo6er orr<ovo;lr<d otq Ieppi'c - pqroprr< <Meydtrr1 l6o> oe Oetoprltrrc pe tqv dv0eppqunootrlpr{q tqq leppoviog, eniq neo' ouorootr<d,6;,rt^lg, qtov 66o;.rro tcovppeonoio p6ner tqv npoti0qorl rnq Auotpioq tovrr<rirv enrtroydlv, 6r1oq tqq oreportqrog oto Bo<dvrq og poo 6rr<119 rrlg npo60qoqql

er er1vrr<d otpotepoto nporerp6vouvo unoorrlpi[ere[6yepor1 orqv Kprpq ((erivqoe ro 1896ror evtd0qre to 1897)'evdr, tour'Hnerpo xpovo, unorrveie[eyripoerg orqv ror ot4 Moreovio.H rouprrrri ovti6poorl unrlp(e dpeoq:eroBoq ror npo6troo4 orrl Oeoooi,o,6oq rq Aopio.O Etrqvrrq hporg yvtopi(er t4v ronervourrepq rirtc rrlq roropfog rou. Tqv <otdorooq odl(ouvor peydtreq 6uvdprq,or onoieg enepBoivouv <ol enrp<i.\ouv: gopriro 1893, tt1 6tog ipuorlqrqq Bouyopr- (o) rqv enovogopdrov eog6v tqq Oeooo(q opydvooqg <Eooteprrr'1 More6ovrrriEnotrioqorrlv Etrd6o, (F) rnv ourovpqoqrqg voorotrxrj Opy<ivc,loq>, ror trOqreoprotrrd Kp'i.nS un tqv rupropxfotou loutdvou ror ro 1913, pe ro t6oq rolv Borovrr<rv llotrdrrlv urfqlri Enrrponeiotou'E4vonpiyrrno pov-onooxqoe 6vtovo tqv E<io (Moleropyiou ror (y) tqv roropotrqBoprdq noeprreovrrq Aytirvoq, Etrqvrr Koprtdro), q r{g ono(qpiooqqon rqv Edo otqv O0oonoio r<r10qre vc ovrtpToTrioer onotetre- povrrriAutorporopio. oporrrd, nog dtrtoou<or 6npo{e,tq BoutrH orrovoprrq rot<lppeuoqrqg Ed6og - nponoydv6o(Boutryoprr<d ror or ouvexpeveq yoprrri 6reioSuorl e0vrr<6q (6rnoporrrq ror Koprtdto). otporr<otrr<6q) rlueq o6rjyqoovorr1ve(6yeporl Aiyoopyrepo,rootoo, ro 1897, rov Eeu0ripro n Etrd6o rou 1909, Bevr(iootqv e{ou0ounooteiv6o tonerv<.lrrr{ ritto. Anpoeroioio ror rqv Etrd6o oe pro v6o eOvrr{neprn6gop<i (rnopotrrdror rro:rrlv e0vrrrj e[ppqoqrqg neprou foorrlyrq pio or<pq l9l2 otpor)torr <d),q etrtrr1vr rrj ru B6pvr1 oq onoor61922.

orrlMrrpdAoio. H evoopdtr,toq tqg Oeoooioq otqv etr4vrrqenrrpdrero perotnroeto ev6rog6pov qg etrtrqvrrcig e{oreprr{g notrrur{q Bopertepo,orrl More6ovio (Mrjovrrlq 'Epr6oqyro qv Etrtrd6o, tq Ieppio ror rq Bouyopio), orrlv onoio ou;rpiatvcv oupnoyeiqetrqvrro( (oro vrro), oloprroi (oro Bperc), otrpovrroiror rouprcroi ntrq0uopoi. To More6ovrr< Zrpqpo -t604re yro npd-

, K o P u g o f q n o - r4q Kpfrqq F rrlv Eldq. Tefuxd,ndru. , : l r r r r i g u o t o - x rnv ourovollio r4g Kprirrlq, r4q onoioq 1 - , , , , , , r 4 s ouvdro{e ro oxd6lo luvry;rorog. Errg YvoFio EI6oq tou 20o ordr- 24 lovouopiou tou 1899, erdx04re pouv o , F e r P d o T t q o u v - Ieurriq r49 Kp4trrrig fuvdtreuoqq Kol p o U r i o r 4 v e o g r r r l ropfor4re o;.rpoutroq Alrotootiv4q un e[6nlolo4 K<rtrov Kot- tqv'Ynorq Appooreio rou 'Elh4vo npi. v<ovrrd erouyxpovloy6 yrrno leopy(ou. tou e4vrr<o xpdroug. Epnveuorriq t4q Erorord, 4 greleOep4nolrtrrti tou E0vr{q E[6pFrto4q l9l2 - 1922 ror 4;.rr- Bevr(dou{p0e oe ovrf0eo4 F rnv ou. oupydq r4q Meyrir1q Elhd6oq rtov o topxrxri norrrr{ rou npiyrlno leorpyiou, Kor r)v n6vre Ooqoo6v. O ;re onordleoFq vo qiloporpuv0e( on rq 4neipotv E e u O d p r oB q e v r ( 6 o 9y e v v 4 0 4 r e o t o 06o4 tou Euppoou Arroroov4q (18 Xovlri, ro 1864,Kqt ro 1866 11olroy6verd Moptiou l90l). Errg ertroy6g rqg lTqq rou yKorosrd04re or4v Epponotr4rqq Moprfou rou 1903, o Bevl(6log 4rt404re Epou. Olor4poloe pe enlruxfo ro oxo- ror n6pooe orqv ovrlnoireuo4. To Mdpefo ror ro Fupvriolo oro Xovt6, tqv AOri- rro xou 1905, nporqprix04rov v6eq exlovo Kor 14 Epo rol onoriooe Noprrd ydq orrq onofeg o Bevr(dtroq 6rllooe rr - 1886). or4v A04vo (1881 0o oupperdoxt F ro Kppo r49 Evrop6M6xpr ro 1887 (xpovrri rotd rrlv onoio vqq AvtrnotrfruorlS. e[ddyq yro np6r4 gopd pouleurriq pe H norrrr{ euotpogio rou Bevl(riouror ro K6ppo torv Oreleu06pov), e{6or<rloe 4 oirq onrix4o4 rqrv lerirv rou 0oppr1to enriyyel;ro rou lr<qypou.H npdrr4 oov rov npiyxlno [e6pylo, o onofoq 16eOvrrri enrruxfq tou Bevl(dlou un{pfe 4 to{e rq off4{ri rou nupoor<irwoq r4v roxeipro4 rou KpqrlKori oydvo tou 1897. Enovdoroo4 rou Oepioou (10 Moptfou H ondgooq rou loulrdvou vo roropyli1 2 N o e p p p i o u 1 9 0 5 ) ,4 o n o i o o { y 4 o e oer to npovFrq xou rprlrxori oori o{- ot4v 6{oori tou (lorog 1906)xor r4v yno orqv e{6yepo4 rou 1895.H E,}r66o qvrrKqtdoroori tou qn rov A6[ovpo unoorripl{e rq vdo e{dyepo4, nortlrri 4 Zoip4. M6xpt rrq I Auyoorou rou 1910, o onoio o{yqo orov oruxri n6lepo tou B e v r ( 6 t r o q r u p r d p x q o e o r q n o l l r l x d 1897. Ev0oppu;rdvolon ro onor6eoyo, npdy;roto r4q Kp{rr1g (pritrroro, ouq 2 ol Topxor enl604rov oe rdr{erqevo- Moibu tou 1910, er6x04r<e Flpor0unoupvriov trov Elqvov orq Xqvrd rqt oto P6- y6q rnS fpfrns).'Errore, o M6yoq floh0upvo. rrr6g ouvdeo rrlv nortlr4 rou ororoEt4v r<pfolpqourri ouyF4, rrlv rlyeofo p o p f o F e r t S r r i x e q t o u E 4 v r r o tou oydrvo ov6lope o Bevl(6loq, o onoioq 'E0vouq. ror ouv6ro{e ro {l4glopo yro rnv'Evooq Errq er<oyd5 rnq 8qS Auyootou rou ,,

or4v Entente (oro ntrqiolo rrlq Erorporefoq rov Aopoveliov) 6vo E6po Etporo (40.000 vpeq). Yn rqv enrppori rou lodwrl Mero{6 Kot rt,rv glloyeppovtirv, o Kr'lvorovr(voq A unovoxrirprloe Kqr orrs 2l Oeppouop(ou ovorolvrivel ouppoxioqsro Bqlxdvro. fio rqv evioxu- orov Bevr(6o 6rr ev eyrpivel rrl ouFFotl r)v El^tr4vrrdv Evrinov Auv6;.reorv, 4 t o x r i r r l g E t r d o qo t o n l e u p r q g etr*qux{ rupdpvqoq ouygrirv4oe or4 o- Entente:'Hrov 4 opx{ rou E0vrro Axqv o t p 4 o v e { o u r | l o u q l l 0 e x . x p u o < v opo. OpdyK<ov, noo ro onoio 6qnqvr104r<e e{ O Bevr(dloq noporteirot, ytq vs enovdtrolortrripouyts rn orporlorrr{ nponqpq- Oer0prappeur{q otrq eroyiq rr19 3l4q oreuri r4q Eoq. Erov rnlorpotlr Mqibu (rdproe 185 on uq 308 dpeq). ro;16o, orrq 16 Moibu tou 1912, unoypdger H roprix4 Bevr(dtrnu - Kovorqvtivou A ouv0rirq ouppoxiog pe 14 Bouyopio,4 rtrrpor604re qlqloxd xol ropugtiOrlre ono(qeixe {64 unoypdrper ouv0{r4 rr1 vrlxro r4q l64q npoq rn l7q Auyoou;rpoxfoqpe rq leppio Kol ro Moupo- orou xou 1916,6rovopyovt04xero Kivqpovro. Fq rq5 E0vrx{g A;.ruvoqorrl OeoooovfTo yeyovro nou qrooO4oov o{ynt<q. H E)rrioxr,rpiorqre oro rio pdxpr oov ornv 6t<pn{n rov 6o BqtrKovlrdv trq ll louviou rou 1917,6rovo Boolll6g lloldpov (1912- l9l3). Yn r4v notuurf Al{ovpoq -rofx04re rov Krovorqro0o{y4or1 rou Bevr(6ou,4 Elkio r- vrivo A- 66ooe ewol{ oxq;rotlopo r<untrqoiooeoxe86v ro ecigq rol rov n4- pdpv4oqq otov Bevr(do.To tdlog tou A 0uopr4q. Touq Bokovrroq flotrdpoug Iloyr<oo;.rfoullodpou pprire triv Elltiq

1910, o Bevr(6oqe{e6yq nptirrog pouIeurriqArtlrrlq - Bolotfog, pe nooootd 80,8olo. Euq 6 Or<rolppiou, petd rnv ilqpoirrloq t4q xupdpv4o4q Apoyo;rr1,o B e v r ( 6 l o qo p r f ( e r o r f l p o r 0 u n o u p y q , Ynoupyq Erporlrotlrdrv ror unoupydq Nourrrdv.H npdtq npri{4 rou Bevr(dou oq npoOunoupyorirov 4 npoerolpoofo yrr rqv ovoOetilp4o4rou fuwygqroq, n onofonpoyproronor{04re ro l9ll. H v6q tti[4 rorv nolrlrdrv npoypdrrov orrlv EAtrdo doroe orov Bevl(rilo rot oro Kppo rov Oltreleu06polv rqv onurr1 nletorp4gfoor4 Bouri 4 onoio npodru{e on uq eroydqrrlq ll4q Moprfou rou l9l2(146 on uq l8l 6peq). H norur<ri rou Bevl(dtrou oto eOvlrd 0dyoro (4 onofo 6ppror<e oygovo rov Bqorrd l'edrpyro A) un{p{e rnri: Evfoxuorl tov orpqxrt,rxrrdrv uvotorqrov t4g xrirpoqKqr qyroupyio lirqs qvrtrouprrrfg

oxolo04oe o A floyrdoproq fldepoq Kqr o E0vlKqAxoopriq. flop ug opxlNdg rouq enrgud[elq,o Booll6q Korvorovrivoq A oupgtilv4oe,rellr6, Kol oxts 5 Auyoriorou rou l9l4 o Bevr(loq vnFpdrverrr1 Meydr1Bperovio rol rq lotrtrio 6rr r1 EIdEo rdooeror oro neup6 r4q Entente. Apxrrd,4 oup;.roxio6ev ono6x04re r4v Elrio, xol rqv out<i npoypotonorri0rlre (otrq ll lovouopiou l9l5), vo eivql loro4tov 4 oerpd t4q Etrdog rur{. H epnorq r4q Eriogoro noleprrti yeyov6to npqypororror{0qre orrq 6 tDeppouopiou,rov o Bevl(dloq t60eoe

oro rtrup r@v vtKnrdrv.Erlg 28 louliou tou 1920, or nohttrdq enroydq rou Bevl(dourror604rov F rnv unoypogq r4q Euv0rir4q tov Eepp6v ror 14 4proupyfo r4q Meydl4q Elldoq. Etrq pouleutrrdq eroydq rnq InS Noepppiou, o Bevl(6tro9 xdvel onpoo6r4ro trlv efouofo, ouroefopi(etot oro Flopiol, yro vq enrorpdrler orrq 14 Eenrepppiou tou 1922,petd t4v Mrrpoolottxrl Koroorpogri. Errq 24 louiou rou 1923,unoyptiger 14 Euv0rp<q r4q Ao(tiw4q. H erporvefor4q poipoq 06qoeo qproupydq r4q Meytiqq Elldoq vo unoypdrler ror 14 rdtruo{r4q!.. Errq erloydq rrlq l6qqAereypp(ou yro rnv ovtiel$4 rnq E0vrxrlq Euv6treuoq9,o Bevt(6ogerldyeror nptirtoq ntr4pe{ooroq Kor orrq ll lovouopiou rou 1924axqporf(er rup6pv4o4. Eoportefror Aiyo opydrepo (4 Oeppouopiou) yo tr6youg uyefoq, opgolvq p rov ilo, ror ovoxorpef yro ro flopfor 6nou lopdvel 6r,rqrov Anpifuo rou 1927, onre ror enlorpdgel ot4v Elhrio. Aiyo opydrepo (Mdroq rou 1928),ovororvrver tqv np60eor1xou vo enovdl0er otq rorv6. Avoloppdver t4v opx4yio rou K;rporoq rov Oretreu0dpalv Kot ortq erdoydq t4q l94q Auyoriorou ouyKvrptirvel ro 6lo/o torv grlgorv Kqr 223 on6 uq 250 6pe9 r4q Bouriq. Korti rq rdprero rqq npto0unoupyrrqq tou 0qteioq (!928 - 1932),o Bevr(6)roq petfooe rrq oxdoerg rrlq Ehkioq p rl'lv Touprio (oupgtovieq tou 1930),evdr oro eoorepr16 ooxo{O4re rloirepo -oo rou en6rperle to noyxopto t(pox xou 1929- pe rrlv orKovoptr<ri ovoouyr<pr4o4

rqq xdpoq,rqv ernoieuoq ror t4v egn6oo4 rqq qporog r6{r1q.Aiyo nprv on rrl fti{n r4q O4reioqrou noportri04r<e (21 Mqibu 1932), yro vq enov60er ouq 5 lou. viou, 6oq rtq 25 Eenrepppiou, rov, ouq e0vrr6g er<loydg,to Kppo tarv Oileleu06pov ouyrdwpooe phq ro 33,2olo rov qrd r<or 99 uq 250 6peq. {r{qorr Et4v npto0unoupyio enovf0e o Bevr(6. trogorrq 16 lovouopiou rou 1933pe ot6xo rnv rrporor;rooforqq xdrpoq ytq rtS eroydqrnq sq5 Moptfou oug onofeq qtrriOr;re (erdyer ll0 qnd touq 250 poueurdq). Ar<otro0r1oov ropoxdq r<or4proupyriO4re ripo pioq rol vo0efoq, ;.reonoropgtoFq ro Kfv4po rou fllootripo (6 Mopriou), t4v on<inerpo ologovioq rord rou Bevr(6ouortq 6 louviou, xo orrorux4pdvo rfvrlpo rrov 64porpotrx6v r4q lqq Mopriou rou 1935xol ro vriOo qporlrrigrol.rorng 3qq Noepppfou, ro onoio otiy4oe otqv rorduoq rnq A4porpotfog ror r4v notrlvdp0alo4 rou Bqoltrrd Feopyiou B'. Errq 18 Moptiou rou 1936, o Bevr(dtroq rot6tr4{e, oro llopior, ond eyregohrri ou;rqdpnon. Tq oary rou per6gepe orq Xovrri ro noleptr6 ntrofo.flotroq Kouvrouprdrr4g', ouvoeio rou noeplr<o .iYpoo, ror r46eri04K oro Arpor{pr, p6oo oe nqve0vrr6 0p{vo. Errq 25 Auyoorou tou 1920,4 BouI4 torv Elrivorv, pe {{gropd r4q, eixe ovor4p{el tov Eeu06proBevr(6o "6[ro rqq Elkioq, euepyftrl ror oorripo r4q norpiog,', @S 6ver[4 euyvalyoorivnq orov E0vripxrl, o onoioq ot604xe ortg endtr{erqrou ro0{Kowoq npoq ro'E0voq.

He0vrrrl efppqo4
- l9l3) r B q K o v r <F o li e p o(r1 9 1 2 onotetrov ro npooil.rro tou A flay<oo1.iiou f1oipou. lro to po<ovrr<d q oyrpouoqpe tqv O0ropovrr<r1 Autorpdrq, rporopio eivorq pvq enroyri nporerp6vou or 6rril[erq tov Neotop<rlv voreppotrorov ntrqOuoprirv tqg rordrov yq pouooutrpovrrccbv Auror<potopiog. lro trlv Ed6o, O0topovrr<qg pio,or<6p11, tqg <Meydr1g onotalov dr<gpoorl yro trq peydeg 6uvdl6dog>. An tqv dr1, perg pronp6trlg to(eog eurorpiovo ovcleivor popgriloouv tqv td{q npoypdrr,lv otrlv eupreprl neproxrl trlq Avotorrr1q Meooyelou: virq Kor rlq Boutryopiog rqgEdog, tqg Ieppiog (yro tq MeydtrqBpetovio,rr1 foil\io oqpoiver r<or r<or tq Pclolo)ovoxoltroqtqg yepprovrrcrlg 0uorpoouyypn<qg enrpporlg otrlv nprox4. H EIdo(un rq 6rorup6pvqoq tou Bevr-

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(6ou, pe opyovro;rdvo Itpor ror Nouut< t<ot ouyr<potei pe tq Bouroxuprl 6rn<oporrr<d), yopio r<or luppoxio. tq leppic tq Bor<ovrr<q Or e[ei[erg eivorpoy6oieg: orrg 17Or<roppir<qpooer tov ou, q O0opovrxriAutor<potopio Mio nepootq Ieppio Kororrl Bouyopio. qp6po opytepo, 11Etrtrdo eto6pxetototov t<,lvouppdnepotooopevqoto ntreup ovtiotoorl xov rqq, ouvrpipertqv toupr<txq pdpero: q Oeooots lodvvrvo, ror npoeover q Xioq, q Idpog r<or 11 Mutrrjvq onetrovlr<q, qnd tov Er1vtr treuOepdvovtor rooxrr<d Itpor. Idppor <orBoyopor rixouvovdtroyeg (Ir<nro, Movootqpr, <rtporrorrr<69 enrtuxieg unoItrq 30 Moioutou 1913, A6provonon). ypdgetor q luv0rlr<r1 tou Aov6ivounepropi(oAutor<potovroq ro ovopotqg O0opovr<qg piogovotorr<d tou noropo'Eppou. yro tr1 rovopqtov e6ogdrv Or rorpovieg -onot6eopotcovundppetpovpoulyoprrdv

l-ltreonorr4oov-o6qyeiotov B' Borovr<6 po (1913) E :trtrd6o r o r I e p p i o v o v r i o vr n q Bouyopiog. Ito neio ttov poxrirv, o Bou,\yoprrg Itpotg yvropi(er novroeOplo. Poupovio r<or Touprcic er<peroeovror rr1 6ervq 06oq trlq Bouyopioq ror eropdtrouv cn Boppd rcor Nro. H luv0qr<r1 (10 tou Bour<oupeotiou Auyooroul9l3) Oftert6p;ro otov B'Botrr<ovrr<lltrepo r<or 6qproupyei ;rrov6o td(r1 npoyuqTov: c

ruun rtorr( vloo, rq onoio nopopdvouv 'lpppo propxio, r<or <orrrly Tdve6o, ro rlv Auroonoio nopopdvouv orqv O0opovrr<r1 r<potopio) Kotrrlv Kp{trt.

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o Tov B' Botrr<ovrr< l-lepo 6ro6x0qre A floyr<oproq l-ldtrepoq (1914 l9l8) peto( lotrio rsr Potqg Entente(Meydlrl Bperovio, (lepAuto<potoprtilv o[o) r<or tov Kevtprr<rilv povio,Auotpoouyyopfo Autoror O0opovrr<q Y r<potopio). To 06porrlq oupperoxr]q rqq Etrtrd- p q oveloptqoio trlg Apoviog. og oto ntreuprou vqrj tou dou ouvo- o Avoyvcopi(etor Me to flptot<oo tqg Oo,rpevrioq (Aeonropoo6rlyqoeorov E0vr<6 Arxoop: o Bo1 O 'Hnerpog - 1917,1920r d p p p r o gl 9 l 3 ) ,q B p e r o g npoortrrdg K o v o t o v t i v o gA ( 1 9 1 3 K ooprdtor <rtqvA,\povio. 1922), novtpepdvog pe tq logio, o6eqr1 rou v H lepFio r<orotroprpdver rq BperoMor<e6o- [eppovoAutor<pdropo(Kaiser)louhtrpou o prrq Anpotqg xtilpoq n vio (oqpeprvrl l-lpdrqvl-rouyr<oo)\o B', unootqpr{e tqv ou6eteptr1to r<porio (otoq q onolo euvoooetqv notrrrrrq rov tqq Mor<eovioq). to ltq Bouyoplo 8fetor pro 6(oo9 oto ArKevtprrv Aurorpotoprdv)' evd o Eleu0. rf yoio (Autr<r1 progBevr(dog ouppe. m Opdr<r1). unootqpr{etqv evepy6 'Hnerpo, H Etrd6o rototroppdver tq Ntro toxrl tqg Ed6og oto neup tqg Entente. v tq Ntro Moreovio(r,rq tqv Kopdtro), to H oyr<pouo4 ov6pdrv t<ov6o nortrr<v vrlordtou Aryoiou(er<tg on to Ato6erd- -Kor rov unootqpr<tvroug- o6r1yr1oe oro. 6rorcd Arxoop:.toMdprro tou otov E0vrr< 1915, o Boortrrdg ono;rorcpver rov Bevr(itro o on trlv ruppvqoq, trlv onoio ovotroppdver gropoortrrrg [ovopqg. Oot6oo, poq, orq e0vrr<69 erdoydgtou louviou, to Kppo rov <Dreeu06pov e(oogotri(erroxupqntreror{r4<pio r<or o Bevr(6og enrotpger otov npo0u' noupyrr< 0drro novqyuprr<d. Ieond vdorpiotl Korouq 5 Ortoppiou o Bevr(6og e(ovoyrd. (etor oe nopoitqoq.Itrg 19 Aereppplou,npoy. potonorovror v6ege0vrr<69 er<,\oy6g xr,lpig v1 (olg6v6er(q oupyetoxrl rov Ortretreu0dpo-rv ropoptupiog). gOdverotrl Oeoootrovirq, O Bevr(6og nou ouyr<poteitor npoooprvq- enovootort. r<r1 rcupdpvqoq q onoio,pe tqv unootqpr[q Entente, enrrpoteiKorou'lv A0r1vo e<Opovi(0.

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vroqrov K<,,rvotovrfvo, rov onoiov ro66x0nC Bevr(6og eixe rotogdpt vo npoyporo_ tou Ai{ovpoq (t9t7 _ t920).H norrioer ::,:"y'o: tq <Meydq 166o>: EMoo tr1 Mey<iq roooror oto neup.4g eiUO" Ent.ntu ,.o, rov 6o qnefpov Kotrov nvre 0oooocv. otrq enrxerprlorq To rou 6re{dyovror r<or<igepe ::ff.:"., pe enr6dfrouq oto porovrr 6rntrorpotrro, pir<rrno. ".,0n O A floyr<oprog fl_ opoq: p rrl yvvotdrrlro ,\epog tepporioOrlre orrq ll Or<roppfou nou .neO.,qr'o tou Er1vrr<q frporg, rov 6vrovo,,p,rrrp,olf.n l9l8ror or Kevtprr<iq Autot<poropfeq qtrrj0qt<{q goeorg, ovtoytovrop t<ov rotd rp<itog. rrov pey<icov uvd_ .nS enoxriq Kclt rrlv Ol 6ropoueotq rordppeuoq lt_tu rrlq nou or<oo0r1oov o6rj_ O0copour<{q Autor<potopfog. unoypogritrlq fuv0rl<qq .ru :.llit" :JI E<ivefetciooup rrlv e6ogr<rf p p u v( 2 8 l o u i o u1 9 2 0 ) , e{dncoor1 o p g c o " "U , tou E,\qvropo * on rqv enouOo.oorl orroio orrlv Eci6o ,., Ori r<atr ioq tq fuvOrjxrl t<ovfeppcv, to 192, 0" ;; nlorcCooupe tr, on trg ll peydeq rr,tovorovtrvonoq), .lpppog ,,rp,o"ff _ to vqord ,.o, Ti_ enopxieqnou npoo<iptqoe ve6o.q 11 ror q Aioi<r1o4 Edo (fletrotrlq neproxqqfppvqq Ku<<i6eq, or4 fteped LUAO", fO"t Autrr<ri Mrr<p<i Aoio, neproxri LovvnooS, tqv onoio 0o Nrlord,Oeoooio, Ntro .Hnerpo, iTpoo:Lr:^o t,tO.,oMo_ pe nrjpq<upropxrrd 6rr<orpo_ tou Aryoiou, roq E\d6o y6ovjo,vqord Kp4tq, to 1925, Ope<r1 ,<1, rcfi. Awrrri_Mrr<p<i Aoio), or e*o jrqsiopotos. * d;;;'il;;T::,u,H; ifleon;;;;: ftepe<i Ed6q, otrlvrupropxio triq Apoviog, Oeooo^,o,-;.;; 'Hnerpoq, evc to Aco6er<c_ .Kur<ti6eq, Nrrog Mor<e6ovio, vrloo orrlv rupropxiorrlg ltoioq. olo,C _, A,io-; ou, Kprjtq, Op<i<rlr<or utrr<ri fV,npC noroy onoon<iotr1<ov on6 triv O0topovr<r] Ar.oopotopio (noooo:. 9l%). Mvo to fju,o Xf,louj nopoxcop{0q<qv on tq MeytiqBpr.ouio. E6ogrr<d, q E,\,\<i6o, on to 25.000.u.poyru,r < dx i l r p e t p o ( k m ' ) ,t o 1 g 3 0n , dpooe'oto 168.000 l<m,. An outri,to 161.500 km, onoonoorrlKovon rqv O0opovrKrf Autor<poto_ pio (noooor 96,1%). H ouvexprevrl e{<in<,loq tou E.\rlvropo etq pdpoq tqq O0copovrr<riq Auto<poropioq til0rloetoug Topr<oug vo onorrrloouv e0vrr<rj ouveiSqorl, nr,rgeixe ouppei o.orq .eifluri qn tov llo or6vo: tte

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norrro1.ro nopoOqrov ot4v rotootpogrrrj I Tov Ayouoro rou 1920, o Kepdunoyp<ipovio rolv Top<<ov. gel Ipgovo Ortriog r<or Iuvepyooioq pe tqv 0 Tov lovrotou 1919, o Kepdtrrqpooertqv KoppouvtorrKr; Potoio, q onoio rov unoorrlE0vrr<q Enovdotooq(r<otrei roug Toproug pi(er pe tqv nopoxri orpotr<otrr<o utrrro vo epneSdroouv tqv eOvrr<r1 rouq ouveiqor1 ror egoiov (q Ptooiounriple exOprrd8roror opyov<ilvet rorrrr otpot6). reipevrlnpoq rqv Etrd6o, 11 onoio oupllI Itrq 23 Anpriou rou 1920, ouyr<otreitor otrlv reixe otqv erotporeio rotv ouprpdxcov ornv Ayrupo q Meydq luvieuor1, oxrlpori(etor Ourpovio yto u1v ovotponritov Mnoloepie0vrr<ri rup6pvqoq(ro Mdro) ror <otoyy6rolv). ovtolor por r<or or 6rotd{erqtqq luv0rjr To Nodpgprotou 1920, or e0vr<6g er<oy6g Krlq rov leptirv. orqv Ed6o enovogdpouv roug gropooro frrq 20 Moibu tou 1920, q foio oupgovei fur<oq otqv rup6pvqoqKotrov Kovorovriperov Kemaloe ovor<r,lxr] ror reppoti(ovtor v o o r o 0 p v o , 6 i v o v t o gt o n p o x q p o or exOponpo{ieq otqv Krtrio. N6o outrrgoorouq npdrqvouppdxougrqg Etrtrd6og vo vlounoypdgetor tov lovrotou 1921. npooeyyioouv tov Kepdtr. I ItrS 22 loutriourou 1920q lroio,exOpr<d o No6ppproq - Ayouotoq t92t:O Ert1920 ror<eipevq npos rrlv erlvrrq nopouoio vrrq Itpotq eloppd ovotorrd, rpoq rqv orrl Mrrpd Aoio, roroyy6er tq luv0rir<q Ayrupo, yto rrlv rotoototrrl tqq E0vlr<riq - ltoioq Etrri6og trlg 29r1q louiou tou l9l9 Enovdotooqg rorv Topr<ov. Me 6ro6oxrr<6g ror unoypdger pe tqv ABovio (Ayouotog npoedoelg, ro e,\qvrr<d orpotepoto gOd1920) orpcrrotrr<ri oupgrovio. vouv 6olqtov norop Ioyydpro (23 Auyo-

orou 1921, Mdxrltou loyydprou). s Itrg 13Auyootourcu 1922, or Toprol elonotrouv ogo6pq eniOeoq oe oto pru,rno, to onoio roondror otrg 14Auyootou. flqv oprop6vtov e(orpdoerov (5/42Ivtoypo Eu(c0vov rou Iuvtoypotdpxq Nr<odou l-1ootripo,Ave{dptqtqMepopxio, l-' I<irpo ltpoto), 11 etrqvrrri unoxdprloqeivordtor<rq. o Itrq 27 Auyootou tou 1922, or Topr<or erodpxovtorotq lppvq, 11 onoio nupnor10qKe orq 30 Auyootou.Irrg 3 lemepppiou tou 1922, 11 Ippvr1eixe <orootpogei oooxepcig<oro E.\qvropq rnq Mrrcpdg Aoiog TIOYTKOTAABIA
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roupxlx{ ovreniOeo4 6 p x r o e vriOrlrov F rrlv op66o Opdyrou.'Etor, orrq 13Auyoriorou rou 1922oe on rrg 20 Auyootou, ro A Etpo Erpo: oro ydtono ro onoio unpo- ro 6nor[e vo ugiorotol.
onf(ovrov ortt Mepopxieg fle(lxo ror pfo Mepopxio Innrro (A ror B'Edrporo Etporo, ro F' Edrpo Erporo eixe tox0ei oro p6pero).'Enerrq qn 36 6pe9 orl4po oyt6vo, or roupr<lr6q uv<iyelq ror<igpqv vo tqonrioouv t4v el4vlrri oyuvttr{ rono0eoio (l3q npoq 144 Auyoriorou) r<orr1propyqoovpeydtro priypq. H ongoo4 rou Etpor4yori Tprronq yro ororor{ oripnru{q rov el4vlr<tiv uv<ipeov o{yr1oe otrl 6rdluon r4S lV Mepopxioq Ktlt orn qproupyfo revori xdrpou pero{rl rov A rot B' Eroptirr,lv Erporo, xrirpo orov onofo lefouqov ol Topror - ye ourdv tov rpno ppdOrlrov orqv nl6rq rotv elrlvlrdrv uvti;.reorv. Enrndov, ol elhqvlr6g uvpetq loxopiornKov oe 8o oprieq (opti6o Tprxon4 - Aryev{ r<oro;rdo tDpdyrou) xopfq uvotr4ro enrrorvr,rvfoqpero{ri roug. H opdo Tprron4 - Aryevri r<lv4Or1re uttr6, orov d{ovo rou Agl6v-Kopoxrodp, ror ouvendrq p uS touprrrdq uv6;.rerq oe rio ogop69 pdxeq. Etq oq;rovrrrtep4 (Mdxq rou Alf-Bep<iv), nopd r4v rnoor1, rrq ondrleles Kot rnv dterrlrl egoiov, 4 op6o Tprron4 - Aryevri xordgepe vo enlpldoer rot vo logyel urtrd, npoq rov opelvd yro rou MouptirNroy. Tehr6, ro ovolo tolv ty4;rdrorv r4g optioq Tprronr; - Aryevri nopo04re orrq rouprrrdq uv<iyetg(20 Auyoorou1922), ev6 opropdvo rotdgepov vo gOdoouv oro Ouodr<nou rqr ouveH oprio Opdyrou rlv{Or1re urrrd, orov d{ovo Agrv Kopoxrorip-Ouodr, rot on erei otrl Epripv4. H op6o Opriyrou rpoyFqrorofqoe ouvreroypdvq onoyri o r P ( l ) o n - u n o x r , i r p q o 4e n l r p d n o v r o q orous xprortovrKoq ntr40uopogvo orolouO4oouv Kqt, xdrt,l qnd rnv rrpoorqofo tou EI4vlro Erpororl, vo yhr6oer ond t4v er6lr4rrrri povio trov Toriprov. Flprv onri rqv er{orq rn5 roupKtr{q ovreni0eo4q (12 Auyoorou), ro B' Edrpo Etporo pprorrov ouyrewpor;.r6vo orr1v neproxri rou Ouo<ir, t.lg gpefo r4q lrlq Etpouq. H enfOeorl r4q l3qq Auyootou orgvrfooe ro B' E6po Erporo, ro onoio {eriv4oe tlg rolroo(eq nponopooxeuriq ytq rnv err6leo4 ovteni0eorlg. Me t4v rortippeuo4 rou ;rerdrnou,to B' EdrproErporo orotrou0ei r4v onoyrforpooq rou A' Er6;.rorog Erporo. Kord rq rdprero r4q l54g Auyoriorou rol lytl rqq r<prorprnroqrn5 rot6oroo4q, or Mepopxfegrou B' Etpotoq *poto ri0evror un6 tr1 Arofrqo4 rou A E<irporogErporo ge ordxo rrlv enrppuvo4r4q onoyriorpoons Kqr xqv ovoxofuroq xn5 roupKtKfq eni0eoqq. Kord 14 rdprero rr15 rivrlorlq, or Exqyorrotrrofrou B' Edporoq ftporori onorpor!ouv F enlruxio ogop6E enr06oerqrou Touprrrco lnnlro. Itlq 16 Auyorlorou, to B'Edrpo frporo 6xerol ogo6pq toupxrrri eniOeo4.4onofo roprei oA6r4po ro 24apo, pe evolttrooodpevo cno-

rouprrr{.enfOeo4 on6 trlv neploxri rou Aopuloiou. H Ave{6ptqtr1 Mepopxio rd. 04r<eoe nopeio rord 14 rdpr<eto t4g l6r1qAuyoriorou Kqt otrq 18 Auyoorou xrv{04r<enpoq ro Ouodr ago npdrro ovrrpetrirnroepe enltuxio ogop{ eni0e. o4 roxuprirv touprtrtiv uv6;ret^lvorqv neproxri r4g Krourdxeroq.Euq 19AuyoriIlopdtrtr4lo Fe xrl orpqrtorrrri pdorl oxou, q nopefo onoyl<forparo4qouvexirov A xqr B' klprittov Etporo, to F' orrlr( rpos t4v ll6pyoyo Kqt ro Atx6trh E<irponpoyporonoiqoe unoxoprltlrrl ri- ror on eref ot4 A6opo K<ltrnv Avqrohv4or1on6 ro ppero rpnFo rou perrnou r{ @prr1.Ol unlorneq Mepopxieq rou rpos rq plxpootorrrd nopdllo. l'lto cnri F' Etiryoroq Erporori npoypotonoi4oov trq npdrteg rrv{oelq tou l-' Idporog nopeio oripntu{4q rrpos rqv flporioo, Erporori, opdoorg p6rq6opeyvto4 t4q ot4v onoio eyroroord0qKqv orts 23 Auevdp{eotqrng roupKrKrlqovreni0eo4q, yoorou, dnelrq ond qentilr1treq xol {rov q rdOeo4rqq Ave{6prqrr1qMepop- orlrlpdg ptixeg pe rrq rouprrrdq 6uvri. xioq oto B'Edpo Erporo. perq.Aeopdvqs rnS rpoyrrr4rog trlq H 6uopev{g e[6h{4 rou oy6vo oro K- xordorooqq Kql rnq ongoo4g r49 etr4vrprrd p6rotno ovdyxooe tr1 Erpou vo vrrfq rupdpvqoqs yrq r4v err6v<'roqrrlq rotri{el ro f'Edpo Erpoto vo quFnru- Mrrpq Aoiog on rcv Er1vir Erpor, x0ef, rpoxerp6vou vq onogeux0e( nrOov{ to F'Er;ro Erporo tipxoe vo npoilopoH Mdxq oro Krile lxpdro.

r6eo;ro. Kord rr; rtipreto tqq vrixrog (16t1 npoq 174Auyoorou), or Ex4porro;roi rtov A rql B'Eopdtolv Erporori ouvdxloov r4v nopeio onoyriorp<oo4q. And to o4ye(o our, q poipo rov o Eop6rolv rour(ot4re:'ol uv6;rl5rous lqxt,lpiorqrov otlq opdeq Tprronq - Ayevri ror tDpyrou.

or<eu6(erot ytq rq petripoo{ rou ornv Avorohrri Opdrrl. Kord tq r<iprerotqq rponopqoKuriq,ro ltirpo ovtrperrnloe pe enrruxio ogo8pr65roupxlrdq en106oery(24 - 28 Auyoorou). Yn r4v nieo4 rou Touprlro frporo tq vrixro tqq 28r1q npoq 29q Auyoorou, or uvdperq tou l-'Edporoq Etporo {erfvrloov unoxorpqtrxri rivqoq npos rn Xepovqoo qq Aptdrrlq, on' 6nou r<olenlprptioO4xe o Fsroyt,lytKdntrofo yto vq nep<ioel (4 Eentepppiou)orqv Avororrr1Opdrcq. H etrlqvrr<{xupdpvqo4, p4v prnopcvroq vo ovorpdrl.rer r4v rordoroon, qnog6otoe ror r6ro{e r4v errdvoron r4S Mlrpo-

ororrrrlq IhS.To npori t4q 27q9 Auyoorou, q Eppvq nopouoio(e rrlv 6r[4 proq n6qq euplorc5yevqq oe rordotoorl ondyvooqg. frrq ll:00, nepinou, epgoviorqKqv ornv npoKugofo rrlq Eppv4g Toripr<orritolctor lnnfq, evdr rorri r4 6rdprero r4q peoqyppicq roxupri rivop4 Touprrro Innlro xorooppdvertqv n4. O Elrlvropqr4q Mrrpdg Aofoq or<rp<iot4reorlqpd xo0tq 6xooe ra n'Etr4veq vro, vd) noof oogovri0qrov on6 rouq ordrrouq tou Kemal. H rorqorpogri r4q Epripvqq dpxroe rr5 poqtrpprv65 drpeq trlq 30r1qAuyoorou r(ql oor4p60qK orlq 3 Eenrcpppiou.

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Touprioq,reppdtrog tr;v peydtrq e(6ppqo4 'E0voug - 1922)ror ogp<irou Etrqvxo (19,12 - 1923) yrorrlv rpit4 9dor1(1821 rqq eqvotouprtrriq oyrpouoqq. H <Meyd4 166o> - rnolporrrq doBqoeolg reotroyrx{ roteOuvoqon to le{ryrotqq etrqvrrriq e(oteprrqg nolrrrrriq:11 Etrdo qrov roreorpopp6vrl orKovoprKd, rxoop6vqe0vrrd ror, errg tov dtr\og eixe vo evoulpordoerornv KolvovtKn rrlq 6op{ neproorepouq on 1.500.000 por<6vutouq npoguyeg. Avdoyonpopr1po1o eixe vo ovrrpetc,rnioa Kclr ro veooororo rpdtoq tqq Touprioq. 'Eror, ro 6o kpdrrl oupBrBdotqrov ror nordrvroq tnv ovdyrq grtrtrpoeyrolviooovFto npioo erpqvrr<qq ouvnop[r1q. H rdroprq gdo4 (1923 1955) rnq trqvotouprcrc{q oyrpouoqq 6ev 6xer vo nopouordoerropio 6vonq oppo(q { npoodprqoq eogtirv(q eqvrr4 entrpdteroolorqp60qre pe rqv nopoxdrpqorl rov Ato6exovrior,lv on tqv hotric orrq l0 OeBpouopiou rou 1947, ev<ir r'1 touprcr{ enrrpdrero oorr1p0qre ro 1936, rov 11 enopxio tqq Ae{ovpduoq rotoxupdrOrlreond trl - rnv Enspfotrioundp rqg Touprioq to 1936 xio rer6rrooe q lupio). Epnepr6xer, prtog, ro ouotorrrd 11 ovOeoqrov onoi<ov oriy4oe orqv ndpmq 9dor1(1955- 1996) rqg elqvorouprcr{q oyrpouorlg: O Kepdtr, on6truroqr<upiopxoq oro ooreprr rqg Touprioq, opyovdver rrlv npooonr<q tou 6rrtoropio pe norrpounoorrlplrrrl tov Touprrr ltpor, rov <...rr{ropo rrlq norpiog>, opgrovo !e rov iro.H 6rorupdpvqori rou (1923- 1938)Booiotqre oe 6(r opx6q:(o) Kporropq,6no4 q endpBooq rou rpdrouq orqv orKovoprr<q 6poorqprrqto,(p) E0vropq, qor1 q ovdnru[r1 trlq e0vrrrlg ouvei6qoqgrorv Toprtov- n goppoyq our{g tqg cpxrjq o6qyqoeotqv 6(opoq rou roupKrro e0vrrropo(oro noioroout6 evrdooovror Koror onqveig 6rdr[erg rord rolv Etrrivolv rqq Kovorovrrvorinotrqq rrlv nepioo 1927l9a2),(y) Kooprr Kpdtoq,qo6qrrlv uro06rrloq rou tpnou (orr1q tou Autrro Kopou Korrov nqpqroxorplop rqq norrrrriq on tq 0pqoreurxq e(ouoio, (6) Aqpor<porio, (e) Aoirropgror (or) Aoprrjq Enovdotooq. To t6ogtou B'floyroopiou flodpou6qpropyqoepro v6o r<i(q npoypdt<ov: Or vdeg 'Evooq, unepuvdperq, HflA ror lopretr<rj ouyrprqoov o norrrroS, orKovoptKoKotvo-vrroq Kor orpouorrroq ouvoonropoq o ovroy<ovropq tov onoi<ovouv0dret rrl peronoeprrqrd(q npoyp<irov, rqv nepioo rou Wuxpo f1o6pou (1945- l99l). ho 6oxqro, vtro drpo, rou 6utrro ouvoonropo, Etrtrrio ror Touprio an6rrqoov pro v6o otporrlylrcri oqpooioyro trg HflA, pe rqv Touprlo vo onoteei 6vov on roug oqpovtrrdtepougnudrveg ovdoxeoqqrqq ooprerrrrlgenrppo{qovl M6oq Avorolrj. O topqpbofuopq rrls opeprrovrrqq e{olreprrrjqnortrrriqenrBtrrj04re ypqyopooto unoootqporov etrtrqvotoupxrrv ox6oecovrcr ovroyo or npo06oergrtov HflA onooogqviorqrov: or HflA eixov (ror 6xouv;) ovdyrq rrlv Toupxio neproorepoon' 6,tr rqv Etrtrd6o, q Touprio npoodgepe [r1roi

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fto pio oryq gopd, rl roropio 6rove rov rro trlq ror 60eoeroug 6pouqrou norxvr6ro (v6o noyropro r6[q npoypdtov,o^troy{

orrlv roopporio rov 6uvdpeov). H ovOeo4 goq rqg etrqvorouprlr<rjg oyrpouoqqixer o rorvd xopoKrnptorlrd, ove(dptqro on rq xopoxpovrrcri ouyxupio: (o) Ie rd0e gdorl rrlg erlvorouprrrrlg oyrpouoqq unqpxe o roxupqKorq nopoKpd(ouoo vopq ror (B) oe rdOeg6oq rqq etrpvotouprrrrlq oyr<pouoqq o pu0protrrgnop<iyovtoq unoorqpr(e rov roxup rj enrtdxuvetqv rotdppeuorl rnq noporpd(ouoog vopqq: o flpdrtn gdoq (1071 - 1299): H roxuprj6vopr1 eivoror ler(oror Topror rcr 11 noporp<i(ouoo q Bu(cvtrvrlAwo<poropio. Or letrr(orcornr6(ouvuq ovototrr169 enopxieg rqg Auror<poropfog, evdlo puOprotrrq nopdyovtog(or Opdyr<ot) enrroxvouv pe trlv norrrrritouq -A, B', f' ror A ltoupogopieq,Aoto4rqq Kovotovtrvonoqg to 1204, <ororepporropq tqq Aurorporopioq oe ove{<iptrltor<potilo-rqv noporprl t4q

Bu(owrvriq Aurorporopiog. o^rpn q<ioq(1299 - 1453): H roxuprl 5vopq eivoror O0opovoi Topror Kot n noporpd(ouoo q Bu(ovtrvrj Autor<poropio. Or O0ropovoir<ototroppdvouv otorord treg rrq enopxieqtqg Autorpotopioq (oe Aoio r<or Eup6nq), evto pu0prortrgnopdyowog (or Opdyror) 6ev unoorrlpi(ouvtqv dpuvc rqg xprorrovr<rig Autor<potopioq (to Ixiopo tou 10546xerguxpdvertrq oxdoerg - Opdyrov - Bu(ovrrvcv, evtir or ;reydtreg orr<ovoprrdg 6uvdperq rqg Aoqg-Beveriq rqr l6voBo- oprovtor vo e{oorpoioouv otKovoprrd npovproorlv Avorori). Telrcd, or O0olpovoiroroopBdvouv tqv Ktovorovrrvonoqror rotoouvtq Bu(ovtrvrl Aurorpotopio. . Tpirn Odoq (1453 - l82l): H roxuprivoprl 'Etrqveq eivor or Kot rl nopoKpd(ouooq O0orpovrrri Autor<poropio. O Eqvropq ogunvi(etor e0vrrd ror npoerotpd(etoryro

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H O0<,lpovrrq tqv Enovdoroontou 1821. A u r o < p o r o p i o , S x o v t o q e { o v r r 1 o etr4 ror wog 6opro orpourorrrrjrqg 6uvoyrrr'1 peoor<ovtrdlv rorrrltrrcvrot otrcovoptrc6v O op6v noporpd(eropyd,otrdotoOepti. uvdpu0protrrq nopdyovtoq-or peydtreq rrls Eup6nqq-'unoorqpi(ouvrnv onoFrS (ror opytepo,tq tdtruoq)tqq 6uvdpr,loq O0oyovrrrjg Autorpotopiog (Avotorr Zritqpo). - 1923): a T6roprn9dor1(1821 H roxupq6vot1 q Eltrd6o Kor rl rqpoKyd(ouoo pq eivor uoAurorpotopio. H Etr6o O0topovrrui norei ororqrd ro 6popo tqg <Meydtrqg tqq 6tor,tq rduoq l6o9>enrtoxvovroq, puOprotrO Auror<potopioq. O0topovrrr'1g rqg rg nopdyovtoq-or peydleg uvdpelq tqq Euptirnqgunoorqpi(ouv tq rduoq O0opovrrqqAworpotopioq. - 1955) o ndpnrn (1923 rcor 6rtq qdoq (1955 1996):Aev undpxer[erd0opq roxuprlror o pu0prorrrq vop4, otrtrd nopor<pd(ouoo nopdyovtoq(or HflA), pet<ito t6troqtou B' f'loyroopiou flotr6pou,entetrvelnvepo tou ovox{q Kqr unoorrlpi(er trq enrtroydq touprrro roteorrlp6vou. oqpotooteitqv 6rtq gdoq (1955 To 1955 - 1996)tqq etrqvorouprcrcqq oyrpouoqq q rotd tq rdprero oproOereirot onoio,xpovrrcd, - l99l) KorrqsF(1945 f1o6pou rou Wuxpo toporrrr1q neprourrlq protluxponoeprrqq enoxqq.Og npog to xdrpo,opto0eteitorot4 - Toupriog: ouvoprorriypotrpi Eqvropo f1pto otqv Knpo Kororrl ouv6xetooto Atyoio.H goq rqq roOopi(etoron ug 6moporrrdq enrtroy6q Kor rouq re0veiqfipooovolotrropogr<ovo r<pottilv. tqg etrqnpooovototrtopg O ruprrepoq -q vrrrig e[oteprr{q notrrrrrrlg onoio oot<o-

vrqv ndvto oto noiototou uttro ouvoontopo- on to 19546o9 to 196lunrjp[e to tou on trq 9 loutriou KunprorZqtqpo' evtir, lveoqg tqq 196l(unoypog{ rqq lup<provioq Orrovoptr{ Korp rnv Eup<onoir<r1 Etrd6oq vrqro EOK), to evrog6povtrlq Etrtrd6oq otpdgqr<eKornpoq t4 rorrooiorqq eupopetd to (enltoxvOqre noirrlg ooxqpooqq ror Orrovoprr{q 1996ror rrlv npoonuKrltrlq 'Ev_ooqq ONE). Merd tqv roNoyroporrrqq t d p p e u o q t o u q v o t o t r o o u v o o n t o p o (1989- l99l), q etrtrqvrrri e[toteprrq notrrtrr{ Tqv orror rpiro npooovototrtop: on6rct4oe trl guotr{ rovoyrrri reio6uoqoto Bordvro, tqq evox6po,trlv onoio eixe otep40eitryr,r rou tUuxpoflotrdpou (to Bordvroeixov tqq Iopletrorq ogoipo enrpporiq nepr60er rrjq'Evooqq). H touprcrrrle[oteprrrl notrrtrr{ enqpedoOqre dvrovo on tq orpotqyrrrl 06oq tqg or rno;rotrr6g xdrpcq. Oq npoq tqv Ed6o, rqg Touprioq eixov -t<ot 6xouv- ndenrtroydq ruyro otxo rov nproplop rov etrtrqvrrv oto Atyoio (xolprr<d propxrr<ilv rrotolpdrrov tov dtreyxotou Atxtpoq), oro, evo6prog tqq yoiou on tqv Toupr<fo, tq 6rxot6pr1or1 Knpou,t4v npoo<iptnonrnq Autrrriq Opdro0eor6rou ouvoptclKo KrlqKqrtqv ooyri ros oro Aryoio (un6p rov touprcr<venrtir[eov). Itov Korooo Kqrotn M6o4 Avotori, 11 e[oreprrrl notrrrrrrltqq Touprioq orotrou0ei p6vetvo open6q cur{ rov HflA (BdBorc, 11 rpdxouoo,notrooBop{,rpioq 0c e(etrrxOei ox6oerq). ouq opprKovotouprrr6q q Touprio npoond0qoevo Merd ro 1991, -rrcitepoorqv 6 r e r o 6 o eo r to Botrrdvro [rtqq np<irqv Apovio, rouq Fouooupdvouq rot to kntq, ercyetoeupe' ouyroooBiog vr1rrg tetopdveq oxdoetqtqq xtirpoqpe t4v Edq-Kor oro veooototo rpdtq trlq Ke'

(or 6td{erq,r<upicoq orr<ovoprx6g,.eixov {er<rvri_ oer on rc 1927), oqporootei.ro 16o9 trlg npoond0erogBevr(dou _ Atoropr<ylo rrlv enireu(r1tqq eqvotoupxrrrjq oupgriaror1g, pro npoondOero r; onoio eixe {er<rvrjoe, p, .l Iuv0rj<r1 tqg Ayrupog (1930) r<or oruo6rjeqnu on pro oerpdnpoltor<dcov o,*ouo1r,,.4g ouvepyooiog (r1enfoqp4r<otoyyeio rrlg fuvOri_ onOtqv toupr<rrrj rup6pv4orl 6yrve I H orr<ovopio otrq l llS rqg x6pog enr6ervc0qr<e _oo_ : Moptiou rou 1964). popri orr<ovotrrrr<r] r<pioq{ionooe ro 2001_ Or rril(erg tov Erlvov rqq Kovorovrr_ , ond trg olyloreg opuvtr<6q ondveg, or vonoqg - 1942) (1927 6qpropyqoov opvnu_ on::t otdpqoov on6 tqv eovrr<r1 orr<ovoprio x.qevtuncotq orqv norrrr<rj rlyeoio rqq notrpeq enev6oerg, r<o0d;q r<or tq povor- Ed6oq r<or r<oripyqoov nvepo ower<6irn0rr<r] niotri rou o"Epcrtorrr<o - 6rntrouotr- orlq orqv e,\qvrr<rl rorvrl yvdpq (r6roitepo r<o_ r<o roteorqpivou orqv opx4 tou Kporr_ , rci rq 6rrtotopio eOvrr<rorrr<rig goeog rou ltoopo,6qor1 rrlv dor<r1or1 oogut<rrKo Koo_ , <ivvqMetofci,1935- l94l). evrir, ouyxpvrog, trr<o edyxou orrlv otKovopfo, oe proenoxri , ur t4v d6lrq oupneprgopdtcov ouppdxtov nou ov0efo orr<ovoplr<g greeuOepropq. ' (opvrj0qr<ov ^ v o K o r o x u p c o o utv r1 Bpero I To ouoor,tpeup6vo rorvr,lvrrdnpoB{poto 'Hnerpo otqv Ed6o), o Eqvropq ei6 rnv o6rjyrloovotqv dvo6o rrlg norrrrriq 6vo_ Knpo <^lq pro6ir<orr; ono(4picooq" pnSrov lolo;rrorrilv, or onoiol,opgtovope An tqv dqneupd, o oycirvog rou Ku_ ro orporrorrK_ rnat;.rorrr rorbotqpdvo, , npror<o Eqvropo yro dvaroq pe rqv E\<io. 06touv oe riv6uvo rov r<oo1.lx xopor<rrjpo o onoloqovo(ronupdrOqre rq eroetio tou ,30 rou <pcitoug. r<or er v6ou rq eroetio,tou ,50,irove I O rouq totv Kopov onerooe tqv .oy<ilvoq (Oporornq o'px4qtou E0vropo, evr4torou r<p<itouq Io:o1.rt (ro 1999, pe trl o^^i_ 6 q l o 6 r i t o u c i < p o t o ue O v t r r o p o , Kor'rnv qrrlrou Otoodv,q r<oup6r<rj e(dyeporlorq l eo<e p;_r6vq q o,\oirooq q rr1 g roroprrri q rrpoylri_ Toupr<io rep;.roriorr1re, ooroo, ro rcouo6r_. rrr<tqrog) vo oloOovOov tr onerou.o, y,o r<6(rjtqtrro, noq 6xere(erxOei petd tqv or<pq gopd (nKrorrr<r1> ltio on rnv ef<ote_ enippooq rov ApptKqvdrv oro lpdr<, ouve- : ptj<{ nortrr<rj trlg Eidoq. Or ror<69 pwipS xf(er vo onoreefoy<d0r oro neup rqg 100xpvov e4vorouprr<4g owrnopaOeorlq, Ayr<upoq). 6lopdxrlq ror oyr<pouoqg enovriOov oro npoor<r]vro r<or r<otd {6onooov rq 6rdprero ToKunprorZritqpo r 4 g r t e e n r r p o r o o o qr d q n s npoypritrov (tUuxpq flepoq) <orrdto on trlv enrpporj o* . o 1955, xpovrdrotd t4v onoio ri Toup_ r<orvo pu0plorrronopdyovro(HflA). n1oeyeiper o{rdroerq otqv Knpo r<or : To oitqpo r<,lvKunpfcov yro 6voor1pe 14 r o^oK^qpcvetor q e{w<ooq tqq e,\r1_ pr;tponolrrr<rj El<i6o <ipxroe vo r<or\repyef_ vrr{g perovtrlrqqorrlv Krvorovrruonon ,, tot op6o<oq yerd rr;v ove(optrloio tqg E<i_

vtprr<r]g Aoioq r<or tou Kourdoou (olq eni ro ' neiotov, pe pouooupovrr<og n40uopog), evc enovonpoo6rproe r4v e{roreprr<ri .nq no_ trrtxri orq Miorl Avororj (evepy orlrlriror4 otov flepotou Knou, oogry{q ,rv ox6_ ' oov p to lopar]). Ivtopo, porq, q 6rno_ ;lotrr{ e{ptrrqoq trlq'Ayr<upoq ovoxorriotn<e on rqv eoorteprr<{ trlq nortrr<ri:

oq (1830)ror rovcOqrce rov, otrs 4 louviou rou 1878, 11 O0opovrrq Aurorpotopio 6ooe tr1ouyrotdOeo{tqg otq Meydtrq yro Bperovio tqv nopoxtilprloq (tunl<d,o rnq Meyotrovrioou Ioutrrdvoqrorrip4oetoug tiroug Kuptopxioq tou vqoro, ro oroio q O0opovrrrl Autorpotopio eixe onoonoeron rouq Evtoq,ro l57l). H ouppoxfotqq O0o;rovr<r1q Autor<potopfog pe trg Kevtprr6gAurorporopieg 6<ooe to npoxqpo otq Mey<ir1 Bpetovio vo Koroyyeitrer povopepdrg tq ouvO{rq rou 1878 rcor to Nodppprotou l9l4 vo npoooptrloer rqv Knpo.Tqv iro xpovrd,q Meydtrq Bpetovio npoog6per rqv Knpo oq ovrdloypo orqv Etrtrdo yro rrl oupperoxq rrlq oro neuptqq Entente.H Eltrdq (tou yeppovgrlou BoorrdK<ovotqvtivou A) 6ev 66x0r1rerqv npdtooq! Ip<povop rouq pouq trlg luv0qrcqq trlq Ao(dwr1q (1923), 11 Touprio noporteitor on rd0e rupropxr16 rrai<opo eni rqq Knpou (dpOpo16), 11 onoio,6o xpvroopytepo, ovorqpxOqreror enrorlpolq onorrio tou ppetovrroOpvou. Or np<ilreq peydtreq topo(6onooov xdq oto vqoi to 1931. Or Bpetovoi ovrdpooovuvoprrd,rqtdotertrovuq ropox6q,ov6oterov rr1 trerroupyio tou Nopo0etrro luppouiou ror onoypeuoov tq 6pdo4 trov rr'lv notrrrrrrilvroppdtrov. Met<ito t6oqtou B' floyroopiou llo6per<ito 1948, o Mordproqf' Fou,Kqrr6roitepo (e{etriyqApxrenioronogKnpou tov Or<tripprorou 1950) dpxroevo opyovver to <ivqpo tqq <'Evooqq>. Ootoo, rov lovoudptotou 1950, q Meydq Bpetovioonipprrfe to oitqpro tou Moropiou yro 6v<oor1 tqq Knpou pe rqv Ed6o. Tqv f6roxpovrd, o Mo<dproq opy<ivoroe 6qpo{{gro;ro o;lg<ovo p ro onoio ro 95,7%rcu xunprorco oo enr0upooe tqv

dvtoorlpe tqv Eld6o. Itpotrlyrrd, pcoq, rl Knpoq eixe peydr1 -or onoior o[io yrorrlv nortrr{ totv Bpetovrv eixov r1r'1 onoxop{ot on rrlv Aiyunto, ro 1952- ror tov Apeprrovdv (er6rrriox6oq pe to lopo{) ot4 M6oq Avototrr1, oe pro nepioppror6o, pdtrroto, nou o tUuxpg l-ltrepog rov oe nqpqe[6fu{q Korn lopretrrq'Evtooq ovo(qtooetpnouq nporerpdvou vo 6toogotrioettq voutrr{ tqg nopouoioorqv Avototrrrcj Meoyero. H rorqyopqpourridpvqoqrqg Meydqq Bpetovioq vo npoxroprioer oe notrrtrr<6q [opoxtopqoerg o6rjyrloeotrlv 6r<pr1lq tou e0vrroonetreuOepcorxo dvontrouoydrvorqg EOKA (E0vr<ri Opy<ivooq KunproroAydrvoq). H enioqpq Etrtr<io epndr<etor oto Kunpror Zqtqpo tov Ayouoto tou 1954ror

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rupdpvqoqg ror q enrervotqq eIqvrr<r1g 6oro) yro 6peuveg <or yeotprioerg. ArotropvrlorKovoprr<{ r<ordorooq eixovo6qyqoer Oqoewovo rntopotrr nopoorrlvroyro rqv tq x6po orq rnorporrrq ono;rdvoorlrcor onorr;rdr<oor1 rqg rpioqg,ro onolo orlyqoe rnv orKovoprKrj e(dptqoq. ornv ufloypogrltou f'lp<otor<trou tqq Bdpvrlq q rorr<oolo f'lopdqo, erouyxpovropo (ll Noepppiou 1976) op<provo Fro onoio (dpEN\qvrrdrv Evntrrov Auvdyeov enrppo6vpnv rorv Opo 6) to 6o rpdrq 6eope0qr<ov vq -yo roOqr<e tqq uoxepogorr<ovoprrrcrig npopovoe npd{erq (6peuveq 11 yeotpqoerq) or e[totdorooqq- otepvtog on rrlv eqvrrri rqv e[6onoleq0o pnopooov vo 6rotop<1(ouv rov orlpovtr<tepoiouo yrorov roOoprop teprrq nortrr<r1 trr{qtov 6ronpoypoteoov dorqoqq rqg. qnrpouK4q rrls ugoor<pr1ni6oq. tqg q etrqvrrq rcorqyopei I T r l v i 6 r o x p o v r 1 4o u y p q , o r o x d o e r g To 1982, r<updpvqoq Touprlog pe trg HflA qrov r<otepeq on trlv Touprio tr ev o6petorto Are0v6g Air<oro not6 (q ovorponrlrou roOeotdtog tou Id(npooguyrloro Are0vdq Arroorrlpro rqq Xdxq oro lpdv, to 1979,eviaxuoe rcotd no yqg) ror 6ev enrOupei tqv oprotrrri6reu06tqtqv qq roxuprlyoorporqyrK{06oq tqg oq rou epouqrrlq nnrporKrlqugotrorpqnir<or Touprioq).H orxovopioovdropr.lre or og.Arorqpooere tr to flpot<oorrlq Toupr<rrig'Evontreg Auvdperq e<pdppooov Bdpvqq 6ev eo;reer ntrdovrqv Edo, dnope e ( o n r o t r r n p y p o p p o , 6vo peydtro q Touprio.H q tqv onoiq ev ouppepi(eror -ouvdnerc Kor rqq etrrlvrr<rig onotdtreopo 06oq tqq Toup<ioq6tr to flpotrotrtro tqq cpdverog-vo otrdlerSpopotr<drl rooporpq ug o B6pvrlq eivorevepyeopeer ponio uvdpeov oro Aryoioun6ptqq Toupxpeq rcor onopp6eron to pot<ponp0eopo rioq (noootrr<d ror nororrrd.) rou ouvootxo rqg Ayrupoqyro rrlv ooyq er;reItrg cpxg tou 1987, pro<ostatusquo oro Aryoio:H 6roprqgo;r4 r<orvonpo{io ttov nerpeoiovrrls Odoou onordeuoqg groBqtqorlrov e,\qvr rdv <upropxr r<cv 6rr<o tgdoroe, povopepciq, vo npopei oe 6peuveq pro Ootrqerrvo rupropropdtrov 6qproupyei xtoprrd6ato (to etrqvrr<d xoprr<d 11 xioq oto Aryoio,e[6rlr1 onoio ouppc6i(er oro 6re0vr1 H il,dpe rq 06oq rqg Toupriog 6tr to Aryoio eivor 6oto 6xouvepog6(r voutrrd pitrro). tqq o npoond0qoevo 0ioer un tov dtreyx pro er6rrqnepintooq Oodoorou xtpou, otqv to noooot ouprqv rotdorooq, ou{dvovrog onoio ev pnopeivo goppoorovor onogdrou e.\qvrro Arlpooiouorrlv KorvoIuve6picov yro to Airoro tqq orqrov Are0vdlv ;.reroxrlq Odoooog(onogdoergor onoleg rr<orcvouv npo[io pe orxo tqv onorponritov epeuvdrv. peto( tqg ArcotroOr1oov ronpoy;.roteoerg oxetrrd tqv Edo). H rogopetrrrlepprlveio Kqrrqq r<orvonpo(ioq, etrqvrrqg rupdpvrlorlq pe tr1voprrq roxrou fipotoroutrlq B6pvqq o6riyrloetq 6o r<pdtqoe v6o 6vtooq,11 pe otxo rq reu0irrloqtov rogopv,otrd q Touprio -otporrorrrrd roxuptepqon tqv to Mdpuo tou 1987. onoio r<opugtirOrlre p rnv unootripr[r1 tov ntr6ov, r<or npoypotonorq- Etrd6o, H r<pioq tou Moptiou 1987 ndvto, oron trlv noyitontroioro Suopevdg HflA- pe onrirrepo, Oqrce oe 6voye<ootpotqyrr rrlq oro Aryolo,rtrrpd<tooe orl rov o{rdroe<ilv yrqrrlv Etrdo: - ovuupo- neportpr,r a O dvrovosovropprKovropq Kornupodtqoe tqv r<otdotoorl enrtroy6g t4v rpioq. noiopq, or rordg 6rntro;.rour6g

lo vo onogrjyerteteeopdvo yeyovro,4 rouprrriq ox6oerg 6ope Touprfoor6,Ner, xcpo rov lovoudpro orrq 26 Mopriou,;; ,p;;;; rou 1996ror onote,\r olo.9^ot<fropiro yro dpeuveq oto breOv4 .l"u xoprr<ri-6oro tou Aryoiou ror oe 0ociooreq gopri on rrlv uroypog4 trlg fuvo4rcq; ;;; rrls e,\rlvrxqq ugoorpqniSoq. A,o_ Ao(dwr1q,q Toupr<io llP,o)rt ooxlKo, eyerper or o xtilpegr<rvrponorov ,Evo_ o{r6ou,S,ni eA_ rrg rlvrxrive0vrrv e6og6v. neg Auvciperq H rpiorl rou tgSO rouq. Mer<i.n o.po.,r.,n4 n,_ oqpoto6otei r4v ivop{q vtltonoirlor;- rponopooKeu{, rrlq 6p6oprlqgOoqq 4 e{il{q rqg tqq er;votouprrr<rig t<pforlq o,iy*poroqq'; ;";; nipooe oto no,\rrrr< - rn<,rpotr ppio<eror oe e{ir{4 <or ouvendrg nefo: H E<i6a 6ev pno_ ovqKorvd)ver 0., nt.r., .,q pov vo ouvox0ovoogori opeprrovrr<iq pdoerg oulrrrrp,iopo.o. tqg N6og M<irpqg r<or rr Mvov opropdveq qertvo 6ronrotoerq <<nortrxig> _ot4v ouoio, pnopovvo orpotrorrr_ yivouv orrq onoieq 14- 6roBor.reoerq 0o enqv6goupre ogo pe r4v qyeoiorqq Bou_ npdro e{etciooup rnv r<pioq yopioq. Or rnorpotrroi rou f$S Kjrq ouroi erypoi Ooppq_ rcov'ltrrro, noq 6yrve yvcoorri). ocvr6roirepo trlv Oudorvyrtov,nou 6xove rov A_qopp4 y r o r o {eonoopo rqq r<pio4g xpioqq (ror q onoio,pe trlv epno_ un{p{e 6vo ovr1Oeq :1t1" 14. neprorotrr<: trlq :nr Bouyopiog, Strq26 Ae_ xdrpog- piouq tou'fup_ xepppiou t o u 1 9 9 5 , 6 v r Bopoopfoq, perogeprov e<tq 1-1uo, .:nt t4gonurqq ogolpoq enrpporjq tcov HI_ll;. (ivo orcoroir<qro opneypo ev6ror 11 O,:ouloiOru ;lq ouvoxri tou NATO rrv6veue un Ao6e<o.vrjoou). To Arpevopxefo qv onerq tqg Kopvou nodpoupero{ 6o pe<iv, Eo_ qnoor6er eqvt<<i pupour<d oog xor loupr<iog. npoxerl.rdvou vc onoro.\r;0ef to nofo o *orr.t<iv,oq Yn rrlv nieorl rov er\r;vrr<drv ro, erypriru ^ 11 "tt:to^, ovoyyiAer Kqrnyoprlpou<o Ouciorvyr<rov -o pu0protr<g oro Eq_ nop<iyovrog trov vrr Arpevopxeio 6rr or ppoxov4oiO.S eiqvotouprcrriv ox6oeov_ rotovqo.etr "",i_ to r<ouv ou1v Toupr<io. rorogyro ro oljptKovtrd oupgipovro 0o 29 exepppiourou 1995, tjtovur{r4repo q rouprrr<ri ecivunoorripr(atqv .orp*,nf ^Irrg r<updpvrloq evrlpepriver norrrr<ri,.qo6ri rqv Eqvrrrj tqv <rp<ir<oorl fipel 'lpro rlq oyr<pou_ opeio tr to ovri<ouvorrlv Toup<io. ot1g, ror 6ror enrtdxuverqv onorrpdrcoroq'tKo_ H ondvtqorl,tr to .lproovrlxouv vonordrwoq, ouoloorr<d, :|ly,nn orqv rrg er1vr<iq 0eoerq. E<io, rorvonoteitor otrlv Ayr<upo rou 1987tepprorlot4xe otrq 9 to_ ouq 2g vouopfor_r ",,t.*Ot:n rou 1996. To (rjtqpo O4poo,ono,.i_ rlopriou, rov to fropir<xrvriOrlre ewq rolv ror r<otnlv ipeuvog_o, tq"ont,ro touprrrvxopr<cv r<avor_ u6<irov.fxe66v 6vo xp_ o ANTENNA, otrg 24 lav:ouopb.r. fqu lrr.:,ro Oeppoucipro .r,;tou t9gg, Ed6o r<or p6vq,o 6ripopxoq, : o 6ror<rltrjq touprio rotoriyouv ro, Aorruolr,_ o oupgovio,oto Davos ro Tp{poroq <or6o o<p4 ,^0:.at oov ogopd orqv nofuec .ns K;_ eniuor1 rov ipvou g0dvouv otrq ppoxovrlofeq ll. rous p erprlvrr<d <or u{rdr_ p6oo,xcopiq vo vow rrlv e,\r1vr<ri !!"C.r" oqpoio. Llg 2T louoropr, lyvv\puyouv orn orpqrtorr<rjpio rj trlv onerrqq Mtr (Muotrr<ri ynrpeoio ^rl ylqrpooguyrj oe orporrcorrr<ri trq lf:::j:r Bio. roupr<roq), npoonoropevor H reeutoiopey<i4 64pooroypdgouq rpio4 orrg envo_ ttlg touprrrrlq egrlpepi6og,,Hurriyet", roto_

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rupepvqtr<{ ovorcoivoorl, 6o6oq (pr1dorqoq npo0unoupyrrdrv (ooo<pqq ornv Etrtrdo qn rov vooqtreupevo <upirog, Av. flotou ot6ou oro Aryoio r<or, etnqq rco0q<vr<ov ppoxovqoirppopr1or1 q Ayrupo onogoof(er, novSp6ou), orrg 26 Aerqg pioq K rov 6o 6 o v ) , p e o n o t 6 t r e o p or,o p p d 6 u r r l q 3 0 n q repppiourou 1995, vo opxioertr1 peydtrq nponpog 3l11 lovouopiou, Topr<or ropdvtog vo B o r c d t o r oT . o goptqy ntroio <Oivyrev 'ltrrro. 'l;rro ppoxovqoi6o H o6uvopioev8orupepr<otodBouv to Ayrdt> npooopd(erotq vrltrrrjg ouvewdqoqq(npr,rOunoupyq K. Irlpiror o ronerdvroq opveitor rou, opxr<d, rn po'iArpevrrrv Apxv, roxuprr q q , u n o u p y gE [ o t e p r r < < iO v . f'ldyr<oog, Oerotcov etrrlvrrcirv (pevoqtr ppioreror o roupr<rKr1 E0vrrrlg Apuvogl-ep. Apo6vqg) o611enrr<pd- unoupyq yei q tero.Aiyeg qp6pqopyrepo,ol"\d(ertor<trrr1 oe xdog ro06q, ouyxpvrog, A0qvo ev , do r o p e t o { t o pnopeivo enrpeporoer to yeyovg rqq roup< o r 6 x e t o rp o q 0 e r oo rouprrr unoupyeioE{toreprrdv6xer onorrrcrig onpoonq,n T.Tortrdpev qnovrd,eni oreitrerpqporrrrl roroivtoorlotrlv Etrtrr1vrrq dlpeg, oto tqegovripototrrlv peooopovttov l-lpeopeio Ayrupoq pe pro ooOpqvo;.rrr(enrflpo66pou Mn. Ktrlvtovror Boq0ounoupyo xerprlporotroyio. Mdxprro p6oo lcvouopiou, E(oteprrdlv Nt. X6pnpour<. To err<ntepo ndgter otq 0dooouvexi(etor q owooy{ 6rororvoeorq evdr rqq gpeydtoq<Nouopivo> nepiro eqvrr FEEOArordooerou(qp6vqenooo to (qpepcirpqro rrlq 3lqq lovouopiou, ypwqoq otqv neproxqtov lpiov.Iug 27 lonou rrlv iro tpo ilou, p tqv eyyqoqtqg A0qvog v o u o p i o ut o u 1 9 9 6 < , 6qpooroypdgor) rnq Oudorvyrtov, enrtuyxdvetor oultgtovio - A y r u p o g p o o r ( p e v oo r o t p i n r u x o " n o Xouprdt ovoprov tqv touprrrq oqpoio otrl rrlv etrqvrrri, s h i p s ,n o t r o o p s , n o f l a g s " ( x r n o i o , x r Bpoxovrloi6o,unootdtrtrovroq o0rirv otporepoto, xr oqpoieq). Me von6q or6po Aroou0ei6vo rprripepo eqvrr<cv

TIq rqg rpioqg tov lpirov, 11 rotopio ev UVqUq oerg Opnpoit, ocpo, dxovtogenltxerto pi_ pnopei vo rcpiver trg ouvdnereg ereivqgtqq v_ ytoro, 6ev elxe yo vo npox<oprjoer oe pro_ xtoq. Ol dpeoor xerprotdq t4g unOeo4g unootrrg enocpdq eni pdrprov orr<o6;rqoqg epnr_ ypqpproqv, <ord tqv npoer<oyrrcr1 nepfo6o , otoovr1g. Trlv i6ro neploo,11 orpotoxuoio tou Ientepppiou 1996oci r<ot to enuevo : orqv <npdorvrl ypoptlri) rqg Aeu<ooioqKoroxpovrcr, n<og, nopo tqv unootoq tqg eqvr_ I errver tr ri touprrr<q qyeoio6ev eixe nopd rrigoqpoiog, npoototeuoovonotetreouotrr<o I e<ixiorq Srd0eoq ouvrooyrig pe rqv A0rjvo. ro eOvrrdouprpdpovro, roOtiq o touprrrcq otxog, er<eivq tr1 vxto, qtov vo unoxpecoOei F{ fuygrov(o q A0rjvovo ex0eiouvorr<ri 6ronpoyp<iteuorl I tng Mopitqq rou l9g7 yro ro Alyoio. To enrxeipl;.rd roug rixer oyrr<ri pdoq, tou r,. .. virq tou K. Iqpitrl olq er<.)roydg evtotorq e{ouereprii0q<e on6 rouq i6roug j'.,..,,,,.,1, Ientep ppiou rou 1996ouvo6e0r1rce pooorouq enpevoug pqveq(enoq6qO. l-ld_ i il ,:t cn pro npocind0elo ovoouyr<ptr1- T(. Kpvpnoup, yroou eniore{r1K.Iqpitq , orlq rov npoteporotrjtovrou otov top6o tqg orqvOudorvyKrov nog6qE4vov r<or Top- I e(coreprr<rig no).rrrr4q. Kpro xoporctqprotrr rolvlnoporrirv otrl l-eveq), 6rov. q er1vrr<ri , rov fiporpcrotqrolv tou npcoOunoupyo er<e! neupd ev ovtetrqgOq tqv 6wolo trov <yr<pi- vrl rrlv enoxrleivor61, ouvoprrvroq p Kopu(tov(covr,Cv> oto Aryoio.fe ovriOeo.q p rnv ' goio Knproo{rtopotoxo, eixe ovorpdper tr opxrrrlevrncloqtr q opgropqtowov p_ ev 0uprov(!) ov o npeopeutqg tov HflA r<. 'lpro vovto ror ioo,rg rdnoreqdeg ppoxovrl- I Ndrg60ere (qtqpo <.\or1g - nqK6ro) rov oi6eg, opytepo onoeix0r1r<e tr q Ayr<upo ; etrqvoroupr<rrtv npopq;rdrovrol tou Ku-<qr xt yeolypogrr<r1 d6rve voprrcq 6vvoronpror<o. O npcoOunoupyq 6ror{pqo oro otrq <y<pi(eq(drveq>. H Toupr<io roxupi(etor , unoupyeioE(orteprr<cirv tov r. O. fldvroo, tr efvorovorxt ro voplr< r<o0eot<ig ocov ov60eoe to xoptorpudrro tou cvonqpolrri vqorrilv, vqoi6ov r<or ppoxovrloiStov 6ev ono_ r unoupto orov K. [ llonov6pdou ror 6lproe 660qr<ov otqv Etrdo ouvugunoupytov r<oOr1yr1tq Hs ouyKKptpveq rcor enrorrj0rocpio 0r1r<eg ror 6rrore en6tuxevo 6leuover. oe au- r tou r<. Xp. Po(dr<q. f)oroo, o retreutoio(, ov ttjv or<prpdlg tq pdor1, rrlv ot(6vto rov aKKp- ro r ene{epydorq r<e 6vo peorcxrr< otoxo-rd_ porrltolv oto Aryoio.Eivorxopor<rriprotrr<d 6e i ypoil1lorov enrpepqpdvolv rnoporrrdrv rrdrr,ro rotroroiprtou 1996, q e,\r1vrrr1 neupo, vrioeov, nopotrq0qr<e tov lovoudpro:.:ou 1997, oe pro oytovrdrSq npoond0erupeproopivrlq onogooi(ovrog, ev titrer,vo enr6{el tqv 16renovp0oor1g tou dpoug un trlv dvvoro tt,rv rnrc rou ovenioqpou npo0unoupyr<o oup_ <yr<pi(tov (ovtiln, eixe oneoer vo qnoexOei poou. Kproepndrootq 6pdoq rou r. popio 6opq Jrpordoeovtqq tte ovrrnpoocir- (<ir<q rltov o ouyr<vrporropq tou <. fldyroIIourov H[1A orov OHE r. M. Opnpoit(p6ou,nou qvlptdnt( [.]oKnlKtop r<or lq tpo orr<o6prlorlq prloroovr1g oto Aryoio, nopdqeg nporopoutrieg rou r<. flonov6p6_ otpolr,ttrr<g rdoyog orqv Knpo, ovooro_ ou, o onoiog peOolr<<i 0epeiove 6vir ntroioro { e{onrotrrrilv npoypopp<itov). Terrd, 8royouli pto (nrrponr.loogrilv>, rov 4 l.l Ayruporjtov er<eivq nou onipprrfetrg npordTopr<o ugunoupy E{oteprr<cirv r. O. Oipiv.

Or elei{erq tou nptirtou e[oprrlvou tou 1997 eivotoqpovrrrdg r<o069 or notreyrrc6q onertr6q tqg Ayrupoq,og ondvrrlorlornv nqpoyyeio tou nupourroouorriporoq 5-300 yrq rnv Knpo,ev on6tperlrov rrg npoondOereg ovoOdppovorlq rou r<tripotog. H T. Tordp, nou oro peto{ 6xerxdoer tqv npoOunoupyio, otrd rorqpeitq 06oq rrlg ovtrnpo6pou or4v <up6pvqon ouvoonropo, ouvoprrilvtog p rov rte y.y.rou NATO r<. X. Iodvo, er<gpd(etor eyr<oprcotrr<d yro rov r<. Iqprirq6yovrqs u ivqrUrproro0rlq ror 6tr ev 6ro06rr nopK{eooteptrq rox,yro v' opxioer6rdtroyo pretqv A0rivo.O r<. Iodvo,enrorentpvoqrrlv A0r1vo oro t6q OeBpouopiou, neiOer tov nporOunoupy yro rqv ovo(rirqoqprog v6og rorrooiog, evdl q etrtrqvrrcq r<updpvrloq rotopOcirver vo yiverercrr1 11 r6otqg per66ooqg <(<owovrlq errvoq> tov povtdp on to Aryoiootq Iuppoxio,drotevo cnoerrvovror op6oorq or touprr169nopoprdoerg. O r<. O. fldyrotroqnpopoiver oe pro 6r1p6oro xerpovol.rio rotrrjg06qoqq6qtrdrvovroq orrlv OudorvyKrov ntoq11 Touprio eixe ndvtote pro oqpowrrr'106oq otqv rotopio tqg Eup6nqgror tr q 06oq rqg np6nervo Bpioretorror oro p6ov otov i6ro xdrpo.O opxqy6qrou roupKrr<o|EEOA, orporqyq l. X. Kopovtoyi npoo6pxetoroe e(ioor1rqq Etrqvrrqq flpeopeioq, onoerrvovrcgpe outri rrlv r<ivqorl u Kor n orporotrrq qyeoioeuvoefpro nopeio npoo6yyroqg. Aroou0ei, ro ipqvo Moiou -

prvyr< Kortov Boq0 unoupy E{toreprr<tilv r, T(. Kpvpntroup, perog6pertrg r<upepvqtrriq 06oerq r ro KurproKonotetrei tq truioi0o npo6ou otrg etrqvotouprrr<6q ox6oerg, r<o0dlg rcr rr q A0rivo fldvror en6peve oe pio pqponpog pqponpoodyyroq Touptrlv ;re <io. H opeprrovrr<r1 Arnolpotlor<rveitor 6pootripro,p6xprr<or rqv reeuroio otryprltqg Iuvou tou NATO, orq Mopitr1, orrg 7 ror 8 louiou rou 1997, enlruyxdvovtog vo onoondor rnv unoypogri, er<pdpougtou r<. Irlpirq r(orrou Toprou f1po6pou I. Nteprp6, evg Korvo Avororvto06vroq. Ito 6[r oqpeio tou ovor<orvc,r06vtoq, 6rltrdlveror oporBoio 6opeuoq orqv erpqvqr<or oepoopqorqv rupropxio rqg rdOexdrpog, nporcoei q ev6 orcentrrrop (<otrrcd ovogopd oro <vprpo oupg6povror(0r evrogdpovto trlq rdOexcbpoq oro Aryoio>. O enrOerrrq npoo6ropropq <vprpo> onooopei rrg npoondOereg ndyroq ovdyvtoorig tou ovorcorvo06vtog, evcilrourxpovo errrpinel tqv dvop[q Korproq, elorpetrrdtoxeioq,ro6rr<ooiog y r o t o K u n p r o r .I t o M o v r p 6 r r l g Epet(oq, re[dyovtor, on trg ll 6oq trg l6 Auyoorou rou 1997, rov K.K. fI. K,\qouvoprtrieg pi4 r<or P Ntevrtdg un tqv oryiorou OHE Kor p rrlv nopdqq nopouofo trlg eltrqvrg, touprr rrlq Kcnol-rpr g Arn<opotio g. r<r1 Kovr r<rj flopd trg pdorpourrltqdq npooor<ieg, o Toprog npoOunoupyg r. M. fip6(iver, {oqvrr<d, ewoqo)-\oyqg tortrrrig rcor or ouvoprtrieq ror<ot topp6ouv.Evtg 6rpqvou, rcotoppder to louvlou1997, pto oerpdorlpovtrrtilv enrordr.pe- rlipo rqg Mo6pirqg ro0drg notrtrontroord(oov orqv Oudorvyrtov rou ugurroupyo E[ovror or oeponopr<69 nopoprdoerg oro Aryoio, reprrcv I Kpovrrdrtq, o oroloq 6xerovu<otoevdrotqv A0qvo g0dvouv nqpo<popieq oror4or Kor0o noi(eroro e[riq,oq rov rpoyrr Kor yro npo,\qntrr< nr1ypo tqg Toupriog Frl Odvotdrou ro lentdpppro tou 1999, nporor<qtdtov r<unpror<cv neproxrirv nou ixov nryrovrorrr p6trooro rntr<oporrr nopoor<r1vro. e y e iy r o t q v e y r < o r d o r o o q r o v 5 - 3 0 0 .O t O l. Kpovrrrqg , t r g e n o g 6 qr o u p r o v o rouprrr6g norvco6ieg reuruvov tqv etrqvrugunoupyd E{<oteprruirv rrov HflA r. T. l-lirercr1 ntreupdrord rr'1rdprero6re(oyoyrig tou

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oro Koopo. {q tou no6pou To Mdprro tou 1999, q onorduQqtr o rou r<ouprro PKK rpuptov otrlv lydrqq Elrlvrrri flpeoBeiotqg K6vuo, nou eixe guyoeu0ei rqv nop<ivopq eioo6 rou orrlv ;letd Ed6o, onot6eoerqv rpro ortlo yro tqv H oAlnloporio rorv Eetopdrv,' , ovtrrordotoon rou rcO. f'ldyrcotrou on tov r<. I f1onov6p6ou. [1opd toug opxrroqgpouq r<r1po to 1998 rlr;oe pe onerdq, , tr 11 oqQq Orootrdv on touq Toproug ,lrtrli'rir,1,,. ,, er pdpouq rqq Toup<ioq, yro rnv r<opdvroq 0o or1yooe oe o{eio r<pioq ;il oto '{rii1!-ri' unOeoq t<ov 5-300, evcto rooroiAryoio,4 rordotooq nopo;riverrjpepq. Ipprtou i6rou6rouq pro peooopqtrr<ri npoondgovo pe 6rnalpotrr<6g nnydq, rl ouv6popqtrlq 0ero tou r..P XpnpouK oro Kunplord rooppu<ovrK{ ng eupdq o t q o q { qt o u rppuo un rrlv oro.\o{io tou r1y6tq rou Kopou qydrq 60qr<e dnerto on pqt6q r.feu6orpdtoug r. P.Ntevr<t<ig. H r<oropxqv , roBepordroerq rr 6ev 0o undp{er6wooq pe oupgrovio A0{voq - Ayr<upoq yro tqv enrt6trlv Ed6o, ev ror petd tq otrq{q unoxuvorlrrlq ou(r1tr'1oqq pitp<,lv orro6prloqq r ypottpiorrlK r; otdoq oveoqq tou r. K. Iqpiepnrotoovqq oto Aryoio6ev eixe, enioqq, rorq Korun{p(ov roteuvoorrr6qnportopouieg pforxr1yo tr'1q rou KU- rou K pdpoug {ogvrrrig rduoqg tou <. ll floncv6p6ou. pepvqtrro ouvoonropro ot4v Touprio,to Ito t6q rou <oorotpro tou 1999, o 6rIenr6pppro. Te,\rrd, iyeqrtp6peq nprv on ro ntropotrrqoxe6roopg tqq A0qvogyto rnoXprotoyevvo rou 1998, or r<upepvrioerg rqq , vdtrq{q trlg 6rorrooioq tov MOE, un tov A0rjvogKqt rrlq Aeurooiog 0o onogooioouv r ouvrovroptou r. X. Iodvo -rj un tov 6rdtr1poroioorl tqq eyr<otdorooqq ttov 5-300 6ox tou r<. T(. Ppneptoov- ovotpdnetor otrlv Knpo Kor rl prclKprori toug otqv i on 6vo onpoo<qto yeyovg.Or rotoKprjtqpe tqv onootoq r<iutfrlq tou xcpou otpoglroi oeropoi otrlv Toupr<io enrtpdnouv Kp{rnq-P6ou-Knpou. orqv el.\qvrr4neupd vo npopei o ouotoolItrg opx6qtou 1999, 11 npooo<iorrlq e- , rdg xerpovopieg r<orjg Oerioealq. ev6,oto p6qvrrriq neupdg yro dpeoq <e[opypororl> oo lenrepppiou,o oeropqtqq A0rjvoqror q trlg ongooqq [i pto vrunoororriopeprrovr- r touprr<ri ouv6poprlo6qyovotqv noyioorl rri npcotopouio 6ev euodrverol. O f1pe- evq nro grrr<o rlpotog.flepinou tqv iro 6pogKtrivtovovrrpetcon[(er, trlv i6ro nepioo, enox{, orro6opeitor ro rrpoqoTTtK6 rqvdt TrlvovoKptlKqro6lrooioyto rnv un0eor1 enrrorvroviqq rtov unoupy<ilv E{orepr<dlvr.r. ll Aepivorr, evcir xor o 6ropropq tou <. p Xtr- , l-lonov6p6ou r<or l. T(ep ror yiveroroog6q tr, pflpouK otq 06oq rou ovunpoocnou otov ; pdxplto r6trqtou 6touq,0o undp{ouvnopdtrOHE <noydrver> y<,t dpeuvoq rov orKovopt- i r1eq npotopouieqrou K. T(. ppneproov rdrvrou on to Kovyr<pdoo. H opeprrovrrrj Kotrou [ipo66pou Ktriwov. Or <.r. flonov6p6ro0uot6pqorl 6ev e(roopponeitor ore on , ou Kot T(ep oupgrovov, oro neprO<ilpro trlq rov r<. X. Iotrdvo,o onoioq ooxoeitcrpe rrq , yevrr{q ouvdeuorlg tou OHE, vo npoxroprjreleutoieq 6roBou,\eoerq, nprv on tqv 6vopoouv o 6ldtroyoror oe ovoqU4 oupgr,lvrdlv

Euponoir<o IupBouiou, to Ae<6pppro oto Aou{eppopyo, nte or <Aeron6vte>on6pprlJov ro rouprclr< oitqpo yro rqv ovoyvrilproq uno{r1grtrpoq yto rrlv roOrporoq ptoqt{ 6rrrig npoewo{roxqg oxdoqg.

eni 0epdtrov<xopr1trr1q 6vtooqg>,r<o069 eniorlq vo o[ronorrloouv trg enlreitrLeveg enrorr5qUerg rou l-1po66pou Klivrov otqv A0r1vo r<or tqv Ayr<upo yro tr1 popoyqoq yrogpcr<pdq 6ro8rr<ooiog 6royou. O f1pe6pog Kivtov eixe roprlvoer r1r1 on to rotror<oipr nog opoporr(tov,p6xprtq oyr<r1oq tou Eupc,lnoiro luppouioutou Eoivr<r to Aerdppplo, trlv onovoprlotrlv Toupr<io trlg r6ltqtoqrou unoQrlgiouotrlv E.E.pe nopdtrqr1 npo6o oto Kunpror<. Me tqv eurorpiornq oupproxrlg tou orrl lvo6o tou OAIE orqv f1q, o r. K. Iqpirqq ouvovrdtor, otrg 18 Noepppiou, pe rov optroytou r<. Mn. Eroepit.O Topr<og npcoOunoupyg npoonoOei vo 06oer<(r1-

tqpo Aryoiou> r<or vo npopder tr1 xpqolprqto 6vop(qgrotryou eg' qgtrlq qg, ev (qrel r<or tqv cvopd0;Lron rou r,rgtre 6re{oypevou6royou. O'Eqvoq npoOunoupyg onoppintertrq npotdoergEtoepit,entoqpoivovroqnolg q onooxr1, er<pdpougtrlg Toupt<iog, tqg xpqorprqtog tou Arroorrlpiou tqg Xdyrlg0o ondoooe ttg o xrirpeg on' eg uq nopllgpelg err<pe;"rrr1teq. O r<. Iqpitqq ortrooyei rqv enr0upio tr;g A0qvogvo npoo0rjoertqv touplctrrl unorlqgrtqto otr;v E.E, (qtdrvtoqroutxpovo vo nr1pogoprl0ei pe notov tpno 0o Eroogor(tov u q Ayr<upo ev 0o enovepxtovotqv norrr<r1 oprproprlrnorlqrov 6rroropdtt-rv tqg A0qvog. Kotd rrg

enroKdqretq rou orlv Ayrupo Kotorqv AOrjvo, orrg 19 ror 20 Noepppioutou 1999ovriotorxo,o f1pepoq Kivtovnpopdler rrl xprlorptr1tornq rpooquyis otn Xdyq, enroqpoivovroqrpos trlv touprrrrl ntreupd tr 11 Etrd_ 6q elxe r1qrdver ro onopoitqto prlporo. Qot6oo, q r<ordotcorl6ev 0o olld{et oq ro p6ooAer<epppiou tou 1999egoov q Ayr<upo 6ev 8dxetorore vo rdver rdnoro pr]ponpog tr1 X<iyq ore ror vo govei 6ro.\trortrr<rj oto Kunpror. Itq lvo6o tou Eoivrr, n E.E.0o eyrpiverpv rnv enre{rpdr4ro tqq Touprioq yro uno{qgrrqto, evrororg6polq,0o tqq enrpd,\er nooq ror ouorqproroug poug nou e(optov rqv neportdpco nopeio rrlq cn ro enineotov ox6oe<ov pe rqv Etrd6o, tqv npoo oto KunprorKotuq oorplr<dq petoppu0pioerq.

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ororxiov orrl ytrovrKri xrilpo' erepov, 0o onorteitorq ou;.rppgcooq tqg Ayrupoq orouq pouq nou 06ter,ertg trlg Etrd6og, ror q iro q Eupnqrcr, tpirov, ot d.\or etoiportqq E.E.0ootopotrloouv vo enrroovtor tqv etrrlvrrri dpvrlorlorrlv 6wo[q trlq Touprioq, evcir ornv rpoyporr<trponeproodtepoopvqtr<rig eivorr1foiot<otq leppovio.Og t6ropto ntreovdrtqpo trlg v6ognorrr<riq, nou riSqutronorri0r1r<e pe rqv reetri unoypogrlqtqg luv0rjr<qg l-lpooxrirpqonq orrlv A0rjvo,tov Anpiro tou 2003,rpov q nopeionpoq rrlv 6vto{r1rqg Kunpror<r1g Aqporpotiogotqv E.E. f'ldwoq, q nporeporrqtoxprloqqrou euponoiro ronpoypoteurr<o x opuo ev orlpoiver tr eyrorotre[gOq<ov ro do forum. O r<. I flqnov6piou,op6oolgpetd trg er,\oyg tou 2000,ou(qtei p rov K. l. T(ep pro po<pd trioro pritprov orr<oprloqg epnrotoovqg oto Aryoio, enr6r6<ovtoq,peto{ dtr<,1v, rr1 ouyrprqoq proqrorvrlgorpotrorrrrrjg rrrpon{S, rn peiooq rov voutr<rilv 6uvdpeolv oto Aryoio,trlv oporportnroorq xp{oq rov ouotrlpdttov AvoyvriproqqlFF,r<o0rilg Kor rnv ovtotroyr1 ororxeiov pero( rov oponopr<dlvrdvrptovtrlq A<iprooq Kotrou Eori Iexip. H ou(r1tqor1 0o npoxtoprloer p6xpr ro rqor<oipr rqr 2001,peto( rov ovunpoodlnov Etrtrdoq r<o1 Toupr<fog oro NATO. oot6oo, 6ev 0o rototrq{eroe <dnoroouorootrrq oupgtoviondpov opro;rdvov pdtprovouvewr1or1q s orporroltrrdq oor<qoerq, trlv ovrooyr1 Yro enror6{etovr.trn.Avtr06tolg, or 6o neup6g xot6r1{ov, otrg opxdg tou rcotrororpro tou 2001, oe 6vo cituno moratoriumv6<ov eEontrropcv. H pev Etrld6oovdpotre, toudxrotov rogto 2005,tqv oyopd oepoor<dgoug r6toptqq yevr<iq, 11 6e Touprio ov6oreltreop<erd un ert6eoqnpoypd;rpotonpoprl0ertirv. Ertg

on tqv oporpoio por1oq norrrrq peiooqg trlq ivtooqq, r<oOoprotrr{ ritov q orr<ovoprrq ouy<upior<oOrig 11 A0rjvo eixe vo ovrrperconioer to ou[qp6vo rotog 6ropytivooqq tr,lv Oupnror<irv Aytilvrov rou 2004,ev6 r1Ayrupo dnpenevo npoooppooteioto enuvo,or<ovo1.rr<d, npypopporou Are0vogNopropotrr<o Topeiou. trtq 6rdpr<ero rou npriltou e(oprivoutou 2002, q lonovrrri flpoe6pio tqg Euptonoirriq 'Evooqg npoonoOeivo evtdler trlv etrr1votouprrrri npoodyyroq oto euptepo6ronpoyporeutrr< n . \ c i o r ot o u e y p e v o u <Eupolotooro>. H enroyri outr1, r<oOq q Touprio Oeopeiror oq xpqorpoq nopdyovroq o t q p r { q gt 4 g uno8oprlgtqq Eup<onoirrjg f1ortrr<qg Apuvog r<or Aogderoq (ESDP),6reurluve tqv nopdtrqlr1 ovdper{r1 Korrov HnA. H lonovrrrlflpoepio unoorqpixOqre ror on6 rov r<. X. Iodvo, o onoioq,on tq 06oq,ntrdov, tou notou ernpootnou (rjtrloe tq ouvolveoq tqq E.E., tqq A0rjvoqoq npos tq oveoq tqq Toupriog pe trlv ESDf; tirote q Ayrupo vo rpovei nro ro,\ortrrr] oto Kunptor ror oto Aryoio.H etrqvrrr1 neupd ev eixe ovtippqorloq npos trlv ouoio tou 06potog <o0drg nioreue rr q oupgrovioNATO ror ESDP0o npoyporororovrov opyd n ypnyopo, routxpovo,proq, eneSiorre vo r<porrioer ovotxt to (r1tr1po, pdxpr vo eyrprOei 11 6vro{q rrlq Knpou orqv E.E. rqr vo flopouotooreir<dnoro vdo eurorplo troqq tou npoptrrjpotog rqg Meyoovrioou. Ito Euponoir<6 Iuppotrrorou louviou tou 2002,q Edo onoppinterrrg lonovrrcdg -otrrlq rl dtrtroq- rl Koropnpotdoerg,ov r<or pdouoo rupdpvqoqtou oo0evrl Mn. EtoeBit 0o qtov 6orotro vo unoypdtlrel onoroqnote ou1.rg<ovio pe rrlv Edo ri pe rr'1vEuponoir<{ 'Evoloq.

Me to Se6opdvo t<ovoqpovtrr<v elei(eo v r o u N o e p p p i o ut o u 1 9 9 8 , 8r1tro6r i rv to r o u p r r r d r ve < o y r i v KotrrlS Iuv6ou tou NATO otrlv flpdyo, or 6rntropotl<dg enog6g perotonl(ovtoreKivo ro pqvo.Itrq 18 Noepppiou, o vrrqrqg t<ovtouprr<rilver<oydlv r. P T. Epwoy<iv enro<dnrerqr trlv A0qvo rql ropepordlver K. Irlpitq rr, oveldptqto rov r<. on trg rcvrioerg tou P Ntevrrdq,q Ayr<upo 0o otqpi{er tqv uro06tqorltou <Ixe6iou Avqv) nou eixe nopouordoer 6r<o rlpdpeg vc,rpltepo ytoto Kunpror o y.y.tou OHE. Itrq 22 Noepppiou, enrtuyxdvetor 11 unoypogqoupgoviogorrlv flpdyo yro tqv ESDP'Ertote, opxi(er ivog rntopotrrcg popoOrilvrog pdxpr ro EuptonoirIupporotqg Koneyxdyqg, orrq 13 Aer<epppiou, onte q Toupr<io, pe rrlv r<upirog unoorqpr{qtqg Bpetovioq, enr6rtirxer orpevg vo e{oogoior ouyKKprp6v q q pepopqvio dvop{qg tov evro(rorcv ronpoypoteoev rrlq Kor ogerdpou vo pnorcdper tqv dyr<prorl rqg r<unprorrlg 6vto{qg. Tefu<d,dnerto on 6vo por<p nopoor<qvro r o r o p r e t 6 g t p o n o n o t q o t qo r o < I x 6 6 r o Avov>, q A0rivo ror 4 Aeu<ooio0o enrrxouv tov roroprr<d otxo 6vro{nq rnq Kunpror<rig Arlpor<potiog otqv E.E., evdrq Touprio 0o neproproteiorrlv undoxeoq enove(dtoorlqrou ortrlporg tqg, o xpvroopytepo. Irrg l0 Mopriourou 2003,o r. P Ntevrtdq 0o ropnrioer, otrg ouvopltrieg rqg Xdyrlg,r<or tqv ototrl npoond0ero tou r. K. Avov yro rqv ono6oxrlrou oxeioutou, 6tor rilote 6vo privo opydtepo q Knpoq vo ero60er, rerrd, evroio orqv euponoir<r; or<oy6vero. H runpror<q 6vto{q Eqproupyei, ntrdov, v6o 6eop6voror g. otrq etrqvotoupr<r16g ox6<rer H A0qvc yvropi(el rr 6ro06ter 6vo enrn6ov 6ronpoyporeutrr xopri r<or npoonoOei, ntr6ovvo o(rotroyrloer nte q Ayrupo 0o e-

xOeito 6ppo ouvSrotroyrig orq Xdyq r<or noro 0o eivorq e{6trr{l ornv eooteprrriroup<rr<r1 pdxrl elouoioq peto( tou <oreorrlp6vou Kol rtov Kouyxpovrotrivnotrrtrr<v. Og to evexdpevo eivororpr1ovorxrd!

flppfe{t4 notrdpou proq trlq EtrAdoS Korrqg Touprfog

-eivor tou r<. ,,;;.:.,:. - ,, @r<eipevo nou ot<oou0el i, Oe6topouAopnoutrou o onoiog | 6xerperontuxrordq onou6ig hpotqyrr<qq r<or Apuvtrrqg flotrrtrrrig, pe erir<euorl otrlv flotrepooyio-Sqpoore0r1r< oro rxog 25 (Aer<6pBproq 1992 lovoudproq 1993) tou neoro6rro <AMYNA & ^lIAOMATIA>. Enir<orpo oo notd dtrore Korp ntornJlovtr<{ ovduoq tr'19 etrqvorouprrrqg oyrpouorlq,ro ovo6qpooreoupe oqpepo p rrlv opxr<qtou popgrl epnoutropdvq pe v6o 6e6onpoo0rlreq or onoieg 6ev otrordlvouv ;.r6vo, oto edxroto to rerroupndpoopo. (ouv pe Otregor opyovrop6veg rorvrovieg tq ouvexrlevooyq tqq erprlvqg ye rov nerroitepoev6rogdpov ;ro.I' outri tq rooxri, nopouord(er q neprypogrl trlg ro6rr<ooiog tou nepdopotoq on rqv erprivqotov n6epo. Evtopropdveqgop6g 6vo yeyovgnepvd onopotriprlto, dtrtreq gopdg to i6ro yeyovg p n o p e iv o O e t o p r l 0 e oir t i o n o t r d p o u( c a s u s belli). Aur r<oto6errver tr or ogoppdgout6q r<o0our6g 6ev eivqrote ro0oprotr<6q ote opr<ov yro vo e(rlyrloouv tq petdpooqon tq ;r[orotdotoorl otqv dq. Eivorovoyr<oio vo dpoupe unQq r<or dougnopdyovrq nou on tqv eni6poorltouq e(optdtor ov 0o o6r1yr1Oope q oe oyr<pouorl xr. O nepoqornv rcrropio tov q6v eivor to nro Oeopotrrc yeyovdg, to nro oopop,to nro pop oe ouvdnereg. O ntrepogopi(etor

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oov pio lropgrj pioqnou xerrcuprtepo xopo- r r<tqprotr< to rr eivorpe0o6rr<q Koropyovtoy6vrl <or oe ,rr ogopd otrg opd6egnou rl1v eloorov otrdr<or otov rpno nou outrl egopp(eror. Eivcrnepropropdvog, too xpovrrd oo <orronlxd, r<ol unrelrol oe vpouq : nou norrlouv ovdoyo pe tqv enoxri Kotrov I rno. Xoportqpi(etor,eniorlq, on to ycyovg tr npor<oei ro Odvoto oe ovOpcnoug. Edv , 6ev xdvovtol ovOpcnrveg (o{g, tre 6ev ovogeppoote oe nepo, oid oe ovroyalvl<rp q oe ovtooyrj onertr<iv. O <tfuxpg f1epoq> ev eivorntrepoq. [r' outd ror egor rorvc,lvieg, ond trg nro ontrdgp6xpr trg nro ovOeteg, rotopdtr,\ouv npoondOereg vo Trpopirpouv to (6onoo;.rd tou.'Etor npoetorpd(ovror <otdqlor<or ovooppdvouv nporopoutrieg pe oron 11 vo anoooprloouv11 vo

evteivouv rov rlv6uvo proqdvonqg oyr<pou, oqq,ovoy<oq tov oupgepvrovrouq. l-lprvon 30 neplnou xpvro,to i-orr< -Floepooyio lvotrtoto l-loepooyioq eivor Enrotqpqtou l-1odpou 11 onoio 0aopelrov nepororv<ovrr< gorvpevoror ooxo,\eitor p lq Oeotpieg, trg o[ooieg,ro 6iroro,ro o[uo, rrlv opro0itqor;,tr1 popgoloyio,trg orr<ovol.rrr<69 r.pelq, rqv rfuxooyio, tqv neprorrrrlrq Kortrlv npper.lrq tou no6pou' q l(q <l-loepooyio> xpqorponorrl0qr<e yro np<itq gopd ro |1946 ano rov GastonBouthouri oro prptriotou <Erot Er<otopppro Ner<p6v>nopouoiooeivo povtdoovduoqg to onoio rrq nrOovrqteg Uoqpol0d vo npop6rloup oyxpouoqg peto{ 5o ri neproootdpi,rv xolpv. To povtdoour ovopdorrlr<e <f1oepooyrrBoppetpo>. l-lpr<error yro 6vo porj0q-

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pcr rou pog nop6xerevei[erg yro ro no 0o Kdvovtog pio enro<nr1oq rnq'roropioq o6qyq0ope edv enoqOeu0ov rj xr oprop6- tov reOvdlv ouppd(e<,1v, 6ronrordrvoutrr l ot veq nopdpetpor. To povt6oovduoqq nou 0o peydtreg ouyrcpooerq r<or or eroBo6g enovoxpqorponorqooup oro nopv nvqpo eivor troppdvovtor otrg <6roxclprotrrdq ypopFdqD. 'Etor p6poroBoorop6vo oro nporruno povt6o, onorqlop ro ovopo nou xropi(ouv rpl0qr<e p<oq ovoyroio vo yivouv oprop6veq go r] pcitoegpe tq prooyrrri 6woro tou pou, qnefpouq, notrrtropoq, ytr<irooeq, Opqoreieq ror reooyieq. Mnopope, enrn6ov, vo fl oletrrooyrrd Boppetpo xoptiloupe<6roxoprorr<69 ypopp6g> peto[ oventuy;rdvrov l<orunoovdnturtov xropv.To yeonortr<q nopdyovtoq,.oq rpooqpeprvd rprrrlproyrc to roxclplop out ei6rd0eoq, unrertor orrg prr<prepeq vor 11 ror to enineo (o{S. Bropqxovonoirloq rorcupdvoerg. Xopor<tqpi(eror on Enfoqq, pnopopevo oproOetriooupe <6roxrouneppotrrrr] yevrxdrqto otrd ror oro0ep6tq- prorrrdqypoppdq)peto( x<opdrv pe qpoto.Mo(i Hro xpovtK nopdyovro, nou 0o ypogrr{ roopponioon'cur6g pe rcond(ouoo tdooupe nro rdro, neprreier trougtoug qpoypogrr<q o{r1oq. untrornouq nopdyovteq 6r6tr o 6vogovrrnpoKd0e gopd nou or rotvovrroiovoppoopoi, tov tno ror o dtrtrog ro xpdvo,0eor trertrrdq onertr6g, ro. r<tripo t<oxuno$ioq, or per6erq nopdpetporxd0egorvoprivou. re<rr<rloerq ror yevlrd or grovrrieg n40oi-

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vo pnopeito rorvtovrr ovoovo 6ex0eipio v6o oyrpouoq. Ie ouqtoug no6poug undpxer ndvto ourg nou enrtiOetor npriltoq.Ar6;rq r<or oe neprnrdoerq rrou or ovtinoorelvorroo6vopor, q exOptrlroKot q enrOupio vo ppe0ov ovtr;rdrtonor ri xr oto neio tqq pdxrlgeivor dvroo <otovepqp6veg pero{ tov. Or 6op6g Korot Korvovrrdq rcropponleq tov epnotrri;rotv xtoptvev elvornorri ireq.O yeonorrlrg e vo roxuprorope tr 11r6rorteptr1To rou rot o xpovrrqnopdy<ov pnopeivc ppererpopprotroyrr<o r<d0e gorvopivou eivorro qnot6poyrl oe 6vo ovoorpotcv ri ror oe ortrqeoporrov lexoprottirv rxrov <or neprov peq qneipouq, or notrepoyveq 6op6q, prog,eit4g erroupyioq rou. To (ro roxeroe yevrr<6g voroutdgfiou l.rqq enrtpnouv vo evtoniooupe ypoypdq Koryrcr ro r<orvurvrro gorvpevo, ouvet o n p p t r q p oK o t v o x o p o K t q p i o o u p rd ev o norooOog Kot yto rov ntre;ro. E<il, p<oq, rpdtog orgenr0errrdroreipevo 11 xr.Oq noev ooxoope0o pe <rctroug rcr pu0poq, trepoyveq opdgOe<opope: (o) Tov unepnqotrtrdpe rr1 ouxvrr1tot<ot rrlv nepro6rr6tqto Ouop, (0) rnv dvoo e0vr<rorrrv ror ou. pe rqv onoio ro gorvpevo epcpovi(etor. H outpotrr<rirv rdoeov <or (y) tqv nop{q roxupo xvtqto ror q nepro6rr<dtqro rov evntrov ouotpoTtr,rrrr<o rop6o. yrpooe<ov nor<itrtrer ovdtroyop rnv enoxri, O unepntrqOuo;.rq eivor to onotdeopo tov nortrop6, lq KotvovrKonotrrurdg opiq rqg rotrnd(ouoog olr1or1g tou ntrr10uopo r<or r<or to pdyeOoq ttov xopdrv. [ro nopd6erypo, o 6xerxoportqproreioq q pdotryorrov unoovtiKcrtoKpporopq oe ptr<pd rcpctiro ouvoe- nruKrov 11 ttov un ovdntu{q xopdrv.Iuvrletor on ouxvoqnotrdpouq. Aur ouppoiver 0og, npo<otrei o(qor1 tqq ovepyioq, peiooq y r o t l o r o u y r < p o o e6 rg x o u v p r r p r i d v t o o q , tou r<ordr<egoriv eroor1poroq, enl6eivtooq ovdoyr1 pe ro pdyeOoq Kot uq 6uvotdtqteg trov ouvOqrrivuyrervqg ror 6ropi<,loqg, o{qoq tov xtop<irv, (qpr6q rlq eyrqpotrr<tqtog ouvendrq enrg6pouv prrcpdg t<otrlq ;.ruvoqg rou ror enrn6ov ero.\otiOevror un 6evxo. neprpdowog ror, terrd,rlproupyei 6vtoor'1 Avri0eto,or ouyr<pooerg peto{ xcopv perol to.lv r<orvrovrrcv td[eotv nou rotoqye; nou rotixouv roxupogotpotog r<or peydoe ovorcpqxdg. Kor vot pv outq q dvtoorl ougopr0pqtrrdnqOuopog eivoronovrtepnopel pe ro r<otdqo pdrpo vo ertovto0ei peg.Aut nou rep6i(ouv oe dvrooq ro xdoto eo<oteprrc pioqxpog,elvorpog 6uvor vouv o ouxvrqro.Atrtrdror tov q utrrrote- vo rcoror1[er <repioreqKot nKrorr<dq ev6pxvrrri unoopq pioq xdpog enrtpdner pio noyrS o pdpog dtrtov xtoprv .H 0etopio tou epr<rj neprndtero ror or onoxp6vregyor (ortrr<o xrpou eivor ndvtore er<uotrrrl oe ppio<oworror ndtrroto npoor<(vro, xperd(e- r6toregneprntdloerg. tor vo nepdoerplo xpovrr<r1 nepio6ogopretrl, H dvo6og eOvrrrotn<<ilv r<oloutprotrrcirv ote vo enouoOov ro tpo;roto rqg ouo- tdoeolv:Or e0vrrrorrr6qtdoerg tov<irvouv ro ytr{g pvrjpqqon tov tetreutoion6epo, yro r10rr< evgoo ror rov <ruonerpdrvouv rdror r q ovdgtrErl ivorflol nteovri.Btr6noupe, trornv, tr o yeonorur<g nopdyovroq, er<tg tou tr enrpopver touq douq nopdyovteg, eivorpio on' rrq poorrtepegevei{erq rou f1oepotroyr r<o Bopopdtpou. O xpovrrq nopdyovrog, cognpo6ld0eoq, ror or puOpoi trerroupyioq eivqrro xopoKrrlptotrrrepo prooyrr gorvpevo tou (or<o otrtrd ror tou gutrro pooreiou. Mnopope

vouv Kor vrivovrct o' our6q Ttq rEptoxdq, r-

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on to <pdo;ro evq unoprto 11 unotr06pevou rrvvou,pe onot6treopovo 66xetor 11, gop6q,vo ovo(qtei pio notreprr<{ neprnotrdq nirero. [lpodxtooq tou eOvrrcopo eivor o otrutpotropq. Xoportrlpi(etor on tqv enrOupio evg rpdrouq,tou onolou to notrrtrrdovopo 6ev neprtroppdvouv trq to p6qrrlq irognotrruotrr<qg ri eOvrrqq o;rd6oq, vo trutptioerrq provtqteq rcr ro e6drprl nou 6xouv rorv 6eop pe tq <;rqt6po norpi6o>.Ie neproug pio 6[opoq eOvrrcourpioeoq,nopotqpeitor rdlv ror olutprotrrriv tdoe<ov, nou uno6outri(ouv to nd0r1ror 06rouv un opgrop{tqor1 tqv erpqvr<q ouvnop{r1 ocv. t<ov H nop{q roxupotiotporrrotrr<o rop6o e[erd(etor ond tperg orconr6q. H nptirtq o<popri oto p6ye0og out roOout tov Evntrov

pioq xdrpog. Eivqroutovr1ro tr Auvdpe<ov ropio xtirpoev 06er vo e;.rnor<ei oe noeprrdq ovopetprioerg, edv ev 6ro06ter vovundp r<or e(onrop6vo tou dovrog enovpropdvo otpot. ArcotroOorq, e(erd(oupe to nporpitr nou 6xeroOeiotqv opydv<oor1 rou orpoto, rotd noov 6qor1 eivor6rop0popdvog opuvtrrd, 6tor rio're vo npoototeer to ovopo 11 ciote vo pnopei vo tqg xdlpoq, enr0etrr<d, pd,\er pog ev6rog6r<otdrcovyertdvrov. T6o9, pero pog ror to rou hporo otqv rorvtovio <qrd noov 6xer eroxoprior oro orrovopt< ror notrrtrr< enineo proqxpog. Anorcopg c o p oo u t r l g r q g 6 r e i o 6 u o q g onoteov or otporrotrrc6g rrctoropieg. An to 1945p6xpr oqperoOei ndvtoon 160pei(oorlpepo,6xouv voq oqpooioqouyr<poorq oe otov r<opo. Ie ropio on outdq ev pp60qr<ov ovrp6tto-

rrq60 qporpotrrd 6lor<upepvdrpeveg xdlpeq.lldvto q pio on' trq 6o ri r<or or o xripeg rjrov rdro on otporrtotrr<{ 6ro<uBipvqoq. To yeyovg ror pvovout.pdq 6eixver tr1 onou6ortrpotqq tpitrlq nopoy6tpou. Or ogoppdgyro dvovntrepo, notqour6q neprypdgovror e<trrd <or eni rorv onoiov o rdOeenrtrOipevoq orrlpl(etornporerp6vou vo 6rrorotroyrloel t4v dvoplq tov ex0ponpo{r6v, e i v o rg o r v p e v o e u t e p e u o o qo gq p o o i o g . Anoteov trlv 6rgpoor1, <ol xt to dpeoo oiro, rqq ouoyrrrjg 6x0poq. 'Onotg npoovogdpope, q rotepqonel(q yr' ourv tov roxuptopeivorto u our6g or i6regol ogopp6gdtrore pnopovvc nepdoouv oroporipqtes <or dtrorepnopov vo 'Orqv "casus onoredoouv belli". or nporlyopevegnopdperpotnou 0doopeeivore6porcop6veqror ppiorovtor oe ntrqpq rox r<or to e p e i o p o t on q 0 o i v o u p v rnv ndpo6o tou xpvou,tte pnopopevo unoOdooupe rr o nepog nqorti(er. K<i0eogopp{ pnopei vq eivoi roOoprotrrrj. Edv,p<,1q, or nponoOdoerg out6g ev toxouv, q exOptr1to eivor oo0evrlqKot. ol ogoppdge{opyupdvovtor oe err<69onertrdq Kqr qvoipoKroovroyovtoU. Enlypoppotrrd, ovog6poupe 6tr or to<popiq nou xprlorponoro v t o r o o v d p e t o p oy r o t o l d o n o o p o r o v ex0ponpo(rdlv 6xouv,rupir,tg, xoportripo orr<ovoprr, eoglr ri ogopov oe npoptrrjpoto perovotrFov. 'Evo oproto ouvoioOrlpo ovtrndOerog evg ooyro vov dtropnopei vo petotponeioe dvtovri exOptqto.H otdorl ourrl ogeietor, <upirog, oe otroy6g nou enlpov pvo oro rrUuxooyrr enine6o,pnopope poq vo trg e(qyrlooupeorqpr(pevoroto notrepoyevq ovpopo. To ruprdrepoon out<i eivol to eriq:

t To ovpopo rou Ano6ronopnoiou Tpdyou. Ko0opi(errov exOpndv<o o"rovonoiov 0o enrrevtpo0eiq poq 11 exOprqto. Lyd oryd,y[vetorovrrtrqnr6rr ourg eivor o unoirroq 6ov trov 6uor<otrrrjrv poq. Epnoi(er tqv ovdntu(r1Korrqv e(dnoorjpog. Tou pixvoupeo pog ro 6ervd.l-1otrepdrvroq rov elvoroqv vo roronoepope to ror. o To ov6poporqq Aop<erog Ind0nq.Anproupyei 6vo ovungopoouvoloOqpo oufov p e v o ur r v S v o uI.u v u o ( p e v op r o npoqyopevo ovpopo, nopouord(el tov exOp oov rov rpro uneOuvo ov tr,lv rrv6v<^lv Kot rov onerdvnou pog popoivouv.Aev 0o onoloyoye on'outognopd pvo pe rrlv Koroorpogrltou exOpo. O To ovpopotrlq Axreiou f1t6pvog. Otov gOdooupe oto 6oxoro orlpeiorqq 6rd0eorlq yto pdxq,epgovi(eror to ovpopotqg Axleiou fltdpvog,nou poq npooiel ro olo0qpo tou drpotou t<or poq eyyudror rrl pdBorq vi<q. o To ovpopo rrlq fleprr<.\ooqq. Eivor, rupitoq, ouve6ep6vo pe tov unepnr.10uop, yeyovg rou poq rdver vo vrdlOoupe otevdxropo pioo oro (nptoprop6vo> ovopd pog.Ogeitretor, oq eni ro neiotov, otnv 6vvororrou orqv oyytrrrri opooyio ono6i6etor p rov po "over-juventation",6qtro6ri rqv noplq evdg peydou nooooto v6otvov6pdrvoe ox6oq pe ro ouvorrnqOuop proqxtpoq. To ovpopo out enrlpdooe or;povtrr<o tq ydveoqtou B' l-loyrcoopiou f1otr6pou. Ie nepr6oug rpioeog,rdnoreqtrd{erg od(ouv orlpooio <ol 64proupyov dtrqovtrjxqoq. O,u ovogdpetor togergpdpoqpog o6rr<ieg, oe e0vrr<dg 6rerrrcrioerq, oe ourpolrrr<69 pdtlerq q tov tov iro rov exOpnporoei

rpo nopo(uopo.Or o4pero6yor 6xouv l<orop<ltrer opret6g npoondOereg yro vo petpqoouv Inv dvo6o rqg enrOerrrrqroq piog xpoq norqourrl erqtrrivrot p rr1 xpqorl ror r rn ouxvrnro nou nopouord(ovror oplopdveg i[ergorrg egqpepi6eg, otrq oplieg Kot oro rupepvqrrrcd ovororvor06vto. Ttoreqpetrdreq enioqg, vo perprlooup t(ottrq ;rdqenrrpdnouv, 6rorupdvoerq rrlq UoxrlrrKtqtog r < o t dt r l 6rdprero rcovex0ponpo(rdrv.'Evoq enrreipevoq nepoq, eire rov enrOupope eite xr,yivetor o noq6tr(r1q tqq npoooxrig poq rol ro r<riv r p o r d 0 e e v 6 r o g d p o v t o gH . Irlperooyio xpqorponorrl0nKe oq Boqerlpo yro rrlv npyvooq noe;.1<6v evepyerdrv yro np6tq goprl rotd rq 6rdprerotou B' floyr<oo;.riou [1otr6pou, tov or Ayyorovotrutdge{6to(ov tqv 6vtooq tcov prlpttovKot rov ovopdrov nou xprlorponorooe ro f' Pdrx oro ovor<orvol0d-

ovroyovtouKdg Opqorceie og u v o v t d r v t o ro , Xprotrovropq rov looprop. ytrdroAo U oeq, q erlvrrcri" ytrcilooo rv6oeuponoircri, pe rqv toupr<r r<(, ycooo Atrtoir<q. Ao nortropoi ovtrtdooovtor,o Etrqvopu(ovrrv6q p rov O0topovr<. Enrn6ov, rox<opi(ovtor 6o enineo (orqg. Av ror ro enineo(<,rr1q rov E^{vov eivoron to xopqtepoorqv Eupdlnq, ev noetvo uneptepeirot<i noon out tcovTop<r,tv. T6o9, ro erlvotoupl<lrd ovopo elvorto oqpeio6nou q roopponqp6vq 611poypogio tqg Eupdlnrlg ouvovt<itqv rotrn<l(ouoo qpoypogrrri o{qoq rqg Aoiog.Indvro ouvovtoF orqv Y6pyero toeg oqpowrr<6q 6rogopdg oe 6vo t6oo pr<p6xdlpo. Aut, p<,rq, nou <oOrotd tqv neproxripovo6rrrl eivor11 otpotqylr<ri t4g 06oq.Eni ordlveg otrrr1poug, to ovototrrrtprlpo tqq Meooyeiou rirov ro rdvrpo tou r<opou. E6 dvOqoov VTOIOU. norrropoi norgo Aryunlorg,o Apoprrdg, o Otov q xpqorponoropevq ytrcirooo Apxoioq Etrqvrr<q, o Oorvrrrr<q, o Bu(ovu4tov too ouotqprl,nou 6ev dgqve dtroer<ur<d v9,o O0<opovrrq.Aerd6eq 6rogopetrr<oi tronepr0tirplo, tte un60erovrr or feppovoi0o oi q0ov oe enocpq y<o tou epnopiouq e{ornpo6porvov oe noeplrdq enrxerprioerg. M' outiog tou no6pou.'Oor outoi or nopdyovreg rv tov tpdno, ;.rnpeoov vo unotroyioouv 6xouv Kqrootrioertqv neproxq 06otpo ovoenorprpdrq tqv qpdponou 0o poppop6r(tov piOp4rrrlv otpotrorrrrdlv enlxerprioeov. H rototo Aov6ivo on r11feppovrrri Aeponopio, pio tr^rvouppd{eov opxi(er to 1.200 n.X. pe nppe{qnou eixe og onotdeopo vo nptotov Tporr l-ldtrepo <orouvexi(eror prixproripioer trq ov0pdlnrveg onctrereq oto edxroto pepo.To teeutoio100xpvro,6xouvdper 6uvot. xpo, peto{ tcovxarpdrv rqg Avotorrriq Meooyeiou, 28 ntrepor, xclpigvo r<oropetprjoou- Toupr<ioq H nepinroorl Eriog pe douq roouq, nepinou,epgutrioug onopoypoq. ,-, o etrqvoroup<rr<d ovopo ev eivor Ar<otrou0drvroq to povtitro nou nopouord. q n 6 Sp i o y p o p p qn o u x r o p i ( e r 6o oop,rrpoonoOqoope vo ppopepro r<<inoro l, xrilpeq. Eivorto oqpeio nou xropi(o- nepro6r <tr1toorouq envorouprr r<og notr6wor 6o rlnerpor, q Eupdrnrl on trlv Aoio.Ao pouq. To yeyovg,6ptog,6rr or o ooi ppigo roxopi(ovror, -on rov l0o qr6to rv6oeupclnoir, on' oKovrovoe ouvexrlnepo 'Eqveg, 6nou npo6pxovrotot on to Foyyq- vo,F rqv epgdvroq tcovletrt(orcov Topr<ov 116, on' nou npo6pxovrotot Topr<or. Ao otrl Mrrpd Aoio - ydxprto 1923 (Iuv0rjrq tqq

rotoorpogdg ouvo6eouv rrq enrxerpqoelg <Attiogl> rqr (Arriog ll>. flepinou 2.500 'Etrtrr1veg qtxpdlorot petogdpovror otrlv Avororr<q Touprio, q txq r<,rvonoitrv oyvoelror p6xprorjpepo. To 1983, ovorqpoorot n i6puoq tou {eu6or<pdtouq rqq <<Touprcrr{q Aqporcpotiog tqq BopeiouKnpou). a To 1987orlperdrvetor dr1 pio rpioq orrq etrqvorouprrr6q ox6oetqpe ogoppq t4v opgroprltqoqtqq eqvrrtr1og tou Aryoiou ond tqv Toupr<lo. O Eqvrrg ltporq ti0eror oe peprrcri enrotpdreuo4Kot ErTtguo To 1942, q roupr<rrq r<upipvqoq enrpder orq. 'Eqveq er6rr< g6po neprouoloq a To 1996, otouq tqq q Toupr<io nporotreitqv Kpioqrov g,to nepigq Toupr<io po Vadik Vergisi. ppoxovqoi6orv fl otroi <ilpro> opgropqrdrvtoq eu0dr<orootp6govrot otKovoptKd r<or 15.000 oqoq ro ouvoptorr<oOeottg oto Aryoio. yovroroe rdypoto epyooioq, oto p<i0q rqq Avorotrrig. Ito nopvoqpeio,0o npoono0rlooupe vq o To 1955, rq vxto rrlq 6nSlemepppiou:f1oyrpp rord rrov Etrrlvalv tqq Kovotovrrvonoqg, pe 6[r verpog, 83 erxrloieq r<oteorpoppveg, notgenloqq4.346r<otootr1, onitro eqtrorqp6vo. O eqFqrq Kqr1.004 vrrq nqouopS rrlq K<,lvotovtrvonoqg on 250.000percverol, p6oo oe ovropo xpovrr rdotqpo, orouq 3.000" f To 1963- 1964, {eonov topoxdq otqv Krpo Kcl 6qproupyovror rouprorunpror<oi 0or<eg. Me ogopp{ trlv rpioq rrlq Knpou, rl Touprio oneqver 30.000'Etrnveq unqrcoug tqg Kovotovrrvonotrqg rqr eopeerrrq neprouoleg touq. To 1967, or topoxdqenovocppdvovtor ror un tqv nieorl rrlg Oudorvyr<rov rl xovro tov AOrlvrilv onooper rqv Eqvrrcr1 Mepopxio. a To 974,tov loro, opBdver xpo q eropori tov rouprcrtvotpoteupdtc,rv orrlv Knpo Kot q nopdvopq r<otoxr] rou 40% tou vqoro. Aeqtrooieg, 6otrogovieg ror Broopoi,

- ev pog enrrp6ner Aro(dvvqg) ouro rou eiougrqv npooiyyroq.To tetreurqio 70 xpvro, 6ev 6xer'oqperoOei nepoq peto( ralv 6o xropcv. Aut poq 6ev oqpoiver rr (ouv erprlvrr<d. Apr<et6g npor<qtrrdg npd{ergxouv oqperto0ei, xr,lpig, ooroo, vo rototrrl(ouvoe pei(ovo orporrtorrrrlepnlor<r]. H nevtqrovroetlo l,942- 1992pnopel vo xopqKrrlproreioov q nepiooq rou <tfuxpo flodpou>peto( Etrdoq r<or Toupriog. Ito 6rdotqpoout, oqpercOqrov 6(r oopopd neprotourd,6vqKord rq rdpr<era rd0e 6eroeriog:

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oqpeiooe pio ntcoq rqg rdteoq rcu 1,24%. Ynooyi(etortr to 6ro9 2025 o nr.10uopq rqq Toupriog0o (enepcioer toug 85.421.760 td noov or noepoyveg op6g Bpiorouv rotoir<ouq ror ro 2050 toug 105.109.620. Iui6ogog vo ovqntuxOov orrq un e(6toor1 govo Ij lS nto petpronoOeiq npoBtrdrferq, q x6peq.Ynev0upi(oupe l opioo;reoqv noe- Toupr<io 0o onoredoer trl x<irpo p ro peyopoyveg opriqtov unepntrrlOuop, rqv dvo6o trteponr1Ouop oe trq tq trerdvqrqq Mee0vrrlotr<cirv rcor otrutp<olrdlv tdoeov Kqrrrlv ooveiou. nop{r1 roxupootporrorrro rotrttio. flpdner,enioqq,vo trdpoupeun{rq 6o H E<io, on 6qpoypogrrridnogq, eivor o q p o v r r r d qn o p o p i t p o u q t q g 6 o p r j qt o u pio oo0evSotorq xdpo. O nqOuopq tqq ev touprrro nq0uopo. H nptr1 ogop<i oro ror q clqoq rou KU- oqpovrr noooord rou ov6prronr1Ouopo fenepvdro 11.000.000 poivetoron 0 6oq 0,1%. Enioqg, q elqvrrri tqg Toupriog (52% rou ouvorronr10urorvtDviq ev xopo<rr1pi(etor on tqv npoorjopo),yeyovgnou 6xel oq onor6eopo rlv oor1 tqq oe e0vrrrotrrdq r<cr otrurprotrrdq renop[q evq oprOprltrrd peydou epyorrr<o qvoqoptooyieq. O e.\qvrrg outprotropg Kqrorporoui<o 6uvoprro. H etepqnopd<d pe to roupr<rrd e66gq,outd nou ovopdprpoqogopd oto peydo noooor rov voorqre <Meydq 166o>, ov ror eixe ovoOeppov- ptirv otptov or4v nupopi6o tov r1trrr<ldrv. To Oeinepi ro triqrou l9ou orvo Kqttrg opx6q nor6rdy6xpl 14 er6v onoteovto 38%tou tou 20o,oripepo6ev ppior<er onrlxqoq otqv n q 0 u o ; . r or rlg xrilpogT . o 6rlpoypogrr<, er1vrr<r1 rorvrovio. T6oq, or otporrtotrrdqupc,rg, nppqporqq Toupriog 6ev ogeieror vorrqreg tqg xdlpogeivorno neplopro;.rd- pdvo oto oprOprprrcd 6e6op6vo. O ou{ovpeveqoppdvovtog un{,rr1 to prrp opr0prou voq nqOuopg oe'ouvuoop pe tqv o(qo4 ov0pdrnrvou 6uvoprro(nepinou, 159.170 dv6 p e g ,p e t d o q n e p r o p r o p o )r,q v d t r t r e r g r 1 unepoyxpovou e(ontrropo, rrg neptoplop6veq opuvrrr<69 onvegtqg xcpogKot rr.lv onouoioo[royqq propqxovioq. notre;.rrrqq AvtiOetope rqv Elld6o, q Toupr<io goivetor rr er<nrlpriver rol uS rprqnopapdrpouq. fpgolvo p rqv reeutoloenioqprlonoypogr1, nou 6ope xpo to 2000,o nqOuopg tqq Touprcioq ovr1tr0e oe 67.308.928 dropo. O' eirctr1q o{qoqgtou nq0uopo to teeutoio ndvte xp6vro rltov l,l7% ror q nurvdtqto ig0ooe otouq 86 rotoil<ouq ovd rerpoycovrr< xrrdpetpo. O touprcrr<g nqOuopq 6lntroord(etoroxe6v rd0e 30 xpvlo.Er<tq tov drov, ronrortvouue tr to teeutoion6we xpvroo 6eircqgtqq nq0uoprorqq o{qoqg

er<uotrr<q otoug yeirovdq pog. O f-lovtouprropg eivorpio t6roitepq nepirrrtoorl.novr6eooyic g . O flovtoupno;.rg np<oroepcpavi(etcr <rto tiq rou lgou qr6vo orqv rooprr<r1 Ptdcriq oqv 6vo e0vrx r<ivrlpo ppqre peydq r<or oni;xr1o.q oroug notrdpr0pouq roupKr<og ntrr10uopog nou (ooov o' outrjv tqv neproxrl. Itqv ovo(rjtqorjrou yro r < o r v dp gi ( e g o t q p i x O q r e o t o v t o p 6 o r q g y6ooog. Fl nop[q r<orvqg ydoooqonordeoe yro roug flovroupr<rotdq o6loglovfrqrrl onerlq tou yeyovtog tr trol oor tr1 qnoreovro i6ro 'E0voc. xprlorponorov O ouvetrr<5q r<pil<og rqg guqg(pdtoo),evri ei* o Touvor 0epirog i0ogrou Toupovropo povropqq flovtoupovropg 6xerolq r<tipro otxo trlv npooriyyrorl<ortetrrr<cilg rqv dvtoorl tov r<,lvqdv rov onoiotvor pi(eg unoti0erqq qvpyioq Kotrou nq0topropo, tr1 peicoorl ror tr gOdvouvpdxprto Toupdv,-pio qovrotou <qrd r<egoriv erooSrlpotog Korrnq rtapqorrrcqneproxrjpe onpoo6rdproro ovopo, yroyrrrqtog, trlv enrSeivooq rov ouvOqrc6v orrg ot6negtqq Kevrprrcqg Aoiog.Eivor proivuyrervrjg r<or lopicooqq, tqv o[qoq tqg eyr<Ar1- voro no euprepqon rov flovroupr<rop. porrrrqrog r<ot rqq neprBotrovl<qq puv- Itov flovtouprrop 6nor(eeutepeovto poqq,nr,lqeniorlqr; ouoocpeuoq tc,rv nortdv o,roudxrorov p6xprto r6trr1 tou A floyrooto ootrrd rdvtpo,6xouv nporodoer otrlv opiou f1o6pou. Av ror o f'lovroupr<lotrrdq xoToupr<io oopopd r<orvcovrrd npopripoto. qn rov Kepotrrop, Or rvoy<oyriOqre 6ev dpyqerdorote roupxrrdgruBepvrioerq ev rpo ivero r o vq nqvopoorrlptorotrloei perd to odvoote vo ;rnopovote vo 06ouvvo enr- ro tou Kepdtr Atotopr<(1938) <orr<upirog <ooouv ro npop(poto outd oto eoc.lreprr. td rr1 6rdprerorou B' floy<oopiou f1o6pou. ovtr06rog,6eixvouvvo dxouv enerrorrrig Or l-lovtoupl<rotdg, enrlpeo(dpevor on trlv ro06oerq oe pdpoq tov yerrvovrqg xtilpoq dvoo tou vo(ropo, d6ooov peyotepr1 dpror, rupioq, oe pdpoq rqg Edog. A(ropvqqoon orrlv ovroteptqto tqg rouprrr<qq gur]g pveurqeivor 11 6qaroq tou npr1v[1po6ror uro06rqoov trq onr.,Uerg yto rnv o;rort4ro 6pou r4g Toupr<iog Turgut Ozal rord rq rdptov guotr<drv xopoKrrlptotr<cilv ror yro tqv eniKero rrlq enioretlqqrou oro r<orexpevo r;rrj6pooq touq orrg 6ravoqtrrqrr<ovtqteq. Iripo tqg Knpou, to 1986.Ariove rre o Ozal: ppo,o flovroupr<ropq 6xer uroOetrl0ei on <H oq oro nppqpo r4g Knpou r<or o to eniorl;rotoupr<rr< rpdtog ror xprlolpeer our trlg Odooooq rou Alyoiou0o 6o0ei on oov yvrilpovoq yrq rrlv orqoq t4g e(toteprr<riq tq rlpoypogrr<r1 e(6rlr1>. B6noupe, orn6v, tou norrrr<rig. tr q 0ecopio tou (tortr<o xdrpoueivordr<potg To v6o touprc<r<pdtog r6p0qreto 1923

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on tcv otpctr;yd MoustafaKemal, o onoioq r<updpvqoe pdxprto 0dvct rou, ro 1938. 6rdoxg rou,o orpcrrnyq isrnetIninu, dpelve orrlv e{ouoio uixpr to 1950, xpovrdnou dciO vrr<qtr1g Bovxpo ol nprirteger<troydq. trov exoyrirv, Bayar, yiver 0o o npriitog l-'lpdeJelal 6pog tqg Toupr<iog nsu Eev (tov otp<;rroirrr<9. H 6ror<up6pvr1or1 tou, pr,.rg, 6rer<nq to qn 6vo otpouotrr<d 1960 npo(rxnqFo. Bayar, o nporgunoupyg rou, Mederes, icor6o oropq unoupyoir<crtorrd(ovtcr oe 0dvoto on toug,otpo'uo-rrrog. Mvovo ovcrponeig f1pepog 6r<puye tclv r<[v6uvo vs l<oto6r<oorei ,\vo tqg peyd.)rqg qir<icg tou.'Evq6etepo npo{rr<nqpa o1per60qr<e to 1971. Or npol<oi6rr<o f rronrlpotieg otporrc^ltr royqnov tqv npd(q touq 6r1vovtog tr ot6xog toug elvor <H 6rpOolo11 tqg nolirrr<4g tou toupl<rro <pdtougerei nou ev (tcv oe op;roviope trq opxdgtou Kemal Ataturk>. Y r u g o 6 q y i e gr o u K e n a nE v r e n , tou Topr<ou opxqyo rou fevrrco Enrteeiou E0vrr<qg ,Apuvog, 6vo tpiro npo[lrnqpo 6yrve to 1980. To 1989, o otpotqyg Evrendgqoe to npoe6prr< olir,rpooro oyonqpvo nol6i tqg xovrog p6xpt rte npolOunoupy tou, Turgut Ozal.'Etor, o Ozal yiveroi o etepog prl orpouorr<g l-lpepoq otrlv roropio tou veotouprlro r<pdtouq. B6noupe, lornv,tr o Itpotq ropouorci(etotoov <ootrjpog,npootdtqg, gor<og dyyeloq>rqg Touprciog. Or <rtpotqyoiOetopov 6tr q xrilpoeivorrr< toug 6qpropyqpo. Arcpqror oqpepo,nou tunrrcdq x<irpo 6xer 6rlpor<porrrd noiteupo, egol onogdoerg eyr<pivovtor on ro novioxupo Iuppofuo Aorpoeiog, to onoio ori-l ouvrprntrrcrl tou nerorrUqgio onopri(etoron orporrcorrrog. Enioqg, or oppo6rtr1rg rov Aqpdpxov ror r<rlvNopopxriwoe neprntcoerg rpioeoq enr-

<onrovrcrr ond outdg rc,rvltpou<otrr<v iorr<r1trv, nepio6ornou ev aivorote ondvreq ote ecpqpepeq orq orlpptv(Tc-ruprcio. Irpo-c,Xr<o[ ri onorporor Kqrdxouvt(trs rito r<piorp.to noro tqg Aqporag Arokqorlq (l-evrrol lpopporeiqYnoupyeirrlv, Areu0uvt6g Kpotrr<cv Opycvr o1.r 6v, Areu 0uvt6g Blopr rlxovr drv < . . \ n . )T . o 1 9 6 16 ,q p r o u p y q 0 q r e r i v oT o ; L e i o Atrqopoq0elog tou ltpoto, to oi-roio orjirepo dxerotqv rccroxrl proi:r1xovrtou 6er<d5eg rcrlg ror e;-lnoprr<g snrxerpqoerg. Aur nou deye o lolirabeau yto rov flpeoorr<d hpot ppior<er otig pdpegpoq ntr{pq egop;royr1 otqv nepintoorl tqq Toupr<iog: <<H flpooio ev eivcr dvo r<pdrog nou 6ro06ter 6vo orpor, od 6vogotpot6g nou 6ro0rer vo rpdtog>. Aetepog oe yiye0oq ltpotq tou NATO, o Toupi<rr<6q Irpotdg, ovdpxetoroe 515.100 dv,peq. Ie Kotd<rtqorl yevrr<r]q enrorpdteuoqg, to 6p{uxo 6uvoprr<6 [enepvdto 14.000.000. To tetreutoio20 xpvio,r<oroBderoqpovrrr<6g npoondOereg rcor Betrtroetog r<ouyxpovtopo, ouvotrrro rcrtoug$1506rq, noo nou (enepvdr<qrd rtotrg orrovoplr<dg 6uvortqteg rrlg xdrpog. H Toupr<io, ro npogoto xpvro, dpxroeovoropydvoorl rolv uvdpedlv rnq Urrl petotponq ttov Mepopxrrv o e T o { r o p x i e gH . ovoropyovooo qtoxeer otqv n{pq prqxovor<lr'qor1 tou ltpoto npoKerilvou vo ovrofloKpivetor oug oyxpoveq enrxerprloror<dq onortrloerg, riror tilote vo yiver nro ;rrrpgoe piye0og, nro eu6lrcrog r<ot rro onoreeopour9. Apr0pqrrr<d, o ltporg 0o perorOei, otrd 0o oulrl0eito noooot rou pvrpouflpooonrr<o. H uonoirloq tou nro ndvo npoypdppotog 0o toxtrponorrioer onUovurd trg xepooieguvdperg rriq Kor0o ou{qoer trq enr0etr169 tqg Suvortr1reg. Ie ouvuoop pe to e{ontrrotrrdnpoypd;.r;:oto, ouvrotd oop o p r < i v u v o v o r p o n q gt 4 g e O p o u o t q g

o O ilrxrpqoro<g deyxog tou Aryoiou. o To Kunoror. o H pouooupovrrq perovrnrq rqq Autrrrlg Opdrqg. To noepoyevrl ov6popo ppiorovtor oe nepinr1pr1 ovdntu(q otqv etrqvotoupt<rrq nroorl. To ovpopo tou Ano6ronopnoiou ovpopo Tpdyoueivor6vo xopoKrnprorrr rcorvtovlog. Korrrlq toup<rr<riq Korrnq etrtrr1vrrcr1q p rouq Topr<oug, otoug to erIpcprovo 'Er1veq, vd ocpeitrovtor orouq opxriqyevopdvqg on tqv <ordppeuonrnq O0opovrr<r1q Aurorpotopioq. Or Top<orroroprroi unootrlpi(ouvtr q nrdrorl rqg f1trr1q ogeileror otqv e[6yepP<oprv. orl rov <oxdprottov> Ot otrovoltorotdotootl tryor unootqpi(ouv rr q r<or<q otoug rqg rouprrrrlg orrovo;riogocpeietor 'Etrqveg trlg Krovotovtrvonoqq r<or trlg MrA o i o g n o u y r o x p v r o r 1 e y x ot vo r<pdq r<pdrouq. epnprooe pdpog rou roupKrKo r<oto)\oyi(ouv Irlpepo, or Topror notrrtrr<oi trlv euOvq rnq pn dvrolqg tqg Toupr<log 'Evooq, tryo, orrlv Euponoirq rotd r<pto roopponios orrlv nproxri. ror 6xr orrlv KorvovrKoor<ovoI t o o r l p e i oo u t , 0 o e { e r d o o u ; r e trg otrlv Etrdo r<ordotoonrrlq x6pog toug. Adr<or ogopp6qor onoiegpnopovvo cnoretr6oouv ;rrr<4 oppolnq epeigp6noup oro npdoono trlq Toupriog ro dvouoyoprogeltrqvotouprrrqg vo q . < o vp e r o v e r < t q p d r op K o rr o u 6 x o u p eo u v r l 0 i o e v r o o v o p d ( o u p e t q v o r r i o < r ltv 'O,tr voorord xoportrlpi(er tqv etrtrr1vrrq <etrqvotouprrr<6q rogop6q>. Or togopdq t r o g e i e t o ro t o 4 0 0 rov 6o xcoprirv, or onoieg oe plo eo;.r6vq t p o n i o u n o t i O e r o r pog on toug Toprougt<ot orrypri 0o pnopooovvq xprlorponorrlOov xpdvroodroBrdg on epdqtqv euOvq. ocv rxorotroyio on tqv neupd tqq Toupriog 6tor e{opei(oupe Ind0rlg eiyro vo opxioerntrepope rqv Etrtrdo, elvoror To ov6poporqg Aopr<erog vor ro r<uplopxo ovpopo orrlv etrqvrrr1 e4s: o To nppqpo rrlq nnrpo- r<orvrovio nou ptr6ner tq xdrpotqg vo onereirou r<o0opropo yro to p6ror on 6vo yeitovope yryovuofeq rrrrlq ugoorprlniog. o To 06potqq oryroitr8og (c0vqq rpo rrlq rootdoerq. Kqrrou evop o v o n o t r e ir o e v 6 r o q 6 p o v oto Aryoio. H Toupr<io epiouxrirpou o H onoorpotrronoirloq rrov vqoov tou ArM6ocov Evqpdpr,loqg, nou ppitov Mo(r<<irv yoiou. or<er ntrrjpqovtonrproq oro r<orv" Oore

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or 6qporordv6peqev xdvouv eurorpiovo tovioouv tr o npoypotrrdg riv6uvoq yto rrl xtirpopoq npo6pxetore( Avorocilv. Aurq r<o0eoutq <Toprog>dxel n 6[11 ndperotrlv e)U\qvrr<{ y6ooc rqv 6vvoro<ov0ptnouopo, or<qpo, dyprou, donoxvou, iove{opyropdvou, 6prp. Toproq,ouv0etr<6, eiie npooiouv ergto p' ouvOerrr< dvvoro oyptrqrogr1uBprorrr<ri>, Ae{rr AqprlrpaKou. To ovpopo rqg Axrtrleiou l-lrdpvogeivcr ro orprpcilq ovri0ero ovpo;.ro rou npoqyoyevou, to onoio xopo<rqpi(errqv touprcr{ rorvcovio. Or Topror Oeopovtov eoutd touq dtporo ror cqnqto. Xoporctqprotrrq eivorq 6qtroloq rou CahirAral,unoupyo Ev6pyeror qq v e n o x q t o u n u p q v r r o

otuxqyotog oro Toepvopnitr. Ariooeeniorlpo o uroupyq,pe oron vo rorooyroer touq gpoug yro porevepy ptruvoq, otqv "Milliyet", egqpepi6o otrq 23 Moiourou 1986: <Epeig6ev r<rv6uveou;re on rrl porev6pyelo yroti, xdprl otov Atrdx;eipoote Toprorror pouooupdvor po(i>>. Or 6o 6yor nou eivorror ot yvotoupy6g ortieq tou ouv6ppou rrlq fleprrr<oor1q, qtro6rlq opottqg o{r1oq tou nqO u o p o K o t r o u q u q n o o o o r v 6 r o vo v pdlv eni rou ouvotrrro ppioronq0uopo, vror o ntr{pq ovdntu{r1, ncog ei6ope (qpoypo grr npptrr1po rrlq Touprioq). Or ergdvoerq tou gcrvopdvou outo nopouor<i(ovtot p6oo on o xoporrqprotrrdg rltrdloerq Toprrrlvenro{patvnou ogo-

pov oro etrqvrrd vrlordrou AryoiouKotr6er<oetio, r<olo pe unolrro tqv roupr<lrrj pr<treiouv tq grtrooogio Kqt uq enrrcir(erg ntreupd. H Touprio ppiorerorovtrpdtolnq pe ttov Toprov. 6 v o o o p o p 6 1 1 ; r o y p o c p rn 1p 6 p r 1 p o , to O T u r g u t O z a l ,o t r g 2 A e r e p p p i o ur o u onoio enr6eivd)vrot ond trlv ror{ rorvr,tvr1983, ovdgepepero[ dtrtrorv tr <...6oto roorrovoprrc{ rordotoorl rqq x6pog. vqordrou Aryoiounou ppiorovtortpfo pilo Or rouprrrig rupepvrloerg, pq 6vtog rr<op o < p r do n d r r g r o u p r r r 6 q o r t 6 q o v q r o u v vig vc e(epouvoerg, goivetor tr 6xouv 'Etrr1vq oroug rou ppior<ovtorxitrro trritrro uro0etrioer tq 0eopio rou <(otrro xtirpou> por<prd . K n p o g p o r < i ( ep H r e p o x o i p rn o u pdpog erq tqg Etrtrdog. Iuyxpvoq,or orpoor1;ro6eer tqv Toupr<io oov rrlv nepintoroq trotrroi notd 6ev 6noQovvo etr6yxouv tq tqq Kopogpe tqv Apeprr<q>. x<ilpo <or6xouvotq 6rdOeoq toug 6vo hpoO l s i l <u , noupyg Apuvog, orrg 23 Oet roxupror rKqv xr pvo vo loogoioer ppouopioutou 1978, 6r]trooexopoKrrlpton- t o o v o p o r < o t r q v e o o t e p r r < rt jd [ q t q q 'E0voq rd: <<Oo to pog unogdperon6 rqv Touprioq otrdr<or vo enoproOei to Bdpog Etrdo, 11 onoio npoono0eivq poq orpoyyorov enlOerr rdrv enrxerp4oecov. ioer, ruvqytirvrqs rqv Touprio on rr1Aoq T6o9, q toupr<rr<r1 exOpt4tooe Bdpog r<or epnoi(ovroqrrlv 6(o6 poq otq Meoppiorer tqq Etrd6oq dr<gpoorl ouq 6rerrr<qyero>! orqoro Aryoioror otrl Opdr<q, to 6e noeOtror<trqpdvovtog, 0o ouvo{.rioou;le to poyevqov6popo ppiorovror oe ntrripqe{6enrpdpoug oupnepdo;.roro, oto onoio rotor(qotrq un e{6rooq rorvrovieg. r1{ope e[etd(owoq r<dOe nopdperpo {exoTo no pog o6qyovo qutd eivornpoprord,ror 0o.enrxerprlooupe pio noporrv6u- govdg.To rpiorpo ep<rqpo eivor to nre. veupdvrl nppeg11. E g o o v e qo r n o p d p e t p o rt o u o p x r x o l-eorypogrr<d, or o xdlpegoploOetovtor yovtdouenotrq0eOqr<ov, q ondvtrloq eivor: o n p i o < 6 r o x r ^ l p r o r ry r< pr oi p p r l D . A u r q 1 1 I e o v t o p o x p o v r r l d o t q p o , T r o uo r n v <<roxotprotrr4 ypopp4>(exopi(er qneipoug, l1oepooyio perogpd(eror<<on 0 6<o9 20 oo9, 0pqor<eieg, ydlooeg, nolrro1log, orx p v r o > .M n o p o p ev o t o r r v 6 u v o o u p e <ovoprrdovontuy;.rveg on unoovdnruKrq rcor pio 6etepqnpperlrq. xdrpeg ror Eqpoypogrrd roopponrlp6veg on M6xprvo 6rovooupe trlv tetreuroio, 0o qpoypo<pr r<d unepou(ovpeveg xdrpeg. yivoupepdptupegror evg 6p6opouoopoH rpiorpq e yeolotporrlyrxq touq 06o11 po neprcrtour<o, q r<ordr1{r1 tou onoiou roOrordro ovopaor<pq nro eOpouoto. Ko0o e(optr10ei on rrg to06oerq Kotrouq xtt d r r 1S r d p r < e l to 4 g p o r p x p o v n qr o t o p i o g ptopog tov ev6rogepo;rdvov xr,tptilv. Oetorouq,or 6o ooi6ev otopdtqoovvo ovrrpd, pope,ooroo, ovoyr<oio vo toviooupe rr xovror,opxqgyevopvnq p rqv epgdvroqtov rdvoupeoutgrrq npoptrdqUerq un tqv nponpttrrrv rouprrr<ilv cpov r<ot pdxprto 1922. nOeoq tr ot ouv0qreg0o nopopeivouv or To retreutoio50 xpvlo xopor<tqpi(ovtor i6reg11 0o enr6ervo0ov. oov 11 nepio6oq rou <tUuxpo f'lo6pou> pepd0ougr<op6iog Eni(oupe er< tr 11 rerto( Eld6oqr<or Toupriog,rixouv ptoqoqr{ tponri trlg eqvotoupr<rr<r1g 6rorpopdg 0o p e r o l 0 ei i{ r o o p o p d n e p r o r o t r < d , 6 v o rdOe pog ro{reoer.

Aroou0oriv to orlpowlt<6repo qproypoglxd ror orxovo;rrr<i orqrlorrKd ororxeio Kqr yey604 EII66og ror Touprfoq, norq xoroypgowor otov OHE: llolireupo Apxqydq xp<itouq 'Evonleg Auvtipelq. Apuvurdg ondveq llpolreriouoo 'Erroor; Illq0uopq (2002) flurvr4ro A[4o4 nlqOuopo flIq0uoyq ro 2025 tll4Ouopq ro 2050 Aotrr9 n40uop6q Ayporr169 ntr40uop6q E0vrr6qopd6eg Enforlpq ydrooo Enrrporooo 0p4oreio llpooordrpevo pro (r,r{q florrr( Ovqorpdtrpo Mopgt'lrlrd enineo EOvlr v;loyo E0vrr ero6qpo Korri rego{v ero64po Ieopyrrq roy6og Blo;r4xovio Yn4peoieq Epyotrr 6uvoplr<6 Itq Feopyio Er4 Btop4xovio Errq Ynqpeofeq Po6logr.rvlr6qouoxeudq Tqegorvrrdqouoreudq' Euoxeu6g rqtreoprioetov Euvpo;rdqInternet l-ltilrfoerq egrlpepfov Autor<iv4to Kordlqtro o116irruo

EItr6q A4porporio flpdepoq t59.t70

4,go/o

A0{vo 131.957 km, t0.939.7t1 82,91 rdtorxo/km, 0,20o/o t0.489.502 9.208.837

600/o 40o/o 94olo'Ell4veg Eltrqvrrti 960/oXptartovoi Op06o{or 78,7 v1 0,60/o gg,go/o Eupd 9t42,9rq $13.062 7,9o/o 23,60/o 69,5o/o 41,7o/o (4.567.200) l8o/o 23o/o 59o/o 47511.000 rotoirouq 532/1.000 rotoiroug 46911.000 roroir<ouq l0/1.000roroirouq 153/1.000 rorofroug 348/1.000 rotofr<ouq 92o/o

Toupr(o A4;rorporio Ilpepoq 5t5.t00 3,5o/o Ayrupo 779.452km, 67.308.928 86,35 rdtorror/km,
l,l7o/o

85.42,.760 t05.t09.620 75o/o 25o/o 85oloTopr<ot Touprrrti 97o/ol4ovoovlFdrol

97o/o Afpo Toupr<fog rS 9199,9 $2.970 l60/o 25o/o 59o/o 46,5o/o (31.300.000) 460/o 2lo/o 34o/o 280/1.000 roroiroug 330/1.000 rotoirouq

32ll.O0O ^o.oi'.oui 63/1.000 roroixoug

tov 40xl22mm). Yndpxer np60eo4 er<ouyxpovroFo ralv RM-70. o 1 . 3 5 0q r o l x e i o o u r o x l v o p e v o u ( M ll0A2 tr,rv 203mm, M-107rolv l75mm, PzH-2000 rov l55mm, M-109A5/l09A3GEV-109A2/-l09Al B rorv l55mm) Kqr pupoulroFvou (M-ll4 rov l55mm, M-l0l tov l05mm, M-56 rov l05mm, Pdn25 rov 8d6mm) nupopoh. Elri6q ro pdxrlq. To nupopohr6 p<ixqg unoEtporq =apdg (I.=.) ot4pf(eror on 14 xp{on powdp ovtia 2.795 teOorporlo;rdvo oxriporo K6vrqunupoporro (AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder/poq (150pe option yro 130oxfporq, nt37 Firefinder ror ARTHUR), ouor4pdn6ov), BM P-l P/OST,Aeorvi6os-l/-2 ror rolv M4 Enovpolp6volvEvodplow Oxq. M-ll3Al/-ll3A2. Efetd(eror ro evex6ydrolv (Le Sperwer) xol ouor4pdrov pevo ovopdOpro4q pdpouqrou ot6ou. M ereopooyr rdrv Aeopdvorv). o 561 elogpd re0topor<loydvo oxri;.roro . 2 0 6 e n r O e r r r c i ( A H - 6 4 A + l - 6 4 D (ax4)VBL Panhard (ro 69 un nopdoApache/Apache Longbow) Kor Ferogooq) ror 320 HMMWV (ro 98 efvqr un prrd (NH-90-un nopooq, CHnop6oo4). DG/SD Chinook, UH-IH Huey/AB-2OS, a 3.299+ curorrvopevor(M-106 A l lA 2 A8,-212,A8-2068 let Ranger rqr NHtrov l07mm Kql M-i25Al tcov Slmm) ror 300C) eturdrrepq. Mdpog rou orou gop4roi (M-30 rtov l07mm, E-44 rtov rtov UH-IH Huey/AB-2050o exouyxpo. Slmm xqr M-29 rtov Slmm) 6yor. vlqrei oro enineo UH-IY Huey II. O 633 poppr6op6lo GMG ro)v 40mm. o 4 4 o e p o o r < r i g 4y e v r r { q x p r i o q g ( C o 2.345 dpporo FtixqS Leopard-2 HEUI2IAP/R ror U-17/B). qtoxe(q owlcppourtirv ntrov (ro2A4l -lASl -lA4l-lV (ro Leopard-2 HEl,il a 35.451 2A4 r<or235 Leopard-lA5 eivqr un6 noreu0wdpevtov plrlprirrrx, nupopo tiveu pdoor1), M-48A5 I:YOLF, M-60A3/-60A1 omo0opyqorls Korgoprpri 6no). RISE Passive rcot 2Tl M-48A5. E{et6(e- o 653 oroxeio nupo.gllK{S owtqpofloptrqr ox6to Kouyxpovropo r<ov r<{q puvoq (MIM-23B l-Hawk Phase Leopard-l oro enine6o -lA5+. lll,TonMl, SA-8B Gecko,ASRAD Hellas o 102rqrcrKd nupouhr<douoc{poro MGMKqr FIM-92B/CStinger). 140Block-l pel4veroriq l65krn. Eferd(eror a 1.587ovrrqporoprr nupoptro (L/60 11 nrOovtrpo npopri0eroqopI0pori rorctrrov 40mm, Aptep4q-30 trov 30mm, r<tirvpotr)rrortr6v nupolov rnou ZSU-23-2 r<,rv23mm r<orMk.20 Rh-202 "lskandenE" pe pe4verdq 280km. rrov 20mm).

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nupcporuor.i FrrixnS. o 4 2 f en r O e r r x d ( A i - l - I W / P / S C o b r a / S u p e r C o b r a ) K q r F e r q q o p r r < d( A S a 4 . V 2 8t e 8 o p c x r c p d v o o x q g o r o M 532UL Cougar Mk.!/.2, S-20 Black I r3AV-| t3A2T2/-tt3T3/-lt3A3/-t!3A300. Hawl<,Mil Mi-17,UFt-ll+ Huey/AB-205, o 696 rpoxog6po'reOopor<ropdvooxriA B - 2 ! 2 ,A B - 2 0 4 8 r o r A B - 2 0 6 8 t e t ycto logdpov exdseolv" Ranger) eir<6ntepo.To npdypopproouO 1.238elogpd re8<,rpoxio;.rdvo oxripcro pnopoyr'ry{q 50 enloerlxdrv etrrronrd(4x4 ror 6x6) RN-94, Cobra, AKPER, prov Atr{-!Z King eobra ovtr;retclni(el Condor,5550 Shorlad, UR-4!6,Voopopd npop,l{poro. r50sT). o 162<repoord'gr1 yevrrqq xp{orl5 tog6O 5.701+ outorrvoplevor (M-1064 tr,rv pov rrlntov. l 2 O r n m ,M ' l 2 s A l t q r v S l m m x s l A M V a 51.48!orolxeiq qvrlqpyqrlKrilv 6narv tov Slmm) ror gop4rof (HY-|2DI tov (roteu0uv;.rcvov p.4pdt@v, nupopdo l20rnm, M-30 trov l07mrn, UT-l roov d v e u o n l o O o p p 4 o q q r < o rg o p q r r i Slmm ror M-29 tov Slmm) dpol. 6no). a 4.876 tip;loro p6xr1q:Leopard-lA5/- o 1.736 orolxeiq nupoulr{g qvrlqponotA3Tt/-lAtTt, M-60 sABRA/-60A3/_ pr:<49dpuvoq (Atilgan KMS Stinger, 60Al RISE Passiverar M-48 oe 6rdgoZipkin KMS Stinger, F!M-928/C pe5 er<ioerq.E{etd(erot ox6lo erStinger, FIM-,{3A Redeye Kql SA-IB ouyxpovtopori rou ouvtrou rorv M-60 Grouse). Ee e{6trr[q ppioxetor ro np6oto enineo SABRA (ro oxdro ouypqppq npoy{Oelcq ovtroeponoprr<drv pnopoyr^ryriq 1.000opprirov pdx4q 34q ouor4pritolv p6oou pelqver<ogMIMyevltig eyroroeinowot). 23B l-Hawl< Phase lll ond ro ono06poO 72 rqrtlr nupourr<d ouorqpoto ro rou Apeplr<ovlr<o Erporo. MGM-140Block-|, pel4verog t65krn. a 2.392 qvrlopoilopll<<i nupopAq lq. OWS-IA rarv 4x320mm, M-270AI rtov gpov rnorv r<olloperp4p6torv. l2x227mm, T-,22 CNRA ralv 4 0 x l 2 2 m m ) , T R - 1 0 7r o v l 2 x l 0 7 m m floeplr Nourlr r<orRA-7040 rolv 40x70mm. t 14unoppxro (U-209/1400, U-209/t200). 'E{r a 2 . 1 7 4o t o l x e i q o u t o r l v o p e v o u ( M on6 ro unoppxrq U-209/1400 eivqr ll0Al/-ll0A2 tov 203mm, M-55 tov un<ivoun{yqo4. 203mm, M-107tov l75mm, K-9 Firtina o 26 peyrio noio enrgoveioq (gpeydreq r(v l55mm, yl-44T rrov l55mm, M-S2T Oliver H Perrn MEKO-20OTN Track rt,lv lssnrm, M-108rrov l05mm rol FHl/llA/llB, Knox rqr A-69).To np6ypop70 rov l55mm) rot pu;.roul(olipvou 1.ro vounriyqo4g 6{r gpeyordrv qvrrq(M-l15 rorv 203mm, MTTH panther ponoprr{q dyuvoq neproxrig (Turkish rtov l55mm, M-ll4Ali-ll4A2 rov l55mm, Frigate 2000) 6xer qvootqei lyo orM-59 rorv l55mm rql M-ll6 rorv 75mm) rovoprrc6v npop4;rdrov.

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ttov e(ouordlv rou Kupepvrjrrlyo rrov neprotdoetrrv. 2/t830 Ynoypdgetorro flpotrro.\otou Aov6ivou opgovo ye ro onoio q Edo ovor<qpooetor ove{dprrltoBooiero, pe npoordtrequvclperq tr1 Pooio,tr1 Meydq Bperovioror tq l-o,\io. 2719lt83l Aoogoveiror oro Nonloo lodwrlq Konoiotproc. t832 O npiyrcnog rqq Boucpiog, O0ovog,eneiyqonj .,f npootdrreq oq r<qpovoprr<g qyepvoq tnq tUdOoq. sir832 lulperS H O0<opovrr<rj Autor<potopio ovoyvropi(er enrorjproq tqv ovefoptqoiorqg E\d6oq. ,la84l H Kprjrq nepvdotov deyxo tqg O0opovrrcriq Awo<potopiog. 'Hnelpog, t854 Kotd tq rdpr<ero rou Kprpoir<o flo6pou, 11 11 Oeoooio xol q Mor<eovio e(eyip0r1r<crv. H Mey<iq Bpetovior<or foltrio rotdopov r<or 6rorrlprloov tov 6eyxo tou flerpotdqn ro lg54 6ro9 ro 1857 (orpotrotr<<i) xor lg59 (p6oo progenrtponrig eiyxou). To Emdvqoonopoxorpovtor yt: on tf Mey6q Bperovio orqv Edo leon<l otqv Kprjrq v6o yevxeuprdvq ,qeyrpo,l xropig enrtuxlo. ll91 1869 H fuv6rdor<eQq rov floproiov op<ptlvo'pe tr;v onoio rl Kp{rrl 0o nopdpeve un trlv r<upropxio tou lourdvou. pe ertetopivq poq outovouio. 4161t878H Knpognopoxropeitor otq Meydq Bperovio. 3/r881 H fupgroviotrlg K<ovotovrrvonoqg opgovo pe tqv bnoio (er<tq on tqv Eooovo) I Oeooofo ror o Nop6g Aprog nepvci otrlv rupropxiotqg Ed6oq" r896 leon<i otrlv Kprjrrl vdo e{6yepo4q onoio r<opugcvetor to 1g97. t897 Ayc,r trlg eqvrr<rig unootrjpr(qg orqv rpqrrrri eliyeporl,r; Toupr<ic eropder r<or npoeover otq Oeoooio,6roq rq Aopio. r908 Ieon<ito Kivqpotrov Neoroprtov. r909 :eond to Kivrlpooto fou6i ro onoio gipver rov Eeu06pto Bevr(6o orqv e{ouolo. 6ll0la9l0 . O Bevr(6oS opri(eror flpo0unoupyg, ynoupygItpotrotrr<drv ror ynoupyq Noul<riv. | 615l,912 H Eld6ounoypdger ouvOrjrr.l ouppoxioq pe tq Boulyopio. q onoio eixe rj6r1 unoyp<ir].rer ouvOrlr<r; ouppoxioq pe tr1 feppio r<or to Moupopovro. l7ll0ll9l2 H O0coyovrx( Autor<poropio <r1pooer rov nepoorq feppio Kotorrl Boulyopio. l8ll0ll9'2 H Eiri'o eropxetorotov nepooro ntreup rolv oupprixc,lv, ouvrpiBer trlv toupr.r<ri ovtiotoorl <oroneeuOepriver to rrodwrvo.

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tr1 Xio, tq Idpo ror tr1 Mutlqvry rq Oeooc)\ovirq, to ovopo q onolo nepropi(er q luv0rlrq tou Aovivou, Ynoypdgetor 30/10/1913 tou notol.to'Eppou. Autorpotopioq ovototrrr<d rqg O0<,lpovrrrig undp rrlq Etrtrd6oq <otoxupdrver tou Bour<oupeotiou t0/8/1913 H luv0rir<r1 'Hnerpo, (6o19 Kopdlo), tqv tq Ntro Mor<eovio tr1 Ntro 'lpppo) Kolrrlv ro vqordtou Aryoiou(ertog on to A<oerdvqocr Korrrlv Kp4tn. tov Bevr(6tro A onopo<pver Korvotovtivog 3/l9ls O'Boorrdg Arxoopo. trlv nepio6otou E0vr<o ond rqv rupdpvqoqeyi<orvr<i(ovtoq e< v6ou oe nopoitrlor;. e(ovoyr<d(etot 5l,0lgts O Bevr(6og orq Oeoootrovirq. Apuvoq, tqq E0vrrqg ro Kivlpo :eond ,7t8lt9t6 otq lppvq Itpotg onoprpd(etor 2l5lt9t9 O Elqvrr<69 rnv ev6oxrirpo. <ototroppdvr r<or

6119,9O Kepdrqpooertrlv E0vrrriEnovdotooq. Iuyrotreitor otqv Ayrupo q Meydtrqluvdtreuoq. 231414920 evcilq [oio ornv Toupr<io, 51t920 Ixrlpori(eror eOvrrrlr<uppvrlon
otqv Kltrrrio. rcot 6tot rep;roti(ovtoror exOponpo[ieg oupgoveloe ovor<oxri - ltotriog, tq luv0rlrq E),d6oq 22nil920 H ltotrio rotoyydtrer tou 1919. tqq 29rlgloutriou tq Auttrri rotoxupdvetundptrlg Ed6oq rov lepp<ilv 28F11920H luv0qr<q 'lpppo to vqord Kr,lvotovtrvonolq), Opdrq (extq on tqv <orAvototrrr<q lppvr1g otrl Autrr4 ro0g ror tq Aroirqoq trlg neproxrlg ror Tdveo, pe ntrqpqr<uptopxtt<d trlv onoio 0o npoooptooe Mrrpd Aoio,neproxri qpo{r1gio1totoq. rotntv euvoiro q Etrdo, to 1925, 6rr<ordpoto pe tqv ror Iuvepyooiog Orioq lpcptovo unoypdger 811920 O Ke;rr5 pe nopoxq otpotttottro q onolo tov unootrlpi(er roppouvrorrrl Prooio urroxor ego6fcov. toug gropoorr<og enovogpouv ed\oy6gotqv Etr66o lvl920 Or eOvrl<dg to npoxqpo oto 0pvo,6ivovtog Kotrov Ktovotovtivo orrlv rcupdpv4on rov Kepd. vo npooeyyioouv tqq E),\doq otoug npdrqvouppdxoug ' Or Toprorelonotrouv oe J\oto p6tono, ogo6p{ eniOeoq t3t8lt922 otrg 14Auyootou. ; to onoio Stoondrot otq lppvq,q onoio nupnoq0qre i Or Top<or etopxovtot 271814922 q lppvq elxe roel. Itrg 3 lemepBpioutou 1922, otrg 30 Auyootou. Mouavrd. q otq , Ynoypd<perorAvor<oxq a,tt0lt922 ovopo to etrqvotoupr<rrd 24ltlt923 H luv04rn tqq Ao(dwqq enovogdpel erpr(cvetor. i orov notop'Eppo.O MlrpoorotrrqEtrlqvropg q luv0q<q tqg Ayrupogeyrorvrd(ovtoq r930, Ynoypdgetor oup<prtriooq. , rlv etrtrrlvotouprcrq Knpoun6ptrlg'Evoorlgpe tqv Etrtrd6o. l93l : Ieonov topox6gotr'1v on tq Fotrio 1936 r H enopxio tqg A)\e{ov6pdttogt<otoxupdrOqre r un6Ptqq TouPrioq. ogqvertqv tetreutoiotou nvoq oto flcpior. agl3ll936 r O Bevr(6og

rlriirlibt{:':i t012/t947 , ,"orur""n"" ""o"rro".,"." "-n" r*uu" t948 : O Apxrenior<onog Knpou Mordprog fl <ipxroe vo opyovdrver
I to Kivqpo tqq'Evooqq.

81,954 H Ed6o erodyer to KunprordZrjtqpo otq levrrriluvdeuoq rou OHE. t955, H Tupric eyerper ofrdlotq orqv Knpo. 719ltgss , O roupxrr<q xtroq, opyov<opdvog on ro nopor<pdtoq tqq Ayr<upog, 1956 H Mey<ir1 Bpetovioe{opi(er ouq fexdeg tov Apxreniorono Mor<dpro
Korrov Eniorono Kuprlveloq pe ro npoxqpol unorrvov lg topoxrlq. er1drrloe ror rordorper.leerr1vrr<6q neprouoieg ornv Kcovorovrrvonon.

0o nopdpeve und pperovr<rj rupropxio6clqto 1965, pe ertetopivrl outovopio. a6l8/t960 H Knpogovorrlpooeror ror enlorip<oq ove{<iptqtorcpdtoq r<or p6oq rou OHE Kotrrls Bpetovrr<rjq Korvonorteioq. t962 H Ed6q onogooi(ervo {e<rvqoer yecorpqoerq oto Aryoio. t963 Apxi(ervo qvonrooeror q Etr\qvrr<ri Mepopxio otqv Knpo. t21,963 O Mor<dprog nptervel3 ouvroypotrrdq petoppu0pioerg pero{ rov onoiov ror q r<ordpy4oq rou rr<orcpotog dor<r1oqg veto yro rov Toupr<ornpro owrnpepo, o onoiogto oorooe ouvexdq oqydrvtog tr1 x6po oe rotdotoorl orupepvrloioq. 413/t964To luppotrroAogoeioq onogdoroevo onooteier reOvrj erpqveutr<q vopqotqv Knpo. a6t3lt964H Ayrupo r<otoyyder tq luv0rirrl tqq Ayxupog rou 1930. , O Nrqv Atoeoov nopouord(er 1964 to o;rcilvupo lxiro, ro onoio onoppimetoron tov Mor<dpro. Ipgovo pe ro ox6ro, q Knpoq npoooptdtorotqv Ed6o, evrir q Touprio troppvel eogrr<d ovto,\dypoto otpotqyrr<rlg oqpooiogoro v4oi. allt967 :eonov vdeqtopoxdqotqv Knpo.Kdro on rqv nieoq tqg Oudorvyrrov,11 xovro totv A0r;vdrv oupgrilvqoe vo onooper rrlv Eqvrrri Mepopxio. r973 H Touprio onogooi(etvo ercboer <i6ereg 6peuvog oto reOvq xorprr<d oro rou Aryoiou. M974 O Nrr<oog lop{drv npoono0eivo ovorp6rfer pe npo{rr<nq;ro tov Mordpro. , H Touprio etopdMer 20/U1974 oro vrloi (enrxeipqorl <Atriogl>) ror pe rqv enxeipqoq<Atrioqll> (14Ayouotou), r<otonotdrwog r<dOe ixvogteOvoq voprprrpoq r<ot nopopld(ovtoq ouvexdqlS oupgovnp6veq ovortoxdq, rorcopBdver to 38%tou vqoro(3.515 km') efovoyrd(owoq170.000 E,\rlvorunpiouq vo rotogyouv oq npoguyeqotrg eeOepeq neproxdq. 1976 , H Toup<ioqvoKorvdver rr 0o oteitreito epeuvqtrr< or<dgog <Xpo> oe neproxdq rou Aryoiou yro dpeuveq ror yeottpqoerg. ArotrouOei 6vtovo rntr<oporrr< nopoo<r;vro y.tq rnv onor.\rpdr<loq tqg r<pior1g, to onoio o6{V1oe olnv unoyloqri rou flp<orordou tqg B6pvrlq

6/19s8 H Meydr1 qvoKorvdrvr Bperovio 6vo oxiro opgcovo ye to onoio to vqoi

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(ll NoepBpiou 1976),oriprpovq Fe ro onoio (dp0po6)'to 6o rpdtq q y.eotprloerg) or SeopeOqrov vo p4v npopovoe npdlerq(6peuveq ttov 6ronpoypoteoeorv onoieq0o pnopooov vo roropd[ouvrqv e[6trr(q yrq rov roOoprop tqq qnerpotrrrlq ugotrorpqnioq. 1982 H e,\lrlvrrrjrupdpvqoqr<orqyopei t4v Touprio t1 6ev o6petorto Are0vig Axoorrlpro r4q Xdyqq)ror 6ev enrOupei Airoro (npooguyrioro Are0v6q ugotrorpqniog. rqv oprotrr<q reu0ftr1oq rou epouq rrls rlrrrporKrlq n6ov tqv Arorqpooer 8e 6rr to flpotrcoo tqq Bdpvqq ev eopeer q Toupric. Etr<io, dno{rq tqv onoio 6ev ouppepi(etor oxdoerq, tov q rotvonpo(io ekpetdtreuorlq 311987 N6o rpioq otrq etrr1vorouprcrq povopepriq, vo npope(oe 6peuveq tov nerpeloi<,rv tqq Odoou onogdoroe, quq 28 Moptiou, xclprrd oro.H rpioq tou 1987 teppotiorqKe oro reOvq u6dtov. tov to lopir rrvrl0qre evrq tov touprrrtirv xoprr<irv oro Davostqg Epetioq, ot4v eniuor1 2ilg88 Etrdq ror Touprio oupgrovov, tov rogopdrv rouq F erpqurd p6oo,xropiq vo npoogyouv yro npooguyq oe otpotr<orrr(Bio. orn orpqrorrrq Bio ri or4v onerri gopd q Touprio 06ter06po ,t,996 Ieor'rdq Kp(oqtolv'lpro nou yro np<rq yro ro eogrr ro0eortirq rnopour oro Aryoioror qproupyei oro Aryoio). tereeopdvo(0eorpio nepi yrpi(ov (rov<irv 11 Etrd6o ror q Toupt<io 7/,997 Ito ntrqiororqg luvou tou NATO, orq Mo6ptuq, qvororvoOivyro rqv ovoyvtproq rov 6re0v6vouv0rlr<cirv unoypdgouvrcorv (otrr<vou;.rgepwrov rdOe ntreupdq oro ror to oepoop rov vprp<,lv oto Movtpd Aryoio. To xtripooupgilioor1q, noq ror or ronpoypoteoerq, yro ro Kunprortov Ayouororou (rouxpdvou,rotoppdouv rqq EBeticg, notrrtrrrlg. rotnrv v6oqovoinloorlqrls rouprrrqg e[toteprrr'1g nopeixedoulo otov Kopo qy6tq Mdp.-Aer.1999 H onordu{rq6rr q Etrd6o to Mtiptro,old tqv ovriOeoqA0{vcg - Ayrcupog A. Orootrdv 4opugdrver ror rr1ouyrupio, to trem6pppro, pe nopdpBooq trlq opeprrovrr{g Arnrrlpotiog nou 66oloerqv eurorpiooporBoioq Korouq o xrirpeg, rov peydtov oerop<v poqOeroq, opxi(et v6og rroq ouvewo{oeov. onoototrrlgov0ponrotr<r1g Etoepit opveitoryo noootqgopd vo npoorpyet Ewotorg,q r<uB6pvqoq oro Arrcootripro tqq Xdyqqyro ro Aryoioror vo npoBeioe rdnoto xerpovol.tio q Etrdc rol or dor yrcrro Kunptot<. Ie out to noioto, rcotrriq Oerloeoq to Aer<6pBpro, oto EuponoirIupBoNorou etoiportqq E.E. onoppintouv, Etroivrr, to oir4po rouprrrqq ivto(r1qror 06touv otqv Ayrupo ouotqpog 06oeolv. pouq un6p tov e,\r1vtr6v 6vop[qq Epwoydv6rlproupyeienieg lu2002 H erloyrj rqq r,6o9ruBdpvqo4q tou yro to Aryoioror enitruorlg tou Kunptoroeni tq Bdoer rotryou pe onot6eopoto Euponoir 0o unovox<,lprioer, <<Ixeiou AvqD. H Ayr<upo o eyr<piver trlv 6vto(q trlq Kunpror{q Iupporo tqq Koneyxdyrlg Aqporpotioqotqv E.E. oveldprqto on t4 oqtou notrtrtronpoptr4porog rou touprrro ortrlpotoq r<or eni 6retiqtqv encve(6toon vo cvopdtrer 6vop(qqtov evto(tordv tonpoyporeoe<,1v. yro rov oprop qpepopqvioq