Phn II.

1 Phng php lun t chc hot ng nghin cu trin khai (R&D)

Phn II.1
Nm c bn cht i mi cng ngh cc nc ang pht trin Bn cht hot ng R&D nc ang pht trin Cch thc la chn sn phm, cng ngh v nhim v R&D phc v pht trin kinh t

1. i mi cng ngh cc nc ang pht trin

L do tin hnh R&D quc gia

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Cc quc gia khc chi nhiu cho R&D? Cc nh khoa hc mun nghin cu ? c th hng cao hn khi so snh quc t v KH&CN: patents, SCI v u t cho R&D? c nng lc cnh tranh cao trong thng mi quc t? quc gia mnh och hn - c hnh nh p? .
u l l do thc s? Cch thc t chc thc hin R&D s ph thuc vo l do no trn y l l do chnh

Vit Nam thc s mun g

1. 2. 3.

Xy dng tim lc khoa hc mnh vi nhiu kt qu t trnh khu vc tr ln? Tng tc pht trin kinh t bng KH&CN ? 1+2 ?

1. 2. 3.

Nu 1? la chn v o to cc nhm nghin cu nng ct v u t cho h lm vic theo mun. Nu 2? KH&CN c nhim v nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca nn kinh t. 1+2? ...

Nng lc cnh tranh c nng cao bng cch no?

1. 2. 3. Thng qua mi trng kinh t v m Thng qua ci cch th ch Thng qua i mi cng ngh.
Ngun: WEF, ch s nng lc cnh tranh GCI

Bn cht ca i mi cng ngh cc nc ang pht trin

S dng Cng ngh hn l sn xut Cng ngh. Mc tip thu cng ngh khc nhau. Ph thuc vo nng lc hp th cc tri thc ngm n trong cng ngh (tacitness) :
khng d th hin trong cc hng dn s dng hay cc sch gio khoa khng d nm bt nu khng c s kho cu k cng.

Bng con ng nghin cu, ngi ta c th nm bt cc tri thc ngm n c th d dng hiu r, hp th v ng ho cc kt qu nghin cu ca ngi khc.

Hc hi xy dng nng lc cng ngh nc ang pht trin

Hc hi xy dng nng lc cng ngh:
qu trnh t xy dng nng lc cng ngh

Nng lc cng ngh:

kh nng s dng c hiu qu cng ngh trong qu trnh tip thu, thch nghi cng ngh bn ngoi v to ra cc cng ngh mi p ng mi yu cu thay i ca mi trng.

3 c trng quan trng ca hc hi cng ngh:

C bn l do chuyn giao t ngoi vo (tech. diffusion) Thng qua cc thay i mang tnh tch lu incremental change Kt qu ph thuc vo cc n lc nm bt cc tri thc ngm n gii m cng ngh effort to tacitness of technology

3 giai on pht trin cng ngh ca Hn Quc

Giai on 1 1960s~1970s Hc hi v ng ho cc cng ngh tin tin
Tp trung vo sn xut cng xng Pht trin cng ngh sn xut hng ho bng k thut o ngc l hot ng ch cht ca i mi.

Hng n tip nhn cc cng ngh ch cht Giai on 2 1980s~1990s

xy dng nng lc sn xut v cng ngh tin tin v chin lc Cc vin nghin cu v cc cng ty hp tc cht ch pht trin cng ngh sn phm trong nhng ngnh cng nghip quan trng (bn dn, thng tin v tuyn)

Giai on 3 2000s

M rng v u t su vo cc nn tng cng ngh

Khoa hc hay nghin cu c bn c nhn mnh, ng mt tin khoa hc v tr thnh i th cnh tranh gii giang, u t su vo nn tng khoa hc v m rng c cu R&D

Bi hc t con ng pht trin cng ngh ca Hn Quc

o ngc m hnh i mi tuyn tnh: v d in hnh v s phi hp nhuyn cc chnh sch: cng ngh nh hng cng nghip + thc dng trong s dng cc ngun lc nng cao nng lc cnh tranh

2. La chn cch tip cn xc nh cng ngh

Cng ngh v th trng: 2 cch tip cn

2 cch tip cn i mi cng ngh:
1- T Nhu cu K/hng & TTrng => n phng n SP p ng nhu cu KH => dn n tm kim cc cng ngh p ng c nhu cu SP; 2- T nng lc cng ngh => to ra cc sn phm ph hp kh nng CN => tm kim khch hng v th trng ph hp vi sn phm
Sn phm do th trng quyt nh Cng ngh do sn phm quyt nh

Th trng

Sn phm

Cng ngh

Th trng do nng lc to ra SP quyt nh

Sn phm do nng lc cng ngh quyt nh

To gi tr cng vi i mi

Nng lc cng ngh

i mi Cng ngh Sn phm Dch v

Value Products

Nhu cu khch hng

1. i mi ch xut hin khi: c s giao thoa gia nng lc cng ngh v nhu cu khch hng. 2. S khng to ra gi tr khi: nhu cu ca khch hng v nng lc cng ngh b tch ri

Cng ngh: tip cn t th trng

Sn phm do nhu cu kinh t quyt nh Cng ngh do sn phm c chn quyt nh

Nhu cu Th trng

Xc nh Sn phm

Xc nh Cng ngh

L trnh th trng
u t vo cng ngh to ra sn phm To ra sn phm kinh doanh

L trnh cng ngh

=>

=>

Kinh doanh ph bn c cho khch hng

=>

Cn to c hi phc v Kinh doanh cho cng ngh

Xy dng phng n, gii php i mi CN

Cch tip cn hnh thnh phng n v gii php i mi cng ngh

Nhn dng cc cng ngh ch

Phn tch v tr
c im/ tim nng ca tnh Mi trng bn ngoi (trong v ngoi nc)

cn phi khuyn khch

Nhn dng kh nng tm kim cng ngh ch trong v ngoi nc

iu tra, kho st hin trng cng ngh

Hnh thnh phng n v gii php i mi cng ngh

5.a.La chn sn phm

Tiu ch la chn sn phm

A nh a m c) A-Tiu Tiuch chchung chung(( nhtnh, tnh,d d avo vokinh kinhnghi nghi mHn HnQu Qu c) n NN m ch m ng o ch cc L Lss nph ph mc ckim kimng ng chXK/c XK/ctiti mn n ngt t ora rakim kimng ng chXK XKcao caoho ho l n m i inh n, ch t tcc a n lss nph ph mm m nh n,ch ch ch an n nkinh kinht t ang cctiti p ccss m ng ng ng ng angtr tr pho ho mc ckh kh n n ng nggp gpvo voss t t ngtr tr ngkinh kinht t trong ng i igian o n p trongkho kho ngth th giandi di((giai giai o ncng cngnghi nghi pho) ho) n NN m o n ng ng n n NN m S S nph ph mgiai giai o nt t ngtr tr ngv vpht phttri tri ntrong trongchu chutrnh trnhss nph ph m

Tiu ch la chn sn phm

B nh ng, ccvo i in c) B-tiu tiuch chcc th th ( ( nhl l ng,ph ph thu thu voquy quym mkinh kinht tm m n c) ss /gi kim ch m ng ch ccm cc Tr Tr /gitr tr kimng ng chXK/ti XK/ti mn n ngkim kimng ng chXK XKho ho m quan quan tr ng c a s n ph m i v i n n kinh t trng ca sn phm i vi nn kinh t i igian ng i ithi u m o n Qung Qungth th gianSP SPc cvai vaitr trquan quantr tr ng, ,t t thi ul l5-10 5-10n n m((giai giai o n cng p cngnghi nghi pho) ho) cc ng ng ng u n NN m. T T t t ngtr tr ngd d ngvv nhu nhucc uss nph ph m.

Quy trnh la chn sn phm

1. Bc 1 - tm kim sn phm
Hi ngh gii thiu mc ch ngha ca vic la chn SP
i din cc b, ngnh, DNSX, cc nh kinh t

Tp hp cc i tng SP c kh nng t cc ngun thng tin khc nhau

iu tra, phng vn nhn cc xut v sn phm ( s lng chuyn gia - hng trm ngi)

Phn tch s b, sp xp, la chn gim bt s lng ( v d t 1000 xung 500 SP) Tp hp kin chuyn gia; Trao i vi cc b, ngnh v a phng c lin quan Sot xt li quan im, tiu ch la chn v ch n ca SP

2. Bc 2 - la chn sn phm

Phn tch k hn v SP c la chn (V d gp li cn 100)

Chun b d tho danh mc SP nh la chn

Trao i vi cc b, ngnh v a phng c lin quan

Tp hp kin chuyn gia

Xc nh danh mc sn phm (V d 20-40 SP )

3. Bc 3 - la chn nhim v nghin cu (cng ngh)

Cng b danh mc cc sn phm trn phng tin thng tin i chng T chc cc hi tho v tng sn phm trong danh mc Tip nhn cc xut v nhim v nghin cu cho mi sn phm

Nhim v nghin cu l cc cng ngh Xt chn cc xut v la chn t chc, c nhn ch tr nghin cu Sng lc ra cc cng ngh ct li T chc hi tho v k hoch nghin cu v xy dng k hoch thc hin

T chc thc hin nhim v nghin cu (lin kt hot ng ca vin, trng, doanh nghip) Cng tc h tr hot ng nghin cu (Cc hi ng t vn v t chc thc hin) Tip nhn v x l cc kin chuyn gia t cc lnh vc khc nhau (Cc hi tho rng ri)

Thng qua k hoch nghin cu

4. Bc 4 - Quyt nh ni dung v n v thc hin

R sot, nh gi v xy dng bo co cui cng v k hoch nghin cu

Ph duyt k hoch thc hin chng trnh (Cc hi ng chuyn ngnh v hi ng ch o iu phi chung )

Cng b k hoch thc hin rng ri v tip nhn cc h s nghin cu

Xc nh cc u mi qun l v thc hin (c quan ch qun, ch tr v c nhn ch tr)

5. Bc 5 - tin hnh nghin cu

K hp ng nghin cu

T chc thc hin chng trnh

6.b. La chn cng ngh theo sn phm

Tiu ch la chn cng ngh

Cng Cngngh ngh ph ccvv n NN m nh ccc n ng L Lcng cngngh ngh ph cho choss nph ph m xc xc nhho ho ckh kh n ng tao cccc nh tr ng ccv gi i i(Nhn taora rass nhtranh tranhtrn trnth th tr ngtrong trongn n vth th gi (Nhn t tt nh n t, i) tquy quy nhcho choss nxu xu t,kinh kinht t--x xh h i) c t u ttkho ng i igian L Lcng cngngh ngh cth th tnghin nghincc utrong trongm m kho ngth th gian nh ng ccv n ng cc ng n] nh[[n n ngl l vkh kh n nglm lm ngh h n] Ch c ttss nh cccng chi n ccss ccxc nh Ch cm m l l nhvv cngngh ngh chi nl l xc nhl l cc n ttph i it p ccqu ccgia ph ccvv nthi thi ph t ptrung trungcc ccn n l l qu gia ph cho choCNHo CNHo v ng ccnghin u vnng nngcao caon n ngl l nghincc u Ch c ttss nh cccng cc n i inghin u nng Ch cm m l l nhvv cngngh ngh nph ph nghincc u nngcao cao ch ttl ng ccss ng p ng u i itrong ch l ngcu cu ng v v p ngnhu nhucc ukinh kinht t--x xh h tronggiai giai o n ttn c. o nCNH CNH n c.

3 loi cu hi c bn khi iu tra xc nh sn phm v cng ngh theo th trng

Nhu cu ca khch hng l g

C hi c ln khng? Khi no th n xy ra ? Thi gia a ra th trng vo lc no? Yu cu quan trng nht i vi sn phm l g ? C hi c ph hp vi li th ca n v ta hay khng ?

Sn phm no p ng nhu cu y

Chng ta s sn xut n nh th no ? Phng n ca ta c cnh tranh c khng? y c phi l cc s dng ng cc sn phm v th trng tim nng ca ta so vi c hi khc hay khng? Cng ngh v cc yu cu sn xut quan trng nht l g?

Ta c c cng ngh c kh nng p ng yu cu i vi sn phm bng cch no

Ta phi mua hay to ra cng ngh? Ta c sn nng lc cng ngh cn thit hay khng? Nu khng c, ta cn phi t nghin cu hay tm kim bn ngoi? Gii php cng ngh c mang li hiu qu kinh t hay khng (phn tch chi ph-li ch)?

Cch tip cn la chn sn phm/cng ngh

iu kin 1
Mnh
Kh nng cnh tranh ca sn phm

Tm quan trng ca sn phm (trng im hay khng?)

rt quan trng t quan trng

u tin
quy m th trng

Yu

iu kin 2
cao Trnh cng ngh cn t thp

Nng lc cng ngh trong nc

p ng cao p ng thp

u tin
chi ph nghin cu

Tm tt qu trnh xy dng l trnh cng ngh

Giai on 1 Th trng Giai on 2 Sn phm Giai on 3 Cng ngh Giai on 4 Xy dng l trnh Kt ni cc ngun cng ngh vi c hi th trng trong tng lai

Phm vi/
quy m ng lc th trng/ kinh doanh S u tin

Khi qut v
tnh nng SP Phn loi theo nhm Xp hng theo tc ng Chin lc sn phm

Gii php
Cng ngh Phn loi theo nhm Xp hng theo tc ng

6.La chn nhim v nghin cu t nhu cu cng ngh

Xc nh bi cho R&D: tip cn t cng ngh

Thi gian Th trng Sn phm Cng ngh Chng trnh KH&CN Ngun lc

K/Hg cn gi Th trng? Th trng cn SP g ? SP i hi C/Ngh g?

M1 P1 T1 RD1 T2 T3 P2

M2 P3 P4 T4

CN cn ti R&D no?

RD2 RD3 RD4 RD5 RD6

Ti lc Nhn lc Nng lc khc

C ch xc nh nhu cu sn phm l quan trng => Ra bi cho KH&CN trn c s nhu cu kinh t => lp k hoch chin lc

Trit l tin hnh R&D?

Xut pht t kinh t hc: ngun lc hn hp, phi la chn: Vic no cn, vic no khng cn: khng phi ci g cng lm. Trit l: R&D l phng tin tng trng kinh t: cn la chn cch lm hp l vi chi ph thp nht, li ch cao nht. => Mc tiu R&D l phc v i mi cng ngh, ch nn t lm khi:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Khng ai bn c, d c tin mua; Nu t lm s r hn i mua; Nu ta c u th hn quc gia khc; Khi cn nng cao nng lc ni sinh v t ch v cng ngh; Khng mun ph thuc, t ch trong cnh tranh quc t; An ninh, c lp quc gia.

Mua hay t nghin cu ra cng ngh

Ma trn v mc quan trng/kh nng cnh tranh ca CN
Mc quan trng trong SXut-KDoanh
Cao Mnh Trung bnh Thp

Kh nng cnh tranh ca CN

T lm
Trung bnh

u t/ lin kt
Yu

Mua

K thut lp k hoch chin lc

Tm nhn
Mc ch
Lp nhm Cng tc

M t tm tt

Cc tiu ch kim chng khch quan

Phng php kim chng

Cc lu quan trng

Mc tiu (hay i tng)

Phn tch bi cnh
Nguyn tc ch o

u ra Hot ng u vo

Trin vng, i hi, nhu cu tng lai

Ti sao

Mc tiu tng th v nhim v

Kinh doanh g
Cy Cng ngh Cng ngh Ct li

Nh th no Ci g

Khi no Ai

Lnh vc Chin lc

Th trng no Cng ngh g?

Phn tch SWOT

L trnh Cng ngh

Th t u tin v K hoch hnh ng

Tp trung ch trng

Xp hng, La chn

Kinh nghim i Loan

L chn vn , xc nh v tr trong chui gi tr Phn b ngun lc sau khi cn nhc k v chi ph c hi Lp k hoch cho l gc t c cc mc tiu nht nh

Xc nh ch ng trong chui gi tr
Chui gi tr Tp hp cc hot ng m cc cng ty v ngi lao ng phi lm to ra sn phm / dch v: t khu hnh thnh tng n khu s dng cui cng v xa hn: hot ng thit k, sn xut, lp rp, tip th, phn phi v h tr n ngi s dng cui cng. Cc hot ng to ra chui gi tr c th gi gn trong 1 cng ty hay chia ra nhng cng ty khc nhau. Sn phm/dch v c th gi gn trong 1 khu vc a l hay tri rng ra ton cu.

To gi tr v kinh t
Gi tr kinh t c to ra bng vic Cung cp Gii php cho Nhu cu ca Th trng, v bng cch ti a ho Li ch thng qua S khc bit vi cc i th cnh tranh.

Xc nh cc nhu cu Cung cp gii php Lm ra s khc bit Ti a ho li ch

(N) (S) (D) (B)

Kt ni N-S-D-B vi vic to gi tr kinh t

Nhu cu ca khch hng/hoc th trng, sc thuyt phc ca bn Gii php p ng nhu cu, s cnh tranh S khc bit ca gii php, v Li ch m khch hng s nhn c/thy c t gii php so vi cc la chn khc

Cc cu hi v NSDB
N Cc nhu cu cp thit
Mc tiu th trng ca bn l g (quy m, tng trng, ngi tham gia, th phn)? Nhu cu c cp thit khng (cc khch hng trng tm c b tn thng)? Cc nhu cu c kt ni vi c hi kinh doanh khng? Gii php c o no ca bn c th lm tho mn cc nhu cu? Bn c th hnh dung gii php ca bn qua hnh nh, biu , m hnh v cc vt mu? Gii php ca bn l gim au hay l b dng/ tng lc ? So vi cc gii php c tnh cnh tranh v thay th, u l s khc bit trong gii php ca bn? S khc bit ny c em li cho khch hng gi tr ln hn gi tr ca cc i th cnh tranh hoc thay th khng? C phi ch c chng ta l ngi duy nht cung cp gii php? Li ch m khch hng nhn thy/c c sau khi s dng gii php l g? Ti sao khch hng li sn sng chi tr cho gii php ca bn?

S Gii php thuyt phc

D S khc bit vt tri

B Ti a ho cc li ch ca khch hng

Lp k hoch pht trin KH&CN

Bc 1: Xc nh cng nghip ct li Bc 2: Kim k kh nng cng ngh i vi cc cng nghip ct li Bc 3: Khng nh cc cng ngh quan trng Bc 4: La chn cng ngh ct li v cng ngh cn nng cp nhiu nht Bc 5: Lp k hoch pht trin cng ngh Bc 6: Hnh thnh bn cng ngh cho tng ngnh cng nghip ct li

Bi hc: La chn v tp trung

Cc ngun lc v thi gian hn ch S dng tt nht cc ngun lc sn c Lm php tnh tr v chia thay v php tnh cng v nhn La chn t nhng l ch quan trng v dn phn ln ngun lc cho chng Hnh thnh cc nn tng hiu qu

Tm tt phn II.1

1. Nng cao nng lc cnh tranh thng qua i mi cng ngh 2.Tip cn cng ngh t th trng 3. La chn nhim v nghin cu t nhu cu cng ngh 4. La chn u tin v tp trung ngun lc u t 5. Cc gi khc ?

Phn II.2 Phng php lun xy dng chin lc/k hoch KH&CN gn vi cng nghip ho

Phn II.2

Nm c xut pht im ca chin lc v k hoch KH&CN: chin lc pht trin KT-XH Yu cu i vi hot ng xy dng k hoch KH&CN Ni dung ca bn k hoch KH&CN

Mt s khi nim lin quan

Chin lc: nh hng pht trin >< Cch thc t mc tiu
Chin lc - ngh thut ch huy, lm tng: k hoch hnh ng c xy dng t c mc tiu nht nh. Cch thc t c mc tiu Nhim v ca chin lc l s dng c hiu qu cc ngun lc sn c t c mc tiu Chin thut: cng c thc hin chin lc v tun theo mc tiu chnh ca chin lc. Tm nhn: Cch thc con ngi xem xt v quan nim v mt vic no Cc ni hm ca chin lc: Mc tiu: r rng, c th o m c Cch thc hay con ng i t c mc tiu B tr ngun lc t mc tiu => Bit r: ta ang u, nh i n u, bao gi, bng cch no, cn g thc hin.

lp k hoch l vic la chn phng n hnh ng hng ti tng lai cho ton b v cho tng b phn ca mt t chc. Bao gm: la chn mc tiu ca t chc, ca tng b phn; xc nh phng thc t c mc tiu (=> KH phi tr li c cc cu hi: Lm g? Nhm mc ch g? v Lm nh th no?) 3

Mt s khi nim lin quan

Chin lc/k hoch KH&CN

Chin lc KH&CN - mc tiu t thn?:

Mc tiu : Pht trin KH v khoa hc

Chin lc KH&CN - mc tiu phc v pht trin KTXH (CNH v HH t nc)?

Hng vo CNH v HHo t nc; Hng vo bo v mi trng v an sinh x hi.

Chin lc KH&CN ph thuc vo chin lc pht trin KT-XH Chin lc/k hoch l s la chn hay xc lp u tin trong s nhng vic c th. Nguyn tc hin nhin ny nhiu khi d b b qua v rt nhiu chin lc li bao gm hu nh tt c nhng g c th lm.
4

Ni dung c bn

I.

Chnh sch KH&CN gn vi cng nghip ho - bi hc t m hnh Hn Quc

II. Khuyn ngh v chnh sch KH&CN v phng php xy dng k hoch chin lc KH&CN cho Vit Nam III. Mt s kinh nghim trong xy dng k hoch chin lc KH&CN Hn Quc.

1.Chnh sch KH&CN vi cng nghip ho bi hc t M hnh Hn Quc

I.a. M hnh cng nghip ho

Cc giai on ca chnh sch S&T gn vi cng nghip

Chnh sch S&T: m hnh 3 giai on: Kinh nghim H/Quc
Giai on cng nghip ho Giai on u (1970s) Giai on gia(1980s) Giai on trng thnh(1990s) Cc c trng c bn ca cc ngnh cng nghip Cng nghip ho Pht trin cng nghip theo chiu su Kinh t tri thc Thnh qu S&T K ngh o ngc kiu bt chc S ni ln ca R&D Pht trin mnh R&D

cf. Linsu Kim and Gihong Yi (1997), The Dynamics of R&D in Industrial Development: Lessons from the Korean experience, Industry and Innovation, 4(2) cf. Seok-Hyeon Kim (2007), The Evolutionary Path of Korean Innovation System: from Follower to Leader, presented at the workshop in Hanoi

Cng nghip ho l xy dng cc nh my ch to c trnh k thut nht nh p ng c cc nhu cu v cc sn phm cng nghip. Cng nghip ho su hn l y mnh cc mi lin kt trong cng nghip (backward and forward linkages of industries (Hirschman, 1958, The Strategy of Economic Development) Kinh t tri thc ngha l phi tch lu tri thc sng to lm tng cc gi tr mi cho cng nghip v cnh tranh vi cc quc gia khc. Hobday nhn mnh v con ng CNH ca ng ngc vi m hnh CNH truyn thng ca cc 8 nc phng Ty: bt u t sn xut v kt thc bng R&D.

So snh bi cnh kinh t-x hi Vit Nam v Hn Quc

Giai on cng nghip ho

Vit nam hin nay Ging nhau Khc nhau Cng nghip s dng nhiu lao ng trong nng nghip v thc phNm. Cnh tranh v sn phNm th (c, go, than) SOEs trong cc lnh vc ch o: nhin liu, in, vin thng. Nhng nng sut v cht lng sn sut b hn ch bi mc nhu cu ni a hin ti. Cc ngnh cng nghip mi nh: IT v cng ngh sinh hc ang ni ln Vietnam. Hn Quc thi cng nghip ho May mc v Giy da thu c nhiu la. Cc ngnh cng nghip nng v ho cht t nhn lm ch v t lc ang pht trin nhanh: thp, ng tu, in t, t. in t l cng nghip mi ni sau nhng nm 1970s.

So snh bi cnh kinh t - x hi Vit Nam v Hn Quc

Mi trng kinh t: Bi cnh quc t

Vit nam hin nay Hn Quc thi cng nghip ho Nhn chung p dng ch bo h mu dch v c bit tham gia lin minh chnh tr vi M

Ging nhau

Bo h

Vit Nam c quyn xut khNu vo th trng M (NPTR).

Thng mi v u t Khc nhau Cnh tranh thng mi

H thng WTO: V nguyn tc, khng cn ro cn thng mi v u t

H thng GATT: quy nh ring l v thng mi quc t

Trung Quc v n ni ln chim lnh trn th trng hng ho cp thp

Cc nc tng i nh (4 con h) cnh tranh vi Hn Quc trn th trng th gii 10

So snh bi cnh kinh t - x hi Vit Nam v Hn Quc

Tim lc chnh tr-x hi

Vit nam hin nay Ging nhau Chnh tr Chnh ph mnh Hn Quc thi cng nghip ho Thm ch mnh hn trong lnh o quc gia theo nh hng nht nh (Tng thng Park) Tng t ct bn tri

X hi

Pht trin i ln ca x hi; Coi trng gio dc; dn s tr S ng thun l rt quan trng trong chnh ph, vic ra cc quyt nh cn thi gian v cc chnh sch khc cn an xen phn nh cc quan im khc nhau .

Khc nhau

Chnh tr

Tng thng Park v ni cc c kh nng x l i vi cc cng c chnh sch c p dng.

X hi

Vit Nam c quy m dn s ln c th tr thnh mt th trng ni a rt ln.

Quy m dn s Hn Quc tng i nh, dn n cc chnh sch kinh t hng ngoi. 11

Kinh nghim v chnh sch ca Hn Quc

Kinh nghim Hn Quc trong thc y cng nghip
1950~60s 1970s
Thay th nhp khu cc sn phm thc phm v dt may Xut khu v thc y cc HCIs. Hn Quc tp trung vo 6 khu vc: thp, kim loi mu, ng tu, ch to my, in t, ho cht Cng nghip ho su hn i vi c kh ch to v cc hng ha trung gian.

1980s

Thc y cc HCIs ca Hn Quc l mt thnh cng ln, cc HCIs l cc ngnh cnh tranh quan trng ca Hn Quc. Nhng thnh cng ny cng phi tr gi. Chnh sch thc y cc HCIs c chi ph rt ln trong nhng nm1970s v 1980s Hn Quc. Trong khi thiu vng th trng ni a v cnh tranh quc t, nhiu HCIs khng hiu qu v trnh ph sn nh cc khon tr gip khn cp ca chnh ph. Cc chnh sch S&T ca Hn Quc pht trin cng vi cc chnh sch thc y cc HCIs. Trong khi theo ui thc y cc HCls, hn Quc thc s khng d cc nh k thut v k s v thiu nng lc R&D nht nh. V vy, mt mt Hn Quc a khi ng chnh sch pht trin ngun nhn lc(HRD) mt khc thit lp cc vin nghin cu chnh ph gn vi cng nghip trong 1970s.
12

Phn tch tng qut tnh hnh Vit Nam

Kinh t Vit Nam c tim nng trong th trng ton cu: s gia tng FDI, u t quc t trong th trng chng khon Vit Nam thng qua tin trnh t nhn ho v c phn ho doanh nghip nh nc, Mt s yu im trong quan im v tnh bn vng v nng ng ca h thng: Th nht, khu vc doanh nghip FDI khng c tn dng mt cch c chin lc v hiu qu xy dng nng lc trong nc v cng ngh Th 2, nh nc cha hng c KH&CN vo vic phc v cng nghip ho do thiu chin lc, s phi hp, kinh ph Th 3, cc vin nghin cu phi t ch v ti chnh hay tr thnh cc doanh nghip khoa hc v cng ngh nhng h thng KH&CN khng tn dng ht kh nng chuyn giao cng ngh v thc hin cc hot ng R&D mang tnh chin lc cho tng lai. Th 4, h thng gio dc tip tc c nng cao cht lng thng qua hp tc quc t, nhng khng cung cp nhng lao ng c o to ph hp cho cng nghip v cc nh nghin cu v k s c trnh cho h thng khoa hc v cng ngh. Cui cng, vic tip tc ci cch ngn hng trong nc v t nhn ho, c phn ho doanh nghip trong nc dn ti vic tng tit kim v u t chng khon trong nc, nhng cha cho vic pht trin cc doanh nghip cng ngh spin-off v doanh nghip t nhn.
13

-

Phn tch tng qut

Tng v tr ca Vit Nam trong mng li sn xut ton cu H thng ti chnh
Khng cho khu vc t nhn

C phn ho v t nhn ho Khu vc Nh nc

T nhn

FDIs

H thng Cng nghip

Thiu lao ng c o to ph hp cho Hn ch trong cng nghip ph bin cng ngh

v thnh lp cc doanh nghip spin-off

H thng Gio dc

Nhn lc KH&CN trnh thp

H thng KH&CN

Khng c cc chng trnh R&D chin lc cho tng lai

Khng c nng lc v ng lc cho chuyn giao cng ngh

Chnh ph
Thius phi hp gia chnh quyn trung ng v a phng Ti tr nghin cu khng Hiu qu thc hin R&D thp Khng c l trnh r rng, khng c chin lc hnh ng

Buc vin nghin cu nh nc t ch hay thnh cc doanh nghip KH&CN

Th ch

Vic kt hp mt cch hnh chnh gia KH&CN vi h thng kinh t Ci cch chm nhng bn vng theo cch phi t c s ng thun 14

Khuyn ngh chung

Vit Nam cn theo ui mt m hnh ring kt hp vic xy dng ni lc v chin lc s dng cng ngh nc ngoi. - Hn Quc pht trin m hnh k ngh o ngc ca h (reverse engineering) bt kp cc nn kinh t tin tin v cc vin nghin cu nh nc nh KIST ng vai tr then cht trong qu trnh ui bt. - Trung Quc cng a ra m hnh chin lc ni a ho cng ngh (strategic localization) da vo th trng ni a khng l v k tha nng lc nghin cu tip thu v ni a ho cc cng ngh nc ngoi. im nhn quan trng nht ca chnh sch cn nhm vo chin lc nm vng v ng ho cc ngun cng ngh nc ngoi nhng c ch v nng lc trong nc cng cn phi c xy dng c th theo di, tip nhn, ci tin v ph bin chng. Cng phi lu n s cn thit phi xy dng khung th ch mang tnh i mi v nh hng theo nhu cu i vi cc hot ng KH&CN nh: tip tc c phn ho v t nhn ho cc doanh nghip nh nc, ci cch th ch v lnh vc ti chnh v th trng lao ng, ci cch thu, Khuyn ngh tp trung vo cc ni dung: - Chuyn giao cng ngh c nh hng chin lc, - t th t u tin v nghin cu, - Xy dng nng lc ni sinh chuyn i h thng KH&CN 15

Khuyn ngh chung

Vit Nam ang theo ui vic chuyn i nn cng nghip t cn nhiu lao ng sang cng nghip cn nhiu vn v cng nghip da nhiu vo cng ngh. Do vy, cn thit k mt khung chnh sch tng th cho cc mc tiu cng nghip, u tin pht trin S&T v chin lc chuyn giao cng ngh thch hp.
S&T c nh hng u tin v gn vi cng nghip Cng nghip ch bin ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v cn nhiu lao ng Cng nghip cn nhiu vn v nhiu cng ngh

Cng nghip ho su qua chn lc v tp trung

Mc tiu cng nghip gn vi SOEs ng vai tr chuyn i

Chin lc tip thu v ng ho cc cng ngh

16

Bi hc v chnh sch cng nghip cho Vit Nam

I. Nhm mc tiu vo mt s ngnh cng nghip I.

Nhm mc tiu vo mt s ngnh cng nghip:

Vit Nam nn v c th thc y lnh vc cng nghip thit yu (nng nghip v thc phm): y l lnh vc Vit Nam c th mnh cnh tranh v cc ngun lc thin nhin v lao ng d tha. Cc lnh vc ny s to s thay i, nng cp dn dn cc ngnh cng nghip m khng cn chi ph ln. Cng nghip sinh hc s l khu vc tim nng gip Vit Nam c th c c hi tr thnh mt trong cc nc dn u, khi lnh vc nng nghip/thc phm c lin kt cht ch v c ci thin vi s tr gip ca cng ngh sinh hc.

i vi ngnh cng nghip nh. i din l cng nghip dt v may, cc doanh nghip nh l thch hp. Nhng vic cc nh doanh nghip t nhn thiu vn v b quyt sn sut l yu t cn tr s pht trin ton din nng lc trong nc. V vy, cn phi nghin cu gii quyt vn vn v b quyt cng ngh trong khu vc ny.

17

I. Nhm mc tiu vo mt s ngnh cng nghip (tip theo)

i vi cng nghip nng v ho cht (HCls): - Vit Nam c th v cn phi theo ui cc chnh sch thc y HCIs cng vi vic phi c cc chnh sch S&T tng ng. Khng nn cng iu ho cc yu t ri ro trong u t HCls (s cnh tranh rt cao; th trng trong nc khng ln hp th ht lng cung hng) - Kinh nghim ca Trung Quc h tr cc FDIs dng lin doanh bng vn trong nc v s dng cc FDIs nh l mt c hi hc hi l mt trng hp ng nghin cu. Vit Nam khc vi Trung Quc ch Trung Quc c th thc y HCIs, khi c th cn bng sc mua ca th trng trong nc. . - Vit Nam cn phi c cch tip cn cn i v ti u gia mt bn l thc y cng nghip trong nc v mt bn l vn FDIs. Phn tch bi cnh khc nhau ca th trng th gii nm 1970s khi Hn Quc thc y rt mnh cc HCIs, th khng nn xem Hn Quc l m hnh mu chun.

18

Bi hc v chnh sch cng nghip cho Vit Nam

II. Vai tr ca doanh nghip nh nc SOE v FDI
SOE: Vai tr tch cc: Cc SOEs c th l mt n by quan trng m Vit Nam c th theo ui chnh sch thc y cng nghip. Do thc y tch cc ca cng nghip ho, tin b cng ngh s c thc y. Vai tr b ng: V cc doanh nghip nh nc khng hiu qu nn cc SOEs nn c c phn ho cng nhanh cng tt. Khuyn ngh Xem xt vai tr quan trng ca cc cng ty ln ca Hn Quc trong cc ngnh cng nghip ch o, c th hiu rng Vit Nam c th s dng tt cc SOEs. Tt nhin, cc SOEs c th hot ng hiu qu v cnh tranh c ng cp quc t, cn phi tp trung u t nhiu hn vo hc hi v pht trin cng ngh. Vit Nam c th trao cho cc SOEs ln vai tr l trung tm hc hi cng ngh: T kinh nghim cc cng ty ln ca Hn Quc (POSCO), c th hiu rng Vit Nam c th s dng tt cc SOEs. Tt nhin, cc SOEs c th hot ng hiu qu v cnh tranh c ng cp quc t, cn phi tp trung u t nhiu hn vo hc hi v pht trin cng ngh. FDI: Cn s dng FDI khng ch l to vic lm m cn l c hi hc

hi cng ngh, k nng sn xut.

19

I.b. M hnh chnh sch KH&CN gn vi cng nghip ho

20

Khuyn ngh chnh sch KH&CN cho Vit Nam

Pht trin KH&CN c th t c qua 3 cch: pht trin ngun nhn lc; nghin cu v pht trin; chuyn giao cng ngh. Mt chnh sch y cn bao gm c chnh sch v: s hu tr tu v xy dng phng th nghim ch to mu. y cng l cch thc thc y pht trin cng ngh. Cau hi lm g : l s u tin gia cc lnh vc chnh sch ni trn hoc cho cc chng trnh, mc tiu c th trong cc lnh vc . y cng l vic lm quan trng. Cu hi ai lm y l t chc no c tnh quyt nh v ph thuc vo vic ai l ngi th hng chnh sch. Cu hi lm nh th no s gip ta hon thnh bn thit k v k hoch v s ni ln tm quan trng ca vic u t ti chnh v vic xy dng nng lc cng ngh. Cu hi v xy dng nng lc cng ngh ny chnh l phn chng ta xy dng chin lc v chnh sch KH&CN. V d: HRD l trch nhim chnh ca cc trng o to, i vi hot ng R&D: th tnh cht R&D s thay i tu thuc vo cc t chc thc hin. Trong s khung phn tch ny, vic xc nh u tin cho cu hi lm g cng chng mc no chnh hng ta tr li cu hi ai lm ri. Nh vy, cn nghin cu kho st k tng lnh vc chnh sch v cc hng u tin cn thit t tho lun v a ra khuyn ngh cn thit. 21

139

Chin lc pht trin KH&CN

Cc u tin trong cc lnh vc KH&CN
Chnh sch KH&CN nh hng CNHo
c trng

Giai on CNH

Giai on nh v chin lc

Giai on nng cng hm lng tri thc

Hin i ho dy To ra cc sn phNm nh cao tng to ra gi tr chuyn cng ngh sn gia tng xut K thut>Trin khai cng nght> Nghin cu khoa hc K thut vin > K s > Nghin cu vin Production/process management (Cha kho trao tay) Trin khai cng ngh Nghin cu

R&D

HRD Technology Transfer

K s > Nghin cu vin

Nghin cu vin quan trng hn c

Mua bn quyn sn xut SP Lin kt chin lc nh cao, hng n cc nc pht trin mua cng ngh tin tin. E.g. Samsung in the 1980s [ITT 143]
22

140

Chin lc pht trin KH&CN

Cc u tin trong chnh sch KH&CN

Giai on u CNH: nhm gii thiu v ph bin cng ngh mi. Do vy, c 4 u tin sau: 1. cung cp cc k s, k thut vin v nh qun l vn hnh cc h thng sn xut tin tin. 2. T chc chuyn giao cng ngh rng khp cho cc doanh nghip mi thnh lp 3. Hot ng R&D cn gn gi vi hot ng k ngh hn (engineering) gip ni a hoc cc cng ngh nc ngoi uc chuyn giao 4. Dnh mt phn hot ng R&D chun b cho giao on pht trin cng nghip tip theo.

23

141

Chin lc pht trin KH&CN

Cc u tin trong chnh sch KH&CN

Giai on nh hng chin lc: cn

1. 2. 1.

tp trung vo cc sn phm phc tp hn v c cht lng hn theo 2 hng sau y: To ra sn phm phc tp v c cht lng da vo vic cng nghip ho theo chiu su theo hng m rng chui gi tr. To ra sn phm ci tin dng Product Mix change vi gi tr gia tng cao hn. lnm vic ny, cc doanh nghip cn phi c t chc nghin cu R&D.

Do vy cc u tin theo 2 hng sau y: u tin th nht trong giai on ny l c i ng k s v nghin cu vin c th to ra cc cng ngh sn phm nhm hng ti cc sn phm mi vi cht lng tt, a dng. Cn ni r l y , ranh gi gia nh nghin cu v k s l rt m v vic pht trin sn phm cn c tri thc khoa hc ln c k nng v phng tin cng xng. u tin th hai trong giai on ny l chuyn giao nhng cng ngh tin tin hn giai on CNH v c kh nng gip Vit Nam hp th cc thnh phn cng ngh thit yu pht trin sn phm. Loi chuyn giao cng ngh ny c nh hng di dng hp ng li xng, hc tp kinh nghim nc ngoi, mua doanh nghip,.... 24

2.

Nghin cu R&D giai on CNH Hn Quc

Choi Huyng Sup chia R&D ra lm 3 loi (Springboard measures for becoming highly industrialized society, 1989, APCTT/UN ESCAP, page 253) 1. Sng to ra cc cng ngh cao, mi 2. Pht trin cc cng ngh lai ghp bng cch s dng tri thc sn c hoc t hp cc cng ngh sn c vi nhau 3. Nghin cu ng ho, ci tin cc cng ngh hin c hay cng ngh nhp. Cng ngh lai ghp: L vic s dng tri thc sn c hoc t hp cc cng ngh sn c to ra cc cng ngh mi tho mn c nhu cu nht nh hoc s dng c hiu qu cng ngh v thit b sn c nhm mc ch to ra gi tr gia tng mi thng qua vic thit k k thut ( c kh, in in t, h iu khin, s dng sn phm) v cc k thut kim tra, phn tch sn phm m nhm mc tiu: gim chi ph, gi thnh, ci tin mu m, hnng cao hoc ti u ho cc c tnh cht lng sn phm. V d: vic ch to v lp rp my bay rt phc tp nhng c th khng nht thit phi sn xut ton b cc linh kin v chi tit trong nc. Cng vic nghin cu l phi gip nhn bit c cch cung cp vt liu , linh kin hay chi titcn thit cho ch to my bay, theo thit k ring ca mnh; loi choi tithay linh kin no c th phi t chtto, loi no buc phi mua bn ngoi v phng p lp rp no l hiu qu nht. Bi v linh vc in t trong hng khng l ngnh quan trng nht trong ch to my bay nn c th la chn nhng linh kin v chi tit ti u nng cao tnh nng hoc gim gi thnh sn phm. Cc dng cng ngh lai ghp: Nghin cu thit k lp t nh my; Nghin cu pht trin h thng cho cng ngh lp rp 25

II. Khuyn ngh v chnh sch KH&CN v phng php xy dng k hoch KH&CN cho Vit Nam

26

Khuyn ngh chnh sch cho Vit Nam

I. Lnh vc pht trin ngun nhn lc
(1) i vi gio dc ph thng: cn cung cp cho h cc k nng cn thit c th lm vic theo yu cu ca nh my, m khng phi l cc hiu bit cao, phc tp. Vit Nam ang tin hnh cng nghip ho cn lc lng lao ng c cc k nng lin quan n sn sut, gio dc hng nghip nn c u tin. (2) Tuy nhin, cn thit phi c mt s t chc /vin nghin cu ng cp thc hin mt s ngnh khoa hc k thut mi nhn. Nu gio dc i hc k thut c Nh nc h tr thch ng th cn phi u tin hn trong vic o to cc k s trnh cao h tr cho cc ngnh cng nghip hin ti v tim nng. (3) Vn khng phi l tp trung gio dc hng nghip hay gio dc i hc, m quan trng l to ra mt cht lng nht nh v mi trng gio dc: kh nng ging dy, trang thit b, hc bng,Vic phn b dn tri ngn sch vn rt t i s khng mang li kt qu mong mun. V kha cnh ny (Hn Quc l mt v d b ch hc tp).

27

Khuyn ngh chnh sch cho Vit Nam

II. Lnh vc R&D: tp trung vo R&D gn vi cng nghip
Mt mnh Nghin cu gn vi cng nghip l nhu cu cp thit v thnh cng trong loi hnh nghin cu ny s to iu kin cung cp kinh ph cho cc nghin cu tip theo, nh vy s c ng gp vo chu trnh t nghin cu n thnh cng trong thng mi ho kt qu nghin cu. Cc ngun lc hin nay l khng ln chia s cho c khoa hc v cc nghin cu gn khoa hc vi cng nghip. Thm ch so snh vi Hn Quc nhng nm 1970, Vit Nam dng nh thiu cc ngun lc ti chnh m bo duy tr c mt s vin xut sc.

Tuy nhin, s l sm u t cc ngun lc vo nghin cu khoa hc bi v cc kt qu nghin cu khoa hc s ng gp khng nhiu cho cng nghip nh l s ng gp cho cng ng khoa hc. Mt yu Khoa hc l c s ca cc hot ng R&D. Khoa hc l nn tng ngun nhn lc p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng trong tng lai. Hn na, Khng th hoc khng cn phi huy ng tt c lc lng cc nh khoa hc v k s tham gia vo nghin cu nh hng thng mi. 28

Khuyn ngh chnh sch cho Vit Nam

II. Lnh vc R&D: tp trung vo R&D gn vi cng nghip

1. Nghin cu trong khoa hc cng cn phi c chin lc. s dn tri kinh ph t i cho nhiu cc nh khoa hc khng th c tc dng trong vic xy dng nng lc nghin cu.=> tp trung cc ngun lc vo mt s cc vin nghin cu s tt hn. (v d Hn Quc u t tp trung cho KIST trong nhng nm 1970) 2. gn nghin cu vi cng nghip, cn c thm cc chnh sch: nghin cu theo hp ng ca doanh nghip, lin kt gia doanh nghip v vin nghin cu, M hnh t chc trung gian mi gii v dch v k thut ( KITECH, KOITA v lin h 115) m rng cc n v nghin cu trong SOEs, v v..v.
29

Khuyn ngh chnh sch cho Vit Nam

III. Lnh vc R&D u tin Top down l cn thit
L do: L vic phn b kinh ph cho cc d n R&D theo th t u tin. S u tin theo kiu top-down l cn thit bi th t u tin s quyt nh vic hng dn phn b kinh ph. Qu trnh to ra s ng thun l rt cn thit phn nh cc quan im khc nhau trc khi thit lp th t u tin. Tuy nhin, mt khi i n kt lun, cn phi tun th mt cch trung thnh vic phn b ngn sch. V d: Thnh ph H Ch Minh u t hn 10 triu la vo CNSHc. TP.H Ch Minh tin tng rng CNSHc cn thit tng gi tr i vi nng nghip. Chng trnh G7 (hoc HAN) u tin: 10 d n R&D c quyt nh trong 1992 v tip tc trong 10 nm tip theo nhm t c trnh cng ngh ca cc nc G7. C th l:Cht bn dn, Ti vi net cao, Mn hnh phng, Mng bng thng rng. Tng chi ph gn 4 t la trong chnh ph chim 1.5 t la. Lu u tin Top-down c th to c hi cho mt s i tng lin kt vi cc quan chc, v c th lm sai lch vic phn b ngun lc thay v phn b hp l. u tin c th lm nn lng cc tng sng to v ch h tr cc tng c khng nh, khng gip ch cho cc khm kh khoa hc. 30

Khuyn ngh chnh sch cho Vit Nam

III. Lnh vc R&D: u tin top down

M hnh t chc chng trnh nghin cu v ng dng cng ngh: Chng trnh h tr nm bt v la chn cng ngh dnh cho doanh nghip va v nh: hiu cch vn hnh v so snh tnh nng la chn cng ngh, Chng trnh ci tin sn phm v nng cp cng ngh sn xut: to ra sn phm tng t vi sn phm sn c trn th trng quc t nhng vi mu m ring, c trng ring, mu sc ring ca Vit Nam, Chng trnh nghin cu sn phm trng im quc gia: to ra sn phm c tm quan trng quc gia cnh tranh trn th trng quc t v hiu r ni hm ct li cng ngh sn xut v tin ti to ra cng ngh ring hoc sn phm ring trong tng lai
31

Khuyn ngh chnh sch cho Vit Nam

IV. Lnh vc Chuyn giao cng ngh: nhp khu cng ngh
L do: Chi ph cho pht trin trong nc (ni a ho) cng ngh tn km nhiu chi ph hn l chi ph nhp khu. Cc chi ph cng bao gm c lng ph, tn km thi gian, nh ra khng xy ra khi nhp khu cng ngh. Thm ch ngay c khi cng ngh c pht trin thnh cng trong nc, quy m th trng qa nh cng khng b p ni cc chi ph nghin cu.

Mt v d v pht trin cng ngh trong nc: cng ty n , Larson v Turbo c gng ni a ho cc my xc thu lc trong nhng nm 1980. Nhng do quy m th trng nh, c gng bn ni ho tn chi ph qu cao, lm gi sn phm cao v mt cnh tranh trn th trng. Mt khc, cc cng ty Hn Quc nh cng nghip nng Samsung ng ho rt nhanh chng cng ngh nhp khu v bn cc sn phm ra nc ngoi. Quy m kinh t gip gim gi thnh v nng cao cnh tranh(Forbes and Wield 2002). Ch S ph thuc vo cng ngh nc ngoi s lm yu i nng lc cng ngh trong nc khi pht trin cc cng ngh mi. Gi ca chuyn giao cng ngh s qu cao khi th trng cng ngh c tnh c quyn mc nht nh. Cc cng ty v quc gia tin tin s khng bn cc cng ngh quan trng trn th trng; h ch bn cc cng ngh li thi.

32

Khuyn ngh chnh sch cho Vit Nam

IV. Lnh vc Chuyn giao cng ngh: nhp khu cng ngh
Khuyn ngh (1) Vn trong CGCNgh khng phi l bn thn vic CGCNgh m l lm th no c c cng ngh v vi gi nh th no. Ni chung, CGCN t nc ngoi r hn v nhanh hn so vi t lm trong nc. (2) chuyn giao cng ngh thnh cng xt v gi c v kh nng ng ho, cc cng ty phi c mt nng lc nht nh c quyt nh chin lc lin quan n chuyn giao v hiu c v tn dng ti a hiu qu ca vic chuyn giao. Nng lc cng gip lm tng kh nng thng lng trong m phn chuyn giao. (4) Vit Nam nn khuyn khch chuyn giao cng ngh t nc ngoi. Nhng khuyn khch khng c ngha l m bo thnh cng trong chuyn giao. Chuyn giao cng cn phi c chin lc; 1) Lin doanh vi cc cng ty nc ngoi v iu kin i vi mc chuyn giao cng ngh nn c u tin trong cp php FDI. 2) FDIs hoc cc SOEs nn mua mt lng nht nh hng ho trung gian cung cp trn th trng ni a, iu ny s thc y pht trin cng ngh (gm c vic nhp khu cng ngh nc ngoi). 3) T do ho qu mc chuyn giao cng ngh c th dn n hu qu khng mong mun: cc nh sn sut trong nc cnh tranh vi nhau lm tng chi ph cp php. V vy cn c s tham gia nht nh ca chnh ph. 4) Hnh thc thnh lp t hp cng ty v vin nghin cu chnh ph (GRIs) s rt c ch trong vic tit kim chi ph khng ch trong pht trin cc cng ngh trong nc m cn trong chuyn giao cc cng ngh nc ngoi.

33

Tm tt cc khuyn ngh v KH&CN

1) 2) 3)

Khu vc cng nghip phi c xem xt trc tin v lm r: Ngnh cng nghip no cn c thc y pht trin. Sau khng th khng tr li cu hi ai s l ch lc Mt chnh sch ng n phi cp n 3 lnh vc: pht trin nhn lc; R&D; chuyn giao cng ngh. Trong pht trin ngun nhn lc, gio dc hng nghip nn c u tin nhiu, gio dc ngh phi c h tr mnh m c cht lng. Gio dc bc cao trong k thut nn tp trung vo mt s cc vin u t duy tr cht lng o to. Trong R&D, cc nghin cu gn vi cng nghip phi c u tin cao. thit k ng b cc gii php khuyn khch nghin cu nh hng cng nghip, trong ch r ai s l lc lng ch cht trong mi lnh vc chnh sch nht nh. Trong R&D, u tin l mt gii php chin lc cn c p dng. Thay v thu thp v phn loi cc nhu cu t di ln, cn phi a ra c mt s lnh vc nghin cu u tin v phi rt kinh ph cho n. Chuyn giao cng ngh ni chung nn c khuyn khch xc tin pht trin cng ngh. Tuy nhin, cn phi c mt c ch chi tit cho vic chuyn giao cng ngh hn l t do ho chuyn giao cng ngh mt cch n thun. im mu cht trong thit lp chin lc l phi la chn v tp trung. iu ny chc chn phi i mt vi c nhng phn nn v phn i. Thnh cng ca vic xy dng v duy tr chin lc s ph thuc vo s quyt tm cu chnh ph. 34

4)

5)

6)

III. Phng php xy dng k hoch chin lc KH&CN cho Vit Nam

35

Hin trng k hoch KH&CN 5 nm

Lp K hoch chin lc KH&CN l vic thit k mt vin cnh chnh sch nhm to cho h thng KH&CN ca Vit Nam s nng ng v tri chy trong vn hnh gp phn t mc tiu tng trng kinh t v gim i ngho mt cch bn vng Vit Nam. Chin lc pht trin v cc k hoch 5 nm trc y v KH&CN Vit Nam khng phn nh c hiu qu thc t ca vic xc nh r mc tiu, cch thc t chc thc hin v vic b tr ngung lc (nhn lc vt lc , ti lc,...). Mt s tn ti chnh l: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. s tch ri vi nhu cu sn xut cng nghip v i hi v cng ngh, s quan tm hn ch i vi chnh sch KH&CN ca cc b/ngnh lin quan, thiu vic chn on, phn tch n ni n chn v iu kin v kh nng ca KH&CN, t ch trng ti hot ng cng ngh trong khi sn xut, khng nht qun trong nh hng k hoch, thiu quan nim u tin, t xem xt n vic huy ng cc ngun lc, s khng y ni dung trong cc ti liu k hoch

Kt qu l chin lc v k hoch KH&CN cha th l c s tin cy cho vic u t tp trung vo R&D theo u tin cng nh lm cn c xy dng cc chnh sch KH&CN v pht trin kinh t.

36

Phng php xy dng k hoch chin lc KH&CN cho Vit Nam

1. Quan im: Khng nh KH&CN phc v cng nghip ho. Giai on CNH Vit Nam tng ng giai on trc 1980 ca Hn Quc khi nn kinh t bt u chuyn trng tm t nhp khu vn sang nhp cng ngh v nng cao sc cnh tranh phc v xut khu Nguyn tc ch o: Ly vic nm bt v s dng cng ngh phc v cng nghip ho l chnh yu. Ni hm hot ng KH&CN ( t CGCNgh n o to NLc v t chc nghin cu) l: M rng cc hot ng o to cng ngh; Ci tin c ch s dng cng ngh nhp khu; Khuyn khch cc nghin cu tha mn cc nhu cu ca cng nghip ho; Xy dng h thng h tng KH&CN. Ngoi ra, ni hm hot ng KH&CN Vit nam s gm nhng ni dung v: Pht trin v thu ht i ng nhng nh khoa hc v k s c trnh cao, T chc thc hin c hiu qu cc chng trnh nghin cu KH&CN Khuyn khch nghin cu pht trin cng ngh trong sn xut cng nghip.
37

2.

Phng php xy dng k hoch chin lc KH&CN cho Vit Nam

3. V mc tiu ca pht trin KH&CN: trng tm tip nhn v ph bin KH&CN. C th l: hng vo hot ng khoa hc, cng ngh v i mi (STI); hng vo nghin cu v trin khai cng ngh (RTD) tp trung vo cng ngh Mu hnh thay i cng ngh c bn l: la chn v nhp khu cng ngh => ng ha v bt chc => Ci tin/i mi cng ngh. V ni dung hot ng KH&CN: Phn chia ni dung theo cc i tng th hng/thc hin thay cch phn chia theo lnh vc cng ngh: h tr doanh nghip va v nh chuyn giao tri thc, la chn, nm bt cng ngh mi, khuyn khch doanh nghip ln nm bt cng ngh tin tin, Kch hot cc hot ng nghin cu trong doanh nghip; o to k s v cn b k thut v xy dng chng trnh gn kt gia i hc v doanh nghip trong nghin cu v o to, T chc hot ng nghin cu trong cc vin phc v cho hot ng ph bin cng ngh, thng mi ho cng ngh vi ni hm l nghin cu pht trin cng ngh ch khng phi l nghin cu khoa hc thun tu. => Nh vy bn chin lc mi s nhm vo vic phn vai theo i tng thc hin cng vic (ai lm vic g) ch khng theo cch nhm vo hot ng ca cc lnh vc cng ngh.Khi xy dng k hoch phi la chn cc ch s theo di ph hp.

4.

38

Khung chin lc/k hoch KH&CN

Tm nhn
Mc ch
Lp nhm Cng tc

M t tm tt

Cc tiu ch kim chng khch quan

Phng php kim chng

Cc lu quan trng

Mc tiu (hay i tng)

Phn tch bi cnh Nguyn tc ch o

u ra Hot ng u vo

Trin vng, i hi, nhu cu tng lai

Ti sao

Mc tiu tng th v nhim v

Kinh doanh g
Cy Cng ngh Cng ngh Ct li

Nh th no Ci g

Khi no Ai

Lnh vc Chin lc

Th trng no Cng ngh g?

Phn tch SWOT

L trnh Cng ngh

Th t u tin v K hoch hnh ng

Tp trung, trng im

Xp hng, La chn

39

III. Mt s kinh nghim trong xy dng k hoch chin lc KH&CN ca Hn Quc

40

Xc nh vai tr, v tr ca KH&CN

V d: Mi quan h tng h gia Chnh sch Cng nghip v Kh&CN ti Hn Quc
Cng nghip ha
Pht trin cc ngnh cng nghp sn xut hng ha thay th nhp khu . M rng cc ngnh cng nghip theo nh hng xut khu H tr cng nghip sn xut my cng c M rng pht trin cng nghip nng v ha cht Chuyn trng tm t nhp khu vn sang nhp cng ngh Nng cao sc cnh tranh ca cc ngnh cng nghip theo phc v xut khu Chuyn i cu trc nn cng nghip sang cu trc tin tin v cn bng

Pht trin KH&CN

Khi xng cng cuc gio dc KH&CN Xy dng h thng h tng KH&CN y mnh cc hot ng nhp khu cng ngh
M rng cc hot ng o to cng ngh Ci tin c ch th ch ha cho vic s dng cng ngh nhp khu. . Khuyn khch cc nghin cu c kh nng tha mn cc nhu cu ca cng nghip

1960s

1970s

Pht trin v tip nhn i ng nhng nh khoa hc v k s c trnh cao Tin hnh c hiu qu cc d n R&D Xc tin pht trin cng ngh trong cng nghip T chc li cc d n R&D quc gia Cng c h thng pht trin cng ngh hung vo nhu cu Quc t ha h thng R&D v cc mng li thng tin 41 Xy dng h tng KH&CN

1980s

Pht trin cng nghip da vo cng ngh Khuyn khch pht trin ngun nhn lc v nng cao nng sut sn xut cng nghip Thc y vic ci tin cu trc nn cng nghip v sng to cng ngh

1990s

Thc y vic s dng c hiu qu ngun nhn lc v cc ngun lc khc Ci tin mng li thng tin

154

Xc nh vai tr, v tr ca KH&CN

V d: Vai tr ca KH&CN Hn Quc(1960s ~ 1970s)
- Giai on pht trin kinh t: Cng nghip ho bui ban u
- nh hng: Cung cp h tng KH&CN - Mc tiu: Xy dng nng lc KH&CN h tr cng nghip ho

-Trng tm: C c ngun nhn lc cng ngh

To iu kin nhp khu cng ngh Xy dng th ch KH&CN Xy dng nng lc KH&CN ni sinh

Kt qu

Qung b KH&CN

- Cung cp i ng k s v k thut vin tng ng

-Nng cao cc ngnh cng nghip c bn vi cc cng ngh cha kho trao tay - Thnh lp B KH&CN trong Chnh ph - Thnh lp cc vin nghin cu do nh nc ti tr nh: KIST, cc vin GRIs - Nng cao nh k nhn thc v KH&CN - Ban hnh cc Lut c bn nh: Lut thc y KH&CN, Lut thc y pht trin cng ngh,vv,
42

158

Xc nh vai tr, v tr ca KH&CN

V d v chuyn i cng ngh Hn Quc (v cng ngh)
1960s 1960s 1970s 1970s 1980s 1980s 1990s 1990s 2000s 2000s

cng cng ngh ngh

Nhu Nhu c c u u

Cng ngh

Cng ngh nhng trong

Cng ngh

Cng ngh

vn hnh
Importation/ Learning of Turnkeybased Foreign Technologies

thit b
Absorption/ Assimilation of Foreign Technologies, Reverse Engineering

sn xut
Modification of Foreign Technologies, Fostering of Endogenous Technology Development

chin lc ct li

Cng ngh

sng to

Cng Cng ngh ngh

N N ll c c

Broadening/ Deepening of Domestic R&D Efforts

Strengthening of Future -oriented R&D Efforts

Bt chc

i mi
43

159

Xc nh vai tr, v tr ca KH&CN

V d v chuyn i cng ngh Hn Quc (v ngun nhn lc)
1960s 1960s 1970s 1970s 1980s 1980s 1990s 1990s 2000s 2000s

v v ngu ngu n n nhn nhn ll c c

Nhu Nhu c c u u

K thut vin

K s

K s cao cp

Nhn lc nghin cu cao cp

Nhn lc KH&CN sng to

N N ll c c HRD HRD

v v

Expansion of Expansion of Technical Engineering High School College

Cultivation of Graduatelevel S&T Manpower

Cultivation of Highly Professional S&T Manpower

Chy mu cht xm

Chy mu cht xm ngc

Lun chuyn Cht xm

44

Thit k cc quan im khi xy dng chin lc

V d: Mu hnh thay i cng ngh trong cng nghip ca Hn Quc
Mu hnh thay i cng ngh trong cc ngnh cng nghip ti cc nc tin tin
Tr i m Tr ng ng th thi m ii nh nh nh h hnh Tr i Tr ng ng th thi chuy chuy n n ti ti p p Tr i Tr ng ng th thi n n nh nh

Mu hnh thay i cng ngh trong cc ngnh cng nghip ca Hn Quc

Thc hin nhp khu cng ngh theo dng cha kha trao tay (lp rp)

ng ha v bt chc (Assimilation and Imitation)

Con ng thay i cng ngh ca nn cng nghip Hn Quc

Ci tin/i mi

Source: Kim, Linsu (1999), A Study on Corporate Organization for Innovation: And Empirical Study on Electronics Industry of Korea, KDI Journal of Economic Policy, Summer: 103-117.

45

Hng dn xy dng Khung k hoch KH&CN

Xy dng Tm nhn, Mc tiu v Chin lc Cu trc cc phn ni dung ca k hoch

46

Xy dng Tm nhn, Mc tiu v Chin lc

xy dng mt Tm nhn
- Hnh dung v ng gp ca cng tc lp k hoch vi pht trin kinh tx hi - Cn nhc mt khu hiu nhm thu ht s ng h v mt chnh tr v s chp nhn ca x hi - Xem xt cc kch bn pht trin KH&CN trong tng lai - Xy dng mt s ng thun v cc vai tr ca s tin b v KH&CN

xy dng Mc tiu
- Tch hp nhng u tin trong pht trin KH&CN - Chun b nhng ch s cho vic hng dn v nh gi cc mc tiu

xy dng cc Chin lc:

- nh gi cc chin lc thay th khc - Ch ra cc nh hng ca cc chnh sch chnh nhm t c cc mc 47 tiu

Xy dng Tm nhn, Mc tiu v Chin lc

V d: Xy dng Tm nhn, Mc tiu v nh hung chin lc cho lp k hoch trung hn (Xt trng hp K hoch KH&CN c bn ca Hn Quc: 2008 -2012) Tm nhn
Trnh KH&CN thuc nhm trn, Mt Hn Quc thnh vng C gng t mc 30 nghn USD v GDP/ u ngi Theo ui vic tng cht lng cuc sng

Cc mc tiu
c tha nhn c sc cnh tranh v KH&CN ng th 5 trn TG
S sng tao tri thc v c hi mi C c mt nn kinh t da vo sng to Chun b cho mt x hi hi ha

Cc nh hng chnh sch

M rng h tng h thng sng to nhm tng tnh sng To cc ngnh cng nghip y mnh cc chin lc to v tnh tin phong cng ngh cao, v xc tin KH&CN nhm tng cht lng sng sng to dch v Kch hot cc hot ng sng to
thng qua vic m ca v hp tc

Tip tc m rng u t cho R&D v tng cng tnh hiu qu trong cc hot ng ny

M rng cc chnh sch KH&CN v Sng to cng nh khuyn khch cc n lc nghin cu khoa hc nhm t c s ci thin v cht lng

48

Xy dng Tm nhn, Mc tiu v Chin lc

V d: Cc ch tiu hng dn v nh gi Mc tiu ca K hoch (Xt trng hp K hoch KH&CN c bn ca Hn Quc: 2008-2012)
Cc ch th Tng u t cho R&D / GDP(%) Nghn sch u t cho R&D ca Chnh ph / GDP(%) Ngn sch u t cho Y t v Mi trung/u t cho pht trin kinh t, trong ngan sch ca chnh ph dnh cho R&D(%) u t cho cc trng i hc v vin nghin cu hng s ti tr ca chnh ph/tng u t cho R&D (%) u t cho R&D khu vc dch v/tng u t cho R&D (%) S lng cn b nghin cu dn lao ng trong cc ngnh kinh t 2006 3.23 % 0.86 % 39.6 % 2012 3.5 % 1.0 % 90 %

u T u vo

2.3 % 7.1 % 256,598 8.3

5,935 17.6 (05)

5.0 % 10.0 % 344,000 10.0

7,000 22.0

Nhn lc S cn b nghin cu lm vic ton thi gian trn 1000 Sn Bng phm sng u ch ra
S n xin cp bng sng ch quc t

S lng n gi xin cp bng sng ch ti cc nc M, Nht v EU trn 1000 quy i tng ng cn b nghin cu lm vic ton thi gian (full-time equivalent researchers)

49

Xy dng Tm nhn, Mc tiu v Chin lc

V d: Cc ch tiu hng dn v nh gi Mc tiu ca K hoch (Xt trng hp K hoch KH&CN c bn ca Hn Quc: 2008-2012)
Cc ch th 2006 23,286 3.22 0.39 24.2 % (05) 7th (07) 6th(07) th 38/tng s 55 nc (2007) 16.8 % 2012 35,000 4.50 0.70 30 % trong tp 5 trong tp 5 trong tp 25 25% 50

Sn ng Cn cn thng mi v cng ngh/tng cn cn thng phm Thm i u cng ngh mi ra Chuyn

giao cng ngh cu cng/tng s cc cng ngh c chuyn giao (%)

Cc bi bo

S bi bo trn tp ch SCI S trch dn trn SCI (theo nh k 5 nm)

Chuyn giao cc cng ngh s hu bi cc vin nghin

Sc cnh tranh Hiu qu Kinh tx hi

Sc mnh cnh tranh ca nn khoa hc (th hng) Sc mnh cnh tranh ca nn cng ngh (th hng) Cht lung cuc sng (th hng) S vic lm trong cc lnh vc KH&CN/tng s vic lm (%)

Cu trc cc phn ni dung khi lp k hoch

Khi nim v Phm vi v Tm bao qut ca Chnh sch KH&CN: 3 hp phn chnh yu trong cc chnh sch KH&CN
T gc nhu cu
Cc chnh sch nhm to cc th trng cho KH&CN

Gc cung ng s lin kt Cc chnh sch nhm a ra mi lin kt gia nhu cu v cung ng - u i thu - Cp vn u i - H tr kinh ph R&D - Thng tin k thut - H thng sng ch - Vn u t mo him
Cc chnh sch nhm xy dng nng lc k thut

- Cc chnh sch v Cng nghip nhm tng nng lc cnh tranh trn th trng - Cc chnh sch mua sm ca Chnh ph

- Pht trin nhn lc - u t cho R&D - Cc vin nghin cu v pht trin cng - Gio dc v khoa hc

Source: Kim, Linsu (1989), Strategies for Industrial Development: Concept and Policy Issues, in Seo Jangwon(ed.) Science and Technology Policies for Industrialization in Korea, Kuala Lumpur: Asia and Pacific Development Council, 254-272.

51

Cu trc cc phn ni dung khi lp k hoch

Cu trc cc phn ni dung v chnh sch
- Cn nhc phm vi v tm bao qut ca chnh sch KH&CN - Nhn bit cc lnh vc chnh sch thch hp - a ra cc l do cho s la chn cc lnh vc chnh sch - Xem xt cc vai tr tng h ca cc lnh vc chnh sch

Cu trc cc phn ni dung v RTD

- Xem xt c cu cc hot ng RTD quc gia - Nhn bit cc lnh vc KH&CN c s u tin - Sp xp cc lnh vc KH&CN theo mc tiu v c im cc hot ng RTD - Xc nh cc tiu ch la chn cc lnh vc RTD - Xem xt cc tc ng tng h giua cc linh vuc RTD
52

Cu trc cc phn ni dung khi lp k hoch

V d: San tho cc phn ni dung lp k hoch (xt trng hp ca cng tc lp k hoch cc giai on truc ca Hn Quc)
Thi k lp k hoch Cc phn ni dung lp k hoch mang tnh chnh sch - C cu li h thng khuyn khch KH&CN - o to ngun nhn lc KH&CN - Thc y v khuyn khch nhp khu cng ngh - Tng cng cc hot ng k thut cng ngh (Technological engineering) - Khuyn khch pht trin cng ngh trong cc cng ty t nhn - Xy dng nn cng nghip s dng nhiu cht xm v khi ng cc chung trnh R&D quy m ln - Pht trin cng ngh nng lng ht nhn - Tng cng pht trin cc ngun lc, bo v mi trng, qun l v gim st kh hu - Thc y pht trin cng ngh thng tin - Tng cng cc hotng hp tc quc t v KH&CN - Ph bin kin thc KH&CN cho cng ng
53

1977-1981

Cu trc cc phn ni dung khi lp k hoch

V d: San tho cc phn ni dung lp k hoch (xt trng hp ca K hoch KH&CN c bn ln th 2 ca Hn Quc: 2008-2012)
1. Xy dng cc lnh vc KH&CN trng im

Pht trin KH&CN mang tnh chin lc

- Cng ngh thng tin v in t - Cng ngh ch to my, CN. vt liu, v CN. Nano - Cng ngh mi trng v nng lng - Cngn gh hng khng, v tr, v hi dng hc - Cng ngh xy dng, vn ti, v quc phng 2. Xc tin cc nghin cu c bn 3. Nhn lc KH&CN 4. Sng to cng ngh trong cc doanh nghip t nhn 5. H tng KH&CN 6. Quc t ha cc hot ng KH&CN 7. Sng to trn quy m a phng 8. Nng cao tnh hiu qu hot ng ca STI cng nh hiu qu ca s u t cho R&D

Nng cao nng lc cho STI

Tng cng s tham gia ca ngi dn vo cc vn lin quan n hot ng KH&CN

9. Tng cng vai tr ca KH&CN 10.Ph bin vn ha v KH&CN 54

Lp k hoch cho phn ni dung v RTD

i vi cc cng vic gip ch ra cc nh hng RTD - nh gi v trnh cng ngh hin ti - Nhn dng cc vn v cng ngh - D liu v s liu thng k phc v nh gi s b - Khi ngun ca cc nhu cu v cc lnh vc ca cc hot ng RTD - nh v cc chin lc tip thu cng ngh - Lp danh mc v t th t u tin cho vic u t vo RTD (theo ch v cu trc) i vi cc cng vic gip xy dng nhng chung trnh v hot ng RTD - nh gi v nng lc RTD - Nhng bi hc t cc chng trnh RTD ca cc quc gia c xem xt - Xy dng cc chng trnh RTD trng im v l do thc hin - Phn chia vai tr gia cc c quan qun l v cc ngnh cng nghip - Phn chia cc hoat ng giua cac bn thc hin RTD v s hp tac cua ho - Huy ng cc ngun u t v nhn lc, vv...

55

Lp k hoch cho phn ni dung v RTD

Quy trnh lp k hoch KH&CN
Nhn dng cc vn , s cn thit v yu cu ca h thng tng v kch bn ha (cc vn trong tng lai, KH&CN) D bo v KH&CN
D bo v tung lai v KH&CN (Projected Future, Science & Technology)

Cc vin cnh khc v tng lai, KH&CN (Alternative,Futures, Science &Technologies)

Tng hp ca cc kch bn, cc lnh vc KH&CN

nh gi cc hot ng KH&CN

Cc kch bn tng hp v KH&CN

t cc mc tiu KH&CN Kim sot cc hot ng KH&CN Thc hin cc hot ng KH&CN

Thit k Cu trc t chc cho vic thc hin cc hot ng v KH&CN

Source: Blich, F. (1989), Science and Technology Planning and Policy, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.

56

Lp k hoch cho phn ni dung v RTD

D kin cc ni dung RTD cn c xem xt ?

- Cng ngh sinh hc - Cng ngh in t v thng tin - Cng ngh ch to my v t ng ha - Cng ngh ha hc - Cng ngh mi trng v nng lng - Cng ngh nng nghip v thc phm - Cng ngh vt liu (kim loi, vv...) - Cng ngh ph tr (Infratechnology) (tiu chun, kim nh, vv....) - Cng ngh giao thng v vn ti - Ky thut cng trnh cng nghip, vv...

57

Xy dng khung Chng trnh v nh gi

Khung l gc mt chng trnh mu dng thit k chnh sch
Cc ngun lc Nghin cu Cc kt qu

CCH THC?
cc hot ng
Cc chng trnh/cung cp cc dch v Qun l khch hng Chnh sch v cc vn v qun l Qun l ti chnh Qun l cc ngun nhn lc Qun l ti sn

AI/ U?
i tng s dng/khch hng/users/clients/ i tng chuyn giao/ i tng th hng

Chng ta cn CI G? TI SAO cn nh gi?

sn phm u ra
Cc chng trnh/cc sn phm c th c chuyn giao Cc hng dn v chnh sch/Cc chnh l Qun l vic trao i thng tin v i thoi - cc k hoch - trao i ni b - cc hot ng khuyn khch - chuyn giao thng tin - cc vn v t vn - cc cuc hp/cc s kin Cp vn Sn phm u ra ca cc h.ng dch v

Cc kt qu trc tip
Dch v khch hng - Cc yu cu v a ch - tha mn/ vt mong i - cht lng dch v nh hng do cch cu x - nhn thc - thng hiu - thi /nhn thc - h tr

Cc kt qu trung gian
Tri thc mi Nng lc c nng cao Cng tc ra quyt nh c ci thin Cc thay i v cch hnh x trong cc nhm i tng/ cc kt qu khc

cc tc ng cui cng
Khu vc/ cc tc ng mang tnh vng i vi nn cng nghip Cc tc ng i vi x hi xt trn kha cnh kinh t v mi trng

Cc mc tiu chnh (khch hng/i tng hng li cui cng Cc tc nhn cng chuyn tip Cc nhn t tham gia khc

Source: Teather, G. An Analysis of Impacts of Government R&D - Public Goods and Private Benefits, America Evaluation Association Conference 2004, Nov. 3-6, 2004, Atlanta. .

58

Xy dng khung Chng trnh v nh gi

V d: L trnh c bn theo trc thi gian ca vic ph bin cng ngh v cc tc ng mong i ca mt Chng trnh RTD (trng hp Chng trnh cng ngh cao ATP ca Hoa k)
Ngn hn
-Tng u t cho R&D - M rng cc mc tiu - Gia tc - S cng tc (hiu qu ca hot ng R&D)) - Cc c hi v vic lm trong cc hot ng cng ngh - S tin b v cng ngh -Chun b xut - Hnh thnh cc lien doanh - Nhn dng cc ngun lc

Trung hn
- Cc sn phm Spin-Off - Ci tin sn phm: Chi ph, cht lng - Cc p dng mi c nhn dng - Cc qu trnh v sn phm mi - Cc c hi kinh doanh mi - Cc lin minh kinh t mi - Tng trng ca doanh nghip - S tng tc gia cc bng sng ch, cc xut bn phm -- Sc cnh tranh

Di hn
- Thm nhiu sn phm v chu Tng cc li trnh mi ch kinh t - Ph bin cng ngh ni ngnh (Intra-Industry Diffusion) - Ph bin cng ngh lin ngnh - M rng th trng - C hi to vic lm: s sn xut, phn p hi - T sut u t trong khu vc t nhn - Cc li ch h qu -- T sut thu quan trn tng u t (Taxpayer Return on Cc li ch cho i tng Investment)
7 8 9

ECONOMIC

IMPACTS

Tuyn b v s Tuyn b v s khuyn cnh tranh khch/phn thng

-1

2 3 Kt thc d n

c tng thng 10 nm hoc hn

Giai on sau khi kt thc d n

59

Source: Ruegg, Rosalie and Irwin Feller (2003), A Toolkit for Evaluating Public R&D Investment, NIST, Washington, DC.

Xy dng khung Chng trnh v nh gi

Khung logic cho nh gi i vi cc Chng trnh RTD
Cc mc tiu x hi
Phn hi cho cc nh hoch nh chnh sch

Chin lc chnh sch cng

Hnh thnh Chng trnh v phn bit cc s mnh

Xy dng c ch vn hnh cc Chng trnh

Cc kt qu c trng i

(phn hi cho cc nh qun l Chng trnh

nh gi

u vo

Cc sn phm u ra

Cc kt qu

Cc tc ng
60

Source: Ruegg, Rosalie and Irwin Feller (2003), A Toolkit for Evaluating Public R&D Investment, NIST, Washington, DC.

Xy dng khung Chng trnh v nh gi

V d: Khung lgic v nh gi cho chng trnh cng ngh cao ATP Hoa K
Mc tiu x hi: Tng s phn vinh v cht lng sng thng qua KH&CN Chin lc chnh sch cng: Chng trnh i tc gia khu vc cng v t nhn

Chng trnh cng ngh cao, ATP c t th t u tin, cc s mnh c phn bit

Cc c ch vn hnhv cc vai tr c xc nh

Cc kt qu ca Chng trnh d kin c m t

Xy dng cc chng trnh nh gi ph hp:

S dng cc cng c kinh t, x hi hc, v ton thng k nhm: M t s pht trin Theo di s tin b Tng s hiu bit i vi cc tng, mi lin h, tnh nng ng ca qu trnh Phn tch cc mi lin quan o lng cc sn phm u ra, cc kt qu, v cc tc ng So snh cc kt qu thc t vi cc kt qu d kin c ra trong s mnh c th Ph bin cc kt lun S dng cc kt lun ci tin Chng trnh

u vo:
Ngn sch Nhn lc Trang thit b Cc yu t khc

Cc sn phm u ra:
Cc d n c cp vn Cc hot ng hp tc Cc n phm Cc bng sng ch Cc mu Cc thut ton Cc sn phm nguyn mu Quy trnh mu

Cc kt qu:
Cc sn phm mi, quy trnh v dch v mi c ci tin Nng cao nng sut Tng trng doanh nghip Tng trng ca nn Cng nghip Xu hng hp tc Ph bin tri thc Hiu ng lan to

Cc tc ng:

Tng GDP Tng vic lm Tng sc cnh tranh trn trng quc t Ci thin cht lng sng Cc li ch su rngs

61

Source: Ruegg, Rosalie and Irwin Feller (2003), A Toolkit for Evaluating Public R&D Investment, NIST, Washington, DC.

Xy dng khung Chng trnh v nh gi

V d: Quy trnh xy dng l trnh cng ngh trong Lp k hoch (xt trng hp xy dng l trnh quc gia Hn Quc)
<Pha 1>
Foresight i vi nn cng nghip v pht trin cng ngh ni a v quc t Phn tch v mi trng v nhu cu Tm ra sn phm v chc nng mang tnh chin lc trong tng khu vc Chn cc cng ngh li
nh gi chung v chnh sa Chn la nhng nhn xt t Internet Xem xt d lun x hi v t chc cc cuc hop cp B

<Pha 2>
Xem xt cc sn phm, nhu cu, v cc cng ngh li mang tnh chin lc Xy dng l trnh cng ngh
- Lp mc tiu cho lnh vc cng ngh - D on s pht trin cng ngh - Chn la cc thay th v mt cng ngh - Phn tch SWOT - Xy dng l trnh ( TRM) nh gi chung v chnh sa Chn la nhng nhn xt t Internet, Xem xt d lun x hi v t chc cc cuc hp cp B

Bo co vi y ban KH&CN quc gia

Bo co vi y ban KH&CN quc gia

62

Source: Park, Byeong won (2005), Ex-Ante Evaluation in Technology Roadmapping Process in Korea, Intl R&D Evaluation Symposium, May 30-31, 2005, Seoul.

Tm tt phn II.2

1. Nhn thc r v khi nim chin lc/ k hoch 2. Chin lc CNH quyt nh chin lc KH&CN 3.Ni dung ca chin lc KH&CN 4. Mt s kinh nghim c bn khi xy dng k hoch chin lc KH&CN

63