PERUBAHAN FISIOLOGI PADA JEMAAH HAJI Pendahuluan Paru-paru & Fungsi Pernafasan Proses bernafas membuat O2 (O s!"en# $ar!

! u$ara %an" $!&!ru' $a'at $!su'(a! me(a(u! $ara& e semua ba"!an tubu& $an me(e'as an )O2 ()arbon D!o s!$a#* U$ara masu e 'aru+'aru me(a(u! a!r,a% (-a(an

nafas# se'ert! '!'a %an" ma !n men%em'!t (bron.&! $an bron.&!o(es# $an ber.aban" $! e$ua s!s! 'aru+'aru $ar! sa(uran u$ara utama (tra.&ea# / A(!ran u$ara bera &!r $! a(0eo(! ("e(embun" 'aru+'aru# %an" meru'a an anton"+ anton" u$ara tera &!r / $!mana 'roses 'ertu aran O2 $an )O2 $ar! s!r u(as! $ara& tubu& Saat !ns'!ras! (menar! nafas#1 $!n$!n" $a$a se.ara a t!f tertar! o(e& 'en"erutan otot $!n$!n" / se&!n""a $!afra"ma (se at ron""a $a$a# tertar! e ba,a& / Ber uran"n%a te anan $! $a(am ron""a $a$a men%ebab an u$ara men"a(!r e $a(am 'aru+'aru / 2er-a$! u'a%a ma s!ma( 'en"uran"an te anan %an" $a'at men.a'a! 34 sam'a! 544 mmH" $!ba,a& te anan 5 atmosf!r Saat e s'!ras! (membuan" nafas#1 'aru+'aru $an $!n$!n" $a$a Men"erut / 2e anan %an" men!n" at $! $a(am $a$a mema sa "as+"as e(uar $ar! 'aru+'aru e(uar

Fun"s! Pernafasan Pen"u uran fun"s! 'ernafasan a$a berma.am 6 ma.am 7 a* Total Lung Capacity=TLC (Kapasitas total paru-paru):

$!mana -um(a& 0o(ume "as %an" $a'at $!tam'un" o(e& e$ua 'aru+'aru b!(a ter!s! 'enu&* Umumn%a 8 9+3 (!ter b* Vital Capacity=VC (Kapasitas ital): a$a(a& 0o(ume "as

ma s!ma( %an" $a'at $!&embus an e(uar sete(a& $!&!ru' se.ara ma s!ma(* Umumn%a 8 :+9 (!ter* ;on$!s! !n! -u"a $!sebut For.e$ <!ta( )a'a.!t%=F<) ($a%a tam'un" 0!ta( %an" $!'a sa an# .* !esidual Volu"e=!V (Volu"e tersisa): -um(a& "as %an" tert!n""a( $! $a(am 'aru+'aru sete(a& $!&embus an se.ara ma s!ma(* Umumn%a 8 519 (!ter* Se&!n""a se.ara 'en"u uran se$er&ana ma a $a'at $!&!tun" $en"an .ara 7 2L) 6 <) = R< Jika diperhatikan: RV kurang lebih 25% dari TLC $* Tidal Volu"e (TV): 0o(ume "as %an" ber"era masu $an e(uar $ar! 'aru+'aru se(a"! suatu 'utaran 'ernafasan se$an" !st!ra&at se.ara norma(* In! b!asan%a uran" (eb!& 419 (!ter* e# !espiration $inute Volu"e=!$V (Volu"e pernafasan se"enit): a$a(a& -um(a& "as %an" ber"era masu $an e(uar $ar! 'aru+'aru $a(am satu men!t %a!tu 2< > fre uens! 'ernafasan = RM<* Umumn%a 8 3 (!ter?men!t $a(am ea$aan !st!ra&at (419 (!ter52 a(!#1 teta'! $a'at me(eb!&! 544 (!ter saat me(a u an (at!&an %an" berat* ;on$!s! tertentu RM< -u"a $!sebut Pu(monar% <ent!(at!on (0ent!(as! 'aru+'aru# f* Ti"ed Vital Capacity (Kapasitas ital se%a&tu): a$a(a& ba"!an $ar! <) %an" $a'at $!&embus an $a(am ,a tu tertentu1 umumn%a $a(am 5 $et! $an ser!n" $!sebut For.e$ E>'!rator% <o(ume=FE< (0o(ume e s'!ras! %an" $!'a sa an#

2e(!n"a 2e(!n"a ter$!r! $ar! @ ba"!an utama %a!tu a* 2e(!n"a ba"!an (uar b* 2e(!n"a ba"!an ten"a& .* 2e(!n"a ba"!an $a(am $asing-"asing 'agian telinga terse'ut "e"punyai fungsi yang 'er'eda-'eda : + 2e(!n"a ba"!an (uar a$a(a& $aun te(!n"a %an" ber'eran $a(am me(!n$un"! sa(uran au$!tor

+ +

Sa(uran !n! $!(!n$un"! rambut $an menan" a' 'art! e( as!n"*

e(en-ar

er!n"at %an" men"e(uar an (!(!n untu

+ 2e(!n"a ba"!an ten"a& meru'a an ron""a u$ara %an" $! e(!(!n"! o(e& -ar!n"an $an tu(an"+tu(an" %an" $a'at mena&an te anan u$ara1 $! $a(amn%a ter$a'at tu(an"+tu(an" 'en"&antar %an" men"&ubun" an "en$an" te(!n"a $en"an te(!n"a ba"!an $a(am*

+ + + + + + te(!n"a ba"!an $a(am t!$a mem'un%a! ron""a u$ara1 ter(eta $!antara tu(an" $an ter$!r! $ar! or"an 'en$en"aran $an ese!mban"an %an" ber!s! .a!ran* + 2e(!n"a ba"!an ten"a& $an $a(am $!'!sa& an o(e& $ua se(a'ut t!'!s %a!tu t!n" a' (on-on" (o0a( ,!n$o,# $an t!n" a' bun$ar (roun$ ,!n$o,#* + Gen$an" te(!n"a a$a(a& se(a'ut %an" (entur $an 'e a %an" mem!sa& an e$ua ba"!an teI!n"a !n!*

P()*+!,- K(T.)**.+) P/ F++L T,0, H!'o s!a a$a(a& ea$aan tubu& e uran"an o s!"en untu men-am!n e'er(uan &!$u'n%a* Den"an men!'!sn%a u$ara 'a$a et!n""!an ma a te anan 'ars!!( o s!"en $a(am u$ara menurun atau men"e.!( Men"e.!(n%a te anan 'ars!!( o s!"en $a(am u$ara 'erna'asan a an bera !bat ter-a$!n%a &!'o s!a*

Sifat-sifat hipoksia : 5# 2!$a terasa $atan"n%a1 se&!n""a oran" a,am t!$a ta&u ba&,a ba&a%a &!'o s!a !n! te(a& men%eran"n%a* 2# 2!$a member! an rasa sa !t 'a$a seseoran"1 ba& an ser!n" member! an rasa "emb!ra (eu'&or!a# 'a$a 'ermu(aan seran"ann%a1 emu$!an t!mbu( "e-a(a+"e-a(a (a!n %an" (eb!& berat sam'a! '!n"san $an b!(a $!b!ar an $a'at men%ebab an emat!an* Macam hipoksia Menurut sebabn%a &!'o s!a !n! $!ba"! men-a$! : ma.am1 %a!tu * 1) Hypoxic-Hypoxia, %a!tu &!'o s!a %an" ter-a$! arena menurunn%a te anan 'ars!!( o s!"en $a(am 'aru+'aru atau arena ter(a(u teba(n%a $!n$!n" 'aru+'aru*

2) Anaemic-Hypoxia, %a!tu &!'o s!a %an" $!sebab an arena ber uran"n%a &emo"(ob!n $a(am $ara& ba! anena -um(a& $ara&n%a sen$!r! %an" uran" ('er$ara&an# mau'un arena a$ar Hb $a(am $ara& menurun (anem!a#* 3) Stagnant-Hypoxia, %a!tu &!'o s!a %an" ter-a$! arena a$an%a ben$un"an s!stem 'ere$aran $ara& se&!n""a a(!ran $ara& t!$a (an.ar1 ma a -um(a& o s!"en %an" $!an" ut $ar! 'aru+'aru menu-u se( 'ersatuan ,a tu men-a$! uran"* 4) Histotoxic-Hypoxia, %a!tu &!'o s!a %an" ter-a$! arena a$an%a ba&an ra.un $a(am tubu& se&!n""a men""an""u e(an.aran 'erna'asan $a(am /ys'aris" semua e(a!nan %an" ter-a$! a !bat beruba&n%a te anan se !tar tubu&* nama s!n$rom !n! se'ert! 'en%a !t $e om'res!1 aeroembo(!sme1 aeroem'&%sema

D!ba"! men-a$! 2 "o(on"an 7 + sb" a !bat 'en"emban"an "as 6 "as $a(am ron""a tubu&1$!sebut 'en"aru& me an!s 'en"emban"an "as 6 "as $a(am ron""a tubu& atau 'en"aru& me an!s a !bat 'eruba&an te anan se !tar tubu& + sb" a !bat 'en"ua'an "as 6 "as %an" ter(arut $a(am tubu&* D!sebut 'en%a !t $e om'res! Telinga Bertamba&n%a et!n""!an a an men%ebab an te anan $a(am te(!n"a ten"a& men-a$! (eb!& besar $ar! te anan $! (uar tubu& se&!n""a a an ter-a$! a(!ran u$ara $an! te(!n"a ten"a& e (uar t!$a .u u' ,a tu1 se&!n""a a an t!mbu( rasa sa !t $! s!nus1%an" $!sebut aeros!nus!t!s*