Gu BK EGma

A GUIDE BOOK OF
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
DEDICATED TO MY MOTHER
MARY DUNPHY COLLIS
BY
SEAN DUNPHY COLLIS
2012
INDEX:
0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.
GRAMMAR TERMS PRONOUNS ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ARTICLES AUXILIARY VERBS NOUNS QUESTIONS WORDS / INTERROGATIVE VERBS QUESTION TAGS DO OR MAKE IRREGULAR VERBS PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE TENSES GERUND OR INFINITIVE PREPOSITIONS MODAL VERBS PARTICIPLES ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VERB FORMS REPORTED SPEECH CONDITIONAL SENTENCES QUANTIFIERS PHRASAL VERBS IDIOMS WRITING DIALOUGES AND SENTENCES
p.3 p.5 p.12 p.15 p.17 p.22 p.29 p.33 p.37 p.38 p.52 p.97 p.102 p.122 p.133 p.135 p.140 p.148 p.150 p.156 p.169 p.171 p.177 2
Grammar terms
Example in English Mandy is a careful girl. Mandy drives carefully. This is a book.Look at the board. I am playing football. I would have been working. I would have worked.
Translation in Spanish
Adjectives Adverbs Articles Modal Auxiliaries Conditional Perfect Progressive Conditional Perfect
Conditional Progressive I would be working. Conditional Conjunctions "uture Perfect "uture Perfect Progressive "uture Progressive (enitive s (erund going to*future i!ple
I would work. I like tea and coffee. I will have finished the ho!e#ork by $%.%%h. I will have been playing football for an hour by &%.'%. I will be playing football next unday. )onny's brother I enjoy playing football. I'm going to play football this afternoon. If I study+ I will pass the * test.If I studied+ I would pass the test.If I had studied+ I would have passed the test. Go ho!e,
Conditional sentences if I!perative )eported Infinitive Contractions Modals peech
usan says that she works in an office. usan said that she worked in an office. (agarin #as the first to fly in a spaceship. -e aren't fro! London. .ou mustn't do that.
/ouns Passive voice Past Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Past Progressive Personal pronouns Plural Possessive pronouns Prepositions Present Perfect Progressive Present Perfect Present Progressive
.our hair looks lovely. Ca!eras are built in 0apan. I had been playing football #hen usan ca!e. I had played football #hen usan ca!e. I was playing football the #hole evening. We read a book. 1ere are five books. This is my book. The books are on the desk. I have been playing football for $ hours. I have just played football. I'm playing football no#. -here are the girls2-hen do you #atch T32 .ou are 0ohn+ aren't you2 They help each other. My house+ which has a blue door+ needs painting. This is the boy I !et at the party yesterday. Are you 5nglish2 * Yes, I am I played football yesterday. I play football every #eek. 1ere is one book. There are some apples left.
Auxiallary verbs
4uestion tags )eflexive pronouns )elative pronouns Contact clauses hort ans#ers i!ple Past i!ple Present ingular6Plural 4uantifiers
! "#$%$&%'
Personal pronouns as subject as object (nominative) (accusative and dative) I me you you he him she her it it we us you you they them 1 2 We have some books. The books are for us.
Possessive determiners my your his her its our your their 3 These are our books.
Possessive pronouns mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs 4 The books are ours.
Write the contracted/short forms into the gaps. 1) I am 4) she is 7) you are 10) you are 13) they do not 16) he does not 2) you are 5) it is 8) they are 11) it is not 14) he has got 17) what is 3) he is 6) we are 9) you have got 12) I cannot 15) she will 18) we will not -
Relative clauses with who/which

who( #hen #e talk about people which( #hen #e talk about things whose( instead of his6her or their -e also use that for who)which
#eflexive pronouns *yself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves each other
"ersonal pronouns + Exercise !

7se the correct personal pronouns. -atch the #ords in brackets. 5xa!ple8 999 often reads books. (Lisa) Ans#er8 She often reads books.
&: $: ': ;: <: =: >: ?: A: &%: 1ave
is drea!ing. (George) is green. (the blackboard) are on the #all. (the posters) is running. (the dog) are #atching T3. (my mother and I) are in the garden. (the flowers) is riding his bike. (Tom) is fro! @ristol. (Victoria) has got a brother. (Diana) got a co!puter+ Mandy2
"ersonal pronouns + Exercise ,

Choose the correct personal pronoun.
&: $: ': Are ;: <: =: >: ?: Is A: &%:
a! sitting on the sofa. are #atching T3. fro! 5ngland2 is going ho!e. are playing football. is a #onderful day today. are speaking 5nglish. BevinCs sister2 are s#i!!ing in the pool. they in the cine!a2
$b-ect forms of personal pronouns + Exercise

&: .he teacher always gives the students homework !e the! you $: I am reading the book to my little sister her us hi! ': .he boys are riding their bikes it the! her ;: *y father is writing a letter to /ohn !e her hi! <: I don't know the answer she her it =: 'ally is going to 0nne her hi! !e >: $pen the window, please it the! us ?: 1an you tell the people the way to the airport, please2 you the! us A: .he books are for "eter hi! her
"ossessive determiners + Exercise

Choose the correct possessive deter!iners. 5xa!ple8 I have got a sister. 999 na!e is Ans#er8 I have got a sister. Her na!e is usan. usan.
*y, Your, 3is, 3er, $ur, .heir 1i Daniel+ na!e is 0ohn. This is pet is a budgie. ;<% boys and girls in friend 0ason. 1eCs &$. sister is nine.
na!e is Dickens. 0ason and I go to the sa!e school. There are school. 0asonCs for! teacher is Mrs. Peterson. !ith. I like he has got a pet+ too.
pet is a tortoise. Eur for! teacher is Mr. The dogs love to play in .ours+ 0ohn
lessons. 1e has t#o dogs. pet2
garden. /o# I have a Fuestion for you. -hatCs
#eflexive pronouns, self+pronouns + Exercise

Choose the correct reflexive pronouns fro! the !enu. myself * yourself * himself * herself * itself * ourselves * yourselves * themselves
&: )obert !ade this T*shirt $: Lisa did the ho!e#ork ': -e helped
to so!e cola at the party. 2
;: 5!!a+ did you take the photo all by <: I #rote this poe! =: 1e cut >: The lion can defend ?: My !other often talks to .
#ith the knife #hile he #as doing the dishes. . . . .
A: Ti! and (erry+ if you #ant !ore !ilk+ help &%: Alice and Doris collected the stickers
#eflexive pronoun + yes or no2

Decide #hether you need the reflexive Gself: pronoun or not.
&: Last Monday I got up at six+ then I washed ) washed myself. $: he really feels ) feels herself #ell today. ': LetCs meet ) meet us ) meet ourselves at six to!orro#. ;: Last #eekend Alex cooked dinner and burnt ) burnt himself. <: May I introduce ) introduce myself. =: .ou can sit ) sit yourself on the sofa if you #ish. >: Please concentrate ) concentrate yourself #hile doing your ho!e#ork. ?: I #as so shocked+ I could hardly move ) move myself. A: 1e often remembers ) remembers himself the trip to China. &%: -e canCt imagine ) imagine ourselves living #ithout electricity.
#elative pronouns + who, which, whose + Exercise

Choose one of the follo#ing relative pronouns who+ which or whose fro! the !enu.
&: I talked to the girl $: Mr )ichards+
car had broken do#n in front of the shop. is a taxi driver+ lives on the corner. is in 5ast Anglia. pain.
': -e often visit our aunt in /or#ich ;: This is the girl <: ThatCs Peter+ the boy co!es fro!
has just arrived at the airport. #as very interesting.
=: Thank you very !uch for your e*!ail >: The !an+ ?: The children+ A: The car+
father is a professor+ forgot his u!brella. shouted in the street+ are not fro! our school. driver is a young !an+ is fro! Ireland. your !other lent you2
&%: -hat did you do #ith the !oney
#elative pronouns + who, which, whose + Exercise

Choose one of the follo#ing relative pronouns who+ which or whose fro! the !enu.
&: I talked to the girl $: Mr )ichards+
car had broken do#n in front of the shop. is a taxi driver+ lives on the corner. is in 5ast Anglia. pain.
': -e often visit our aunt in /or#ich ;: This is the girl <: ThatCs Peter+ the boy co!es fro!
has just arrived at the airport. #as very interesting.
=: Thank you very !uch for your e*!ail >: The !an+ ?: The children+ A: The car+
father is a professor+ forgot his u!brella. shouted in the street+ are not fro! our school. driver is a young !an+ is fro! Ireland. your !other lent you2
&%: -hat did you do #ith the !oney
#elative pronouns + who, which, whose or no pronouns2 + ,

Put in the relative who+ which or whose #here necessary. Type an x if the relative pronoun can be left out.
&: This is the boy $: .esterday I sa# a car ': Mandy is the girl ;: I havenCt seen "rank+
had an accident. #as really old. I !et on "riday. brother is five+ for a long ti!e no#. the lady parked in front of the super!arket.
<: The robber stole the car =: This is the !an >: Can I talk to the girl ?: The book A:
house is on fire. is sitting on the bench2
you gave !e is great. are hot.
he likes ha!burgers
&%: @ill Clinton+
#as President of the 7 A+ has only one daughter.
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self or each other + Exercise !
myself+ yourself+ himself+ herself+ itself+ ourselves+ yourselves+ themselves or each other.
&:
andra and Angela havenCt !et
for a long ti!e. very !uch at the concert. .
$: My friends enjoyed ': Ti! repaired his car ;: -e helped <: People often give =: I bought
#ith our report. presents at Christ!as. a ne# ca!era. 2
>: Chris+ did you do the Maths ho!e#ork ?: They looked at and s!iled.
A: )on and To! often #rite e*!ails to &%: Ann only thinks of .
because theyCre good friends. heCs an egoist.
self or each other + Exercise ,
myself+ yourself+ himself+ herself+ itself+ ourselves+ yourselves+ themselves or each other
&: Mike and @ill kno# $: ue and Lisa havenCt seen
Fuite #ell. for ages. . . 2 .
': Peggy and 0ane !ade this delicious cake ;: (randpa constructed this desk <: Can #e sell the things #e !ade =: The little girl can already ride the tricycle >: Laura and @etty are helping ?: o!e people only think of .
#ith their ho!e#ork.
A: 0ohn and his girlfriend are still angry. TheyCre not talking to &%: Does the laptop s#itch off auto!atically2
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2. ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS

0d-ectives + 1omparison 4 Exercise ! 5xa!ple8 9999 * ne#er * 9999999 &: * longer * $: * * #orst ': !odern * * ;: * * nicest <: * * nearest =: * * flattest >: popular * * ?: * happier * A: !any * * &%: * * cleverest Ans#er8 new * ne#er * newest
1omparison of ad-ectives in sentences + Exercise ! Put in the ad-ective in bold fro! the first sentence into the second sentence in its correct for! Gco!parative or superlative:. 5xa!ple8 I have a fast car+ but !y friend has a 999999 car. Ans#er8 I have a fast car+ but !y friend has a faster car. &: This is a nice cat. ItCs !uch ******* than !y friendCs cat. $: 1ere is 5!ily. heCs six years old. 1er brother is nine+ so he is ******.
': This is a difficult exercise. @ut the exercise #ith an asterisk GH: is the ************ * exercise on the #orksheet. ;: 1e has an interesting hobby+ but !y sister has the ***************hobby in the #orld. <: In the last holidays I read a good book+ but father gave !e an even *****one last #eekend. =: chool is boring+ but ho!e#ork is ***********than school.
>: kateboarding is a dangerous hobby. @ungee ju!ping is *********** than skateboarding. ?: This !agaIine is cheap+ but that one is *********. A: -e live in a small house+ but !y grandparentsC house is even ***********than ours. &%: .esterday 0ohn told !e a funny joke. This joke #as the *** joke ICve ever heard.
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1omparison of ad-ectives in sentences + Exercise , Put in the adjective fro! the first sentences into the second sentence in its correct for! Gco!parative or superlative:. 5xa!ple8 I have a fast car+ but !y friend has a 999999 car. Ans#er8 I have a fast car+ but !y friend has a faster car. &: My father is heavy. My uncle is !uch ******* than !y father. $: The test in (eography #as easy+ but the test in @iology #as ********. ': "lorida is sunny. Do you kno# the *********place in the 7 A2 ;: tan is a successful sports!an+ but his sister is **********than tan.
<: My !other has a soft voice+ but !y teacherCs voice is ********* than !y !otherCs. =: A!y has a beautiful baby+ but !y daughter has the *********** baby on earth. >: I live in a large fa!ily+ but !y grandfather lived in a ******** fa!ily. ?: -e have only a little ti!e for this exercise+ but in the exa!ination #eCll have even ****ti!e. A: Lucy is clever+ but Carol is ******* than Lucy. &%: 1ave you visited the old castle2 It #as the ******** castle #e visited during our holidays.
1omparison of ad-ectives with as
as
7se either as 5 as or not as 5 as in the sentecnes belo#. 5xa!ple8 @en /evis is 9999999999 as Mont @lanc (not high). Ans#er8 @en /evis is not as high as Mont @lanc. &: The blue car is ***********the red car. (fast) $: Peter is ****** "red. (not tall) ': The violin is *******the cello. (not low) ;: This copy is ******* the other one. (bad) <: Eliver is *********** Peter. (optimistic) =: Today itCs ********* yesterday. (not windy) >: The to!ato soup #as t************ he !ushroo! soup. (delicio!s) ?: (rapefruit juice is********** le!onade. (not sweet) A: /ick is ********* Bevin. (bra"e) &%: ilver is ******** gold. (not hea"y)
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0d-ectives + 1omparison + .est ! "ositive clever angry clean cool different popular ne# 1omparative 'uperlative
$rder of ad-ectives %umber ' l $pinion pretty l 'hape)'i6e long l 1olour red l $rigin panish l *aterial velvet l %oun sha#ls
"osition of adverbs of fre7uency + Exercise ! )e#rite the co!plete sentence using the adverb in brackets in its correct position. 5xa!ple8 I play tennis on undays. (often) Ans#er8 I often play tennis on undays.
&: 1e listens to the radio. (often) $: They read a book. (sometimes) ': Pete gets angry. (ne"er) ;: To! is very friendly. (!s!ally) <: I take sugar in !y coffee. (sometimes) =: )a!on and "rank are hungry. (often) >: My grand!other goes for a #alk in the evening. (always) ?: -alter helps his father in the kitchen. (!s!ally) A: They #atch T3 in the afternoon. (ne"er) &%: Christine s!okes. (ne"er)
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"osition of adverbs of fre7uency + Exercise , )e#rite each sentence #ith the adverb of freFuency Gin brackets: in its correct position. 5xa!ple8 I play tennis on undays. (often). Ans#er8 I often play tennis on undays.
&: 1ave you been to London2 (e"er) $: Peter doesnCt get up before seven. (!s!ally) ': Eur friends !ust #rite tests. (often) ;: They go s#i!!ing in the lake. (sometimes) <: The #eather is bad in /ove!ber. (always) =: Peggy and "rank are late. (!s!ally) >: I have !et hi! before. (ne"er) ?: 0ohn #atches T3. (seldom) A: I #as in contact #ith !y sister. (often) &%: he #ill love hi!. (always)
3. ARTICLES
.he articles a)an and the in Englisch + Exercise "ill in the article JaK+ JanK or JtheK #here necessary. Choose JxK #here no article
&: I like blue T*shirt over there better than red one. $: Their car does &<% !iles hour. ': -hereCs 7 @ drive I lent you last #eek2 ;: Do you still live in @ristol2 <: Is your !other #orking in old office building2 =: CarolCs father #orks as electrician. >: The to!atoes are AA pence kilo. ?: -hat do you usually have for breakfast2 A: @en has terrible headache. &%: After this tour you have #hole afternoon free to explore the city.
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.he definite article the + Exercise !
Decide #hether to use the definite article JtheK or not. If you do not need the article JtheK+ use x. &: My grand!other likes flo#ers very !uch. $: I love flo#ers in your garden. ': ee you on -ednesday.
;: I al#ays listen to radio in the !orning. <: Alex goes to #ork by bus. =: DonCt be late for school. >: Listen, Dennis is playing tru!pet. ?: -e often see our cousins over 5aster. A: he has never been to Alps before.
&%: -hat about going to Australia in "ebruary2
.he indefinite article a)an + Exercise !
7se JaK or JanK. -rite the correct for!s of the indefinte articles into the gaps. 5xa!ple8 -e read 99 book. Ans#er8 -e read a book.
&: Lucy has dog. $: LetCs sing song. ': 5!ily needs ne# desk in her roo!. ;: I need blue pen. <: @en has old bike. =: Peter has aunt in @erlin. >: -e listen to 5nglish CD. ?: he has exercise book in her school bag.
A: The speed of this car #as &=% !iles hour. &%: They finished unit.
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4. AUXILLARY VERBS
The verb BE can be an auxiliary verb or a main verb in English. be as a main verb in the Simple Present (am, are, is) affirmative I am from England. he, she, it: He is from England. we, you, they: We are from England. negative I am not from England. He is not from England. We are not from England.
be as a main verb in the Simple Past (was, were) affirmative I, he, she, it: I was here. we, you, they: We were here. negative I was not here. We were not here.
be as an auxiliary verb in the Present Progressive (am, are, is) affirmative I: I am reading a book. he, she, it: He is reading a book. we, you, they: We are reading a book. The verb be (am, are, is) Put the following forms of be (am, are, is) into the gaps in the text. Do not use short/contracted forms. Example: He __ a boy. Answer: He is a boy. Peter Baker ---- from Manchester, but Paul and John ---- from London. Manchester and London ---- cities in England. Hamburg ---- a city in Germany. Sandra ---- at school today. Jack and Peter ---- her friends. They ---- in the same class. Mr and Mrs Baker ---- on a trip to the USA to visit their cousin Anne. She ---- a nice girl. Peter says: "My grandfather ---- in hospital. I ---- at home with my grandmother." What time ----it? It 8 o'clock. ---- you tired? No, I ----not. Form questions from the given words or phrases. Example: class / in / your / is / John Answer: Is John in your class? 1) this is apple your ? 2) happy you are ? 3) your name Josephine is ? 4) are the old comics ? 5) in is class your Charlie ? 6) sandwich box blue is your ? 7) German are they ? 8) the red chair is ? 9) am late I ? 10) are clever the kids ? negative I am not reading a book. He is not reading a book. We are not reading a book.
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Form questions from the given words or phrases. Example: teacher / where / your / is Answer: Where is your teacher? 1) are old you how ? 2) in is English what that ? 3) you how are ? 4) where is your teacher ? 5) why is late Gerry ? 6) upstairs you are why ? 7) where my is pencil case ? 8) the children why are late ? 9) when his sister is home ? 10) what for homework is ? Finish the answers using the correct forms of to be (am, are, is). Example: Is he a doctor? - Answer: No, he is not. or No, he isn't. No, he's not. 1) Are they new here? - No, . 2) Is your classroom big? - Yes, . 3) Are you from Scotland? - Yes, . 4) Is your van green? - No, . 5) Are the DVDs in this box? - Yes, . 6) Is Henry in his room? - No, . 7) Are you football fans? - Yes, . 8) Is Tom's mother in the kitchen? - Yes, . 9) Are Dan and Sue at home? - No, . 10) Is the monster ugly? - Yes, .
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The verb do can be an auxiliary verb or a main verb in English. do as a main verb in the Simple Present (do, does, don't, doesn't) affirmative negativeI, we, you, they:I do my homework in the evenings.I don't do my homework in the evenings.*he, she, it:He does his homework in the evenings.He doesn't do his homework in the evenings.**Note: Here we use do in the negative sentence as an auxiliary and as a main verb. do as a main verb in the Simple Past (did, didn't) affirmative I did my homework in the evenings.
negative I didn't do my homework in the evenings.**
**Note: Here we use did in the negative sentence as an auxiliary and do as a main verb. do as a main verb - past participle (done) affirmative I have done my homework.
negative I haven't done my homework.
do as a main verb (Present Progressive, Gerund, present participle) - (doing) affirmative negative I am doing my homework. Doing my homework is not always fun. I saw Jane doing her homework. I am not doing my homework. Not doing my homework is not clever. I didn't see Jane doing her homework.
do as an auxiliary verb in negative sentences in the Simple Present: I don't do my homework in the evenings. do as an auxiliary verb in negative sentences in the Simple Past: I didn't do my homework yesterday evening. do as an auxiliary verb in questions in the Simple Present: Do you like rugby? - Does he like rugby?
do as an auxiliary verb in questions in the Simple Past: Did you see Peggy yesterday? When did you get up this morning?
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do with negative imperatives: Don't sing under the shower. Complete the following sentences by using the right form of to do (do, don't, does, doesn't, did, didn't, done). Example: Peter works in a shop, but he ______ work in an office. Answer: Peter works in a shop, but he doesn't work in an office.
1) My mother has the shopping. 2) Walter fly to Rome, he flies to Venice. 3) you recycle inkjet cartridges? 4) drink and drive. 5) When the first lesson start? 6) Yesterday Rick forget his homework. 7) What have you with your money, Jack? 8) Last week we write a test. 9) Amy come to school by bike this morning? 10) Have you ever anything silly? The verb have can be an auxiliary verb or a main verb in English. have as a main verb in the Simple Present (have, has, don't have, doesn't have) affirmative negative I, we, you, they: I have a new guitar. I have got a new guitar.* he, she, it: He has a new guitar. He has got a new guitar.* He doesn't have a new guitar. He hasn't got a new guitar.* I don't have a new guitar. I haven't got a new guitar.*
have as a main verb in the Simple Past (had, didn't have) affirmative negative I had a new guitar. I had got a new guitar.* I didn't have a new guitar. I hadn't got a new guitar.*
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have as an auxiliary verb and a main verb - Present Perfect (had) affirmative negative I, we, you, they: They have had a nice time. he, she, it: He has had a nice time. He hasn't had a nice time. They haven't had a nice time.
have as an auxiliary verb and a main verb - Past Perfect (had) affirmative negative They had had a nice time. They hadn't had a nice time.
have as an auxiliary verb in the Present Perfect (past participle): affirmative negative I, we, you, they: I have seen Peter. he, she, it: She has seen Peter. She hasn't seen Peter. I haven't seen Peter.
have as auxiliary verb in the Past Perfect (past participle): affirmative negative I had seen Peter. I hadn't seen Peter.
have als auxiliary verb in the Future Perfect (past participle): affirmative negative They will have spoken to Peter. They won't have spoken to Peter.
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Complete the following sentences by using the right form of to have (have, has, had). Example: Fred usually _____ sugar with his coffee. Answer: Fred usually has sugar with his coffee.
1) Jack fun at the party last Saturday. 2) I'm sorry, but I to go now. 3) you ever been to Canada? 4) Dave passed his driving test. 5) Can we the bill, please? 6) The match already started when we arrived. 7) They breakfast at 6:30 this morning. 8) Do you a brother? 9) My boss never time.
10) Doris been waiting for Pam for 20 minutes now.
5. NOUNS
singular + -s singular a car a cassette a lamp a hat a cup Add -es after sibilants: singular a box a sandwich a suitcase a rose a garage two cars two cassettes two lamps two hats two cups
plural two boxes two sandwiches two suitcases two roses two garages
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Substitute y after consonant with -ies: singular plural a city a lady two cities two ladies
Add -s after vowel + y: singular a boy a day
plural two boys two days
There are two forms of the plural of the word penny: pennies -> You refer to the coins. pence -> You refer to the price (how much sth. is). Nouns on -f or -fe: add -s singular a roof a cliff a sheriff plural two roofs two cliffs two sheriffs
substitute with -ves singular a thief a wife a shelf plural two thieves two wives two shelves
There are two forms possible: scarf - scarfs/scarves hoof - hoofs/hooves Add -s for words ending in -ff. Always use a dictionary if you are not sure.
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Nouns on -o form the plural by adding -s or -es. add -s singular a disco a piano a photo plural two discos two pianos two photos
substitute with -ves singular a tomato a potato a hero plural two tomatoes two potatoes two heroes
Some nouns can have two plural forms: buffalo - buffalos/buffaloes mosquito - mosquitos/mosquitoes tornado - tornados/tornadoes There is no rule when to use -s or -es. We often add -s with technical words. Irregular plural forms: singular a man a woman a child a mouse a tooth a goose a foot an ox
plural two men two women two children two mice two teeth two geese two feet two oxen
PLURAL NOUNS In English there are nouns which are used only in the plural. 1) Pair nouns noun jeans glasses scissors
sentence Where are my jeans? She has lost her glasses. These scissors don't cut well.
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If you want to refer to an exact number, use a/one pair of, like in the following example. I have bought a/one pair of jeans. I have bought two pairs of jeans. other nouns: binoculars, headphones, pyjamas, scales, shorts, tights, trousers 2) Nouns not used in the singular (headwords)
noun cattle clothes stairs wages people* police
sentence Male cattle are called bulls. He bought some new clothes yesterday. The children ran down the stairs. The wages are paid on the last day of the month. Three people were killed in the car crash last Friday evening. Look! The police are coming.
* The word people can be used in the singular with another meaning: They are a friendly people. The native peoples of Africa often have black skins.
3) Nationalities The following nationalities (no -s) are used in the pural: the Dutch, the British, the English, the French, the Spanish, the Welsh The singular of the English would be: the Englishman
SINGULAR NOUNS In English there are nouns which are used only in the singular. 1) Collections noun furniture fruit hair*
sentence She bought new furniture last week. Would you like some fruit? Your hair looks lovely.
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more nouns: luggage, jewellry 2) some nouns ending in -s noun sentence news physics progress Good evening. Here is the news. Physics is our first lesson on Monday morning. Progress was made in developing new technologies.
The United States The United States is a country with 50 federal states.
more nouns: athletics, billards, crossroads, darts, economics, gymnastics, maths, mumps, politics, series 3) special nouns noun homework information knowledge
sentence My Maths homework was not easy. For further information on the hotel, phone us at .... His knowledge of English is excellent.
more nouns: advice, damage, work .he plural of the nouns in English + Exercise ! Put in the correct for! of the plural. 5xa!ple8 school * 999999 Ans#er8 school * schools &: desk * $: pencil * ': bike * ;: cat * <: invitation * =: #atch * >: ga!e * ?: cage * A: cake * &%: box *
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.he plural of nouns 'pelling + Exercise ,Top of Form Put in the correct for! of the plural. 5xa!ple8 school * 999999 Ans#er8 school * schools &: life * $: fa!ily * ': boy * ;: house * <: city * =: !an * >: child * ?: sand#ich * A: nurse * &%: shelf *
.he plural of nouns + special forms + Exercise 8Top of Form Put in the correct for! of the plural of the given nouns. 5xa!ple8 car 999 Ans#er8 car * cars &: half * $: kilo * ': #o!an * ;: !outh * <: foot * =: sheep * >: penny * ?: bus * A: day *
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'ingular or plural in English + Exercise 9 "inish the sentences #ith the singular or plural for! of the nouns. 5xa!ple8 There is a 9999 on the table. Ans#er8 There is a book on the table. &: The cat is sitting on !y bed6 beds . $: There are five pencil 6 pencils on !y desk. ': I have t#o sister 6 sisters. ;: They are riding their bike 6 bikes. <: -e have a dog 6 dogs. =: 1o# !any book 6 books do you have in your bag2 >: My !other has a ne# co!puter 6 co!puters. ?: There are three #indo#s in the roo! 6 roo!s. A: usan has four poster 6 posters.
&%: There is one pen 6 pens on the floor.
'ingular or plural in sentences 5xplanation8 Plural of the nouns. Choose the correct verb. Mind the noun Gsingular or plural:. &: Ladies and gentle!en. 1ere is 6 are the ne#s. $: -here is 6 are !y jeans. ': "urther infor!ation is 6 are available in the office. ;: The stairs is 6 are over there+ ir.
<: The furniture in our classroo! is 6 are unco!fortable. =: The 7 A is 6 are a very nice country. >: .our sunglasses is 6 are on the table. ?: 1o!e#ork is 6 are boring. A: The scissors on the table is 6 are !ine. &%: Physics is 6 are not easy.
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&ncountable %ouns + Exercise "ill in the follo#ing #ords advice, chocolate, -am, lemonade, meat, milk, oil, rice, tea, tennis and for! !eaningful phrases. 5xa!ple8 a cube of 99999 Ans#er8 a cube of s!gar &: a piece of $: a packet of ': a bar of ;: a glass of <: a cup of =: a bottle of >: a slice of ?: a barrel of A: a ga!e of &%: a jar of
6. QUESTION WORDS
#) $es %o &!estions ' be ubject and verb change their position in state!ent and Fuestion. state!ent Fuestion You are fro! (er!any. 0re you fro! (er!any2
-e al#ays use the short ans#er+ not only L.esL or L/oL. This sounds rude. %$.E( If the ans#er is L.esL+ #e al#ays use the long for!. Example: Yes, I am. If the ans#er is L/oL+ #e either use the long or the contrated for! Gshort for!:. Example: No, I am not - No, I'm not. .es+ 0re you fro! (er!any2 /o+ Is 0re he Peter and 0ohn your friend2 fro! 5ngland2 .es+ .es+ I he they I am. am not. 'm not. is. are.
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() )!estions with &!estion words ' be :uestion word ;erb -here -hat 1o# are is are #est you fro!2 your na!e2 Pat and ue2 0nswer I'm fro! tuttgart.
My na!e is Peter. They're fine.
*) $es %o )!estions and short answers ' ha"e 0uxiliary 3ave 3ave 3as ?o ?o ?oes 'ub-ect you you your brother you you your brother ;erb got got got have have have #est a cat2 a ne# car2 a bike2 a cat2 a ne# car2 a bike2 Yes)%o .es+ /o+ .es+ .es+ /o+ .es+ 'ub-ect I #e he I #e he 0uxiliary <= n't> have haven't has do don't does
+) )!estions with &!estion words ' ha"e :uestion word -here 0uxiliary 'ub-ect ;erb #est your ruler2 your ruler2 0nswer
have
you
got
I've got it in !y pencil case.
-here
do
you
have
I have it in !y pencil case.
,) )!estions witho!t &!estion words in the Simple -resent 0uxiliary 'ub-ect you ;erb #est books2 /o+ ?oes Peter play football2 .es+ I he don't does Yes)%o .es+ ?o read 'ub-ect I 0uxiliary <= n't> do
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.) )!estions with &!estion words in the Simple -resent :uestion word -hat 0uxiliary 'ub-ect ;erb #est on your co!puter2 to #ork2 0nswer I play ga!es on !y co!puter. he goes to #ork at = oCclock. I meet the! at the bus stop.
do
you your !other you
play
-hen
does
go
-here
do
meet your friends2
/) )!estions witho!t &!estion words in the Simple -ast 0uxiliary 'ub-ect ;erb #est Yes)%o 'ub-ect .es+ ?id Max play football2 /o+ you the fil! yesterday2 .es+ /o+ he I I didn't did didn't he 0uxiliary <= n't> did
?id
watch
@&.( to be 'ub-ect you xxx #est in LeipIig last #eek2 /o+ I wasn't Yes)%o .es+ Were 'ub-ect I 0uxiliary <= n't> was
0) )!estions with &!estion words in the Simple -ast :uestion word -hat 0uxiliary 'ub-ect ;erb #est yesterday evening2 0nswer
did
you
do
I did !y ho!e#ork. he met hi! yesterday. They went to a cafM.
-hen -here @&.(
did did
she they
meet her boyfriend2 go after the !atch2
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:uestion word -here
to be were
'ub-ect you
xxxxx
#est yesterday2
0nswer I was at the cine!a.
1) S!b2ect &!estion :uestion word Who ;erb runs #est to the shop2 'ub-ect "eter ;erb runs Ebject + "lace + Ti!e to the shop.
#3) 4b2ect &!estion :uestion word Who Who %$.EA 'ub-ect 7uestion Who phoned 0ohn2 $b-ect 7uestion Who did 0ohn phone2 0uxiliary do did 'ub-ect ;erb you Mandy like2 phone last Monday2 #est 0nswer I like !y mum. Mandy phoned her uncle.
:uestions in the 'imple "ast + Exercise ! Put in the correct verb for! into the gap. 7se 'imple "ast. 5xa!ple8 999 they 999999 their friends2 (to meet) Ans#er8 Did they meet their friends2 &: you the door2 (to close) $: Claire the house#ork2 (to finish) ': he a bath yesterday2 (to ha"e) ;: the boy into the lake2 (to 2!mp) <: )onald the To#er of London2 (to "isit) =: Peggy and Elivia after the baby2 (to look) >: she the invitation cards herself2 (to make) ?: the girl the ketchup bottle2 (to drop) A: Ti! the green T*shirt last Monday2 (to b!y) &%: they karate this !orning2 (to practise)
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'imple "ast + :uestions + Exercise , Put in the correct verb for!s and the nouns into the gaps. 7se 'imple "ast. 5xa!ple8 999999999999 their friends2 (they to meet) Ans#er8 Did they meet their friends2 &: after the cat2 (the dog to r!n) $: photos #hen you #ere on holiday2 (yo! to take) ': to !usic yesterday evening2 (Ste"en to listen) ;: a cup of tea in the cafM2 (the ladies to ha"e) <: text !essages during the lesson2 (%ancy to send) =: pullovers last "riday2 (5elissa and 6!th to wear) >: hello to people in the street2 (yo!r brother to say) ?: the #indo#s in your classroo!2 (the teacher to open) A: chess t#o #eeks ago2 (the girls in yo!r class to play) &%: breakfast last !orning2 (yo!r mother to make)
B :&E'.I$% .0G'
&se
frequently used in spoken English when you want s.o. to agree or disagree
Corm
positive statement ->question tag negative - You are Tom, aren't you? negative statement->question tag positive - 3e isn't Joe, is he?
Examples
with auxiliaries You've got a car, haven't you? without auxiliaries <use( don't, doesn't, didn't> .hey play football on Sundays, don't they?
football on Sundays, doesn't she? .hey played football on Sundays, didn't they?
'he plays
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Questions tags are used to keep a conversation going. You can agree or refuse to a sentence with a question tag.
You go to school+ don't you2 .ou agree. .es+ I do. .ou refuse. /o+ I donCt.
You aren't fro! (er!any+ are you2 .ou agree. /o+ IC! not. .ou refuse. .es+ I a!.
:uestions tags + 'pecial
Although the negative word not is not in the sentence, the sentence can be negative. Then we use the "positive" question tag.
3e never goes out #ith his dog+ does he2 have is a main verb
in the sentence -> two possibilities

We have a car+ don't we2 !ostly A!erican 5nglish
We have a car+ 999992 We have a car+ haven't we2 !ostly @ritish 5nglish
We use will)would with the imperative (Simple Present).

$pen the #indo#+ will you2 $pen the #indo#+ would you2 ?on't open your books+ will you2
We use won't with a polite request.

$pen the #indo#+ won't you2
We use shall after Det's.

Det's take the next bus+ shall we2
Auxiliary must
-e must be at ho!e at ? p!+ mustn't we2 .es+ #e must. /o+ #e needn't.
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"rocedure adding a 7uestion tag

Look at the sentence. & Is an auxiliary or a form of to be in the sentence2 yes auxiliary or for! of to be affir!ative *J negate auxiliary Gadd nCt: auxiliary or for! of to be negative *J Gdelete nCt: $ no affir!ative sentence *J /egate sentence Ge.g. donCtN doesnCtN didnCt: negative sentence *J Gdelete nCt:
Is a personal pronoun the sub-ect of the sentence2 yes 7se the personal pronoun. no "or! the personal pronoun.
'
Co!plete the sentence.
Example !( 3e can play football, EEEEEEEE & Is an auxiliary or a for! of to be in the sentence2 yes +F can auxiliary or for! of to be affir!ative *J negate auxiliary Gadd nCt: can't $ Is a personal pronoun the subject of the sentence2 yes 7se the personal pronoun. ' 3e can play football, can't he2
Example ,( "eter can play football, EEEEEEEE & Is an auxiliary or a for! of to be in the sentence2 yes +F can auxiliary or for! of to be affir!ative *J negate auxiliary Gadd nCt: can't $ Is a personal pronoun the subject of the sentence2 no "or! the personal pronoun. "eter +F he ' "eter can play football, can't he2
35
Example 8( "eter plays football, EEEEEEEE & Is an auxiliary or a for! of to be in the sentence2 no affir!ative sentence *J /egate the verb. verb plays *J /egation8 doesn't play -e only use the auxiliary doesn't. $ Is a personal pronoun the subject of the sentence2 no "or! the personal pronoun. "eter +F he ' "eter plays football, doesn't he2
:uestion tags + *atching exercise !

KIs he2 KIsnOt he2 KDidnOt they K-onOt they KDoesnOt he2 KDid she2 KDoesnOt she KArenOt you K1asnOt sheK-as she2 1e so!eti!es reads the ne#spaper+ .ou are Indian+ They had a nice #eekend+ Peggy didnCt use the pencil+ Mary has ans#ered the teacherCs Fuestion+ The boy is fro! Turkey+ ue #asnCt listening+ Andre# isnCt sleeping+ To! and Maria #ill arrive at 1eathro#+ he has a brother+
:uestion tags + *atching exercise ,

1asnOt he IsnOt it Aren Ot I -ll he2 -ill you2 IsnOt he K hall #e KDoesnOt he KArenOt they KDonOt they2 1eCs been to Texas+ Dogs like !eat+ There are so!e apples left+ IC! late+ LetCs go+ DonCt s!oke+ 1e does sing in the bathroo!+ 1eCll never kno#+ I think+ heCs fro! India+ Lovely day today+
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8. MAKE OR DO
Word Explanation Example -e make birdhouses every #inter. The pupils make a lot of noise in the break. he makes !e happy. They do their ho!e#ork in the afternoon. I often do the shopping in the evenings.
make
to create sth. Gyou often use your hands:
do
an action you do not !ention by na!eN !ostly !ental #orkN !ostly referred to the topic L#orkL
&: to $: to ': to ;: to <: to =: to >: to ?: to A: to &%: to
a journey the shopping the beds fun of so!eone an exercise oneCs best a speech a good job a !istake the ho!e#ork
&: to $: to ': to ;: to <: to =: to >: to ?: to A: to &%: to
so!eo!e a favour a bargain an exa!ination a co!plaint progress the #ashing up !oney a reservation har! to so!eone a decision
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9. IRREGULAR VERBS
infinitive betG burst cost cut hit hurt let put read set shut
all 3 forms are similar

past participle bet burst cost cut hit hurt let put read set shut
simple past bet burst cost cut hit hurt let put read set shut
Infinitive and 'imple "ast are similar infinitive beat simple past beat past participle beaten
Infinitive and past participle are similar infinitive come run become simple past ca!e ran beca!e past participle come run become
'imple "ast and past participle are similar infinitive bring build buy catch deal feed simple past brought built bought caught dealt fed past participle brought built bought caught dealt fed
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feel fight find get hang have hear hold keep lay lead leave lend lightH lose !ake !ean !eet pay say sell send shine shoot sit sleep slide spend stand stick s#eep s#ing
felt fought found got hung had heard held kept laid led left lent lit lost made meant met paid said sold sent shone shot sat slept slid spent stood stuck swept swung
felt fought found got hung had heard held kept laid led left lent lit lost made meant met paid said sold sent shone shot sat slept slid spent stood stuck swept swung
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teach tell think understand #in all 8 forms are different infinitive be begin blo# break choose do dra# drink drive eat fall fly forget freeIe give go gro# hide kno# lie ride ring rise see shake sho#H sing sink speak
taught told thought understood won
taught told thought understood won
simple past #as6#ere began ble# broke chose did dre# drank drove ate fell fle# forgot froIe gave #ent gre# hid kne# lay rode rang rose sa# shook sho#ed sang sank spoke
past participle been begun blo#n broken chosen done dra#n drunk driven eaten fallen flo#n forgotten froIen given gone gro#n hidden kno#n lain ridden rung risen seen shaken sho#n sung sunk spoken
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spring steal s#ear s#i! take tear thro# #ake #ear #eave #rite H regular for! GP *ed: also possible.
sprang stole s#ore s#a! took tore thre# #oke #ore #ove #rote
sprung stolen s#orn s#u! taken torn thro#n #oken #orn #oven #ritten
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Corms of irregular verbs + Exercise !

Are the follo#ing for!s of the irregular verbs used as Infinitive+ 'imple "ast and6or "ast participle2 &: have + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle $: went + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle ': slept + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle ;: come + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle <: do + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle =: met + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle >: say + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle ?: put + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle
42
Corms of irregular verbs + Exercise ,

Are the follo#ing for!s of the irregular verbs used as Infinitive+ 'imple "ast and6or "ast participle2 &: swam + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle $: cost + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle ': got + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle ;: build + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle <: knew + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle =: were + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle >: run + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle ?: keep + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle
43
Corms of irregular verbs + Exercise 8

Are the follo#ing for!s of the irregular verbs used as Infinitive+ 'imple "ast and6or "ast participle2
&: taught + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle $: written + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle ': sang + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle ;: stolen + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle <: shut + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle =: beat + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle >: hit + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle ?: lost + Infinitive i!ple Past Past participle
44
Irregular verbs + Exercise !

Put in the verbs in the correct for!s. 5xa!ple8 give * 9999 * 99999 Ans#er8 give * ga"e * gi"en
&: go * $: say * ': do * ;: co!e * <: have * =: stand * >: !ake * ?: buy * A: sit * &%: s#i! * &&: speak * &$: see * &': #rite * &;: sing * &<: run *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
45
Irregular verbs + Exercise ,

Put in the verbs in the correct for!s. 5xa!ple8 sing * 9999 * 99999 Ans#er8 sing * sang * s!ng
&: begin * $: feel * ': get * ;: dra# * <: bring * =: kno# * >: take * ?: pay * A: !eet * &%: leave * &&: #ake up * &$: read * &': sleep * &;: ride * &<: build * * * * *
* * *
* * * * * * *
46
Irregular verbs + English + Exercise 8

Put in the !issing verb for!s. 5xa!ple8 do * 9999 * 99999 Ans#er8 do * did * done
&: catch * $: tell * ': understand * ;: cut * <: ring * =: eat * >: #ear * ?: put * A: sell * &%: think * &&: drive * &$: #in * &': drink * &;: break * &<: fight * * * * * * *
* * * * * *
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Irregular verbs + *ix !

Put in the !issing for!s of the verbs. 5xa!ple8 99999 * spoke * 9999999 Ans#er8 speak * spoke * spoken
&: $: ': run * ;: <: see * =: >: have * ?: A: &%: think * &&: tell * &$: &': &;: find * &<:
* #ent * * * * stood * * * * * * read * * * * sat * * * * left * * said * lost * co!e * done
48
Irregular verbs + *ix ,

Put in the !issing for!s of the verbs. 5xa!ple8 99999 * 9999 * #orn Ans#er8 wear * wore * #orn
&: $:
* broke * * * forgotten *
': choose * ;: <: buy * =: >: hurt * ?: A: &%: bring * &&: cut * &$: &': &;: kno# * &<: * paid * * * sank * * * * drank * * * * dre# * *
* flo#n
* got+ gotten
* !ade *
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Irregular verbs + *ix 8

Put in the !issing for!s of the verbs. 5xa!ple8 999999 * taught * 9999999 Ans#er8 teach * taught * ta!ght
&: #ear * $: ': hear * ;: <: fall * =: >: keep * ?: A: !eet * &%: &&: ride * &$: &': &;: shake * &<: * felt * * *
* * eaten * * cost * * * hit *
* * understood * * * put * * * * #on * * sent
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Irregular ;erbs + Corm

-rite the for!s of the follo#ing irregular verbs into the correct colu!n8 sprang, began, flown, gave, choose, shake, forgot, written, sink, draw Infinitive i!ple Past Past Participle
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10 PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE TENSES

.he most common tenses in English .ense 'ignal words &se so!ething happens repeatedly ho# often so!ething happens every day sometimes always often usually seldom never first then one action follo#s another things in general after the follo#ing verbs Gto love+ to hate+ to think+ etc.: future !eaning8 ti!etables+ progra!!es so!ething is happening at the sa!e ti!e of speaking or around it to be <am)are)is> P infinitive P +ing infinitive he)she)it P +s Corm Examples
Simple Present
I work he works I go he goes
Present Progressive
now at the moment DookA DistenA
future !eaning8 #hen you have already decided and arranged to do it Ga fixed plan+ date: action took place in the past+ !ostly connected #ith an expression of ti!e Gno connection to the present: an action happened in the !iddle of another action *
IC! working heCs working IC! going heCs going
Simple Past
last ago in !HHI yesterday
regel!QRig8 infinitive P *ed unregel!QRig8 , 'palte
I worked he worked I went he went
Past Progressive
so!eone #as doing sth. at a certain ti!e Gin the past: * you donCt kno# #hether it #as finished or not
was)were P infinitive P +ing
I was working he was working I was going he was going
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Simple Present Perfect
yet never ever already so far, up to now, 6um .eil( since for recently
you say that sth. has happened or is finished in the past and it has a connection to the present action started in the past and continues up to the present emphasis( length of time of an action
have)has P past participle <infinitive = +ed> oder <8 'palte> I've worked he's worked I've gone he's gone
Present Perfect Progressive
action began in the past and has just stopped ho# long the action has been happening !ostly #hen t#o actions in a story are related to each other8 the action #hich had already happened is put into Past Perfect+ the other action into i!ple Past the past of the Present Perfect predictions about the future Gyou think that sth. #ill happen: you decide to do sth. spontaneously at the ti!e of speaking+ you havenCt !ade a decision before
have)has P been P infinitive P +ing
I've been working he's been working I've been going he's been going
Simple Past Perfect
had P past I had worked participle Ginfinitive he had worked P +ed: oder I had gone he had gone <8 'palte>
will - future
will P infinitive
I'll work he'll work I'll go he'll go
!ain clause in if clause type I #hen you have already decided to do sth. in the future I'm going to work he's going to be <am)are)is> P work going to P infinitive I'm going to go he's going to go
going to future
#hat you think #hat #ill happen
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TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES

Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future
I study English every day.
Two years ago, I studied English in England.
If you are having problems, I will help you study English. I am going to study English next year.
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Future Continuous
I am studying English now.
I was studying English when you called yesterday.
I will be studying English when you arrive tonight. I am going to be studying English when you arrive tonight.
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future Perfect
I have studied English in several different countries.
I had studied a little English before I moved to the U.S.
I will have studied every tense by the time I finish this course. I am going to have studied every tense by the time I finish this course.
Present Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been studying English for over two hours by the time you arrive. I have been studying English for five years. I had been studying English for five years before I moved to the U.S. I am going to have been studying English for over two hours by the time you arrive.
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.ense
'ignal words
&se so!ething happens repeatedly
Corm
Examples affirmative I work.
Examples negative I don't work. 1e doesn't work. I don't go.
Examples interrogative ?o I work2 ?oes he work2 ?o I go2
every day ho# often so!ething sometimes happens always i!ple Present or Present i!ple often usually seldom never first then one action follo#s another things in general after the follo#ing verbs Gto love+ to hate+ to think+ etc.: future !eaning8 ti!etables+ progra!!es so!ething is happening at the sa!e ti!e of speaking or around it future !eaning8 #hen you have already decided and arranged to do it Ga fixed plan+ date: action took place in the past+ !ostly connected #ith an expression of ti!e Gno connection to the present: an action happened in the !iddle of another action infinitive he)she)it P +s
1e works.
I go.
1e goes.
1e doesn't go.
?oes he go2
IC! working. 1eCs working. to be IC! going. <am)are)is> P infinitive P +ing 1eCs going.
IC! not working. 1e isn't working. IC! not going.
0m I working2 Is he working2 0m I going2
now Present at the Progressive moment or Present DookA Continuous DistenA
1e isn't going.
Is he going2
last i!ple Past or Past i!ple ago in !HHI yesterday
I worked. regular8 infinitive P +ed irregular8 1e worked. ,nd column of table of I went. irregular verbs 1e went. was)were P I was infinitive P working. +ing 1e was working. I was
I didn't work. 1e didn't work. I didn't go. 1e didn't go. I wasn't working.
?id I work2 ?id he work2 ?id I go2 ?id he go2 Was I working2
Past while Progressive or Past Continuous
1e wasn't Was he working. working2 I wasn't Was I going2
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so!eone #as doing sth. at a certain ti!e Gin the past: * you do not kno# #hether it #as finished or not -ust yet never i!ple Present Perfect or Present Perfect ever already you say that sth. has happened or is finished in the past and it has a connection to the present
going.
going.
1e was going.
1e wasn't Was he going. going2
I have worked. 1e has worked. I have gone.
I haven't worked. 1e hasn't worked. I haven't gone.
3ave I worked2 3as he worked2 3ave I gone2
have)has P past participleH
HGinfinitive P +ed: or so far, <8rd column action started of table of up to now, in the past irregular 1e has and continues verbs> gone. since up to the present for recently action began in the past and has just stopped ho# long the action has been happening emphasis( length of time of an action !ostly #hen t#o actions in a story are related to each other8 the action #hich had already happened is put into Past Perfect+ the other action into i!ple Past the past of the Present Perfect have)has P been P infinitive P +ing I have been working. 1e has been working. I have been going. 1e has been going. I had worked. 1e had worked. I had gone.
1e hasn't gone.
3as he gone2
all day Present Perfect Progressive or Present Perfect Continuous the whole day how long since for
I haven't been working. 1e hasn't been working. I haven't been going. 1e hasn't been going. I hadn't worked. 1e hadn't worked. I hadn't gone.
3ave I been working2 3as he been working2 3ave I been going2 3as he been going2 3ad I worked2 3ad he worked2 3ad I gone2
i!ple Past Perfect or Past Perfect G i!ple:
had P past participleH
already -ust never
HGinfinitive P +ed: or <8rd column of table of irregular 1e had verbs> gone.
1e hadn't gone.
3ad he gone2
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I had been working. Past how long Perfect Progressive or since Past Perfect for Continuous ho# long so!ething had been happening before so!ething else happened 1e had been working. I had been going. 1e had been going. predictions about the future Gyou think that sth. #ill happen: you decide to do sth. spontaneously will P at the ti!e of infinitive speaking+ you havenCt !ade a decision before !ain clause in type I of the if clauses I'm going to work. 1e's going be to work. <am)are)is> P going to P infinitive I'm going to go. 1e's going to go. An action #ill be in progress at a certain ti!e in the future. This will P be P action has begun before infinitive P certain ti!e. ing It happens because it nor!ally happens. I'll be working. 1e'll be working. I'll be going. 1e'll be going. I'll work. 1e'll work. I'll go.
I hadn't been working. 1e hadn't been working. I hadn't been going. 1e hadn't been going. I won't work. 1e won't work. I won't go.
3ad I been working2 3ad he been working2 3ad I been going2 3ad he been going2 Will I work2 Will he work2 Will I go2
had P been P infinitive P ing
#ill * future
1e'll go.
1e won't go.
Will he go2
going to * future
#hen you have already decided to do sth. in the future #hat you think #hat #ill happen
I'm not going to work. 1e's not going to work. I'm not going to go. 1e's not going to go.
0m I going to work2 Is he going to work2 0m I going to go2 Is he going to go2
I won't be Will I be working. working2 1e won't be working. Will he be working2
"uture Progressive or "uture Continuous
I won't be Will I be going. going2 1e won't be going. Will he be going2
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i!ple "uture Perfect or "uture Perfect i!ple
sth. #ill already have happened before a certain ti!e in the future
will P have P past participleH
I'll have worked. 1e'll have worked.
I won't have worked. 1e won't have worked. I won't have gone. 1e won't have gone. I won't have been working. 1e won't have been working. I won't have been going. 1e won't have been going.
Will I have worked2 Will he have worked2 Will I have gone2 Will he have gone2 Will I have been #orking2 Will he have been working2 Will I have been working2 Will he have been working2
HGinfinitive P +ed: or <8rd column I'll have gone. of table of irregular verbs> 1e'll have gone. I'll have been working. 1e'll have been working. I'll have been going. 1e'll have been going. I would work.
"uture Perfect Progressive or "uture Perfect Continuous
sth. #ill already have happened before a certain ti!e in the future
will P have P been P infinitive P ing
emphasis( length of time of an action
I wouldn't Would I work. work2 1e wouldn't work. Would he work2
sth. that !ight happen Conditional i!ple would P !ain clause in infinitive type II of the Conditional sentences
1e would work. I would go. 1e would go. I would be working.
I wouldn't Would I go2 go. 1e wouldn't go. Would he go2
I wouldn't Would I be be working2 working. 1e wouldn't be working. Would he be working2
Conditional Progressive or Conditional Continuous
sth. that !ight happen emphasis( length of time of an action would P be P infinitive P ing
1e would be working. I would be going. 1e would be going.
I wouldn't Would I be be going. going2 1e wouldn't be going. Would he be going2
Conditional
sth. that
would P
I would
I wouldn't Would I have
58
have worked. !ight have happened in the past GItCs too late no#.: have P past 1e would participleH have worked. HGinfinitive P +ed: or <8rd column I would have gone. !ain clause in of table of type III of the irregular if clauses verbs> 1e would have gone.
have worked. 1e wouldn't have worked.
worked2
Would he have worked2
Perfect
I wouldn't Would I have have gone2 gone. 1e wouldn't have gone. Would I have gone2
I would have been working. sth. that !ight have happened in the past GItCs too late no#.: emphasis( length of time of an action
I wouldn't Would I have have been been working2 working. 1e wouldn't have been going. Would he have been working2
Conditional Perfect Progressive or Conditional Perfect Continuous
would P have P been P infinitive I would P ing have been going.
1e would have been going.
I wouldn't have Would I have been going2 been going. 1e wouldn't have been going. Would he have been going2
1e would have been going.
-e so!eti!es use Continuous instead of Progressive. o!e signal #ords can be found in !ore tenses. -e did not list signal #ords in the future tenses as there are no definite ones. Al#ays re!e!ber #hat action is described.
59
English tenses + 3ow to fill in the verbs Here you will find 4 examples where you have to fill in the correct form of the verb. Study the steps which show you you to fill in the verb form into different types of sentences. Do not follow the text in grey. What are signal words2 Signal words help you to put in the correct tense. You can easily put in the correct form of the verb if you know the signal word and which tense it demands.
signal word every ... Gday: so!eti!es often usually seldo! no# at the !o!ent Look, Listen, last ... ... ago yesterday in &AA% yet ever already so far up to no# Present Perfect i!ple Past Present Progressive i!ple Present tense
60
EXERCISES Verb Tense Exercise 1 Verb Tense Exercise 2 Verb Tense Exercise 3 Verb Tense Exercise 4 Verb Tense Exercise 5 Verb Tense Exercise 6 Verb Tense Exercise 7 Verb Tense Exercise 8 Verb Tense Exercise 9
TOPICS COVERED Simple Present and Present Continuous Simple Present and Present Continuous Simple Past and Past Continuous Simple Past and Past Continuous Simple Past and Present Perfect Simple Past and Present Perfect Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous Present Continuous and Present Perfect Continuous
Verb Tense Exercise 10 Present Continuous and Present Perfect Continuous Verb Tense Exercise 11 Simple Past and Past Perfect Verb Tense Exercise 12 Simple Past, Present Perfect, and Past Perfect Verb Tense Exercise 13 Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous Verb Tense Exercise 14 Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, and Past Perfect Continuous Verb Tense Exercise 15 Present Continuous, Simple Past, Present Perfect Continuous, and Past Perfect Continuous Verb Tense Exercise 16 Present and Past Tenses with Non-Continuous Verbs Verb Tense Exercise 17 Present and Past Tense Review Verb Tense Exercise 18 Will and Be Going to Verb Tense Exercise 19 Will and Be Going to Verb Tense Exercise 20 Will and Be Going to Verb Tense Exercise 21 Simple Present and Simple Future Verb Tense Exercise 22 Simple Present and Simple Future Verb Tense Exercise 23 Simple Future and Future Continuous Verb Tense Exercise 24 Simple Present, Simple Future, Present Continuous, and Future Co Verb Tense Exercise 25 Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous Verb Tense Exercise 26 Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous Verb Tense Exercise 27 Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous Verb Tense Exercise 28 Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous 61
Verb Tense Exercise 1

Simple Present / Present Continuous
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses 1. Every Monday, Sally (drive) 2. Usually, I (work) her kids to football practice. as a secretary at ABT, but this summer I (study) French at a
language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris. 3. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep) 4. Don't forget to take your umbrella. It (rain) 5. I hate living in Seattle because it (rain, always) 6. I'm sorry I can't hear what you (say) 7. Justin (write, currently) publisher when he is finished. . . . because everybody (talk) so loudly.
a book about his adventures in Tibet. I hope he can find a good
8. Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight? Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I (go) to a movie tonight with some friends.
9. The business cards (be, normally )
printed by a company in New York. Their prices (be)
inexpensive, yet the quality of their work is quite good.
10. This delicious chocolate (be)
made by a small chocolatier in Zurich, Switzerland.
62

Simple Present / Present Continuous
A Trekking Journal Today (be) (shake) my toes (bleed) November 12, 1997 the second day of my trek around Mount Annapurna. I am exhausted and my legs ; I just hope I am able to complete the trek. My feet (kill, really) , but I (want, still) to continue. so different, and I me and
Nepal is a fascinating country, but I have a great deal to learn. Everything (be) (try) to adapt to the new way of life here. I (learn)
a little bit of the language to make foreign languages quickly. Although I .
communication easier; unfortunately, I (learn, not) (understand, not) I (travel, currently)
much yet, I believe that I (improve, gradually)
with Liam, a student from Leeds University in England. He (be) ahead of me and (complain)
a nice guy, but impatient. He (walk, always) that I am too slow. I (do)
my best to keep up with him, but he is younger and stronger
than I am. Maybe, I am just feeling sorry for myself because I am getting old. Right now, Liam (sit) with the owner of the inn. They (discuss) the differences
between life in England and life in Nepal. I (know, not) (call, just) him Tam. Tam (speak)
the real name of the owner, but everybody English very well and he (try) a new word, Liam (try) to teach to repeat it.
Liam some words in Nepali. Every time Tam (say) Unfortunately, Liam (seem, also) get lost and have to ask for directions.
to have difficulty learning foreign languages. I just hope we don't
63

Simple Past / Past Continuous
1. A: What (you, do) B: I (try) 2. After I (find) it in. 3. The doctor (say) that Tom (be) too sick to go to work and that he (need) when the accident occurred? to change a light bulb that had burnt out. the wallet full of money, I (go, immediately) to the police and (turn)
to stay at home for a couple of days. 4. Sebastian (arrive) at Susan's house a little before 9:00 PM, but she (be, not) for her final examination in French.
there. She (study, at the library)
5. Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she (watch, also) television. That's all she ever does! 6. A: I (call) B: I (work) you last night after dinner, but you (be, not) out at the fitness center. there. Where were you?
7. When I (walk)
into the busy office, the secretary (talk)
on the phone with a
customer, several clerks (work, busily)
at their desks, and two managers (discuss, quietly)
methods to improve customer service. 8. I (watch) how the movie ends. 9. Sharon (be) because she (listen, not) in the room when John told me what happened, but she didn't hear anything . a mystery movie on TV when the electricity went out. Now I am never going to find out
64
10. It's strange that you (call)
because I (think, just)
about you.
11. The Titanic (cross)
the Atlantic when it (strike)
an iceberg.
12. When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants (bargain, busily) to sell their goods to naive tourists who (hunt) (lead)
and (try) for souvenirs. Some young boys
their donkeys through the narrow streets on their way home. A couple of men (argue) over the price of a leather belt. I (walk) over to a man who (sell) fruit
and (buy)
a banana.
13. The firemen (rescue) burning building.
the old woman who (be)
trapped on the third floor of the
14. She was so annoying! She (leave, always) actually) me to do them for her.
her dirty dishes in the sink. I think she (expect,
15. Samantha (live) the Berlin Wall came down.
in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she (live)
there when
65

Simple Past / Past Continuous
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses, Last night, while I was doing my homework, Angela (call) . She said she (call)
me on her cell phone from her biology classroom at UCLA. I asked her if she (wait) for class, but she said that the professor was at the front of the hall to me. I couldn't believe she (make) a phone
lecturing while she (talk)
call during the lecture. I asked what was going on.
She said her biology professor was so boring that several of the students (sleep, actually) in class. Some of the students (talk) weekend and the student next to her (draw) (tell) about their plans for the a picture of a horse. When Angela that my
me she was not satisfied with the class, I (mention)
biology professor was quite good and (suggest)
that she switch to my class.
While we were talking, I (hear)
her professor yell, "Miss, are you making a phone up the phone and went to the vegetables for a salad, the phone rang once
call?" Suddenly, the line went dead. I (hang) kitchen to make dinner. As I (cut) again. It (be)
Angela, but this time she wasn't sitting in class.
66

Simple Past / Present Perfect
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses. 1. A: Did you like the movie "Star Wars?" B: I don't know. I (see, never) 2. Sam (arrive) 3. My best friend and I (know) 4. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He (write) he'll be as famous as Hemingway. that movie. in San Diego a week ago. each other for over fifteen years. We still get together once a week. ten very creative short stories in the last year. One day,
5. I (have, not)
this much fun since I (be)
a kid.
6. Things (change)
a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we first (start) six employees. Since then, we (expand)
working here
three years ago, the company (have, only)
to include more than 2000 full-time workers.
7. I (tell) forest and (be)
him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but he (wander) bitten by a snake. the bus this morning. You (be)
off into the
8. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss) work too many times. You are fired!
late to
9. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see, never) He should come with us to Miami.
the ocean.
67
10. How sad! George (dream) never) the ocean.
of going to California before he died, but he didn't make it. He (see,
11. In the last hundred years, traveling (become) century, it (take)
much easier and very comfortable. In the 19th
two or three months to cross North America by covered wagon. The trip (be) a great deal in the last hundred
very rough and often dangerous. Things (change)
and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours.
12. Jonny, I can't believe how much you (change) You (grow) at least a foot!
since the last time I (see)
you.
13. This tree (be) years ago. 14. This mountain (be, never)
planted by the settlers who (found)
our city over four hundred
climbed by anyone. Several mountaineers (try)
to
reach the top, but nobody (succeed, ever) (die) trying to reach the summit.
. The climb is extremely difficult and many people
15. I (visit, never) time I (go)
Africa, but I (travel) to South America, I (visit)
to South America several times. The last Brazil and Peru. I (spend) two over the
weeks in the Amazon, (hike) Nazca Lines.
for a week near Machu Picchu, and (fly)
68

Simple Past / Present Perfect
Since computers were first introduced to the public in the early 1980's, technology (change) a great deal. The first computers (be) basic tasks. They (have, not) simple machines designed for very
much memory and they (be, not)
powerful. Early computers were often quite expensive and customers often (pay) thousands of dollars for machines which actually (do) computers (be) very little. Most
separate, individual machines used mostly as expensive
typewriters or for playing games.
Times (change)
. Computers (become)
powerful machines with very a large selection of useful programs
practical applications. Programmers (create)
which do everything from teaching foreign languages to bookkeeping. We are still playing video games, but today's games (become) adventures. Many computer users (get, also) faster, more exciting interactive on the Internet and (begin)
communicating with other computer users around the world. We (start) to create international communities online. In short, the simple, individual machines of the past (evolve) knowledge. into an international World Wide Web of
69

Present Perfect / Present Perfect Continuous
Robin: I think the waiter (forget) hour and nobody (take)
us. We (wait) our order yet.
here for over half an
Michele: I think you're right. He (walk) thinks we (order, already) .
by us at least twenty times. He probably
Robin: Look at that couple over there, they (be, only) and they already have their food.
here for five or ten minutes
Michele: He must realize we (order, not) over half an hour staring at him.
yet! We (sit)
here for
Robin: I don't know if he (notice, even) table taking orders and serving food.
us. He (run)
from table to
Michele: That's true, and he (look, not)
in our direction once.
70

Present Perfect / Present Perfect Continuous
1. Judy: How long (be) Claude: I (study) in Canada? here for more than three years.
2. I (have)
the same car for more than ten years. I'm thinking about buying a new one.
3. I (love)
chocolate since I was a child. You might even call me a "chocoholic."
4. Matt and Sarah (have)
some difficulties in their relationship lately, so they (go)
to a marriage counselor. I hope they work everything out.
5. John (work) (enjoy)
for the government since he graduated from Harvard University. Until recently, he his work, but now he is talking about retiring.
6. Lately, I (think) with the conditions at my company.
about changing my career because I (become)
dissatisfied
7. I (see) in her personality.
Judy for more than five years and during that time I (see)
many changes
71

Present Continuous / Present Perfect Continuous
1. It (rain) 2. Sid: Where is Gary? Sarah: He (study, at the library) for the test every day for the last week. 3. You look really great! (You, exercise) 4. Frank, where have you been? We (wait) at the fitness center ? for you since 1 PM. for his German test on Wednesday. In fact, he (review) all week. I hope it stops by Saturday because I want to go to the beach.
5. Tim: What is that sound? Nancy: A car alarm (ring) wish it would stop! It (ring) 6. Joseph's English (improve, really) television programs and (study) he will be totally fluent. somewhere down the street. It (drive) for more than twenty minutes. , isn't it? He (watch) American me crazy - I
his grammar every day since he first arrived in San Diego. Soon
7. Dan: You look a little tired. (You, get) Michelle: Yes, I (sleep) sick for the last week. Dan: I hope you feel better soon. Michelle: Thanks. I (take, currently) days.
enough sleep lately? relatively well. I just look tired because I (feel) a little
some medicine, so I should feel better in a couple of
72

Present Continuous / Present Perfect Continuous
Mr. Smith: So tell me a little bit about yourself, Mr. Harris. I would like to find out a little bit more about your background. Mr. Harris: I (work) in the insurance industry for over ten years. I worked for Met Life for six
years and World Insurance for four and a half. During that time, I heard many good things about Hollings Life Insurance and that's why I (apply) for the new sales position.
Mr. Smith: Tell me a little about your hobbies and interests. Mr. Harris: In my spare time, I hike in the mountains outside of town, volunteer at the Sierra Club and play tennis. In fact, I (compete) Mr. Smith: Really, how long (you, play) Mr. Harris: I (play) in a tennis tournament this weekend. tennis ?
since high school. I love the sport.
Mr. Smith: Great! We like dedication here at Hollings Life. You mentioned you volunteer at the Sierra Club. I (work, currently) wildlife sanctuary near the bay. Mr. Harris: Do you know Frank Harris? He's my brother. He (work, presently) project. on the same with them on the sea turtle project. We (try) to create a
Mr. Smith: I know Frank quite well. Any brother of Frank's would be a welcome addition to Hollings Life. Just one more thing, we (look) Mexico. Mr. Harris: No problem. I (study) Spanish since elementary school. for somebody who is fluent in Spanish; many of our clients are from
Mr. Smith: Sounds like you are the perfect candidate.
73

Simple Past / Past Perfect
I can't believe I (get) that apartment. I (submit) my application last up to before
week, but I didn't think I had a chance of actually getting it. When I (show) take a look around, there were at least twenty other people who (arrive) me. Most of them (fill, already) The landlord said I could still apply, so I did.
out their applications and were already leaving.
I (try)
to fill out the form, but I couldn't answer half of the questions. They (want) me to include references, but I didn't want to list my previous landlord because I
(have) me. I (end)
some problems with him in the past and I knew he wouldn't recommend up listing my father as a reference.
It was total luck that he (decide) landlord and my father (go) the apartment before he (look)
to give me the apartment. It turns out that the to high school together. He decided that I could have at my credit report. I really lucked out!
74

Simple Past / Present Perfect / Past Perfect
1. When I (arrive) candlelight dinner. 2. Since I began acting, I (perform) However, I (speak, never even) in two plays, a television commercial and a TV drama. publicly before I came to Hollywood in 1985. without me. My boss (be) home last night, I discovered that Jane (prepare) a beautiful
3. By the time I got to the office, the meeting (begin, already) furious with me and I (be) 4. When I (turn) fired.
the radio on yesterday, I (hear)
a song that was popular when I back some great
was in high school. I (hear, not) memories. 5. Last week, I (run) and both of us (change)
the song in years, and it (bring)
into an ex-girlfriend of mine. We (see, not) a great deal. I (enjoy)
each other in years,
talking to her so much that I (ask)
her out on a date. We are getting together tonight for dinner. 6. When Jack (enter) the room, I (recognize, not) him because he (lose)
so much weight and (grow)
a beard. He looked totally different!
7. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan; however, their culture (disappear, virtually) by the time Europeans first (arrive) in the New World.
75

Past Perfect / Past Perfect Continuous
I'm sorry I left without you last night, but I told you to meet me early because the show started at 8:00. I (try) to get tickets for that play for months, and I didn't want to miss it.
By the time I finally left the coffee shop where we were supposed to meet, I (have) five cups of coffee and I (wait) I (arrange) over an hour. I had to leave because
to meet Kathy in front of the theater.
When I arrived at the theater, Kathy (pick, already)
up the tickets and she was for into
waiting for us near the entrance. She was really angry because she (wait) more than half an hour. She said she (give, almost) the theater without us. up and (go)
Kathy told me you (be)
late several times in the past and that she would not make several movies
plans with you again in the future. She mentioned that she (miss)
because of your late arrivals. I think you owe her an apology. And in the future, I suggest you be on time!
76

Present Perfect / Past Perfect Present Perfect Continuous / Past Perfect Continuous
1. It is already 9:30 PM and I (wait) five minutes, I am going to leave. here for over an hour. If John does not get here in the next
2. I was really angry at John yesterday. By the time he finally arrived, I (wait) almost left without him.
for over an hour. I
3. Did you hear that Ben was fired last month? He (work) ten years and he (work)
for that import company for more than
in almost every department. Nobody knew the company like he did.
4. I (see)
many pictures of the pyramids before I went to Egypt. Pictures of the monuments are
very misleading. The pyramids are actually quite small.
5. Sarah (climb)
the Matterhorn, (sail)
around the world, and (go)
on safari in Kenya. She is such an adventurous person.
6. Sarah (climb)
the Matterhorn, (sail)
around the world and (go) more by
on safari in Kenya by the time she turned twenty-five. She (experience) that age than most people do in their entire lives.
7. When Melanie came into the office yesterday, her eyes were red and watery. I think she (cry)
77

Present Continuous / Simple Past Present Perfect Continuous / Past Perfect Continuous
My English is really getting better. I (try) to learn the language since 1985, but only recently have the
I been able to make some real progress. By the time I started high school in 1988, I (study) language for almost three years; however, I was only able to introduce myself and utter a few memorized sentences. For a couple more years, I (struggle) through grammar and vocabulary lessons,
which made absolutely no difference. Nothing worked, so I decided to study abroad.
I found an exchange program in England that sounded like the perfect answer. I (stay) host family for one month. It was a huge disappointment! I (sit)
with a
there the whole time staring at the
host mother and father hoping that there would be some breakthrough. Nothing.
When I returned, I mentioned to a friend that I (have)
problems with the language for years. He
recommended that I spend a year in an English speaking country. I decided to go abroad again. I (research) exchange programs for a couple of weeks and finally decided on a school in the United States.
Well, it worked. I (live)
and (study)
in the U.S. for more than two years. I (stay)
here for at least another year before I return home. By then, I should be completely fluent.
78

Present and Past Tenses and Non-Continuous Verbs
1.a. Look, I (have) b. Look, I (hold) two tickets for the circus. two tickets for the circus.
2.a. We (be) b. We (wait)
there for more than half an hour by the time the show began. there for more than half an hour by the time the show began.
3. a. Sam (sit) b. Sam (be) in the seat next to me when the clown threw a bucket of water at me. in the seat next to me when the clown threw a bucket of water at me.
4. a. One clown was juggling while he (balance) b. One clown was juggling while he (have) a glass of wine on his head. a glass of wine on his head.
5. a. I (love) b. I (go) the circus ever since I was a child. to the circus ever since I was a child.
6. a. Right now, I (see) b. Right now, I (look) two elephants doing tricks in the ring. at two elephants doing tricks in the ring.
79

Present and Past Tense Review
Lars: Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for? Tony: We (wait) than five hours. Lars: Five hours? When did you arrive? Tony: We (get) here at 6:00 o'clock this morning. More than forty people (stand, already) here waiting for tickets when we arrived. Lars: I can't believe that! Are you serious? Tony: Yeah, people (take) sold out for over a week. We (wait, just) Star Wars movies seriously. In fact, this particular showing has been in line to get a good seat in the theater. for the new Stars Wars movie. In fact, we (wait) here for more
Lars: When did you buy your tickets?
Tony: I (buy) because I (see)
them last week by phone. I (know)
tickets would be hard to get
a news interview with a group of people standing in line to get tickets. They (wait) in line for almost a month to buy tickets for the first showing.
Lars: I don't believe that!
Tony: It's true. They (camp) month because they (want)
out in front of Mann's Chinese Theater in Los Angeles for about a to be the first people to see the movie.
80

Will / Be Going To
1. A: Why are you holding a piece of paper? B: I (write) a letter to my friends back home in Texas.
2. A: I'm about to fall asleep. I need to wake up! B: I (get) you a cup of coffee. That will wake you up.
3. A: I can't hear the television! B: I (turn) it up so you can hear it. Paris, Nice and Grenoble. there as well.
4. We are so excited about our trip next month to France. We (visit) 5. Sarah (come) to the party. Oliver (be)
6. Ted: It is so hot in here! Sarah: I (turn) the air-conditioning on.
7. I think he (be) 8. After I graduate, I (attend) doctor all my life.
the next President of the United States. medical school and become a doctor. I have wanted to be a
9. A: Excuse me, I need to talk to someone about our hotel room. I am afraid it is simply too small for four people. B: That man at the service counter (help) you.
10. As soon as the weather clears up, we (walk)
down to the beach and go swimming.
81

Will / Be Going To
1. Mark: What are you doing with those scissors? Beth: I (cut) Mark: What (you, do) Beth: I (paint) photograph as a model. 2. Mark: (you, do) me a favor, Sam? that picture of the ocean out of the travel magazine. with it? a watercolor of the ocean for my art class, and I thought I could use this
Sam: Sure, what do you want me to do? Mark: I (change) the broken light bulb in the lamp above the dining room table. I need
someone to hold the ladder for me while I am up there. Sam: No problem, I (hold) 3. Gina: Where are you going? Ted: I (go) Gina: What (you, get) Ted: I (buy) to the store to pick up some groceries. ? some milk, some bread, and some coffee. it for you.
4. John: Wow, it's freezing out there. Jane: I (make) some coffee to warm us up. Do you want a piece of pie as well? dinner with some friends later, so I'd better skip the pie.
John: Coffee sounds great! But I (have) Jane: I (go)
to dinner tonight too, but I'm having a piece of pie anyway.
5. Frank: I heard you're taking a Spanish class at the community college. Tom: Yeah, I (go) the trip easier. Frank: I (visit) my brother in Marseilles next year. to Guatemala next spring and I thought knowing a little Spanish would make
82

Will / Be Going To
1. Michael: Do you think the Republicans or the Democrats (win) Jane: I think the Republicans (win) John: No way! The Democrats (win) 2. Susan: We (go) the next election. . the next election?
camping this weekend. Would you like to come along?
Sam: That sounds great, but I don't have a sleeping bag. Susan: No problem. I (lend) 3. Barbara: I (buy) you one. My family has tons of camping gear. a new car this weekend, but I'm a little worried because I don't really know to take advantage of me when he sees how little I
much about cars. I'm afraid the salesman (try) know.
Dave: I used to work for a mechanic in high school and I know a lot about cars. I (go) make sure you are not cheated. 4. Gina: Fred and I (visit) Santa Fe next summer. Have you ever been there?
with you to
Margaret: My family lives in Santa Fe! I (give) Santa Fe, just call them and they (give) the sights that most tourists never see.
you my parents' phone number. When you get to you a little tour of the town. They can show you some of
5. Pam: Can you see my future in the crystal ball? What (happen) Fortune Teller: You (meet) You (marry) that mystery man. a new job.
next year?
a man from the East Coast, perhaps New York or maybe Boston.
Pam: Forget the man! I want to know if I (get)
83

Simple Present / Simple Future
1. Today after I (get) 2. When you (arrive) the city and help you get situated. 3. A: Do you know what you want to do after you (graduate) B: After I (receive) ? to graduate out of class, I (go) to a movie with some friends. you around
in Stockholm, call my friend Gustav. He (show)
my Master's from Georgetown University, I (go) to complete a Ph.D. in cognitive science. skiing near Lake Tahoe.
school at UCSD in San Diego. I (plan) 4. If it (snow) 5. Your father (plan) this weekend, we (go)
to pick you up after school today at 3:00 o'clock. He (meet)
you across the street near the ice cream shop. If something happens and he cannot be there, I (pick) you up instead. cutting down huge stretches of rain forest, we
6. If the people of the world (stop, not) (experience) 7. If Vera (keep) 8. I promise you that I (tell, not)
huge changes in the environment during the twenty-first century. drinking, she (lose, eventually) her job.
your secret to anybody. Even if somebody (ask) the truth to a single person.
me about what happened that day, I (reveal, not)
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Simple Present / Simple Future
1. Michael: After you (leave) milk and bread? Marie: No problem, I (pick) up the groceries and be home by 6 o'clock. . work, will you please drop by the grocery store and pick up some
Michael: Great. You will probably get home before I (do) 2. Ari: By the time we (get)
to the movie theater, the tickets are going to be sold out. . She (buy)
Sarah: Don't worry. I told Jane we might be arriving just before the movie (start) our tickets and meet us in the lobby. Ari: That place is huge! We (find, never) Sarah: Calm down, we (meet) 3. Terry: If the weather (be) Jennifer: I have a better idea. If it (be) , we'll see a movie. Terry: I guess we will have to wait until we (get) do. 4. Max: What are you going to do tomorrow after work? Sean: I (meet) her in that crowded lobby. each other near the entrance. good tomorrow, maybe we should go to the beach.
nice out, we'll go to the beach; and if it (rain)
up in the morning to find out what we are going to
some friends at the cafe across the street. Would you like to come along? him up from the airport at 7 o'clock.
Max: No thanks! My brother is coming to town and I (pick) Sean: We (be, probably) him up.
at the cafe until 9 o'clock. Why don't you join us after you (pick)
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Simple Future / Future Continuous
1. Sandra: Where is Tim going to meet us? Marcus: He (wait) for us when our train arrives. I am sure he (stand) on the
platform when we pull into the station. Sandra: And then what? Marcus: We (pick) Michele up at work and go out to dinner.
2. Ted: When we get to the party, Jerry (watch) (dance) by herself, and Thad (complain)
TV, Sam (make)
drinks, Beth
about his day at work.
Robin: Maybe, this time they won't be doing the same things. Ted: I am absolutely positive they (do) the same things; they always do the same things.
3. Florence: Oh, look at that mountain of dirty dishes! Who (wash) Jack: I promise I (do) Florence: Thanks. them when I get home from work.
all of those?
Jack: When you get home this evening, that mountain will be gone and nice stacks of sparkling clean dishes (sit) in the cabinets.
4. Doug: If you need to contact me next week, I (stay) Nancy: I (call) you if there are any problems.
at the Hoffman Hotel.
Doug: This is the first time I have ever been away from the kids. Nancy: Don't worry, they (be) be fine.
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Simple Present / Simple Future Present Continuous / Future Continuous
1. Right now, I am watching TV. Tomorrow at this time, I (watch) 2. Tomorrow after school, I (go) to the beach. paperwork and (talk) on a sunny, tropical beach. Are you TV as well.
3. I am going on a dream vacation to Tahiti. While you (do) to annoying customers on the phone, I (lie) jealous? 4. We (hide) door, we (jump) when Tony (arrive) out and (scream)
at his surprise party. As soon as he opens the , "Surprise!" over while we (work) a key
5. We work out at the fitness center every day after work. If you (come)
out, we will not be able to let you into the house. Just to be safe, we (leave) under the welcome mat so you will not have to wait outside. 6. While you (study) 7. When I (get) at home, Magda (be) to the party, Sally and Doug (dance) drinks, Sue and Frank (discuss) in class. , John (make)
something controversial, and Mary (complain)
about something unimportant. They are always doing the same things. They are so predictable. 8. When you (get) off the plane, I (wait) for you. up tomorrow morning, the sun
9. I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when we (wake) (shine) 10. If you (need) San Francisco. . to contact me sometime next week, I (stay)
at the Sheraton in
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Simple Future / Future Perfect
1.Margaret: Do you think everything will be finished when I get back from the store? Jerry: Don't worry. By the time you get back, I (pick) up the living room and (finish)
washing the dishes. Everything will be perfect when your parents arrive. Margaret: I hope so. They (arrive) Jerry: Everything (be) around 6 o'clock. spotless by the time they get here.
2.Nick: I just have two more courses before I graduate from university. By this time next year, I (graduate) , and I will already be looking for a job. Stacey: Does that scare you? Are you worried about the future? Nick: Not really. I (go) Stacey: That's a good idea. Nick: I am also going to do an internship so that when I leave school, I (complete, not only) over 13 business courses, but I (work, also) in the real world. to a career counselor and get some advice on how to find a good job.
3. Stan: Did you hear that Christine (take)
a vacation in South America this winter?
Fred: I can't believe how often she goes abroad. Where exactly does she want to go? Stan: She (visit) Fred: At this rate, she (visit) Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador. every country in the world by the time she's 50.
4. Judy: How long have you been in Miami?
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Elaine: I have only been here for a couple of weeks. Judy: How long do you plan on staying? Elaine: I love Miami, so I (stay) (be) here for an extended period of time. When I go back home, I
here for more than three months. just about everything there is to
Judy: Wow, that's quite a vacation! You (see, definitely) see in Miami by then.
5. Jane: I can't believe how late we are! By the time we get to the dinner, everyone (finish, already) eating. Jack: It's your own fault. You took way too long in the bathroom. Jane: I couldn't get my hair to look right. Jack: Who cares? By the time we get there, everyone (left) your hair. . Nobody (see, even)
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Future Perfect / Future Perfect Continuous
1. By the time we get to Chicago this evening, we (drive) going to be exhausted. 2. When Sarah goes on vacation next month, she (study) should be able to communicate fairly well while she is in Austria. 3. I have not traveled much yet; however, I (visit) time I leave the United States. 4. By the time you finish studying the verb tense tutorial, you (master) including their passive forms. 5. Drive faster! If you don't hurry up, she (have) the baby by the time we get to the hospital. all twelve tenses the Grand Canyon and San Francisco by the German for over two years. She more than four hundred miles. We are
6. I came to England six months ago. I started my economics course three months ago. When I return to Australia, I (study) year. 7. Margie just called and said she would be here at 8 o'clock. By the time she gets here, we (wait) for her for two hours. 8. Frank just changed jobs again. If he keeps this up, he (change) times by the end of the year. jobs at least four or five for nine months and I (be) in England for exactly one
9. Come over to my house around 9 o'clock. By then, I (complete) can go see a movie.
my history essay and we
10. In June, my grandmother and grandfather (be)
married for fifty years.
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Future Perfect / Future Perfect Continuous
1.Jack: Have you been watching the Eco-Challenge on TV? Janet: Isn't that exciting? It has got to be the most unbelievably difficult sporting event in the world. Jack: I know. By the time they finish the course, they (raft) river, (hike) through 80 miles of jungle, (climb) through shark-infested waters. Janet: And don't forget that they (move) for at least eight days straight. more than 150 miles down a raging a volcano and (kayak)
2. Oliver: When are going to get your bachelor's degree, Anne? Anne: I am going to finish my degree next June. By the time I graduate, I (go) colleges and universities, and I (study) Oliver: Wow, that's a long time! Anne: And I plan to continue on to get a Ph.D. Oliver: Really? How long is that going to take? Anne: By the time I finally finish studying, I (be) a student for over 13 years. for more than seven years. to four different
3. Max: Sarah has been in the kitchen all day long. Jake: It doesn't sound like she's having a very good Thanksgiving. Max: She (cook) afternoon. Hopefully, she (finish) Jake: Maybe we should help her out. for over seven hours by the time everyone arrives for dinner this everything by then.
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4. Mike: It's 6:00, and I have been working on my essay for over three hours. Sid: Do you think you (finish) Mike: I (complete, probably) by 10:00? There's a party at Donna's tonight. the essay by 10:00, but I (work) on
it for more than seven hours, and I don't think I am going to feel like going to a party.
5. Fred: By the time they finish their trip across Yosemite National Park, they (hike) than six days. Ginger: And they (be, not) Fred: When we pick them up, they (eat) starving. Ginger: I think we had better plan on taking them directly to a restaurant. in a bed or (have)
for more
a shower in almost a week!
camping food for days, and I am sure they will be
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Future Continuous / Future Perfect Continuous
1.Simona: Margaret is really going to speak Spanish well when she gets back from that language school in Mexico. Isabelle: Hopefully! She (take) classes for more than six months.
Simona: She is going to be able to speak Spanish with some of our Latin American clients. Isabelle: Good. Two clients from Peru (visit) someone to entertain them while they are here. 2. Jason: I am leaving! Nurse: If you would please wait, the doctor will be with you in ten minutes. The doctor is having some problems with a patient. Jason: The doctor was having problems with that patient an hour ago. If I wait another ten minutes, I am sure he (have, still) problems with her. By the time he's finally ready to see me, I (wait) for more than two hours. 3. Frank: What are you going to be doing tomorrow at five? Debbie: I (paint) my living room walls. us next month when Margaret returns. We need
Frank: Still? How long have you been working on your living room? Debbie: Forever. By the time I finish, I (redecorate) the living room for over a week.
Frank: Too bad. I was going to ask if you wanted to see a movie. What about the day after tomorrow? Debbie: Sorry, I (move) furniture and (put) up drapes.
4. Mr. Jones: What are you going to be doing next year at this time? Mr. McIntyre: I (work) for a big law firm in New Orleans.
Mr. Jones: I didn't know you were leaving Baton Rouge. Mr. McIntyre: I got a great job offer which I just can't refuse. Besides, by the time I move, I (live) in Baton Rouge for over twenty years. I think it's about time for a change.
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Verb Tense Practice Test

Cumulative Verb Tense Review
1. You look really great! (you, work) 2. A: What (you, do) B: I (try) 3. I (have) 4. If it (snow) out at the fitness center recently? when the accident occurred? to change a light bulb that had burnt out. the same car for more than ten years. I'm thinking about buying a new one. this weekend, we (go) skiing near Lake Tahoe.
5. A: What do you call people who work in libraries? B: They (call) librarians.
6. I came to England six months ago. I started my economics course three months ago. When I return to Australia, I (study) year. 7. Sam (arrive) 8. Samantha (live) the Berlin wall came down. 9. If Vera (keep) drinking, she (lose, eventually) her job. in San Diego a week ago. in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she (live) there when for nine months and I (be) in England for exactly one
10. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan; however, their culture (disappear, virtually) World. 11. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep) 12. It (rain) . by the time Europeans first (arrive) in the New
all week. I hope it stops by Saturday because I want to go to the beach.
13. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss) work too many times. You are fired!
the bus this morning. You (be)
late to
94
14. I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when we (wake) (shine) .
up tomorrow morning, the sun
15. I have not traveled much yet; however, I (visit) time I leave the United States. 16. I (see)
the Grand Canyon and San Francisco by the
many pictures of the pyramids before I went to Egypt. Pictures of the monuments are
very misleading. The pyramids are actually quite small. 17. In the last hundred years, traveling (become) century, it (take) much easier and very comfortable. In the 19th
two or three months to cross North America by covered wagon. The trip (be) a great deal in the last hundred
very rough and often dangerous. Things (change)
and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours.
18. Joseph's English (improve, really) television programs and (study) he will be totally fluent.
, isn't it? He (watch)
American
his grammar every day since he first arrived in San Diego. Soon
19. When I (arrive) candlelight dinner.
home last night, I discovered that Jane (prepare)
a beautiful
20. If you (need) San Francisco.
to contact me sometime next week, I (stay)
at the Sheraton in
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Verb Tense Final Test

Cumulative Verb Tense Review
1. When Carol (call) 2. I (work) 3. Sharon (love) plans to go to Peru. last night, I (watch) my favorite show on television. for this company for more than thirty years, and I intend to stay here until I retire! to travel. She (go) abroad almost every summer. Next year, she mystery novels and travel memoirs. He (write) seven novels, three collections to the train station,
4. Thomas is an author. He (write)
since he was twenty-eight. Altogether, he (write) of short stories and a book of poetry. 5. We were late because we had some car problems. By the time we (get) Susan (wait) 6. Sam (try) 7. Everyday I (wake) for us for more than two hours. to change a light bulb when he (slip) up at 6 o'clock, (eat)
and (fell)
breakfast at 7 o'clock and (leave) up at 6:30, (skip) to set my dinner. Last night at and he (read) the same thing. She (prepare) the
for work at 8 o'clock. However, this morning I (get) breakfast and (leave) alarm. 8. Right now, Jim (read) this time, they (do) the newspaper and Kathy (make) the same thing. She (cook)
for work late because I (forget)
newspaper. Tomorrow at this time, they (do, also) dinner and he (read) 9. By this time next summer, you (complete) the other hand, (accomplish, not) (work) in some new high paying job.
. They are very predictable people! your studies and (find) anything. I (study, still) a job. I, on and you
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11. GERUND OR INFINITIVE

Gerund after prepositions (verbs) We use the Gerund after prepositions. verb + preposition Exception: to Here we use the phrase: looking forward to + Gerund Example: I'm looking forward to seeing you soon.
We use the Gerund after the following phrases: accuse of agree with apologize for believe in blame for complain about concentrate on congratulate sb. on cope with decide against depend on dream about/of feel like get used to insist on look forward to prevent sb. from sth. rely on sth. succeed in specialize in stop sb. from talk about/of think of warn sb. against worry about They were accused of breaking into a shop. I agree with playing darts. They apologize for being late. She doesn't believe in getting lost in the wood. The reporter is blamed for writing bad stories. She complains about bullying. Do you concentrate on reading or writing? I wanted to congratulate you on making such a good speech. He is not sure how to cope with getting older. They decided against stealing the car. Success may depend on becoming more patient. Sue dreams of being a pop star. They feel like going to bed. You must get used to working long hours. The girls insisted on going out with Mark. I'm looking forward to seeing you soon. How can I prevent Kate from working in this shop? He doesn't rely on winning in the casino. How then can I succeed in learning chemistry? The firm specialized in designing websites. I stopped Andrew from smoking. They often talk about travelling to New Zealand. Frank thinks of playing chess. We warned them against using this computer. The patient worries about having the check-up. 97
Put in the correct preposition. Example: He concentrates __ physics. Answer: He concentrates on physics.
1) My friend is good 2) She complains 3) They are afraid 4) She doesn't feel
playing volleyball. bullying. losing the match. working on the computer. going out at the weekend.
5) We are looking forward 6) Laura dreams 7) Andrew apologized 8) Do you agree 9) The girls insisted 10) Edward thinks
living on a small island. being late. staying in a foreign country? going out with Kerry. climbing trees this afternoon.
The Infinitive with to the first after: the last the next
Gagarin was the first to fly in a spaceship. Peter was the last to watch the film. He is the next to get his passport. I'm happy to be here. It's better not to smoke.
after:
adjectives
after:
certain verbs (agree, choose, forget, hope, learn, I learn to drive a car. promise, regret, want, ) I don't know what to say. Can you tell me how to get to the bus stop?
after:
question words
after:
want/would like
I want you to help me. 98
verb + object + to-infinitive NOTE!!! I want to help you.
I helped my dad to clean the car. I want you to help me.
The Infinitive without to after auxiliaries/modals can He can run very fast. could may might must mustn't needn't shall should will would after to do do As a boy he could run very fast. I may fly to Africa this summer. I might fly to Africa this summer. I must go now. You mustn't smoke here. You needn't go. We shall sing a song. We should sing a song. She will cook a meal for his birthday. She would cook a meal for his birthday. I don't know.
after the following expressions: had better You had better clean up your room. would rather would sooner why not why should we why should we not Susan would rather study for her exam tomorrow. I would sooner read a book than watch this film. Why not ask your neighbour for help? Why should we go by car? Why should we not go by car?
after verbs of perception + object (action has finished): feel She feels the rain fall on her face. hear notice see watch I heard Peter sing a song. Mandy noticed the boy climb the tree. They saw him climb up the roof. He watched the thieves steal a car.
99
after let + object: let let's after make + object: make Sandy let her child go out alone. Mother let her daughter decide on her own. Let's go for a walk through the park.
She made Peggy and Samantha clean the room.
Gerund or to-infinitive - Exercise 1

Gerund and Infini Gerund, to-infiniti en 462
Put in the verbs in brackets in the Gerund or the to-infinitive. Example: They go on _______ (read) the book. Answer: They go on reading the book.
1) I can't imagine Peter 2) He agreed
(go) by bike.
(buy) a new car. (answer). (get) to the airport. (see) you at the weekend. (visit) London? (run) through the forest. (study) hard.
3) The question is easy 4) The man asked me how 5) I look forward to 6) Are you thinking of 7) We decided
8) The teacher expected Sarah 9) She doesn't mind 10) I learned
(work) the night shift. (ride) the bike at the age of 5.
100
Gerund or Infinitive - Exercise 2

Gerund and Infini Gerund, Infinitive en 464
Put in the verbs in brackets in the Gerund or the infinitive. Example: They promised ______ (sell) the old comics. Answer: They promised to sell the old comics.
1) We decided
(buy) a new car. (do).
2) They've got some work 3) Peter gave up 4) He'd like 5) I enjoy (smoke) .
(fly) an aeroplane. (write) picture postcards. (do) if there's a fire in the shop?
6) Do you know what 7) Avoid
(make) silly mistakes. (be) home at 11 o'clock. (build) a big house. (see) Lisa.
8) My parents wanted me 9) I dream about 10) I'm hoping
101
!, "#E"$'I.I$%'
"repositions of time
"reposition &se in !onths year in seasons part of the day duration part of the day at ti!e of day celebrations fixed phrases days of the #eek date on special holidays a special part of a day after ago before between by during for from from past since till)until to up to within later than sth. ho# far sth. happened Gin the past: earlier than sth. ti!e that separates t#o points not later than a special ti!e through the #hole of a period of ti!e period of ti!e to t#o points for! a period till)until ti!e of the day point of ti!e no later than a special ti!e ti!e of the day not !ore than a special ti!e during a period of ti!e Examples in 0ulyN in epte!ber
in &A?<N in &AAA in su!!erN in the su!!er of =A in the !orningN in the afternoonN in the evening in a !inuteN in t#o #eeks at night at = oCclockN at !idnight at Christ!asN at 5aster at the sa!e ti!e on undayN on "riday
on the $<th of Dece!berH on (ood "ridayN on 5aster birthday on the !orning of after school = years ago before Christ!as bet#een Monday and "riday by Thursday during the holidays for three #eeks fro! Monday to -ednesday fro! Monday till -ednesday fro! Monday until -ednesday $' !inutes past = G=8$': since Monday till to!orro# until to!orro# $' !inutes to = G<8'>: up to = hours a day #ithin a day undayN on !y
epte!ber the &&thH
102
"repositions at, in, on "reposition Examples -e sit in the room. I see a house in the picture. There are trouts in the river. 1e lives in "aris. I found the picture in the paper. 1e sits in the back of the car. 1e gets in the car. he likes #alking in the rain. My cousin lives in the country. in There are kites in the sky. The boys stand in a line. There is a big tree in the middle of the garden. I have to stay in bed. .ou !ustnCt park your car in front of the school. The robber is in prison no#. he sits at the desk. Epen your books at page !I. I stay at my grandmother's. I stand at the door. Look at the top of the page. The car stands at the end of the street. Can #e !eet at the corner of the street2 I !et 0ohn at a party. Pat #asnCt at home yesterday. I study econo!ics at university. The childen are at gandmother's. at 1eCs looking at the park. 1e al#ays arrives late at school. The !ap lies on the desk. The picture is on page !I. The photo hangs on the wall. 1e lives on a farm. Dresden lies on the river Elbe. MenCs clothes are on the second floor. 1e lives on 3eligoland. The shop is on the left. on My friend is on the way to Mosco#. -rite this infor!ation on the front of the letter. -hen she #as a little girl people sa# unrealistic co#boy fil!s on .;.
103
"repositions of place and direction

"reposition above across after against along among around behind below beside between by close to down from in front of inside into near next to off onto opposite out of outside over past round through to towards under up &se higher than sth. fro! one side to the other side one follo#s the other directed to#ards sth. in a lineN fro! one point to another in a group in a circular #ay at the back of lo#er than sth. next to sth.6sb. is on each side near near fro! high to lo# the place #here it starts in the direction it faces opposite of outside entering sth. close to beside a#ay fro! sth. !oving to a place on the other side leaving sth. opposite of inside above sth.6sb. going near sth.6sb. in a circle going fro! one point to the other point to#ards sth.6sb. in the direction of sth. belo# sth. fro! lo# to high Examples The picture hangs above !y bed. .ou !ustnCt go across this road here. There isnCt a bridge across the river. The cat ran after the dog. 0fter you. The bird fle# against the #indo#. TheyCre #alking along the beach. I like being among people. -eCre sitting around the ca!pfire. Eur house is behind the super!arket. Death 3alley is ?= !etres below sea level. Eur house is beside the super!arket. Eur house is between the shop and the school. 1e lives in the house by the river. Eur house is close to the super!arket. 1e ca!e down the hill. Do you co!e from Tokyo2 Eur house is in front of the super!arket. .ou shouldnCt stay inside the castle. .ou shouldnCt go into the castle. Eur house is near the super!arket. Eur house is next to the super!arket. The cat ju!ped off the roof. The cat ju!ped onto the roof. Eur house is opposite the super!arket. The cat ju!ped out of the #indo#. Can you #ait outside2 The cat ju!ped over the #all. (o past the post office. -eCre sitting round the ca!pfire. .ou shouldnCt #alk through the forest. I like going to Australia. ICve never been to Africa. -e ran towards the castle. The cat is under the table. 1e #ent up the hill.
104
Time Prepositions 1
Multiple Choice Exercises
Complete the sentences below by choosing the correct prepositions: at, in, on, until, no preposition
1.Jane is arriving . January 26 2 o'clock .the afternoon. 2. It snows here every year . December. We always go outside and play in the snow . Christmas day. 3. Michael is leaving . Friday . noon. 4. Frankie started working for her law firm .1995. 5. Franklin began working on the project . yesterday. 6. Normally, . New Year's Eve, it's tradition to kiss the one you love . midnight. 7 Don't be ridiculous; there were no telephones . the seventeenth century! The telephone was invented . the 1870s. 8. The plane leaves . tomorrow morning . 8:00 AM. 9. The hills here are covered with wildflowers . early spring. 10. We met at the restaurant . 6:30 and stayed . 10:30. Bottom of Form
105
Time Prepositions 2
Multiple Choice Exercises
Complete the sentences below by choosing the correct prepositions: at, in, on, by, for, no preposition
1. She always gets up early . the morning, so she can make it to class . time. 2. I was sick, so I didn't go to work . last Thursday, but I did go to work .Friday. 3. Mary stopped talking . the middle of her story, and suddenly started to cry. I think we were all crying . the time she finished telling us what had happened. 4. Late . night, you can here coyotes howling in the distance. 5. Just wait a second, I'll be there .a minute. 6. I need to give my parents a call. I haven't talked to them . over a month. 7. Barbara is going to start her new job . next September.. 8. The professor said . the first day of the course that there would be a big final test . the end of the semester. 9. I have been sitting here . more than an hour. If they don't arrive . the next ten minutes, I'm leaving. 10. We were really worried . first because the banks were closed . Saturdays, so we couldn't exchange money. But . the end, everything worked out because we were able to exchange money at the hotel.
106
Location Prepositions 1
Multiple Choice Exercise
Complete the sentences below by choosing the correct prepositions: at, in, on
1. We have DSL Internet access . work, but I don't have a high-speed connection . home. 2. The kids are learning about the Civil War . their history class .school. 3. Toby was . the hospital for two weeks after his motorcycle accident . the freeway. 4. Jane and Debbie saw dolphins . the ocean while they were having a picnic . the beach. 5. Fred loves to go camping . the desert, but Kyle prefers to camp . the mountains. 6. The conference was held . a ski resort . Telluride, a small town . southwest Colorado. 7. You can buy stamps . the post office . Delancy Street. 8. The old man who was standing . the corner yelled at the kids who were playing . the street. 9. While they were hiking . Ridgeback Mountain, Laurelle and Frank saw a bear . the woods. 10. They have a small house . a lake in the countryside. When visit them, I always love to sit . the shore and watch the kids.
107
Location Prepositions 2
Complete the sentences below by choosing the correct prepositions: At, in, on 1. You can buy your rail passes . the ticket counter .any train station . the country. 2. The brown bears found . Kodiak Island are the largest . the world. 3. There is no life . the moon, but there are many forms of life . the ocean floor. 4. She bought her wedding dress . an exclusive shop .Fifth Avenue. 5. Nathan was able to exchange money . the exchange counter .the airport. 6. If you want anything to eat, there is a freshly baked chocolate cake . the table . the kitchen and plenty of food .the refrigerator. 7. While Shirley was in Tacy's department store .the mall, she ran into Evan and Lea . the furniture department. 8. While Dave was . the top of the Eiffel Tower, he could see several tourist boats . the Seine, the river that runs through Paris. 9. I stood . line for thirty minutes .the ticket window the movie theater to get tickets for the film.
10. Mike was sitting . his desk . his office . work when Bill called; Bill was . Asia on business.
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Direction Prepositions 1
Complete the sentences below by choosing the correct prepositions: Down, in, into, out, of, up, up to
5. Top of Form
1.
Donna went . the store, but I don't think she found what she was looking for
because she came back .. almost immediately. 2. As Samantha was climbing . the swimming pool, she slipped and fell back.. 3. The post office is just . the street on the left near the hospital. 4. Lily had problems climbing back . the tree house because she had injured her ankle as she was climbing.. 5. She didn't have any difficulty pulling the parking space, but as she was backing ., she scratched the car parked next to her. 6. Although you can take an elevator . the top of the Eiffel Tower, we decided to walk ... I was exhausted by the time we got to the top. 7. When Mrs. Sims saw the kids playing on the roof she screamed, "You kids had better come . there, right now!" 8. You can go . now; Dr. Wilson is ready to see you. 9. Our customer service center will help you solve that problem. Just walk . the hall and take the elevator . the second floor. 10. Just as Debbie was stepping . the elevator, she realized she was on the wrong floor, so she quickly jumped back .before the doors closed.
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Direction Prepositions 2
Complete the sentences below by choosing the correct prepositions Across, along, around, over, through, under
Top of Form
1. While they were hiking the forest, Laurelle and Frank saw a mountain lion. 2. We walked . the river looking for a way to get .it, but there was no bridge. 3. When the kids saw the snake in the grass, they started running . screaming hysterically. 4. The train passed . nine tunnels on the way to Denver. 5. They strolled . the beach watching the sunset. 6. The plane flew . the Grand Canyon on the way to Los Angeles. 7. Several animals, including emus, ran . the road in front of the car as they were driving . the outback of Australia. 8. They walked . the building twice looking for the entrance. 9. The cruise ship passed . the Golden Gate Bridge as it was leaving San Francisco. 10. His dog is always trying to escape from the backyard. Sometimes he manages to jump . the fence, and sometimes he digs a hole and crawls . it.
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Position Prepositions
Complete the sentences below by choosing the correct prepositions At, next to, on, under
Top of Form
1. The computer printer is .. the table .. the computer.
2. Shawn and Noel stood .. the tree waiting for the rain to stop.
3. I didn't see the mailbox even though I was standing right .. it.
4. Everybody was already sitting .. the table waiting for dinner to be served.
5. Every evening, the dog sits .. the dinner table begging for food.
7. Debra was sitting .. the computer surfing the Internet.
8. I asked the woman standing .. me on the bus where I should get out.
9. My car keys were .. the desk, but I couldn't see them because they were .. a magazine.
10. When I went to buy the concert tickets, there was nobody .. the ticket sales window.
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Bottom of Form
Position Prepositions 2
Complete the sentences below by choosing the correct prepositions Behind, in, infront of, on
Top of Form
1. Her wallet wasn't .. her purse; it was .. her coat pocket. 2. Tony had an ink stain .. his coat pocket. 3. Philip waited .. the movie theater for Simone, so they could buy tickets and go in together. 4. While Sam was talking to the bank teller, the woman .. him in line kept sighing impatiently. 5. There was a sign .. the restaurant saying that it was closed for renovations. 6. His grandfather, who had passed away years before, was .. the painting which was hanging .. the wall. 7. Shelly didn't see Bobby because he was hiding ... the couch. 8. Frank had his passport .. his hand as he boarded the plane. 9. There is an electrical outlet .. the desk. Can you help me move the desk, so I can plug in the computer? 10. The kids were sitting .. the floor .. the TV when Barbara came home.
Bottom of Form
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Preposition Combinations 1 Choose the correct answer for each sentence.

1.The probability ____________ A. ? of winning a lottery is actually higher than being struck by lightning. B. ? to winning a lottery is actually higher than being struck by lightning. C. ? winning a lottery is actually higher than being struck by lightning.
2.English is an example ____________ A. ? of a language that stresses content words within sentences. B. ? about a language that stresses content words within sentences. C. ? a language that stresses content words within sentences.
3.Large volcanic eruptions, such as Mt. St. Helens in 1980, can have a serious ____________ A. ? effect climate patterns around the world. B. ? effect to climate patterns around the world. C. ? effect on climate patterns around the world.
4.So far, police investigating the accident have found no evidence ____________ A. ? driver negligence. B. ? of driver negligence. C. ? to driver negligence.
5.This restaurant is famous ____________ A. ? with its seafood. B. ? for its seafood. C. ? about its seafood.
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6.The ancient Roman Empire, which included most of Europe and Asia Minor at its height, was primarily ____________ A. ? based agriculture. B. ? based at agriculture. C. ? based on agriculture.
7.Not knowing local customs can often lead ____________ A. ? misunderstandings when people go abroad. B. ? to misunderstandings when people go abroad. C. ? for misunderstandings when people go abroad.
8.Workers often go on strike when their salaries don't keep pace with increases in the cost ____________ A. ? with living. B. ? of living. C. ? to living.
9.I wasn't sure if you'd be satisfied ____________ A. ? to the report I handed in last week. B. ? with the report I handed in last week. C. ? the report I handed in last week.
10.Are you familiar enough ____________ A. ? to this city to recommend a good restaurant? B. ? this city to recommend a good restaurant? C. ? with this city to recommend a good restaurant?
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Preposition Combinations 2 Choose the correct answer for each sentence.

1.Some of the president's economic advisors believe ____________ A. ? in spending more tax dollars to boost the ailing economy. B. ? to spending more tax dollars to boost the ailing economy. C. ? spending more tax dollars to boost the ailing economy.
2.Human rights activists fight ____________ A. ? against injustice wherever they find it. B. ? to injustice wherever they find it. C. ? for injustice wherever they find it.
3.A tidal wave struck Bangladesh in 1990, and resulted ____________ A. ? were approximately 200,000 deaths. B. ? in approximately 200,000 deaths. C. ? with approximately 200,000 deaths.
4.There are many factors which contribute ____________ A. ? a healthy economy. B. ? to a healthy economy. C. ? for a healthy economy.
5.As a family counsellor, she often has to deal ____________ A. ? with cases involving family violence. B. ? cases involving family violence. C. ? to cases involving family violence.
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6.Everyone thinks he'll go far in this company because he has all the qualities necessary ____________ A. ? with success. B. ? by C. ? for success.
7.Can you help me? I'm having difficulty ____________ A. ? with this new computer program. B. ? from this new computer program. C. ? to this new computer program.
8.I haven't lived in this city very long, so I'm still not accustomed ____________. A. ? to the climate. B. ? with the climate. C. ? for the climate.
9.While growing up in the orphanage, he often wished he belonged ____________ A. ? at a family. B. ? to a family. C. ? with a family.
10.The cause ____________ A. ? for the recent city-wide power failure is still unknown. B. ? the recent city-wide power failure is still unknown. C. ? of the recent city-wide power failure is still unknown.
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Mixed Prepositions 1 Multiple-Choice
At, from, in, into, out, to, up, upon
Suddenly Uncle Henry stood ----------. "There's a cyclone coming, Em," he called ---------- his wife. "I'll go look after the stock." Then he ran toward the sheds where the cows and horses were kept. Aunt Em dropped her work and came ---------- the door. One glance told her of the danger close --------- hand. "Quick, Dorothy!" she screamed. "Run for the cellar!" Toto jumped ---------- of Dorothy's arms and hid under the bed, and the girl started to get him. Aunt Em, badly frightened, threw open the trap doo---------- the floor and climbed down the ladder --------the small, dark hole. Dorothy caught Toto--------- last and started to follow her aunt. When she was halfway across the room there came a great shriek --------- the wind, and the house shook so hard that she lost her footing and sat down suddenly ----------he floor. An excerpt from "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" by L. Frank Baum
Mixed Prepositions 2 Multiple-Choice
At, into, to, up, with, on
A")ICA/ T)A35L 0E7)/AL 0anuary A+ &AA< -e took a !orning bus*********Arusha+ and after checking *********a very si!ple hotel+ started our search for a safari co!pany. -e #ent to unny afaris+ but nothing see!s to be going soon. /ext+ #e #ent to Cheetah afaris. They have a safari going ********* Tuesday. It sounds like a good deal ********* S=< a dayN #e didnCt #ant to search forever+ so #e chose the!. -hile #alking around to#n this afternoon+ #e !et 0oan and Per fro! La!u. They introduced us ********* enara #ho #ill be taking the afari ********* us to!orro#. Later+ #e had dinner ********* a less than exiting restaurant. 0anuary &%+ &AA< Eur first day of safari, 7h+ oh, 7nfortunately+ #e had a late start after trying to get so!e cash for )einer and -alter. En the #ay ********* the park+ our driver 0ohn first stopped ********* t#o gas stations+ and then #e #ent to his house to pick ********* so!e clothes. -e didnCt get ********* Lake Manyara until after one oCclock. Can you believe 0ohn actually suggested stopping ********* a restaurant before going ********* the park2 -e all said+ L/o #ay,L
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Mixed Prepositions 3
Bigfoot, also known remote forested areas of much occurring
around, as, in, of, to

Sasquatch, is an alleged ape-like animal said to inhabit the North America, with many of the sightings the Pacific northwest of the United States and British Columbia, a large, bipedal hairy hominoid creature,
Canada. Bigfoot is sometimes described
and many believe that this animal, or its close relatives, may be found the world under different regional names, such as the Yeti of Tibet and Nepal. Bigfoot is also one of the more famous examples of cryptozoology, a subject that has been dismissed pseudoscience by mainstream researchers. It is because of that in addition unreliable eyewitness accounts and a lack physical evidence
that very few scientists accept the likelihood Bigfoot's existence. Most who have expressed an opinion consider the stories of Bigfoot to be a combination unsubstantiated folklore and hoaxes.
across, at, between, in, of, since, to, under
Turkey is a Eurasian country that stretches the Anatolian peninsula in southwestern Asia and the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. The region comprising modern Turkey has seen the birth Ottoman Empires. Owing continents, Turkey's culture is a unique blend often described as a bridge major civilizations including the Byzantine and its strategic location the intersection of two Eastern and Western tradition,
the two civilizations. Turkey is a democratic, secular, the
unitary, constitutional republic whose political system was established in 1923
leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatrk following the fall of the Ottoman Empire the aftermath of World War I. Since then, Turkey has increasingly integrated with the West while continuing to foster relations with the Eastern world. It is a founding member the United Nations, the Organization of the Islamic Conference, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, a member state of the Council of Europe 1952. 1949 and of NATO
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in, of, on, to, with
Ruth Handler, an American businesswoman, watched her daughter Barbara at play paper dolls, and noticed that she often enjoyed giving them adult roles. At the time, most children's toy dolls were representations of infants. Realizing that there could be a gap doll her husband Elliot, a co-founder the market, she suggested the idea of an adult-bodied the Mattel toy company. He was unenthusiastic Germany 1956 with her a
about the idea, as were Mattel's directors. But during a trip
children Barbara and Kenneth, Ruth Handler discovered a German doll called the Bild Lilli doll shop window. The adult-figured Lilli doll was exactly what Handler had of them. She gave one her daughter and took the others back
mind, so she purchased three Mattel. The Lilli doll was
a popular character appearing in a comic strip of a German newspaper. Lilli was a working girl based who knew what she wanted and was not above using men to get it. The Lilli doll was first sold Germany 1955, and although it was initially sold to adults, it became popular
children who enjoyed dressing her up in outfits that were available separately. On her return the United States, Handler reworked the design of the doll and it was given a new name, Barbie, after Handler's daughter Barbara. The doll made its debut at the American International Toy Fair in New York March 9, 1959. This date is also used as Barbie's official birthday.
by, for, in, of, on, to
Long before any recorded human history in Yellowstone National Park, a massive volcanic eruption spewed an ash that covered all of the western U.S., much the Midwest, northern immense volume Mexico and some areas of the eastern Pacific Coast. The eruption dwarfed that of Mt. St. Helens 1980 and left a huge caldera. Yellowstone typically erupts every 600,000 900,000 years with the last event occurring 640,000 years ago. Its eruptions are among the largest known to have ever occurred Earth, producing drastic climate change the yellow rocks seen Yellowstone Plateau that was formed from the Yellowstone River. the aftermath. The park was named
the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone - a deep gash in the floods during previous ice ages and river erosion
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Among, into, on, of, out, to, at solid glass; there was nothing
Suddenly she came upon a little three-legged table, all made
it except a tiny golden key, and Alice's first thought was that it might belong one of the doors of the hall; but, alas! either the locks were too large, or the key was too small, but any rate it would not open any them. However, on the second time round, she came upon a low curtain she had not noticed before, and behind it was a little door about fifteen inches high: she tried the little golden key in the lock, and Alice opened the door and found that it led she knelt down and looked along the passage her great delight it fitted!
a small passage, not much larger than a rat-hole: the loveliest garden you ever saw. How she
longed to get of that dark hall, and wander about those beds of bright flowers and those cool fountains, but she could not even get her head through the doorway; 'and even if my head would go through,' thought poor Alice, 'it would be shoulders.' very little use without my
An excerpt from "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" by Lewis Carroll Mixed Prepositions 8 In, of, on, into, from Complete the text below by choosing the correct prepositions, then press "Check" to check your answers. I went down even into the vaults, where the dim light struggled, although to do so was a dread my very soul. Into two of these I went, but saw nothing except fragments coffins and piles of dust. In the third, however, I made a discovery. old
There, in one of the great boxes, of which there were fifty in all, a pile of newly dug earth, lay the Count! He was either dead or asleep. I could not say which, for eyes were open and stony, but without the glassiness of death, and the cheeks had the warmth of life through all their pallor. The lips were as red as ever. But there was no sign the heart. I bent over him, and tried to find any sign of life, but for the earthy smell would have passed away vain. He could not have lain there long, a few hours. By the side of the box was its him, but when I hate, movement, no pulse, no breath, no beating
cover, pierced with holes here and there. I thought he might have the keys went to search I saw the dead eyes, and in them dead though they were, such a look
though unconscious of me or my presence, that I fled the place, and leaving the Count's room by the window, crawled again up the castle wall. Regaining my room, I threw myself panting upon the bed and tried to think. An excerpt from "Dracula" by Bram Stoker
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Mixed Prepositions 9 PIZZA BIANCO This pizza is made Preparation: Preheat oven
By, into, in, on, to, with
no toppings other than salt and oil and is served as a snack. 500F.
Whisk together hot water and 1/2 a teaspoon of kosher salt until most of the salt is dissolved, then whisk one tablespoon of oil. flour, then stretch it a floured surface into a 13- by 9-inch
Coat the dough lightly rectangle. Transfer the dough of the pan. Dimple the dough mixture. Bake the pizza
an oiled baking pan, stretching the dough to cover the bottom pressing your fingertips all over, then brush the oil
a pan on the bottom rack of the oven until it is golden brown
top
and bottom, about 10 to 12 minutes. Transfer the pizza a rack, then brush it with the remaining oil and sprinkle it with the remaining kosher salt. Serve the pizza warm, torn pieces. Makes 4 servings.
For, into, up, in, on
His wife had always spoiled him outrageously. No doubt of that. Take, example, the matter of the pillows merely. Old man Minick slept high. That is, he thought he slept high. He liked two plump pillows his side of the great, wide, old-fashioned cherry bed. He would sink
them with a vast grunting and sighing and puffing expressive of nerves and muscles relaxed and gratified. But thrown it there. Always, the morning there was always one pillow the floor. He had
the morning, there it lay, its plump white cheek turned
reproachfully at him from the side of the bed. Ma Minick knew this, naturally, after forty years of the cherry bed. But she never begrudged him that extra pillow. Each morning, when she arose, she picked it on her way to shut the window. Each morning the bed was made his side of it, as usual.
with two pillows
An excerpt from "Gigolo" by Edna Ferber
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13. MODAL VERBS

Modal Can Example They can control their own budgets. We cant fix it. Can I smoke here? Can you help me? Could Could I borrow your dictionary? Could you say it again more slowly? We could try to fix it ourselves. I think we could have another Gulf War. He gave up his old job so he could work for us. May May I have another cup of coffee? China may become a major economic power. Might We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now. Future possibility They might give us a 10% discount. Must We must say good-bye now. They mustnt disrupt the work more than necessary. Ought to Shall (More common in Shall we say 2.30 then? the UK than the US) Shall I do that or will you? Asking what to do Suggestion We ought to employ a professional writer. Shall I help you with your luggage? Necessity / Obligation Prohibition Saying whats right or correct Offer Uses Ability / Possibility Inability / Impossibility Asking for permission Request Asking for permission. Request Suggestion Future possibility Ability in the past Asking for permission Future possibility Present possibility
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Should
We should sort out this problem at once. I think we should check everything again. Profits should increase next year.
Saying whats right or correct Recommending action Uncertain prediction Instant decisions Offer Promise Certain prediction Asking for permission Request Request Making arrangements Invitation Preferences
Will
I cant see any taxis so Ill walk. I'll do that for you if you like. Ill get back to you first thing on Monday. Profits will increase next year.
Would
Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me? Would you pass the salt please? Would you mind waiting a moment? "Would three o`clock suit you?" - "Thatd be fine." Would you like to play golf this Friday? "Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "Id like tea please."
%ote7 &: Do
not
use !odals for things #hich happen definitely.

not have an +s
The sun 5ast. 1e

1an
rises
in the
$: They do
in the 'rd person singular.

without do)does)did.
can play
football. panish2 the

watch
': 4uestions are for!ed ;: It follo#s a

full verb
he
speak
in the infinitive.
They must book.
read
<: There are no past for!s Gexcept could and #ould:. =: -hen you use the past particple+ you tell about things #hich did not happen in the past.
1e was allowed to the fil!. .ou should have !e.
told
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8orm positive long form can could !ay !ight ought to ** shall should #ill #ould contracted form ** ** ** ** ** ** Cll Cd Cll Cd negative long form cannot could not !ay not !ight not ought not to need not shall not ** #ill not #ould not contracted form canCt couldnCt ** ** oughtnCt to neednCt shanCt shouldnCt #onCt #ouldnCt
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Modal Verbs Exercise 1

can could have to must might should
1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He--------- be exhausted after such a long flight. He prefer to stay in tonight and get some rest.
2. If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out, you ---------- walk downtown and explore the waterfront.
3. Hiking the trail to the peak ----------be dangerous if you are not well prepared for dramatic weather changes. You research the route a little more before you attempt the ascent.
4. When you have a small child in the house, you -------- leave small objects lying around. Such objects ---------be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.
5. Dave: ---------you hold your breath for more than a minute? Nathan: No, I can't.
6. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It ---------have cost a fortune.
7. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone. If they don't get enough water, they----------- die.
8. I ---------speak Arabic fluently when I was a child when we lived in Egypt. But after we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I --------just say a few things in the language.
9. The book is optional. My professor said we ---------read it if we needed extra credit. But we --------- read it if we don't want to.
10. Leo: Where is the spatula? It ---------be in this drawer but it's not here.
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Nancy: I just did a load of dishes last night and they're still in the dish washer. It ------be in there. 11. You ---------- take your umbrella along with you today. The weatherman on the news said there's a storm north of here and it rain later on this afternoon.
12. -------- we pull over at the next rest stop? I really --------- use the bathroom and I don't know if I hold it until we get to Chicago.
13. Oh no! Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table. He ------- have left it here last night.
14. Ned: --------- I borrow your lighter for a minute? Stephen: Sure, no problem. Actually, you -------- keep it if you want to. I've given up smoking.
15. I ----------- believe she said that to Megan! She --------- insult her cooking in front of everyone at the party last night. She -----------have just said she was full or had some salad if she didn't like the meal.
16. Do you -------- chew with your mouth open like that? Geez, it's making me sick watching you eat that piece of pizza.
17. Mrs. Scarlett's body was found in the lounge just moments ago, and it's still warm! Nobody has left the mansion this evening, so the killer ------be someone in this room. It be any one of us!
18. Ted: I don't know why Denise starting crying when I mentioned the wedding. Pamela: It -------- have been what you said about her brother. Or, perhaps she is just nervous. After all, the big day is tomorrow. 19. --------- you always say the first thing that pops into your head? --------you think once in awhile before you speak? 20. I was reading the book last night before I went to bed. I never took it out of this room. It --------- be lying around here somewhere. Where -------- it be?
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Negative and past forms are also used in this lesson. Some gaps may have more than one correct answer. must have to 1. I 2. You be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably take a taxi if I want to be on time.
submit the application if it has not been completely filled out. Check that the name, address,
and background information are correct. If the form is not accurate and complete, you will be rejected and you will reapply at a later date.
3. Tina: Look at these flowers - they're beautiful! But, there's no card. Who could have sent them? Stephanie: It have been David. He's the only one who would send you flowers. 4. You 5. You forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time. be so rude! Why don't you try saying "please" once in a while. take a driver training course to get a driver's license. You still get your permit
6. If you are over 18 in California, you
can have a friend or a family member teach you instead. But remember, you before you start practicing. 7. You their name. 8. Ed: My car broke down in Death Valley last week. I the nearest mechanic. Lilly: That have cost a fortune! keep an eye out for bears. If you see one, you
be rich to be a success. Some of the most successful people I know haven't got a penny to
have it towed more than a hundred miles to
9. While hiking in Alaska, you
approach it. They are beautiful animals; however, they are wild and unpredictable in nature. You be afraid of them, but educating yourself about the dangers can help keep you safe. 10. I that I go to work tomorrow because it is Memorial Day. The best thing about a day off from work is get up at 6:00; I can sleep in till noon if I want to.
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11. Yesterday, I
cram all day for my French final. I didn't get to sleep until after midnight.
12. Nate: Oh no! I completely forgot we were supposed to pick Jenny up at the airport. Barbara: She still be sitting there waiting for us.
13. Ingrid received a scholarship to Yale University which will cover 100% of the tuition. She worry at all about the increasing cost of education. 14. When I was a child my grandmother was continually correcting our manners. She always used to say, "One eat with one's mouth open." Or, she would correct us by saying, "One elbows on the table." And every time I wanted to leave the table, she would say, "One excused." 15. I've redone this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. The answer in the book be wrong! rest one's ask to be

Positive and negative forms can be used. Some gaps may have more than one answer. might must should at least get her
1. Nancy said you didn't need to buy her anything for her birthday, but I really think you some flowers or a nice bottle of wine. 2. Debbie said she was really busy this week, but I think she to work overtime on Friday. 3. Nina said she would come over right after work, so she 4. Oh my God, he's unconscious. Don't move him - he ambulance. 5. You be kidding! That can't be true. be here by 6:00.
show up at the party if she doesn't have
have internal injuries. Somebody call an
6. Dan: Where's the remote control? I want to change the channel. Fiona: I don't know. It check in there. be under the couch. Or, perhaps I absent-mindedly took it into the kitchen. I'll
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7. For most people, learning a language is a challenging undertaking. Experts agree that to make the most of your language learning experience, you practice the language regularly and push yourself to maintain
old vocabulary while acquiring new words and expressions. 8. New research suggests that exercise can reduce the chance of heart disease as well as cancer. That's why I told my father that he start walking once a day.
9. We should invite Sally and her husband to come to the picnic on Saturday. We haven't seen them in weeks, and they really enjoy a nice day at the beach.
10. Tim: While I was a student, I spent a year and a half studying Pygmy culture in the Central African Republic. My research focused on unique aspects of the their social structure and religion. Simona: That been absolutely fascinating! 11. We had better call Tony to see if he's at home before we go over to his house. He don't want to drive all the way over there for nothing. 12. At first, my boss didn't want to hire Sam. But, because I had previously worked with Sam, I told my boss that he 13. You take another look at his resume and reconsider him for the position. worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the job, or you don't. If you don't, be there and we have
just apply for another one. Eventually, you will find work. 14. I would love to go on the cruise to Tahiti with Robin and Michelle. But such a luxurious trip fortune. I doubt I could afford something like that. cost a
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1. Unfortunately, James and Michelle had already made plans, so they exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Art. 2. They have had several major snow storms in the mountains during the last month. We had better call the highway patrol to check road conditions. The road to Smithsville 3. We should call Tim before we go over to his house; he way there for nothing. 4. In order to win the pie eating contest, Norman would have to eat sixteen pies in ten minutes. He possibly eat that many pies - he would explode! 5. I know Eve wants to go to the ballet with us, but we'd better call her before we get her ticket. She works Wednesday nights, and she 6. Susan 7. It be able to get time off that evening. be passable. be there. I don't want to drive all the come with us to the
hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly. be a bad idea to take some snacks along while we're hiking. Last time, we got so hungry
we had to come back early without finishing the hike. 8. Jerry might be angry, or he temperamental. 9. Jerry 10. The lamp be angry at me. I've never done anything to upset him. be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out. . You never really know with him because he's so
11. When you were a child, you could swim from here to the little island in the middle of the river, you? At least, that's what your father told me. 12. She 13. Frank and Sarah after tickets went on sale. possibly be the winner of the talent show! The other acts were much better than hers. get tickets to the concert. The concert was sold out a little over an hour
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14. I heard that band is really popular, and tickets sell out quickly. You long. 15. That concert has been sold out for weeks. You personally. It's impossible! 16. It 17. That different person. 18. You 19. Jane and Bill do the job if you didn't speak Arabic fluently.
get tickets if you wait too
get tickets even if you knew the band
be a bad idea to get a car alarm for your new sports car. New cars tend to attract thieves. possibly be Mr. Jones. He's lost so much weight that he looks like a completely
have gotten the invitation to the party. Perhaps, that's why they didn't show
up. I doubt they would actually skip your birthday party - they're your best friends! 20. I have left my keys at Simon's house. I wouldn't have been able to drive home if I had done
that. They must be somewhere here in the apartment. Let's keep looking.
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1. Donna: If I won the ten million dollar lottery jackpot, I Sam: Where Donna: I don't know, I you go if you had that much money? choose to spend a year in Paris - or perhaps I go to Kenya. afford to quit my job and travel the world.
Sam: How often do you buy lottery tickets? Donna: Never... I guess if I want to win the lottery, I Sam: That 2. Waitress: Hi, my name is Sandy - I'll be your waitress tonight. What can I get for you? Tony: I haven't decided yet. Is there anything you try? Waitress: You try the Cajun catfish - or perhaps the Gumbo. They're both delicious. be a little too spicy for me. Actually, the prawns sound recommend? Is there anything you think I help. try buying some tickets.
Tony: That sounds wonderful, but that good. Umm, Waitress: Sure, 3. Jan: What Peter: I think citizens United States. Jan: What Peter: I
I have the barbecued prawns? you like a salad with that?
we look for in a candidate when we vote in a presidential election? vote for a President who has the ability to improve the quality of life in the
you do if you were President of the United States? focus on reducing environmental pollution.
Jan: Every candidate always says he's going to do that, but it's a really complicated problem - it's not one which is easily solved. What makes you think you actually stop pollution?
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14. PARTICIPLES
!> present participle
The present participle is often used when we want to express an active action. In English we add -ing to the infinitive of the verb.
&se of the present participle Progressive6 Continuous tense (erund 1e is reading a book. 1e #as reading a book. #eading books is fun. 1e likes reading books. Look at the reading boy. Participle 1e ca!e reading around the corner. 1e sat reading in the corner. I sa# hi! reading.
,+!> past participle
The present participle is often used when we want to express a passive action. In English we add -ed to the infinitive of regular verbs. We use the 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs.
&se of the past participle Perfect tenses 1e has forgotten the pencil. 1e had forgotten the pencil. Passive voice A house is built. A house #as built. Look at the washed car. Participle The car washed yesterday is blue. 1e had his car washed.
,+,> 1ompounds with the past participle
This combination is also known as perfect participle. It is used to form an active sentence with the past participle. There is a time gap between the actions.
past participle and having 3aving read the book the boy ca!e out of the roo!. present participle The boy ca!e reading out of the roo!. @oth actions happened at the sa!e ti!e. Ene action happened after the other.
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7se the #ords in brackets as participles in the gaps. 5xa!ple8 999999999 ne#s (s!rprise) LTsung8 s!rprising ne#s
&: a $: an ': a ;: the <: the =: I sa# hi! >: the ?: the A: &%: the girl
boy (wait) story (interest) car (break) piIIa (forget) father (work) . (go) co!puter (repair) students (talk) fans (e9cite) next door (li"e)
Put in the verbs in brackets as participles present participle or past participle into the gaps. 5xa!ple8 I talked to the !an 9999999 the ne#spaper. Ans#er8 I talked to the !an reading the ne#spaper.
&: 1e sa# his friend
(go) out #ith
ue. (dri"e) do#n the
$: The bus crashed into the blue car hill. ': Peter hurt his leg ;: The u!brella !ith. <: The people friendly. =: I heard !y !other >: My uncle al#ays has his car ?: -e stood (do) karate.
(find) at the bus stop belongs to 0ohn
(dance) in the street are all very
(talk) on the phone. (wash).
(wait) for the taxi.
A: (look) do#n fro! the to#er #e sa# !any people #alking in the streets. &%: The people drove off in a (steal) car.
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Put in the verbs in brackets as "ast "articiple into the gaps. 5xa!ple8 9999999 politicians (shock) Ans#er8 shocked politicians
&: $: ': ;: <: =: >: ?: A: &%:
#atches (repair) co!puters (steal) fans (fascinate) students (bore) boys (conf!se) u!brellas (forget) girls (disappoint) co!ics (swap) doctors (worry) Fueens (am!se)
Put in the verbs in brackets as "resent "articiple into the gaps. 5xa!ple8 9999999 birds (fly) Ans#er8 flying birds
&: $: ': ;: <: =: >: ?: A: &%:
dogs (bark) children (play) girls (scream) co#boys (dance) ducks (swim) babies (cry) #ater (r!n) teachers (sing) leaves (fall) people (lie)
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15. ACTIVE / PASSIVE VERB FORMS

Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize the difference to successfully speak English. In Active Sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active. [Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]
In Passive Sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action. [Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]
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Active / Passive Overview

Active Simple Present Present Continuous Simple Past Past Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Once a week, Tom cleans the house. Right now, Sarah is writing the letter. Sam repaired the car. The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. Many tourists have visited that castle. Recently, John has been doing the work. George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license. Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris. Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Passive Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom. Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah. The car was repaired by Sam. The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. That castle has been visited by many tourists. Recently, the work has been being done by John.
Past Perfect
Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license. The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.
Past Perfect Continuous Simple Future will Simple Future be going to Future Continuous will Future Continuous
The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.
A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes. At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.
At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John. At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John. 137
be going to Future Perfect will Future Perfect be going to Future Perfect Continuous will Future Perfect Continuous be going to Used to Would Always Future in the Past Would Future in the Past Was Going to They will have completed the project before the deadline. The project will have been completed before the deadline.
They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.
The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.
The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.
The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished. Jerry used to pay the bills. My mother would always make the pies. I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM.
The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished. The bills used to be paid by Jerry. The pies would always be made by my mother. I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.
I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight.
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Rewrite the sentences using Passive voice.

Example: Peter writes a letter. Answer: A letter is written. Or A letter is written by Peter. 1) Julia rescued three cats. 2) The students handed in the reports. 3) Maria crashed into the blue car. 4) Alex learned the poem. 5) Steven has forgotten the book. 6) The mechanic has not repaired the DVD recorder. 7) They play handball. 8) Sue puts the rucksack on the floor. 9) The girls had lost the match. 10) The teacher is not going to open the window.
Passive sentences in the Simple Past Exercise 1

Example: Frank built a house. Answer: A house was built. or A house was built by Frank. 1) The dog bit the old lady. 2) Oliver taught the children. 3) The police arrested the thieves. 4) Grandmother told good stories. 5) The man stole the blue car. 6) We won the match. 7) Victoria rode the brown horse. 8) Jack swam the 200 metres. 9) Tom and Max ate five hamburgers. 10) She bought four apples.
Passive - Sentences in the Simple Present Exercise 2

Example: Frank builds a house. Answer: A house is built. or A house is built by Frank. 1) Mr Jones watches the film. 2) The people speak English. 3) He reads comics. 4) We play volleyball. 5) They sing the song. 6) I take photos. 7) She does the housework. 8) The policemen help the children. 9) He writes text messages. 10) Mother waters the flowers.
Passive sentences with two objects Example:

Answer: 1) They don't speak English in this shop. 2) Kevin asked Dennis a question. 3) Somebody built the house last year. 4) She gives him a box. 5) Max will look after him. 6) The waiter brought Fred a big steak. 7) Somebody broke into our bungalow last Friday. 8) The teacher told us a joke. 9) They will meet Doris at the station. 10) Michael has not sent me a text message.
Tim gave Lisa some flowers. Some flowers were given to Lisa by Tim. or Lisa was given some flowers by Tim.
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Passive - various tenses Exercise 1

Example: A letter __________ by Peter. (to write - Simple Present) Answer: A letter is written by Peter.
&: The #ords $: -e ': This car ;: This street <: A ne# restaurant =: 1e >: The blue box ?: I A: The dishes &%: I by the teacher today. (to e9plain ' Simple -resent) a letter the day before yesterday. (to send ' Simple -ast) . ItCs too old. (not to steal ' will'f!t!re) because of sno#. (already to close ' -resent -erfect) next #eek. (to open ' will'f!t!re) to the party yesterday. (to in"ite ' Simple -ast) . (can not to see ' Simple -resent) the book by !y friend last unday. (to gi"e ' Simple -ast)
by !y little brother. (not to wash ' -resent -erfect) by )obert. (not to ask ' will'f!t!re)
16. REPORTED SPEECH

#eported commands
If you put a command into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same like in statements: (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time). The form is mostly: form of to tell + to = infinitive.
0ffirmative commands "ather8 LDo your ho!e#ork.L "ather told !e to do !y ho!e#ork. %egative commands Teacher. LDonCt talk to your neighbour.L The teacher told !e not to talk to !y neighbour.
#eported 7uestions
If you put a question into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same like in statements: (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time). In Reported speech there is no question anymore, the sentence becomes a statement. That's why the word order is: sub-ect + verb Question without question words (yes/no questions): Peter: "?o you play football?" - Peter asked me whether <if> I played football. Question with question words: Peter: "When do you play football?" - Peter asked me when I played football.
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#eported speech + English Grammar

Statements
1) If the sentence starts in the present, there is no backshift of tenses in Reported speech. Example: Susan: "I work in an office." Susan says that she works in an office. 2) If the sentence starts in the past, there is often backshift of tenses in Reported speech. (see: Note) Example: Susan: "I work in an office." Susan said that she worked in an office.
@ackshift of tenses from i!ple Present i!ple Past Present Perfect Past Perfect #ill "rogressive forms a!6are6is #as6#ere has been had been had been #as6#ere #ould Past Perfect to i!ple Past
@ackshift of tenses from Peter8 LI work in the garden.L Peter8 LI worked in the garden.L Peter8 LI have worked in the garden.L Peter8 LI had worked in the garden.L Peter8 LI will work in the garden.L Peter8 LI can work in the garden.L Peter8 LI may work in the garden.L Peter8 LI would work in the garden.L Gcould, might, should, ought to: "rogressive forms Peter8 LI'm working in the garden.L Peter8 LI was working in the garden.L Peter8 LI have been working in the garden.L Peter8 LI had been working in the garden.L If the sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it as well Peter said that he had been working in the garden. Peter said that he was working in the garden. Peter said that he would work in the garden. Peter said that he could work in the garden. Peter said that he might work in the garden. Peter said that he would work in the garden. Gcould, might, should, ought to: Peter said that he had worked in the garden. to Peter said that he worked in the garden.
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Peter: "I worked in the garden yesterday." Peter said that he had worked in the garden the day before.
'hifting of expressions of time this <evening> that <evening> today)this day these <days> now <a week> ago last weekend here next <week> tomorrow %ote( that day those <days> then <a week> before the weekend before ) the previous weekend there the following <week> the next)following day
In some cases the backshift of tenses is not necessary, e.g. when statements are still true. John: "My brother is at Cambridge university."
John said that his brother was at Cambridge university. $r
John said that his brother is at Cambridge university. or Mandy: "The sun rises in the East."
Mandy said that the sun rose in the East. $r
Mandy said that the sun rises in the East.
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#eported speech + simple statements + Exercise !

"inish the sentences using )eported speech. 0lways change the tense+ although it is so!eti!es not necessary. 5xa!ple8 Peter8 LI clean the black shoes.L Peter told !e that 9999999999999999999999999999 Ans#er8 Peter told !e that he cleaned the black shoes.
&: 0ohn8 LMandy is at ho!e.L 0ohn said that $: Max8 L"rank often reads a book.L Max told !e that ': usan8 LIC! #atching T3.L . . .
usan said to !e that ;: i!on8 LDavid #as ill.L .
i!on said that <: Peggy8 LThe girls helped in the house.L Peggy told !e that =: )ichard8 LI a! going to ride a skateboard.L )ichard said to !e that >:
tephen and Claire8 L-e have cleaned the #indo#s.L .
tephen and Claire told !e that ?: Charles8 LI didnCt have ti!e to do !y ho!e#ork.L Charles re!arked that A: Mrs 0ones8 LMy !other #ill be <% years old.L Mrs 0ones told !e that &%: 0ean8 LThe boss !ust sign the letter.L 0ean said that . . .
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#eported commands, affirmative sentences + Exercise ,

"inish the sentences using )eported speech. 0lways change the tense+ although it is so!eti!es not necessary. 5xa!ple8 Peter8 LClean the black shoes,L Peter told !e 9999999999999999999999999 Ans#er8 Peter told !e to clean the black shoes.
&: Andre#8 LClean the blue bike,L Andre# told !e $: 0essica8 L-rite a text !essage,L 0essica told !e ': /elly8 L1elp PeterCs sister,L /elly told !e ;: "red8 L-ash your hands,L "red told !e <: Anna8 LEpen the #indo#,L Anna told !e =: To!8 LCo!e at ?,L To! told !e >: Teacher8 LDo your ho!e#ork,L The teacher told !e ?: Doris8 LDance #ith !e,L Doris told !e A: abine8 LMeet andy at the station,L . . . . . . . . .
abine told !e &%: 3ictoria8 LCheck your e*!ails,L 3ictoria told !e
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#eported commands, negations + Exercise ,

"inish the sentences using )eported speech. 0lways change the tense+ although it is so!eti!es not necessary. 5xa!ple8 Peter8 LDonCt clean the black shoes,L Peter told !e 9999999999999999999999999 Ans#er8 Peter told !e not to clean the black shoes.
&: Baren8 LDonCt play football in the garden,L Baren told !e $: Teacher8 LDonCt forget your ho!e#ork,L The teacher re!inded !e ': Mike8 LDonCt shout at Peter,L Mike told !e ;: .vonne8 LDonCt talk to your neighbour,L .vonne told !e <: Denise8 LDonCt open the door,L Denise told !e =: Marcel8 LDonCt sing that song,L Marcel re!inded !e >: 0ane8 LDonCt #atch the ne# fil!,L 0ane advised !e ?: -alter8 LDonCt ring )o!y on -alter told !e A: Lisa8 LDonCt fly via Paris,L Lisa advised !e &%: 0a!ie8 LDonCt eat so !uch junk food,L 0a!ie re!inded !e . . unday,L . . . . . . . .
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#eported speech + statements with expressions of time + Exercise ,

"inish the sentences using )eported speech. 0lways change the tense+ although it is so!eti!es not necessary. 5xa!ple8 Peter8 LI cleaned the black shoes yesterday.L Peter told !e that 999999999999999999999999999999999 Ans#er8 Peter told !e that he had cleaned the black shoes the day before.
&: 5!ily8 LEur teacher #ill go to LeipIig to!orro#.L 5!ily said that $: 1elen8 LI #as #riting a letter yesterday.L 1elen told !e that ': )obert8 LMy father fle# to Dallas last year.L )obert told !e that ;: Lisa8 LTi! #ent to the stadiu! an hour ago.L Lisa said that <: Patricia8 LMy !other #ill celebrate her birthday next #eekend.L Patricia said that =: Michael8 LI a! going to read a book this #eek.L Michael said to !e that >: 0ason and 3ictoria8 L-e #ill do our best in the exa!s to!orro#.L 0ason and 3ictoria told !e that ?: Andre#8 L-e didnCt eat fish t#o days ago.L Andre# re!arked that A: Alice8 LI spent all !y pocket !oney on Monday.L Alice co!plained that &%: David8 L0ohn had already gone at six.L David said that . . . . . . . . . .
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#eported 7uestions + Exercise !

"inish the sentences using )eported speech. 0lways change the tense+ although it is so!eti!es not necessary. 5xa!ple8 Peter8 LDid 0ohn clean the black shoes2L Peter asked !e 999999999999999999999999999999999 Ans#er8 Peter asked !e if :ohn had cleaned the black shoes.
&: Christopher8 LDo you #ant to dance2L Christopher asked !e $: @etty8 L-hen did you co!e2L @etty #anted to kno# ': Mark8 L1as 0ohn arrived2L Mark asked !e ;: )onald8 L-here does Maria park her car2L )onald asked !e <: 5lisabeth8 LDid you #atch the latest fil!2L 5lisabeth asked !e =: Mandy8 LCan I help you2L Mandy #anted to kno# >: Andre#8 L-ill Mandy have lunch #ith Andre# asked !e ?: 0ustin8 L-hat are you doing2L 0ustin asked !e . ue2L . . . . . . .
A: "rank8 L1o# !uch pocket !oney does Lisa get2L "rank #anted to kno# &%: Anne8 LMust I do the shopping2L Anne asked . .
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#eported 7uestions + Exercise ,

"inish the sentences using )eported speech. 0lways change the tense+ although it is so!eti!es not necessary. 5xa!ple8 Peter8 LDid 0ohn clean the black shoes yesterday2L Peter asked !e 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999 Ans#er8 Peter asked !e if :ohn had cleaned the black shoes the day before.
&: Mandy8 LAre the boys reading the book2L .esterday Mandy asked !e $: 0ason8 L-ho gave you the laptop2L .esterday 0ason #anted to kno# ': )obert8 LIs Ti! leaving on "riday2L .esterday )obert asked !e ;: Daniel8 L-ill it rain to!orro#2L .esterday Daniel asked !e <: 0ennifer8 L-here do you play football today2L .esterday 0ennifer #anted to kno# =: /ancy8 L-hy didnCt /ick go to /e# .ork last su!!er2L .esterday /ancy #anted to kno# >: @arbara8 LMust I do !y ho!e#ork this afternoon2L .esterday @arbara asked !e ?: Linda8 LDid Max fly to London t#o #eeks ago2L .esterday Linda #anted to kno# A: (rand!other8 L-here are !y glasses2L .esterday (rand!other asked !e &%: A !an8 L-hen does the train to Liverpool leave2L .esterday a !an asked !e . . . . . . . . . .
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17. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES, types I, II, III

1onditional sentences, type I, Exercise ! + mixed
"or! a 1onditional sentence + type I. Enly use the will+future in the !ain clauses. 5xa!ple8 Tho!as 99999999 (not to catch) the bus if he 999999999 (to get !p) late. Ans#er8 Tho!as will not catch the bus if he gets !p late. or Tho!as won;t catch the bus if he gets !p late.
&: If you (to di"e) into this river+ you (to h!rt) yourself. $: If the sun (to shine)+ the children (to play) outside. ': )ichard (to walk) to school if he (to miss) the bus. ;: 5!ily (to b!y) the cola if you (to pack) the picnic basket. <: If I (to be) in 3enice+ I (to rent) a boat. =: MichaelCs teacher (to phone) his parents if he (to write) text !essages during the lesson. >: If she (to answer) this Fuestion correctly+ she (to get) an extra point. ?: My sister (to be) angry if I (to t!rn) on the !usic too loud. A: .our roo! (to look) !uch tidier if you (to keep) your ha!ster in the cage. &%: If #e (to s!rf) the Internet+ #e (to find) a lot of infor!ation about Loch /ess.
1onditional sentences, type II, mixed exercise !

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. "or! a 1onditional sentence + type II. Mind the position of the if* clause. 5xa!ple8 Tho!as 99999999 (not to b!y) a ne# car if he 999999999 (to win) #on &%+%%% 5uros. Ans#er8 Tho!as wo!ld not b!y a ne# car if he won &%+%%% 5uros. or Tho!as wo!ldn;t b!y a ne# car if he won &%+%%% 5uros.
&: If you (to help) your grand!a+ I (to do) the shopping. $: Andre# (to water) the flo#ers if he (to stay) at ho!e. ': If she (to ha"e) < pounds !ore+ she (to b!y) herself this T*shirt. ;: If they (to offer) !e the job+ I (to take) it. <: .ou (to ha"e) su!!er holidays fro! 0une till August if you (to li"e) in the 7 A. =: -e (to sell) the bike for $% 5uros if )on (to repair) it. >: If you (to !se) a pencil+ the dra#ing (to be) perfect. ?: The children (to be) happy if he (to teach) the! 5nglish. A: If Ireen (to "isit) us+ #e (to go) out tonight. &%: They (to come) again if he (to plan) a second stay.
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1onditional sentences, type III, Cill+in Exercise !

5xa!ple8 Tho!as 9999999 (not to b!y) a ne# car if he 999999999 (to win) $%+%%% 5uros. Ans#er8 Tho!as wo!ld not ha"e bo!ght a ne# car if he had won $%+%%% 5uros. or Tho!as wo!ldn;t ha"e bo!ght a ne# car if he;d won $%+%%% 5uros.
&: If he (to come) earlier+ he (to meet) Tina. $: The #ater in the pool (to be) #ar!er if the sun (to shine) !ore often. ': If @etty (to write) !ore applications+ she (to get) an apprenticeship. ;: If I (to see) you+ I (to talk) to you. <: -e (to gi"en) the !an the docu!ents if #e (to know) hi!. =: If you (to phone) !e+ I (to record) the sho#. >: They (to !nderstand) the fil! if they (to read) the book. ?: If the car (to t!rn) left+ the old lady (to cross) the street. A: If she (to reali<e) the red traffic light+ she (to stop). &%: The boys (to win) the !atch if they (to train) regularly.
18. QUANTIFIERS
a lot of)lots of These phrases are mainly used in informal English. lots of sounds a bit more informal than a lot of. Both forms are used in singular and in plural sentences. It is not the phrase a lot of or lots of which determines singular or plural, but the sub-ect of the sentence (here water and computers). A lot of water is wasted. Lots of water is wasted.
A lot of computers are needed at schools. Lots of computers are needed at schools. singular
plural
In formal English plenty of or much and many is used for a lot of)lots of. Plenty of water is wasted. Much water is wasted.
Plenty computers are needed at schools. Many computers are needed at schools. singular
plural
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much or many
much:
uncountable nouns (milk, marmalade, money, time etc.) many: countable nouns (bottles of milk, jars of marmalade, dollars, minutes etc.) Examples: How much money have you got? How many dollars have you got? In informal English these questions are often answered with a lot of/lots of. There is no much difference between the two phrases.
a little or a few
a little: a few:
non countable nouns (milk, marmalade, money, time etc.) countable nouns (bottles of milk, jars of marmalade, dollars, minutes etc.)
Examples: He has a little money left. He has a few dollars left.
some, any
some( any:
affirmative statements, offers, requests and in questions when you expect the answer "yes"
negative statements, questions
Have you got any bananas? No, we haven't got any. But we've got some oranges.
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something, anything and other compounds with some)any

=ompo!nds with some and any
The compounds with some and any are used like the single words some/any.
1ompounds so!ething anything so!eone anyoneH so!ebody anybodyH so!eday so!eti!e anyti!e so!eti!es so!eplace anyplace so!e#here any#here so!eho# anyho# so!e#ay any#ay any!ore Examples There is something #rong #ith our car. There is someone at the door. I #ould like to be somebody. 'omeday heCll be rich. -e sa# her sometime last !onth. I sometimes take the bus to school.
CanCt you sing somewhere else2
he looked ill+ somehow.
I canCt help you anymore.
* There is no much difference between someone)anyone and somebody)anybody. Examples: There's someone at the door. I'd like to be somebody.
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Put in something+ someone+ somewhere or anything+ anyone+ anywhere into the gaps. 5xa!ple8 I need 999999999 to drink. Ans#er8 I need something to drink.
&: ICve got $: There is ': -e havenCt heard ;: Do you live <: =: 1as
in !y eye. at the door. about Peter. Is he ill2 near Mandy2
#ants to see you. seen !y bag2 . to drink2 can tell you #here the post*office in this to#n is. about it.
>: My teacher asked !e ?: Can I have A: DonCt #orry. &%: I donCt kno#
5U5)CI 5 & * !uch or !any2 * Choose the correct ans#er.
&: $: ': ;: <: =: >: ?: A: &%:
pupils ti!e !oney dollars !ilk children #ater fun dogs people
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5U5)CI 5 $ * !uch or !any2 * Choose the correct ans#er.
&: $: ': ;: <: =: >: ?: A: &%:
CDs !usic cups juice ti!e pencils cheese cornflakes piIIas le!onade
5U5)CI 5 & * so!e or any2 * Choose the correct ans#er.
&: -e need $: .ou canCt buy ': -e havenCt got ;: Peter has bought <: he al#ays takes
bananas. posters in this shop. oranges at the !o!ent. ne# books. sugar #ith her coffee. nice postcards in this souvenir shop. folders in !y bag. !agaIines for you. apples on the table. pencils on her desk.
=: I have seen >: There arenCt ?: I have A: There are &%: Pa! does not have
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5U5)CI 5 $ * so!e or any2 * Choose the correct ans#er.
&: 1ave you got $: There are
to!atoes2 exercise books on the floor. .
': Did you get the ketchup2 /o+ they hadnCt got ;: .ou should eat <: -e had to #ait for =: Is there >: They didnCt sing ?: 1ere are A: IC! looking for fresh fruit. !inutes. le!onade left2 songs. cornflakes+ but there isnCt good !usic.
!ilk.
&%: There is no butter in the fridge. LetCs go and get
5U5)CI 5 ' * so!e or any * Choose the correct ans#er.
&: Can I have $: -e sa#
of these ki#is2 dolphins in the sea. !oney. .
': They #ent to to#n #ithout ;: @uy so!e apples if you see <: -ould you like =: Co!e and see !e >: 1e never does ?: .ou can take !ore tea2
ti!e you #ant. #ork. bus to the city centre. help.
A: Peter never gives his !other &%: ThereCs hardly coffee left.
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19. PHRASAL VERBS

Put + Prepositions
Gap-fill Exercise
Fill in the blanks using the words in the box below away back behind down in off on out over up
1. I think she is absolutely horrible. I don't know how you can put 2. I'm not rich! I can't afford to put 3. Put that kind of money.
with her.
your warm sweater - it's really cold outside. on the counter; she didn't want to break it. .
4. Karen carefully put the glass statue
5. After I finished doing the laundry, I asked Susan to help me put everything 6. After two years in North Dakota, Sam put
for a transfer to an air force base in California.
7. "Put your hands your back," said the police officer to the thief, "You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you..." 8. Don't put doing your homework. Do it now, so it will be out of the way and you can do something fun tonight. 9. She is always putting 10. Magda put the blanket the people at school. I don't think she respects anyone there. her son to keep him warm as he slept.
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Pass + Prepositions
Gap-fill Exercise
Fill in the blanks using the words in the box below around away back by into off out over through up
1. The exhaust fumes from the cars were so strong that Sherry passed
2. When they offered me that job in Miami, I immediately accepted. There was no way I was going to pass the opportunity to move to Florida. to the art dealer. I could see she
3. After I took a quick look at the ancient vase, I passed it was afraid I was going to break it. 4. He tried to pass the painting fake.
as an original Picasso, but I recognized at once that it was a
5. The Buddhist monk told me that the old woman had not really died. He said she had simply passed her next life. 6. The police helicopter passed prisoner who had escaped. 7. Every day, when the yellow bus passes childhood in Iowa and simpler times. our house several times while they were looking for the
my house on its way to school, I think of my
8. I momentarily lost my cell phone connection when the train passed 9. My grandfather lived a very long and active life. He didn't pass 10. One by one, we passed the pictures photographer Jerry had become.
the tunnel. until he was 107 years old.
so that everyone could see what a talented
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Take + Prepositions
Gap-fill Exercise
Fill in the blanks using the words in the box below after away back down for in off on out over
1. John is going to take Cybil 2. She should never have taken nights and weekends.
for a nice dinner and a late-night film. so much responsibility at work if she wasn't willing to work
3. I hate that picture which is hanging over the couch. Can we please take it 4. I said you were a nice person, but I take it 5. Jessica was taken . You are absolutely horrible!
by the con artist. He stole over ten thousand dollars from her. . The
6. We went down to the beaches near Cape Canaveral to watch the space shuttle take launch was magnificent. 7. There was a military coup d'etat in the tiny nation. The military took gained control of the government. 8. Jim really takes same laugh!
the capital city and
his father. They look the same, they act the same - they even have the
9. You thought I stole your wallet?! What kind of person do you take me 10. When the police discovered his history of drunk driving, they took
? his driver's license.
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Turn + Prepositions
Gap-fill Exercise
Fill in the blanks using the words in the box below around away down in into off on out over up
1. I was afraid there wasn't enough light in the room when I took these pictures, but they actually turned great! the air-conditioning. It's really hot in here. really loud and danced around my
2. Can you please turn
3. When I heard my favorite song on the radio, I turned it apartment. 4. I applied to Yale University, but they turned me 5. We have to turn .
our research papers by next Wednesday.
6. They were showing so many commercials during that movie that I finally just got up and turned the TV. 7. The witch turned the handsome prince a frog.
8. Although Sam wanted to keep the bag of money he found in the bus station, he knew he should turn it to the authorities. so he could adjust the hemline of the dress.
9. The tailor told her to turn
10. Those nomads are incredibly hospitable. Someone seeking food and shelter would never be turned .
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Bring + Prepositions
Gap-fill Exercise
Fill in the blanks using the words in the box below. along around away back into through up on out over
1. His heart attack was brought .. by too much stress at work. 2. I didn't realize he had gotten divorced. I'm so embarrassed - I wish I hadn't brought .. his wife at the party. 3. Your new dress really brings .. the color of your eyes. 4. Don't you bring those dirty shoes .. my clean house! 5. What exactly did you bring .. from the experience. Did you learn anything at all? 6. They brought a pizza and some beer .. and we watched an old movie on television. 7. You are only allowed to bring two bottles of wine .. customs when you enter this country. 8. When we go camping, don't forget to bring .. the binoculars so we can look for wildlife. 9. Lisa is going to pick Ted up at the airport and bring him .. to the house. 10. Sarah doesn't want to go skiing this winter, but we still have time to bring her.. .
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Check + Prepositions
Gap-fill Exercise
Fill in the blanks using the words in the box below. back by for into off on out over through 1. First, we checked .. the hotel, and then we took a taxi over to the convention center. 2. I am just going to make a quick call to check .. the kids and make sure that everything is OK. 3. Your luggage will be checked .. to Los Angeles, so you don't need to worry about it when you transfer planes in Houston. 4. We are going to check .. the new dance club downtown. Do you want to come along? 5. Danny has been sick for over a week. We are going to check .. later to see how he is doing. 6. Dinner at Fillipi's sounds like a great idea, but let me check .. my wife first to see if she has already made plans for Friday. If we are free, we would love to join you. 7. Health professionals suggest women regularly perform self examinations to check .. early indications of breast cancer. If cancer is detected early, treatment is highly effective. 8. After Burt dropped his camera, he carefully checked it .. to make sure it wasn't damaged. 9. Patricia always keeps a detailed list of her daily tasks. As she completes each task, she checks it .. her list and moves on to the next one. with
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Come + Prepositions
Gap-fill Exercise
Fill in the blanks using the words in the box below. off out over through up with 1. He came .. a lot of money at a very early age, so he has never had to work. 2. We are going to the beach later. Would you like to come.. ? 3. At first, he comes .. as rather shy. But when you get to know him, you'll notice he has a hilarious sense of humor. 4. They were having problems with the ship's radio, so none of the messages came .. clearly. 5. The pictures I took on vacation came .. great. I can't wait to show them to you. 6. Although the negotiations lasted more than two weeks, the representatives came .. feeling like they had accomplished nothing. 7. Sam and Evan came .with a great marketing strategy for their new product. 8. The toy doesn't come .. batteries. You have to buy them separately. 9. Camille is coming .. for dinner tonight. 10. When I tried to open the door, the knob came .. in my hand and I was stuck in the room for more than two hours across along away into
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Go + Prepositions
Gap-fill Exercise Fill in the blanks using the words in the box below away by down into off on out over through under
1. They were party animals in college. They went . almost every night and rarely came home before four o'clock in the morning. 2. I am sorry I interrupted you. Please, go .. I really want to hear the end of your story. 3. Our neighbor's car alarm went .several times last night, so I didn't sleep well at all. 4. The project is classified by the military, so I am not allowed to go . the details. Let's just say it's going to cost the government a lot of money. 5. The test is fairly complicated. I would suggest going .your notes from class a couple of times before you try to take it. 6. I'll mail that letter for you. I go the post office on my way to work. 7. Did you see that news report about the hikers who were lost in the mountains for more than a week? I couldn't believe everything they went .. Their story was absolutely incredible. 8. Jerry really struggled to keep his business going. But after months without any customers, it finally went .. 9. I had the hiccups for over half an hour. Luckily, my friend Jane showed me a trick to make them go .. 10. The doctor made Joe lie in a cold bath to help his fever go ..
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Keep + Prepositions
Gap-fill Exercise Fill in the blanks using the words in the box below around away back down in off on out over up
1. There was a sign on the door that said, "Keep !" 2. I ran the entire marathon, but I wasn't able to keep with the rest of the runners. In fact, I was the last to finish. 3. I don't have much shelf space, so I keep my books .the television. 4. If you take the medicine on an empty stomach, you will have problems keeping it . 5. Watch out, there's a rattlesnake! Everybody keep . ! 6. You need to keep the ice cream .the refrigerator until we have dessert. Otherwise, it will melt. 7. I told you to keep the dog the bed. I don't want dog hair all over the bedspread. 8. The roast chicken is on the table. Can you keep the cat from it until everyone sits down for dinner? 9. The house is so dusty that I have to keep a cover.. the computer to make sure it stays clean. 10. Fire is a real danger that everyone should be aware of. I always keep a fire extinguisher , just in case of an emergency.
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Look + Prepositions
Gap-fill Exercise Fill in the blanks using the words in the box below around away down for into out over through
after
up
1. While you are hiking in the forest, you need to look for rattlesnakes. They are often lying on the trails. 2. If you don't know his phone number, you can look it in the phone book. 3. The police are going to look the recent robberies in the neighborhood. Hopefully, they will find the thief. 4. While he was looking . the papers, he noticed a couple of spelling mistakes. 5. If you look the telescope, you can see the rings around Saturn. 6. Sandy is going to look the children while we are at the business dinner. 7. When there is an eclipse, you should look ..from the sun. Looking at the sun can sometimes damage your eyes. 8. I lost my keys. Can you help me look them? 9. The lost child stood there in the middle of the store looking trying to find his parents. 10. She always looks on people who don't agree with her. I think she is very arrogant.
Get + Prepositions (Part 1)

between down in into off on out over under
My dog, Rover, is so difficult to control. He is always getting .the couch when I am not in the room. I always tell him to get .of the furniture, but he just lies there looking at me. Last week, I was sitting on the couch with my girlfriend. He jumped up on the couch and tried to get .us. I immediately yelled, "Get .!" But, he just sat there, desperate for attention. When I eat dinner, he always gets .the table and begs for food. Another problem is that I live next to a main road. He somehow gets .of the house and gets . the fence. I'm afraid he is going to get hurt. And last week, he got .my closet and chewed up my shoes. I don't know how he got .- I usually keep the door closed. I think I need to take him to an obedience school.
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across up along around back to into out through to together
Dear Mom and Dad, I finally got .. that philosophy class I was telling you about. It wasn't easy. It's a required course and there is no way to get . it. The professor, Dr. Schmitt, seems very good, but I think his class is going to be quite a challenge. Yesterday was the first day of the course. He gave everyone in the class a syllabus describing the homework and the exams. I couldn't believe how much he expects us to do. Several of the students immediately got . and left the room. After they were gone, Professor Schmitt started asking the remaining students philosophical questions. They all had great answers, but then he got .me. "What is art?" he asked me. I tried to answer him, but I couldn't get what I wanted to say .to him. He smiled at me and got three or four art books. He passed the art books around and asked us to discuss the question in groups. The people in my discussion group were really great; we all really enjoyed debating the question. Since we got so well, we have decided to form a study group, so we can help each other get this class. I know my grades haven't been the best, but with the help of this study group I should be able to get it and do better this semester. Well, I need to get .work and finish my assignments for tomorrow. Everybody take care, and I'll see you at Thanksgiving. Love, Steve

back by down into on out over through together with
Welcome to "Introduction to Computers and the Internet." This course is designed to help inexperienced computer users get . their fear of technology and get .it "technically." We are going to teach you how to get . with computers and get . the Internet. I am your instructor, Mr. Pfeffer, and these are my two assistants, Mrs. Frank and Miss DePaul. Together, we are going to help you get .these lessons. By the time you get . of this class, you will have mastered the concepts you need to successfully navigate the Web. First, I would like everyone to get .groups and choose a computer. Once you have gotten and chosen a place to sit, we will get .to work. We will be learning about different browsers and how they function. We will teach you how to interpret the layout of a web page and how to know where to click to move to other parts of the web site. At that point, we are going to take a short fifteen minute break. After you all get . to class, we are going to discuss web-based content. We are going to teach you how to find the content you want using sources such as Yahoo or Alta Vista. So, let's get started.
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around to up on at down down to in into out out of over with
Becoming a chef isn't easy. It seems like I just cook twenty-four hours a day. From 8 AM to 3 PM I work at a restaurant downtown to earn money to pay for cooking school. From 4 PM to 7 PM I have classes, and then I have to take the train home. I don't usually get until after 8 PM and I have to make myself dinner before I start
doing my cooking homework. By the time I get doing my assignments, I am exhausted and I can't stand looking at food. Unfortunately, I have no choice, I have to practice preparing special dishes for class. Practicing is constantly a problem; either my roommates are bothering me or the dog is trying to get the food. Yesterday, while I was trying to prepare steak tartar and the counter. I
chocolate mousse, the dog ran into the kitchen and tried to get screamed, "Get
!" but he wouldn't stop. My roommates aren't much better. the kitchen, my roommate, Fred, showed up
While I was trying to get the dog and got
the bag of chocolate I needed for my mousse. I took one look at him !"
eating my chocolate and yelled, "Get By the time I got
work, it was after 10 o'clock. I just wanted to get the
cooking ; I didn't even care if I did a good job. How am I supposed to learn to cook under these condition
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ahead up around back to behind into off through to together
I finally left my job and it was the best decision I've ever made. My work was incredibly boring - I just couldn't get it. I didn't want to keep doing the same
old thing every day, so I quit. My dad always said that if you want to get in this world, you need to be aggressive. I let all my friends and family know that I was looking for a new job. The news got fast. Within a week, I received a call from my cousin Joe, who works for a travel agency. He said that they had gotten in their filing at work and they needed someone to help out. I told him I didn't want to do clerical work, but he suggested we get to talk about the position.
To make a long story short, we had lunch last week. He told me that if I did the job for a few weeks, it might lead to another position with the agency. I told him that I would think about his offer and get him in a couple of days. I think I am going to work until 11
accept the job. The hours are great. I wouldn't have to get o'clock in the morning, and I would get
work at 4 o'clock in the afternoon.
The idea of being able to sleep in every morning sounds great. Even if I got at 9 AM, I could still have breakfast and make it to work on time. I don't really want to file all day, but if I can just get opportunities. the next few weeks, I might have some good job
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20. IDIOMS
The English language is one of the vastest and most vivid languages in the world. It is made up of over 1.5 million words. Over and above that, the same word can have a variety of different meanings depending on the context it is put in; two (or more) words can have the exact same spelling but are pronounced differently, depending on their meanings. Today's article will mainly focus on those combinations of words which are commonly referred to as idioms or idiomatic expressions. It is important to point out that idioms use language in a non-literal (and sometimes metaphorical) way.
One of the most famous idioms, yet quite easy to understand!
This implies that the meaning of the idiomatic expression cannot be deduced by looking at the meaning of the individual words that it is made up of' (Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language, David Crystal). Another important feature to point out is that idioms are fixed, which means that people cannot just decide to make up their own. The following is a list of some of the most widely-used idioms in everyday English and their meanings. This will hopefully help to illustrate Crystal's point in the previous paragraph clearly. Idioms, can you guess their meanings? (Answers below)
1. A penny for your thoughts

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Add insult to injury A hot potato Once in a blue moon Caught between two stools See eye to eye Hear it on the grapevine Miss the boat Kill two birds with one stone On the ball Cut corners To hear something straight from the horse's mouth Costs an arm and a leg The last straw Take what someone says with a pinch of salt Sit on the fence The best of both worlds Put wool over other people's eyes Feeling a bit under the weather Speak of the devil!
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Meanings
1. This idiom is used as a way of asking someone what they are thinking about.
2. When people add insult to injury, they make a bad situation even worse. 3. This idiom is used to speak of an issue (especially in current affairs) which many people are talking about. 4. This is used when something happens very rarely. 5. When someone finds it difficult to choose between two alternatives. 6. This idiom is used to say that two (or more people) agree on something. 7. This means to hear a rumour' about something or someone. 8. This idiom is used to say that someone missed his or her chance at something. 9. This means to do two things at the same time'. 10. When someone understands the situation well. 11. When something is done badly to save money. For example, when someone buys products that are cheap but not of good quality. 12. To hear something from the authoritative source. 13. When something is very expensive. 14. The final problem in a series of problems. 15. This means not to take what someone says too seriously. There is a big possibility that what he/she says is only partly true. 16. This is used when someone does not want to choose or make a decision. 17. All the advantages. 18. This means to deceive someone into thinking well of them. 19. Feeling slightly ill. 20. This expression is used when the person you have just been talking about arrives.
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21. WRITING
0nalysing texts
These sentences can be useful for analysing texts. .ou only need to substitute the red #ords. 1ave a look at "eelings and Phrases for talks for further infor!ation. .he text The story is about two teenagers. The action takes place in Dondon. The text is divided into J parts. .he characters The !ain characters are "eter and *ary. I think "eter is brave because he rescues Mary. In line $> he says ... In !y opinion *andy shouldnCt have gone out alone. The characters in the story change. At first Peter is helpless. Later he beco!es brave. 'ummari6ing the text The !ain point is that "eter likes *andy. The difficult thing is that *andy doesn't see this. The turning point in the story is #hen *andy falls off the tree. En the one hand *andy likes "eter, on the other hand she doesn't like his friends. ThatCs #hy ... *y opinion I think that the story is nice. My point of vie# is that ... My first i!pression #as ... I like6donCt like the story6poe!6song. I thought that the story #ould end like that. The ending of the story didnCt surprise !e.
I think that this only happens in films.

I !ust ad!it that ... The !essage of the story is ...
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1reative Writing + English as a foreign language We talk about 1reative Writing when we write a text about a special topic. There are various topics to write about when you learn a foreign language. Let's show some examples. At an early stage you are able to write short texts e.g. about My hometown or My hobbies Intermediate learners are able to write texts about pros and cons, like: Which do yo prefer! - holidays at home or abroad! Advanced students should write texts about more specific topics. Let's think of Martin Luther King and his words: "I ha#e a
and interests. dream."
Do not forget: Write simple sentences, don't make your structures too complicated If you follow some rules, it's not complicated to write English texts. 1) Read the task and think twice before you begin. 2) Collect ideas. Make notes on a sheet of paper. 3) Arrange your text, avoid repetitions. Think of an introduction and a conclusion. 4) Write the draft. 5) Read your text again and have a look at the vocabulary and the grammar. Use an English-English dictionary to check the usage of the words. Remind the word order in sentences and questions. Think of additional information you could use in your text. 6) Write your text. 7) Read your text again and watch for spelling mistakes. 1reative Writing + .opics There are a lot of topics to write about. We've listed some down here.
*e and others Let !e introduce !yself... My sister6brother My fatherCs6!otherCs job My best friend People I like Proble!s of young people -hat I think about fashion My strangest drea! -ho can be a hero2 -ould you do any voluntary activity2 *y world My ho!e to#n -hich do you prefer * city life or country life2 1olidays at ho!e or abroad2 IC! happy #hen... If I had a !illion dollars... Living as a teenager in !y country
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3obbies and leisure Cost of Cds6D3Ds My hobbies and interests My favourite pop group My favourite sport An interesting #eekend An interesting fil!6book My last holidays in... Plans for !y next holidays I have a dangerous hobby Education and work Applying for a job (ive argu!ents for or against teenage #orking My drea! job My drea! school My favourite subject chool unifor!s chools in the 7 A6@ritain and (er!any 3ealthy life -hatCs !y day like2 -hat I like to eat... At the doctorCs Try to convince your friend to stop s!oking6drinking6taking drugs My attitude to#ards sport My favourite sports I like fast food IC! a vegetarian *e as a consumer I like6donCt like shopping Pocket !oney * ho# !uch do you get * ho# !uch do you need2 Do you save !oney2 Dife on earth My pet 1o# can you save the environ!ent2 5ndangered ani!als kiing and the environ!ent -hy I like ani!als *edia and 0rts Do you like reading2 -hich do you prefer * reading a book or #atching the fil!2 I like !y !obile phone I like #atching T3. I like playing on the co!puter. ThereCs too !uch violence on T3 uccess changes people * #hat do you think2 .he world of English Life in @ritain6the 7 A6Australia6/orthern Ireland Gor another 5nglish speaking country: -hy should people speak 5nglish2 "ast, "resent and Cuture A day #ithout electricity My future #ife6husband 1o# do you see yourself in &% years2 Christ!as * an old tradition that should be kept or big business for the industry
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'ummary writing
)e!e!ber to summari6e the text youCve read. 7se the follo#ing tips8 &: $: ': 'horten the text in such a #ay that all facts are in the su!!ary. Leave out exa!ples+ evaluations and interpretations. 'kim the text. .ou should kno# #hat is the main content of it. )ead the headline carefully. It is i!portant. )ead the text again to understand !ore details. .ou !ust have understood the #hole text.
;: Make notes Guse key#ords:. 7nderline i!portant #ords in the text. <: =: Corm sentences #ith the help of your keywords. These sentences should reflect the !ain content of the text. 1onnect the sentences using suitable conjunctions. The first sentence should describe the !ain content of the text.
>: 7se 'imple "resent or 'imple "ast. -rite sentences in )eported speech. ?: o!eti!es you have to change the persons.
A: 1heck your su!!ary. -atch out for spelling !istakes.
Example of an informal letter

$nd May Dear 0ohn<,> .hanks for your last letter and the nice photos................ ..................................................................................................................... orry+ but I have to finish. 1ope to hear fro! you again. Take care+ Peter tips( * the date8 top right hand corner Gday6!onth*@5 * or !onth6day*A5: * co!!a after na!e not necessary+ but begin after that #ith a CAPITAL letter * ending8 Take care+ Cheers+ .ours+ Love+ then a co!!a and your na!e
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1ommercial English + Detters

You write to an unkno#n fir!6person G@5: GA5: 3ow to begin the letter Dear Dear ir6Mada! G@5: GA5: ir or Mada! G@5: GA5: 3ow to end the letter .ours faithfully G@5: .ours truly GA5: Truly yours GA5: .ours faithfully G@5: a #o!an #hose na!e you donCt kno# Dear Mada! G@5: GA5: .ours truly GA5: Truly yours GA5: .ours faithfully G@5: a !an #hose na!e you donCt kno# Dear ir G@5: GA5: .ours truly GA5: Truly yours GA5: .ours sincerely G@5: a person #hose na!e you kno# Dear Mr6Mrs6Ms "isher G@5: GA5: 3ery truly yours GA5: incerely Gyours: GA5: G-ith: @est #ishes G@5: GA5: .ours G@5: a person you kno# personally Dear Ann60ohn G@5: GA5: Love G@5: All the best GA5: Bindest6@est regards GA5: >9ample of a formal letter
To #ho! it !ay concern GA5:
*I130ED W0##E%' D.? + BK 1ourt 'treet + %ottingham + &L

Mrs ara "isher Manager &? t. 0a!es Avenue @ourne!outh 1@' ;L/
;th Ectober $%%;
Our ref: US / HK 1082 Your ref: SP / T Dear Mrs Fisher, Your order We are pleased to acknowledge your order no. 202 dated 1st October 2001. Your order is already dealt with. We will inform you when the consignment is ready for delivery. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you require further information. We thank you for your custom and again look forward to being of service to you in the future. Yours sincerely,
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M Warrens (Mr) Enc

The en"elope
The position of the address is the same like in the letter. Steet, Road and Avenue can be written in abbreviations (St), (Rd) (Av). The postcode/zip code you write under the town Write the name of the country in CAPITAL LETTERS. Example: Mr Michael Warrens Software 78 Court St Nottingham WQ1 6P0 UNITED KINGDOM In the corner top left you can find the following phrases:
Air Mail Confidential 5xpress "ragile Please for#ard Postage paid Printed Matter Private6Personal )egistered a!ple To be called for 7rgent
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20. DIALOUGES AND SENTENCES

'entences Asking the #ay At a hotel "reeti!e6hobbies Letter about school and job Meeting people En the phone )estaurant G#aiter * guest: &seful sentences for role+plays At a hotel At a souvenir shop At a super!arket At the cine!a In Dresden chool Talk to an 5nglish speaking guest Travel
0sking the way + :uestions and answers

;ocabulary <pictures>
&seful phrases( 5xcuse !e+ could you tell !e the #ay to the station+ please2 5xcuse !e+ IC! looking for the to#n hall. 1o# far is it fro! the church to the station2 Is it far fro! the church to the station2 It takes about &% !inutes by bus. ItCs a &%*!inute #alk. The church is #ithin #alking distance. -hatCs the best #ay to the station2 -here is the nearest bus stop2 -here is the next bus stop2 .ou canCt !iss it.
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0t the hotel
!> .he guest 1ave you got a single roo! for tonight2 ICd like to stay in a double roo!. Do all the roo!s have air*conditioning2 Is breakfast included2 -hen do you serve breakfast2 Could you give !e a call at > to!orro# !orning+ please2 ICd like to pay in cash6by credit card6by travellerCs cheFue GA58 check:. ,> .he receptionist 1ello+ can I help you2 -ould you like a roo! #ith a bath or a sho#er2 1o# long #ould you like to stay at our hotel2 1o# #ould you like to pay2 .our roo! is on the second floor on the right. orry+ #eCre fully booked for tonight. orry+ #e are full up. GA5H: Is there anything else I can do for you2 HA58 A!erican 5nglish
*y hobbies and interests

My favourite hobby is playing snooker. I like listening to pop*!usic. At #eekends I so!eti!es go to a disco or to the cine!a. I listen to bands like ... IC! interested in punk. -hile listening to hard*rock I can get everything off !y chest. In su!!er I like to go s#i!!ing. In #inter I go skiing. I like visiting friends and talking about this and that. My friend and I do lots of jigsa# puIIles. Playing football is fun. Ene of !y hobbies is #riting letters to !y pen*friends. I do a paper route to earn a little !oney. o!eti!es I read so !uch that I forget the house#ork. -hen the #eather is bad+ I read books or #atch T3.
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I enjoy #orking on the co!puter. I got a ne# co!puter for !y birthday. Ence a #eek I do so!e handball practice. I go training every evening. -hen itCs not so hot+ I go rollerskating. I #ant to tell you so!ething about !y fa!ily. ICve got t#o older brothers. My !other #orks as a clerk in an office. -hen #e are on holidays I like #alking in the !ountains. En aturdays I have to cook for the fa!ily.
I collect !y cousin fro! the kindergarten. /o# and then I do babysitting.
Writing a letter about my school

IC! sorry+ I couldnCt #rite earlier because I #as ill. Thanks for the letter and the #onderful photos of your ho!eto#n. It #as interesting to hear about school life in @ritain. I attend the Lna!e of the schoolL. ItCs a econdary Modern chool.
1o# !uch ho!e#ork do you get every day2 In your letter you asked !e to tell you so!ething about schools in There are &< boys and &$ girls in !y class. My friends and I donCt get very good !arks. -e like jokes better than school. I studied for the 5nglish test all evening. 1o# are you and ho# are you enjoying your job2 Tell !e about your #orking hours+ your pay and your holidays. IC! going to start an apprenticeship as a !echanic on August &st. ItCs very difficult to get an interesting job here. In epte!ber I have to start #ork. axony.
I have !ade up !y !ind to beco!e a nurse. I can #rite good stories #hen I feel like it. I donCt like school very !uch. IC! planning to visit -ales next year. /o# I have to finish this letter. The sun is shining and therefore #e #ant to go s#i!!ing. IC! looking for#ard to getting your letter.
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*eeting people
!> Greetings -elco!e to London. (ood !orning6afternoon6evening. (C day. (ood day. 1ello. 1i. (oodbye. @ye*bye. @ye. ee you. GC7: Cheers. ay goodbye to Peter fro! !e. ay hello to Peter fro! !e. Please give !y love to Peter. ICd like you to !eet Peter. May I introduce you to Peter2 May I introduce Peter to you2
,> 0sking 5xcuse !e2 1o# do you do2 1o# are you2 IC! fine+ thanks. /ot too bad.
8> Introducing ICd like you to !eet Peter. May I introduce you to Peter2 May I introduce Peter to you2
180
9> ;arious <wishes, thanks, offers> Lovely day today+ isnCt it2 (ood luck, Congratulations. Many happy returns of the day. 1appy birthday, @less you, (et #ell soon, Could you do !e a favour2 May I offer you a drink2 Are you sure you #ouldnCt like to co!e in2 Thank you very !uch, Thank you. Many thanks. Thanks a lot. * .ouCre #elco!e. -ould you excuse !e+ please2 It doesnCt !atter.
$n the phone
-ho is this+ please2 This is ... ... speaking. ICll phone back later. ICve got the #rong nu!ber. Please leave a !essage after the beep. Can I take a !essage2 Can I speak to ...+ please2 0ust a !o!ent+ please. ICll ring you at about ... Thank you for ringing. I !ust ring off no#. I canCt get through. The lineCs busy. There is no reply. This is a bad connection. Can I use !y !obile2
181
0t the restaurant
!> .he waiter -hat can I do for you2 Can I help you2 Can I take your coat2 1ave you booked a table2 1o# !any are you2 -ould you follo# !e+ please2 Can I take your order+ sir6!ada!2 -hat #ould you like to start #ith2 -hat #ould you like to drink2 -hat #ould you like for dessert2 1o# #ould you like your steak2 Grare+ !ediu!+ #ell done: Do you #ant a salad #ith it2 -hat kind of dressing2 Anything to drink2 Do you #ant a dessert2 The burgers are very good. orry+ the ha!burgers are off. Is everything all right2 Did you enjoy your !eal2 Are you paying together2 May I sho# you to a table2 If you #ait+ thereCll be a table for you free in a !inute. Do you #ant vegetables #ith it2 -hy donCt you try the piIIa2 ItCll take about $% !inutes.
182
,> .he guest A table for t#o+ please. May #e sit at this table2 The !enu+ please. -hatCs on the !enu2 Do you #ant fish2 -hatCs Irish te# like2
-eCre not ready yet. The steak for !e+ please. Can you bring !e the ketchup+ please2 A salad+ please. ICll have the sa!e. ThatCs all+ thank you. Can I have the bill GA58 check:+ please2 This is on !e. 1ere you are. The rest is for you. 1ave you got #ine by the glass2 ICd prefer red #ine. Please bring us another beer. Could I have chips GA58 "rench "ries: instead of salad2 -hat can you reco!!end2 Please bring !e the bill GA58 check: #ith !y coffee. I think youCve !ade a !istake.
&seful sentences for role+plays 0t the hotel

& $ ' ; < = > ? A 1ello. My na!e is ... IC! &< and I co!e fro! Munich. I booked a roo! t#o #eeks ago. I need a single roo!. There !ust be a bath+ telephone and T3 in the roo!. -hen do you serve breakfast2 1o# !uch is the roo! per day2 My roo! is on the second floor. Can I have the bill+ please2 Can I have a roo! again next !onth2
&% I need the roo! fro! May the first to May the third.
183
In a souvenir shop
& $ ' ; < = > ? A A ne#spaper+ please. Can I have a to#n !ap+ please2 1ave you got picture postcards2 I need sta!ps as #ell. I #as here last #eek. 1o# !uch is everything2 Can you repeat the price+ please2 1ere you are. Thank you very !uch. I like going to souvenir shops.
&% The shop assistant #as very friendly+ #asnCt he6she2
In a supermarket
& $ ' ; < = > ? A There is a super!arket near here. -hat can I get there2 .ou can get there nearly everything2 -o!enCs clothes is on the second floor. I prefer the blue blouse to the yello# blouse. I havenCt seen such a big super!arket before. 1o# !uch are the to!atoes2 IC! co!ing back in the next days. I like shopping #ith a friend.
&% 1o# can I get to the nearest station6bus stop fro! here2
0t the cinema
& $ ' ; < = > ? A I like #atching fil!s. I prefer going to the cine!a because itCs !ore interesting. -hatCs on at the cine!a2 1o# !uch is a ticket2 Are there any tickets for aturday2
IC! interested in cri!e and adventure fil!s. Last #eek I #atched LIndependence DayL. My favorite actor6actress is ...... -hat about going to the cine!a together2
&% The fil! #as exciting+ not boring.
184
In Dondon
& $ ' ; < = > ? A My friend is visiting !e in London this #eekend. IC! !eeting hi!6her at the station. IC! looking for#ard to seeing hi!6her. 1ave you been to London before2 Do you like the to#n2 -e are going to To#er @ridge by boat. London is one of the !ost interesting and one of the nicest cities I have ever been to. Co!e back next year. A visit to the Ioo #ould be nice.
&% London has got a!aIing theatres and Museu!s.
*y school
& $ ' ; < = > ? A I like !y school. ICve got interesting subjects. ICve found lots of friends here. ICve attended this school for = years. IC! good at Maths. IC! not so good at @iology. IC! leaving school in su!!er. IC! going to start an apprenticeship as a shop assistant. I hope to pass !y exa!s #ell. Are you going to prepare for the exa!s #ith !e2
&% 1ave you got an apprenticeship2
.alk to an English speaking guest

& $ ' ; < = > ? A &% 1ello. My na!e is ... IC! &< and I co!e fro! Munich. Do you understand !e2 ICve been learning 5nglish for = years. 1o# are you2 I like having guests. My fa!ily are going to visit !e in su!!er. ICd like to co!e to 5ngland. My friend is also interested in travelling to 5ngland. Could he stay overnight there2 ee you.
185
English is spoken in the following countries:

The Commonwealth of Nations has 54 member countries scattered all over the wide world. Asia: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Brunei, Singa ore, Mala!sia and "ndia. Africa: #en!a, Tan$ania, %ganda, Malawi, &ambia, &imbabwe, Mo$ambi'ue , Mauritius, Se!chelles, Lesotho, Swa$iland, South (frica, Botswana, Namibia, Cameroon, Nigeria, )hana, Sierra Leone and The )ambia. America: Canada, The Bahamas, *amaica, Beli$e, Saint #itts + Nevis, (ntigua + Barbuda, ,ominica, Saint Lucia, Saint -incent + The )renadines, )renada, Barbados, Trinidad + Tobago and )u!ana. Europe: .ngland, Scotland, /ales, "reland, C! rus and Malta. Oceania: (ustralia, New &ealand, Pa ua0New )uinea, Solomon "slands, Tonga, Tuvalu, -anuatu, Nauru, #iribati, 1i2i and /estern Samoa. ( ro3imatel! 500 million eo le s eak .nglish as their first language.
The countries with the highest o ulations of native .nglish s eakers are, in descending order4 %nited States 5678 million9, %nited #ingdom 5:8 million9, Canada 5;7.; million9, (ustralia 5;8.7 million9, Nigeria 57 million9, "reland 5< million9, South (frica 56.: million9, and New &ealand 56.= million9 ;8>8 Census. .nglish toda! is robabl! the third largest language b! number of native s eakers, after Mandarin Chinese and S anish. ?owever, when combining native and non0native s eakers it is robabl! the most commonl! s oken language in the world. .stimates that include second language s eakers are over ; billion de ending on how literac! or master! is defined and measured. Linguistics rofessor ,avid Cr!stal calculates that non0 native s eakers now outnumber native s eakers b! a ratio of < to >. "ndia has more than 600 million eo le who s eak .nglish as a second language. In total out of 7 billion people on this planet 2.5billion speak English.
186

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A GUIDE BOOK OF

MARY DUNPHY COLLIS

SEAN DUNPHY COLLIS

Conditional sentences if I!perative )eported Infinitive Contractions Modals peech

Relative clauses with who/which

"ersonal pronouns + Exercise !

&: $: ': ;: <: =: >: ?: A: &%: 1ave

"ersonal pronouns + Exercise ,

&: $: ': Are ;: <: =: >: ?: Is A: &%:

$b-ect forms of personal pronouns + Exercise

"ossessive determiners + Exercise

lessons. 1e has t#o dogs. pet2

garden. /o# I have a Fuestion for you. -hatCs

#eflexive pronouns, self+pronouns + Exercise

to so!e cola at the party. 2

#ith the knife #hile he #as doing the dishes. . . . .

#eflexive pronoun + yes or no2

#elative pronouns + who, which, whose + Exercise

&: I talked to the girl $: Mr )ichards+

has just arrived at the airport. #as very interesting.

&%: -hat did you do #ith the !oney

#elative pronouns + who, which, whose + Exercise

&: I talked to the girl $: Mr )ichards+

has just arrived at the airport. #as very interesting.

&%: -hat did you do #ith the !oney

#elative pronouns + who, which, whose or no pronouns2 + ,

house is on fire. is sitting on the bench2

you gave !e is great. are hot.

&%: @ill Clinton+

#as President of the 7 A+ has only one daughter.

self or each other + Exercise !

andra and Angela havenCt !et

for a long ti!e. very !uch at the concert. .

#ith our report. presents at Christ!as. a ne# ca!era. 2

because theyCre good friends. heCs an egoist.

self or each other + Exercise ,

&: Mike and @ill kno# $: ue and Lisa havenCt seen

Fuite #ell. for ages. . . 2 .

#ith their ho!e#ork.

2. ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS

1omparison of ad-ectives with as

.he definite article the + Exercise !

&%: -hat about going to Australia in "ebruary2

.he indefinite article a)an + Exercise !

negative I didn't do my homework in the evenings.**

negative I haven't done my homework.

10) Doris been waiting for Pam for 20 minutes now.

Add -s after vowel + y: singular a boy a day

plural two boys two days

noun cattle clothes stairs wages people* police

&%: There is one pen 6 pens on the floor.

My na!e is Peter. They're fine.

I've got it in !y pencil case.

I have it in !y pencil case.

you your !other you

meet your friends2

I did !y ho!e#ork. he met hi! yesterday. They went to a cafM.

-hen -here @&.(

meet her boyfriend2 go after the !atch2

:uestion word -here

0nswer I was at the cine!a.

:uestions tags + 'pecial

in the sentence -> two possibilities