Nhit si + so snh tnh Acid v bazo

I Nhit si ca cc cht
Cc yu t nh hng n nhit si , ngha l nh hng n lc ht gia cc phn t gm c - Khi lng phn t - Lin Kt H - Moomen Lng cc ca phn t - Lc phn tn london ( 1 dng ca lc Van der Waals) Cc yu t trn cng nh hng ng k n tan trong nc ca cc cht hu c , m quan trng nht l lin kt H. 1 nh hng ca lin kt H n nhit si : Lin kt gip cc phn t rng buc vi nhu cht ch hn , nn cn nhit si cao hn trong trng hp ko to dc lin kt H ca butan V ancol etylic 2 lc van der waals A nh ngha : lc ht van der waals l lc ht tnh in gia cc phn t do s phn cc tam thi trong phn t B phn loi + Lc nh hng : xut hin trong cc phn t c cc nh dn xut halogen + Lc khuch tn : cc phn t ko cc Lc ht van der waals cng thuc loi lc tng tc yu , nh hng dn nhit si tng t nh lc H c lin kt van der waals th nhit si cao hn . 3 Mmen lng cc : Xut hin khi c s phn b in tch ko u , c trng tm tch in dng V m ko trng nhau , nn xut hin lng cc s c nhit si cao ,tan tt trong cc dung mi phn cc VD : aminoacid hoc mui amoniclorua 4 lc phn tn london

Ni tm tt v s nh hng ca lc ny ln nhit si : Lc ny xut hin khi mmen lng cc tm thi gy ra do cm ng t cc phn t k cn khi chng tin n gn nhau + Din tch b mt cng ln phn t cng ln th lc ht cng mnh lc london cn mnh -> nhit si thp Lc phn tn london gii thch cho chng ta hin tng cc ng phn c nhit si khac nhu ( do ng phn no c mnh di hn ->lc london mnh hn nhit si cao hn )

Cc ch khi lm bi tp so snh nhit si

Cc bi thng gp trong thi hoc cc b thi luyn tp l sp xp theo chiu tng dn hoc gim dn nhit si , vi kiu dng thi nhue th chng ta ch cn nm r cc tiu ch sau. I/ vi hidrocabon - i theo chiu tng dn ca dy ng ng ( ankan ,anken ,ankin , aren ..) th nhit si tng dn v khi lng phn t tng . - Vi cc ankan <anken <ankin <aren (l do : khi lng phn t tng ng nhng do tng v s lin kt pi nn dn n nhit si cao hn mt thm nng lng ph v lin kt pi - i vi cc ng phn no c mnh dn hn th c nhit si cao hn (c thm phn lc london) - Vi cc dn xut R-X ( R: hidrocabon nh anken ,ankan X : thng l halogen) - dn xut ca halogen ca anken si v nng chy nhit si thp hn dn xut ca ankan tng ng . - dn xut ben zen : a 1 nhm th n gin vo vng ben zen s lm tng nhit si . II/ Vi hp cht cha nhm chc a/ 2 cht cng dy ng ng cht no c khi lng phn t ln hn th nhit si ln hn b/ Xt vi cc hp cht c nhm chc khc nhau nhit si ca ancol ,andehit ,acid ,xeton v este tng ng nh sau : acid >ancol >amin >andehit , xeton V este xeton >andehit C/ ch vi ancol V acid :

- Cc gc dy e (CH3,C2H5.) s lm tng nhit si do lin kt H bn hn VD : CH3COOH<C2H5COOH - Cc gc ht e (Phenyl,Cl-,I-..) s lm gim nhit si do lin kt H km bn hn ( ht e gim dn theo th t F>Cl>Br>I , gc ht cng mnh cng lm gim nhit si v cng xa nhm chc th lc tng tc li cng yu i ) D/ ch vi cc hp cht thm c cha nhm chc OH ,-COOH ,-NH2 - Nhm th loi 1 ( ch cha cc lin kt sigma nh :CHkhc , C3H7 ) c tc dng y e vo nhn thm lm lin kt H trong ch km bn hn nn lm tng nhit si . - Nhm th loi 2 ( cha lin kt pi nh NO2 ,C2H4 ) c tc dng ht e ca nhn thm lm lin kt H trong chc km bn i nn lm gim nhit si . - Nhm th loi 3 ( cc halogen : -Br ,-Cl ,-F ,-I ..) c tc dng y e tng t nh nhm th loi 1.

Kt Lun :
- Vi cc hp cht n gin th ch cn xt cc yu t ch yu l khi lng phn t v lin kt H so snh nhit si ca chng. - Vi cc hp cht phc tp th nn xt y tt c cc yu t nh hng n nhit si n kt qu chnh xc nht.

II / Dng Ton so snh tnh acid v bazo :

1/ Tnh acid : y l 1 dng bi tp l thuyt thng gp chng ta s xt cc yu t nh hng n tnh acid : Trc ht so snh tnh acid l so snh ci g ? so snh tnh acid l so snh kh nng phn li cho proton H+ ty thuc vo s phn cc cu lin kt OH: - Cc nhm y e s lm gim s phn cc lin kt O-H nn H km linh ng hn , kh nng phn li gim nn tnh acid gim . - Cc nhm ht e lm tng s phn cc lin kt O-H nn H linh ng G CH3 trong acid axetic c tc dng y e lm gim s phn cc ca lin kt O-H , ntu H trong nhm OH km linh ng , nn acid axetic c tnh acid yu hn ca HCOOH . VD : so snh tnh acid ca acid Clo Axetic v acid DicloAxetic :