TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 12, S 11 - 2009

K THUT N THNG TIN TRN NH DA TRN IU BIN LNG T V BIN I CONTOURLET

Dng Minh c, Dng Anh c Trng H Khoa hc T nhin, HQG-HCM TM TT: Trong bi vit ny, chng ti s dng phng php iu bin lng t n thng tin trn min h s Contourlet. Contourlet l min bin i mi, c kh nng thu nhn c trng cao, nhng cc k thut n thng tin da trn min bin i ny cn nh gc khi trch xut thng tin (non-blind). Bng cch nhng hai giai on, k thut chng ti xut cho php trch m thng tin v bn vng cao trc mt s dng tn cng. T kha: n thng tin, bin i contourlet, iu bin lng t. 1. GII THIU Ngy nay, ng hnh vi s pht trin ca Internet, my tnh v cc thit b k thut s l yu cu ngy cng cao i vi cc ng dng bo v bn quyn, truyn thng ip mt, chng sao chp... s dng k thut n thng tin. D c yu cu ty thuc vo mc tiu, nhng hu ht cc ng dng da trn k thut ny u phi m bo mt s c tnh: v hnh vi ngi s dng; dung lng n thng tin chuyn ti ni dung v m bo thc hin cc rng buc khc; bn vng trc cc bin i v tnh hoc c (tn cng) d liu; bo mt cao trnh b pht hin K thut n thng tin chia lm hai hng: n trc tip (trn min khng gian thi gian) v n trn min bin i. C nhiu min c trng thng c la chn lm min n thng tin nh: bin i ri rc Cosin (DCT), Fourier (DFT), Wavelet (DWT) [8] ... Trong s , cc thut ton trn min wavelet cho kt qu kh tt. Nhng khi biu din s chiu cao hn, c nhiu loi d bit m wavelet biu din khng hiu qu. Gn y, da trn phn tch c trng th gic, c mt lp cc bin i hai chiu mi c xut, v Contourlet l mt trong s . im khc bit gia contourlet v cc php bin i tng t l n cho php linh hot chn s hng mi mc, vi chi ph tnh ton thp. a s cc nghin cu nhm ng dng Contourlet trong n thng tin u cn s dng nh gc i chiu trong qu trnh rt trch thng tin (non-blind watermark). Trong bi vit ny, thut ton xut cho min Contourlet c vn dng phi hp vi k thut QIM (Quantization Index Modulation) nhm tha mn cc rng buc v bn vng trc tn cng, dung lng nhng ng thi t c yu cu trch m thng tin. 2. BIN I CONTOURLET Gn y, c mt lp cc min bin i mi gi chung l X-let, c xy dng da trn phn tch c trng th gic: khoanh vng (localized), a mc (multiscale), c nh hng (directional/oriented). Contourlet do nhm tc gi Martin Vetterli, Minh N. Do [1] xut l mt php bin i hai chiu trong s . im khc bit gia contourlet v cc bin i tng t l n cho php linh hot chn s hng mi mc, vi chi ph tnh ton thp (O(N) cho nh N-pixels). Bin i contourlet t kt qu kh tt vi ng dng kh nhiu, rt trch c trng nh

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 12, No.11 - 2009

Hnh 1. Biu din bng wavelet (tri) v contourlet (phi) [1]

Bin i contourlet dng mt dn lc hai chiu, phn tch nh thnh cc subband c hng ti nhiu mc. Ti mi mc l s kt hp gia mt thp Laplacian v mt dn lc c hng. Nh cu trc lp ngi ny m cc bc phn tch c lp vi nhau, mi mc s c mt s hng khc nhau (l ly tha ca 2). c trng ny khin cho contourlet l bin i c th t c linh hot cao vi mt chi ph tnh ton chp nhn c. Qu trnh c m t c th nh sau: Bin i contourlet gm hai phn tch: phn tch a mc (multi-scale) v phn tch c hng (directional).

Hnh 2. Dn lc Contourlet [1]

mc (scale) u tin, nh u vo c phn tch qua hai bc. - Bc 1: thp Laplacian LP c dng thu gi nhng im ri rc. LP phn tch nh u vo thnh 1 nh con th (coarse sub-image L) v mt tp cc nh band-pass. - Bc 2: dn lc c hng DFB (directional filter bank) c dng ni cc im ri rc thnh cc cu trc dng ng thng (linear structure) theo nhiu hng. DFB phn tch cc nh band-pass bc 1 thnh cc nh con, chng ln nhau. cc mc tip theo, qu trnh phn tch nh bc 1 v 2 s c lp li vi u vo ca mc ny l u ra ca mc trc . Kt qu sau cng l cc phn tch LP v DFB.

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Hnh 3. Mt phn hoch thng dng ca bin i contourlet [1]

3. THUT TON N THNG TIN IU BIN LNG T - QIM Nhm nghin cu Brian Chen, G.W. Wornell [2] gii thiu mt k thut mi trn lp h s c gi l dither modulation code hay QIM (Quantization Index Modulation) code, c m t nh trong hnh 4.

Hnh 4. Nhng 1 bit/mu bng QIM

tng chnh ca k thut ny l nhng 1 bit trn 1 mu tn hiu theo mt b lng t (dither-quantizer). Gi tr max v min ca h s, bng lng t, s tp con c xc lp ty thuc vo tnh cht ca loi h s thc hin QIM. V d: vi gi tr cc h s thuc [0..300] v bc nhy l 60, s tp con: 300/60 = 5. Ta c: Bng 1. Lng t ha cc h s Tp con 1 2 3 4 5 Gi tr 0 ...................60 61 ...............120 121 .............180 181 .............240 241 .............300 Gi tr h s iu chnh khi Nhng bit 1 15 75 135 195 255 Nhng bit 0 45 105 165 225 285

Bng lng t ny cng s c sinh ti u trch thng tin, khi c cung cp gi tr bc nhy v phm vi dao ng cc h s.

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 12, No.11 - 2009

Bng 2. Bng lng t gii m Tp con 1 2 3 4 5 Gi tr cc h s nm trong khon Trch bit 1 0................ 30 60.............. 90 120.......... 150 180.......... 210 240.......... 270 Trch bit 0 30................... 60 90................. 120 150............... 180 210............... 240 270............... 300

4. M HNH N THNG TIN 4.1. Qu trnh nhng thng tin tng kh nng chng tn cng, chng ti tin hnh nhng thng tin lm hai giai on. Trong c hai giai on, thut ton nhng c dng u l QIM. - Giai on 1: thc hin bin i Contourlet, chn ra subband c nng lng ln nht (theo [7], y l cc h s dng cho watermark tt nht). Vi cc h s trong subband ny, thut ton tin hnh chn cc h s nhng nhm m bo cc rng buc v: (i) tnh lng ging ca cc h s Contourlet (theo [1]) (ii) kh nng phc hi trong qu trnh trch thng tin (iii) tnh trong sut ca nh nhng ,.. Gi h s chn nhng l h s kh thi. - Giai on 2: nhng trn low-pass ca nh kt qu t giai on 1. Trong hai giai on ny, gi tr ca QIM khc nhau, ty thuc vo c trng ca h s nhng. Cch tnh nng lng ca subband nh sau : o Gi J l s mc phn tch bc 1 (j=1, 2J), v k=0, 1, , 2hj -1 (hj l s hng ti mc j). Gi dj,k l subband th k ti mc j. o Nng lng ca subband: Ej,k:

E j ,k

1 MN

d
m 1 n 1

2 (l ) j j ,k

(m, n)

(1)

vi M, N l kch thc ca dj,k dmax l subband c nng lng ln nht: dmax= max(Ej,k) s c chn nhng. Di y l s nhng thng ip W vo nh gc H:

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TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 12, S 11 - 2009

nh gc Host H

Bin i Contourlet Tnh nng lng cc subband QIM cho subband c MAX(nng-lng) trn cc h s kh thi Bin i Contourlet nguc nh nhng HW (G1) Bin i contourlet HW

Watermark W

QIM h s low pass ca HW Bin i contourlet ngc nh nhng Iw (G2)

Hnh 5. Qu trnh nhng thng tin [5,6]

4.2. Qu trnh trch thng tin

nh nhng Iw

Bin i Contourlet

- Tnh nng lng, tm dmax - Trch thng tin t dmax trn cc h s kh thi

Watermark w1 (trch bi G1)

Trch thng tin t low-pass bng QIM

Watermark w2 (trch bi G2)

Hnh 6. Qu trnh trch thng tin [5,6]

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 12, No.11 - 2009 Trong qu trnh nhng thng tin, chng ti tin hnh lm hai giai on, theo hai cch khc nhau, nhm m bo: nu khng trch c thng tin ti giai on 1 (w1), th lng thng tin tn ti trong giai on 2 vn cho php rt c thng tin (w2). Chng ti nh gi thut ton bng h s PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) v h s tng quan chun NC (Normalise Correlation).

PSNR 10 log M 1 N 1
i 0 j 0

NxNx 255 2
0

( I

(2)
2

(i, j ) I w (i, j ))

vi I0 l nh gc (NxN) v Iw l nh sau khi nhng. v

NC

[W (i, j )W ' (i, j )]

i 1 j 1 P

[W (i, j )]
i 1 j 1

(3)
2

vi W l thng ip gc v W l thng ip trch bng thut ton. 5. KT QU THC NGHIM Chng ti s dng toolbox bng Matlab thc hin phn tch v ti to contourlet. H thng ci t th nghim trn nh mc xm. C th, mt nh 512x512 pixel s dng n nh nh phn 32x32. nh gc c phn tch bng Pyramidal Directional Filter Bank theo 4 mc, s hng ti mi mc ln lt l: 0, 3, 3 v 4 (t th n mn dn), vi dn lc pkva. Khi , tp cc h s contourlet c c nh sau:

Hnh 7a. nh gc Barbara (512x512)

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Hnh 7b. Biu din phn tch Contourlet Barbara

Hnh 8. Thng tin n W - nh nh phn (32x32) C{1}: lowpass subband (1 ma trn s thc 32x32) C{2}{1}, C{2}{2}, C{2}{3}: 3 highpass subband ([32x32]x3) C{3}{1},... C{3}{8}: 8 directional subband ti mc mn hn ([32x64]x4 v [64x32]x4) C{4}{1},... C{4}{8}: 8 directional subband ti mc mn hn ([64x128]x4 v [128x64]x4) C{5}{1}... C{5}{16}: 16 directional subband ti mc mn hn ([64x256]x8 v [256x64]x8)Phng php n c dng so snh vi thut ton l bin i DCT ca Wang [4].

Cc tn cng s dng kim chng: nn JPEG, nhiu v mt s bin i hnh hc. Kt qu nh sau: Bng 3. Sai s PSNR so snh 2 phng php n Contourlet Giai on 1 60.9 Giai on 2 49.78 Wang 39.21

Bng 4. H s tng quan chun NC ca watermark sau 2 giai on trch: Giai on 1 Giai on 2

0.997817

1.00

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 12, No.11 - 2009 Bng 5. H s tng quan chun NC sau mt s dng tn cng: Loi tn cng Nn JPEG QF=80 0.38 Nn JPEG QF=50 0.32 Nhiu Gauss 0.5% 0.95 Nhiu Gauss 1% 0.59 Lc thng cao (10 pixel) 0.97 0.47 0.99 1.0 0.99 1 NC ca w1 NC ca w2

0.47 Crop 50%

0.52

0.96 Remove ngu nhin

0.96

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0.40 Quay 1o, resize 512x512

0.51

0.99

1.0

Invert 6. KT LUN Trong nghin cu ny, m hnh n thng tin xy dng da trn vic phi hp QIM trn min contourlet. Bng cch ny, k thut cho cht lng nh nhng kh tt (PSNR > 37dB), c bit cho php trch m thng tin, ng thi tng bn vng cao hn hn trc mt s tn cng nh: nn JPEG, nhiu, lc thng, remove,... khi so snh vi cc kt qu nghin cu trc [4]. y l mt im ng ghi nhn v cng l ng gp ca nhm chng ti. So vi [5], thut ton xut t c kt qu tt hn trong hu ht cc dng tn cng. Tuy nhin, cn nhiu vn cn c tip tc nghin cu ci tin, thut ton cn cha mnh m trc cc tn cng bng cch bin i hnh hc. Hng nghin cu tip theo ca chng ti l tm ra s phi hp cc thut ton nhng khc nhau, trn cc h s Contourlet c c trng khc nhau ci thin kh nng chng cc tn cng cn li .

A DATA HIDING METHOD BASED ON QIM AND CONTOURLET TRANSFORM

Duong Minh Duc, Duong Anh Duc University of Science, VNU-HCM ABSTRACT: This paper proposes a scheme that combines QIM and contourlet in image watermarking. Contourlet is a new transform that able to capture the directional edges and contours superior, but it also requires host image when extracting watermark. Through

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 12, No.11 - 2009 two embedding stages, our algorithm allows blind extraction, highly robust for different attacks on the watermarked image. Keywords: data hiding, contourlet, QIM. TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Martin Vetterli, Minh N. Do, The Contourlet Transform An Efficient Directional [2]. [3].
Multiresolution Image Representation, IEEE Transactions on image processing, 2003. Chen B and Wornell G.W. Digital Watermarking and information embedding using dither modulation, In IEEE Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 1998. Chandramouli R, Graubard Benjamin and Richard Collin R., A multiple description framework for oblivious watermarking, Proceedings of Security, Watermarking and Multimedia, 2001. Wang Y, Alan P., Blind image data hiding based on self reference, Pattern Recognition Letters 25(2004), 1681-1689 Dng Minh c, Dng Anh c, K thut n thng tin trn nh da trn php bin i hai chiu, K yu Hi tho khoa hc quc gia Ln III Nghin cu c bn v ng dng CNTT, Nha Trang, Vit Nam, 2007 . B.Chandra Mohan, S.Srinivas Kumar, Robust Digital Watermarking Scheme using Contourlet Transform, International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, vol.8 No.2, Feb 2008, pp 43-51. Cox I., Kilian J, Leighton F.T, Secure Spread Spectrum watermarking for multimedia, IEEE Transactions Image Processing 1997. Dng Minh c, Dng Anh c, Mt s k thut nng cao hiu qu n thng tin trong nh s, K yu Hi tho quc gia Mt s vn chn lc ca CNTT v Truyn thng Ln VIII, tr. 100-107, Nng, Vit Nam, 2004.

[4]. [5].

[6]. [7]. [8].

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