giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 3 GIAI TCH TO HP 1. Giai tha : n! = 1.2...

.n 0! = 1 n! /(n k)! = (n k + 1).(n k + 2) ... n 2. Nguyen tac cong : Trng hp 1 co m cach chon, trng hp 2 co n cach chon; moi cach chon eu thuoc ung mot trng hp. Khi o, tong so cach chon la : m + n. 3. Nguyen tac nhan : Hien tng 1 co m cach chon, moi cach chon nay lai co n cach chon hien tng 2. Khi o, tong so cach chon lien tiep hai hien tng la : m x n. 4. Hoan v : Co n vat khac nhau, xep vao n cho khac nhau. So cach xep : Pn = n !. 5. To hp : Co n vat khac nhau, chon ra k vat. So cach chon :
k Cn =

n! k!(n k )!

6.

Chnh hp : Co n vat khac nhau. Chon ra k vat, xep vao k cho khac nhau so cach :
k An =

n! k k , An = Cn .Pk (n k)!
C0 0
0 C1 0 C2 0 C3

7.

Chnh hp = to hp roi hoan v Tam giac Pascal : 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 1 3 6 1 4 1

C0 4

C1 4

C1 1 1 C2 C1 3

C2 4

C2 2 2 C3

C3 4

C3 3

C4 4

Tnh chat :

n k nk C0 n = C n = 1, C n = C n k 1 k k Cn + Cn = Cn +1

8.

Nh thc Newton : *
n 0 1 n 1 1 0 n (a + b ) n = C 0 b + ... + Cn n a b + Cn a na b

a = b = 1 : ...

1 n n C0 n + C n + ... + C n = 2

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 4 Vi a, b {1, 2, ...}, ta chng minh c nhieu ang thc cha : *
1 n C0 n , C n ,..., C n 1 n C0 n , C n ,..., C n n 1 n 1 n (a + x ) n = C 0 x + ... + Cn n a + Cn a nx

Ta chng minh c nhieu ang thc cha

bang

cach : - ao ham 1 lan, 2 lan, cho x = 1, 2, ... a = 1, 2, ... - Nhan vi xk , ao ham 1 lan, 2 lan, cho x = 1, 2, ... , a = 1, 2, ...
1

- Cho a = 1, 2, ...,

hay

2 0

... hay

Chu y : * (a + b)n : a, b cha x. Tm so hang oc lap vi x :

n k k Ck b = Kx m na

Giai pt : m = 0, ta c k. * (a + b)n : a, b cha can . Tm so hang hu ty.

Ca
Giai he pt :

k n k n

b = Kc d
k

m p

r q

m / p Z , tm c k r / q Z k k Giai pt , bpt cha A n , Cn ... : at ieu kien k, n N* ..., k n.

Can biet n gian cac giai tha, qui ong mau so, at tha so chung. * Can phan biet : qui tac cong va qui tac nhan; hoan v (xep, khong boc), to hp (boc, khong xep), chnh hp (boc roi xep). * Ap dung s o nhanh e chia trng hp , tranh trung lap hoac thieu trng hp. * Vi bai toan tm so cach chon thoa tnh chat p ma khi chia trng hp, ta thay so cach chon khong thoa tnh chat p t trng hp hn, ta lam nh sau : so cach chon thoa p. = so cach chon tuy y - so cach chon khong thoa p. Can viet menh e phu nh p that chnh xac.

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 5 * Ve so, so bien lai, bang so xe ... : ch so 0 co the ng au (tnh t trai sang phai). * Dau hieu chia het : - Cho 2 : tan cung la 0, 2, 4, 6, 8. - Cho 4 : tan cung la 00 hay 2 ch so cuoi hp thanh so chia het cho 4. - Cho 8 : tan cung la 000 hay 3 ch so cuoi hp thanh so chia het cho 8. - Cho 3 : tong cac ch so chia het cho 3. - Cho 9 : tong cac ch so chia het cho 9. - Cho 5 : tan cung la 0 hay 5. - Cho 6 : chia het cho 2 va 3. - Cho 25 : tan cung la 00, 25, 50, 75. AI SO 1. Chuyen ve : a + b = c a = c b; ab = c

b = c = 0 b 0 a = c / b
2n

a/b = c

a = bc ; b 0

a2 n +1 = b a = 2 n +1 b

= b a = b, a =
2n

2n

b = a a= b , a = log b b = a a 0 b = 0, c > 0 b>0 a + b < c a < c b ; ab < c a < c/ b b<0 a > c/ b

2. Giao nghiem :

b = a 2n b a 0

x >a x <a x > max{ a, b} ; x < min{ a, b} x > b x < b

p x >a a < x < b(ne u a < b) p q ; V N (ne u a b) q x <b

3. a. Nhieu dau v : ve truc e giao nghiem. Cong thc can nh : : ch c bnh phng neu 2 ve khong am. Lam mat ieu kien.

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008

phai at

b 0 b 0 a=b , a b 2 2 a = b 0 a b b < 0 b 0 ab 2 a 0 a b
ab = a. b (neu a, b 0)

a. b (neu a, b < 0)
.
bang cach bnh phng :

b.

: pha

a = a2

hay bang nh

ngha :

a =

a (neu a 0) a (neu a < 0)

b 0 a =b ; a = b a = b a = b
a b b a b

b 0 a b b < 0hay a b a b

a b a2 b2 0
c. Mu :

y = ax , x R , y > 0, y neu a > 1, y neu 0 < a < 1.

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008

a =1; a

m / n

= 1/ a ; a .a = a
n

m +n

am / an = am n ; (am )n = am .n ; an / b n = (a/ b)n an .b n = (ab)n ; am = an (m = n,0 < a 1) a = 1

am < a n
d.

m < n (neu a > 1) , = aloga m > n (neu 0 < a < 1)

log : y = logax , x > 0 , 0 < a 1, y R y neu a > 1, y neu 0 < a < 1, = logaa loga(MN) = logaM + logaN ( ) loga(M/N) = logaM logaN ( )

loga M 2 = 2 loga M , 2 loga M = loga M 2 ()

logaM3 = 3logaM, logac = logab.logbc logbc = logac/logab,

log

M=

1 loga M

loga(1/M) = logaM, logaM = logaN M = N

loga M < loga N

0 < M < N (ne u a > 1) M > N > 0(ne u 0 < a < 1)

4. a. b. c. d. 5. a.

Khi lam toan log, neu mien xac nh ni rong : dung ieu kien chan lai, tranh dung cong thc lam thu hep mien xac nh. Mat log phai co ieu kien. oi bien : n gian :

t = ax + b R, t = x 2 0, t = x 0,t = x 0, t = ax > 0,t = loga x R

b.

Ham so : t = f(x) dung BBT e tm ieu kien cua t. Neu x co them ieu kien, cho vao mien xac nh cua f. Lng giac : t = sinx, cosx, tgx, cotgx. Dung phep chieu lng giac e tm ieu kien cua t. Ham so hp : tng bc lam theo cac cach tren. Xet dau : a thc hay phan thc hu ty, dau A/B giong dau A.B; ben phai cung dau he so bac cao nhat; qua nghiem n (boi le) : oi dau; qua nghiem kep (boi chan) : khong oi dau. Bieu thc f(x) vo ty : giai f(x) < 0 hay f(x) > 0.

c.

6.

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 8 Bieu thc f(x) vo ty ma cach b khong lam c : xet tnh lien tuc va n ieu cua f, nham 1 nghiem cua pt f(x) = 0, phac hoa o th cua f , suy ra dau cua f. So sanh nghiem phng trnh bac 2 vi : f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) * S = x1 + x2 = b/a ; P = x1x2 = c/a Dung S, P e tnh cac bieu thc oi xng nghiem. Vi ang thc g(x1,x2) = 0 khong oi xng, giai he pt :

Biet S, P thoa S2 4P 0, tm x1, x2 t pt : X2 SX + P = 0 * Dung , S, P e so sanh nghiem vi 0 : x1 < 0 < x2 P < 0, 0 < x1 < x2

g = 0 S = x1 + x 2 P = x .x 1 2 > 0 P> 0 S > 0

x1 < x2 < 0

> 0 P> 0 S < 0 > 0 a.f ( ) > 0 S/2 <

* Dung , af(), S/2 e so sanh nghiem vi : x1 < < x2 af() < 0 < x1 < x2

>0 a.f ( ) > 0 < S/2

; x1 < x2 <

< x1 < < x2

a.f () < 0 a.f () > 0 <

a.f ( ) < 0 a.f () > 0 <

x1 < < x2 < 7. Phng trnh bac 3 :

a.

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 9 Viete : ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 x1 + x2 + x3 = b/a , x1x2 + x1x3 + x2x3 = c/a , x1.x2.x3 = d/a Biet x1 + x2 + x3 = A , x1x2 + x1x3 + x2x3 = B , x1.x2.x3 = C th x1, x2, x3 la 3 nghiem phng trnh : x3 Ax2 + Bx C = 0 b. So nghiem phng trnh bac 3 : x = f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) : 3 nghiem phan biet

> 0 f ( ) 0

2 nghiem phan biet

> 0 = f ( ) 0

1 nghiem

= 0 < 0 hay f ( ) = 0

= 0 f ( ) 0

Phng trnh bac 3 khong nham c 1 nghiem, m tach c sang 1 ve : dung s tng giao gia (C) : y = f(x) va (d) : y = m. Phng trnh bac 3 khong nham c 1 nghiem, m khong tach c sang 1 ve : dung s tng giao gia (Cm) : y = f(x, m) va (Ox) : y = 0 3 nghiem

y ' > 0 y C .y CT < 0

2 nghiem

y ' > 0 y C .y CT = 0 y ' > 0 y C .y CT > 0

1 nghiem y' 0

c.

Phng trnh bac 3 co 3 nghiem lap thanh CSC :

y ' > 0 y uon = 0

d.

So sanh nghiem vi : x = xo f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) : so sanh nghiem phng trnh bac 2 f(x) vi .

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 10 Khong nham c 1 nghiem, m tach c sang 1 ve : dung s tng giao cua f(x) = y: (C) va y = m: (d) , a vao BBT. Khong nham c 1 nghiem, m khong tach c sang 1 ve : dung s tng giao cua (Cm) : y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d (co m) ,(a > 0) va (Ox)

< x1 < x2 < x3

y ' > 0 y C .y CT < 0 y() < 0 <x C

x1

x1 < < x2 < x3

y' > 0 y .y < 0 C CT y ( ) > 0 < x CT y' > 0 y .y < 0 C CT y ( ) < 0 x C <
x1

x1

x1 < x2 < < x3

x1 < x2 < x3 <

y ' > 0 y C .y CT < 0 y() > 0 x < CT

x1

8.

Phng trnh bac 2 co ieu kien : f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0), x

2 nghiem

f ( ) 0 > 0

, 1 nghiem

> 0 f ( ) = 0 = 0 f ( ) 0

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 Vo nghiem < 0

= 0 f ( ) = 0

11

9. a.

Neu a co tham so, xet them a = 0 vi cac trng hp 1 nghiem, VN. Phng trnh bac 4 : Trung phng : ax + bx + c = 0 (a 0)
4 2

t = x2 0 f (t ) = 0

t = x2 x = 4 nghiem

t
; 3 nghiem

> 0 P> 0 S > 0

P= 0 S > 0
P= 0 S < 0 = 0 S/2 = 0

P< 0
2 nghiem

= 0 ;1 nghiem S/2 > 0

0 P> 0 S < 0

VN < 0

<0 P>0 S <0

4 nghiem CSC

Giai he pt :

0 < t1 < t 2 t 2 = 3 t1 t 2 = 9 t1 S = t1 + t 2 P = t .t 1 2

b.

ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + bx + a = 0. at t = x +

t 2
c. ax4 + bx3 + cx2 bx + a = 0. at t = x

1 . Tm k cua t bang BBT : x 1 . Tm k cua t bang BBT : x

t R.

d. e. 10.

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 12 (x + a)(x + b)(x + c)(x + d) = e vi a + b = c + d. at : t = x2 + (a + b)x. Tm k cua t bang BBT. (x + a)4 + (x + b)4 = c. at :

a+ b , t R. 2 ax + by = c He phng trnh bac 1 : . Tnh : a ' x + b ' y = c ' a b c b a c D= , Dx = , Dy = a' b' c' b' a' c' t=x+

D 0 : nghiem duy nhat x = Dx/D , y = Dy/D. D = 0, Dx 0 Dy 0 : VN D = Dx = Dy = 0 : VSN hay VN (giai he vi m a biet). 11. He phng trnh oi xng loai 1 : Tng phng trnh oi xng theo x, y. at S = x + y, P = xy. K : S2 4P 0. Tm S, P. Kiem tra k S2 4P 0; The S, P vao pt : X2 SX + P = 0, giai ra 2 nghiem la x va y. (, ) la nghiem th (, ) cung la nghiem; nghiem duy nhat =m=? Thay m vao he, giai xem co duy nhat nghiem khong. 12. He phng trnh oi xng loai 2 : Phng trnh nay oi xng vi phng trnh kia. Tr 2 phng trnh, dung cac hang ang thc a ve phng trnh tch A.B = 0. Nghiem duy nhat lam nh he oi xng loai 1. 13. He phng trnh ang cap :

ax 2 + bxy + cy 2 = d 2 2 a' x + b' xy + c' y = d '

Xet y = 0. Xet y 0 : at x = ty, chia 2 phng trnh e kh t. Con 1 phng trnh theo y, giai ra y, suy ra t, suy ra x. Co the xet x = 0, xet x 0, at y = tx. 14. Bat phng trnh, bat ang thc : * Ngoai cac bat phng trnh bac 1, bac 2, dang c ban cua

, .

, log, mu co the giai trc tiep, cac dang khac can lap bang

xet dau. Vi bat phng trnh dang tch AB < 0, xet dau A, B roi AB. * Nhan bat phng trnh vi so dng : khong oi chieu so am : co oi chieu Chia bat phng trnh : tng t. * Ch c nhan 2 bat pt ve theo ve , neu 2 ve khong am.

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 * Bat ang thc Cosi : a, b 0 :

13

Dau = xay ra ch khi a = b. a, b, c 0 :

a+ b ab 2

Dau = xay ra ch khi a = b = c. * Bat ang thc Bunhiacopxki : a, b, c, d (ac + bd)2 (a2 + b2).(c2 + d2); Dau = xay ra ch khi a/b = c/d 15. Bai toan tm m e phng trnh co k nghiem : Neu tach c m, dung s tng giao cua (C) : y = f(x) va (d) : y = m. So nghiem bang so iem chung. Neu co ieu kien cua x I, lap BBT cua f vi x I. 16. Bai toan tm m e bat pt vo nghiem, luon luon nghiem, co nghiem x I: Neu tach c m, dung o th, lap BBT vi x I. f(x) m : (C) di (d) (hay cat) f(x) m : (C) tren (d) (hay cat) LNG GIAC 1. ng tron lng giac : Tren ng tron lng giac, goc ong nhat vi cung AM, ong nhat vi iem M. Ngc lai, 1 iem tren ng tron lng giac ng vi vo so cac so thc x + k2. Tren ng tron lng giac, nam vng cac goc ac biet : boi cua va

a+ b+c 3 abc 3

+
2

1 ( 4 2

1 ( 6 3

cung phan t)

cung phan t)

x=+

iem cach eu tren ng tron lng giac.

2k n

: la 1 goc ai dien, n : so

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 2. Ham so lng giac :

sin

tg

14

cos chieu
3.

cotg chieu xuyen tam

Cung lien ket : * oi dau, khong oi ham : oi, bu, hieu (u tien khong oi dau : sin bu, cos oi, tg cotg hieu ). * oi ham, khong oi dau : phu * oi dau, oi ham : hieu

4.

Cong thc : a. C ban : oi ham, khong oi goc. b. Cong : oi goc a b, ra a, b. c. Nhan oi : oi goc 2a ra a. d. Nhan ba : oi goc 3a ra a. e. Ha bac : oi bac 2 ra bac 1. Cong thc oi bac 3 ra bac 1 suy t cong thc nhan ba. f. a ve

(sin ln = cos nho : khong oi dau).

t = tg

a 2

: a lng giac ve ai so.

g. Tong thanh tch : oi tong thanh tch va oi goc a, b thanh (a b) / 2. h. Tch thanh tong : oi tch thanh tong va oi goc a, b thanh a b. 5. Phng trnh c ban : sin = 0 cos = 1 hay cos = 1 = k,

sin = 1 =

+ k2; sin = 2

1 =

cos = 0 sin = 1 hay sin = 1 =

+ k, 2

+ k2, 2

cos = 1 = k2, cos = 1 = + k2 sinu = sinv u = v + k2 u = v + k2 cosu = cosv u = v + k2 tgu = tgv u = v + k

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 cotgu = cotgv u = v + k 6. Phng trnh bac 1 theo sin va cos : asinu + bcosu = c * ieu kien co nghiem : a2 + b2 c2 * Chia 2 ve cho trnh c ban. (cach khac : a ve phng trnh bac 2 theo 7. Phng trnh oi xng theo sin, cos : a cac nhom oi xng ve sin + cos va sin.cos. at t = sinu + cosu

15

a2 + b 2

, dung cong thc cong a ve phng

t = tg

u ) 2

= 8.

t2 1 2 sin u + , 2 t 2,sin u.cos u = 4 2

Phng trnh cha sinu + cosu va sinu.cosu : at
2

t 1 t = sin u + cos u = 2 sin u + , 0 t 2 ,sin u.cos u = 4 2

9. Phng trnh cha sinu cosu va sinu.cosu : at :

10. Phng trnh cha sinu cosu va sinu.cosu :

t = sin u cos u = 2 sin u , 2 t 2 , 4 1 t2 sin u.cos u = 2

at

t = sin u cos u = 2 sin u ,0 t 2 , 4

sin u.cos u = 1 t2 2

11. Phng trnh toan phng (bac 2 va bac 0 theo sinu va cosu) : Xet cosu = 0; xet cosu 0, chia 2 ve cho cos2u, dung cong thc 1/cos2u = 1 + tg2u, a ve phng trnh bac 2 theo t = tgu. 12. Phng trnh toan phng m rong : * Bac 3 va bac 1 theo sinu va cosu : chia 2 ve cho cos3u. * Bac 1 va bac 1 : chia 2 ve cho cosu. 13. Giai phng trnh bang cach oi bien :

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 16 Neu khong a c phng trnh ve dang tch, th at : * t = cosx : neu phng trnh khong oi khi thay x bi x. * t = sinx : neu phng trnh khong oi khi thay x bi x. * t = tgx : neu phng trnh khong oi khi thay x bi + x. * t = cos2x : neu ca 3 cach tren eu ung * t = tg

14. Phng trnh ac biet : *

x 2

: neu ca 3 cach tren eu khong ung.

u=0 u2 + v 2 = 0 v = 0 u=v u=C uC v =C v C

uA u=A v B v = B u+v =A +B sin u = 1 sin u = 1 sinu.cosv = 1 cos v = 1 cos v = 1 sin u = 1 sin u = 1 sinu.cosv = 1 cos v = 1 cos v = 1

Tng t cho : sinu.sinv = 1, cosu.cosv = 1. 15. He phng trnh : Vi F(x) la sin, cos, tg, cotg a. Dang 1 :

F(x ) F(y ) = m (1) (2 ) x y = n

. Dung cong thc oi + thanh

nhan, the (2) vao (1) a ve he phng trnh :

b. Dang 2 :

F(x ).F(y ) = m xy =n

x +y =a x y = b

. Tng t dang 1, dung cong thc

oi nhan thanh +.

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 c. Dang 3 : Dung t

F(x ) / F(y ) = m . xy =n a c a+ c ac = = le thc : b d b+d bd

17

bien oi phng

trnh (1) roi dung cong thc oi tong thanh tch. d. Dang khac : tm cach phoi hp 2 phng trnh, a ve cac pt c ban. 16. Toan : * Luon co san 1 pt theo A, B, C : A + B + C = * A + B bu vi C, (A + B)/2 phu vi C/2. * A, B, C (0, ) ; A/2, B/2, C/2 (0, /2) A + B (0, ) ; (A + B)/2 (0, /2) ; A B ( , ) , (A B)/2 ( /2, /2) Dung cac tnh chat nay e chon k. * oi canh ra goc (oi khi oi goc ra canh) : dung nh ly ham sin : a = 2RsinA hay nh ly ham cos : a2 = b2 + c2 2bc.cosA *

1 1 abc S = aha = ab sin C = = pr 2 2 4R = p( p a)( p b)( p c) 1 2 b2 + 2c2 a2 Trung tuyen : m a = 2 A 2 bc cos 2 Phan giac : a = b+c
TCH PHAN

1.

nh ngha, cong thc, tnh chat : * F la 1 nguyen ham cua f f la ao ham cua F. Ho tat ca cac nguyen ham cua f :

u +1 du = u + C ; u du = + 1 + C ,

f (x )dx = F(x) + C

(C R) 1

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008

du = ln u + C; e u du = e u + C; audu = au / ln a + C u sin udu = cos u + C ; cos udu = sin u + C

18

du / sin
b

u = cot gu + C
b a

du / cos
c

u = tgu + C

* *

f (x)dx = F(x)
a

= F(b) F(a)
, = +
a a c b b

a
b a

= 0 ; =
a

(f + g) = f + g ; kf = k f
a a a a

2.

Tch phan tng phan :

udv = uv vdu
Thng dung khi tnh tch phan cac ham hon hp. a. b. c.

x e , x sin x ; x cos x : u = x n x ln x : u = ln x x x x x e sin x , e cos x : u = e hay dv = e dx

n x n n n

tng phan 2 lan, giai phng trnh an ham 3. a. Cac dang thng gap :

b.

c.

sin x. cos x m 2 n +1 cos x.sin x 2m 2n sin x. cos x 2m 2n tg x / cos x 2m 2n cot g x / sin x cha a u
m 2 n +1
2 2

: : : : : :

u = sinx. u = cosx. ha bac ve bac 1 u = tgx (n 0) u = cotgx u = asint (n 0)

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 : u = a/cost cha u a : u = atgt cha a + u R (sin x , cos x ) , R : ham hu ty
2 2 2 2

19

d.

R(sinx, cosx) = R(sinx, cosx) R(sinx, cosx) = R(sinx, cosx) R(sinx,cosx) = R(sinx, cosx) R n gian :
/ 2
0 0

u = tg

x 2

: u = cosx : u = sinx : u = tgx u = cotgx

:th at u =

x 2

:th at u = x
e. f. g. h.

x (a + bx ) , (m + 1) / n Z : u = a + bx m n p/ q m +1 p q n n x (a + bx ) , n + q Z : u x = a + bx
m n p/ q q n

dx /[(hx + k ) ax + bx + c : hx + k = u R (x , (ax + b) /(cx + d) , R la ham

2

hu

ty

u = (ax + b) /(cx + d )
i. 4.

cha (a + bxk)m/n : th at un = a + bxk.

Tch phan ham so hu ty : a Q ve dang tch cua x + a, (x + a)n, ax2 + bx + c ( < 0) a P/Q ve dang tong cac phan thc n gian, da vao cac tha so cua Q :

* *

P(x ) / Q(x ) : bac P < bac Q

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008

x +a

A A A2 An , (x + a)n 1 + + ... + 2 x +a x + a (x + a) (x + a)n

A (2ax + b) B + ax 2 + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c

20

ax 2 + bx + c( < 0)

dx ( < 0) = du /(u2 + a2 ) :a t u = atgt 2 ax bx c + +

5. a.

Tnh dien tch hnh phang : D gii han bi x = a, x = b, (Ox), (C) : y = f(x) :

S D = f (x ) dx
a

b.

f(x) : phan thc hu t : lap BXD f(x) tren [a,b] e m .; f(x) : ham lng giac : xet dau f(x) tren cung [a, b] cua ng tron lng giac. D gii han bi x = a, x = b , (C) : y = f(x) (C') : y = g(x) :

S D = f (x ) g(x ) dx
a

c.

Xet dau f(x) g(x) nh trng hp a/. D gii han bi (C1) : f1(x, y) = 0 , (C2) : f2 (x, y) = 0

/ S D = f (x) g(x) dx
a b

f(x) g(x)

x=a

x=b y=b f(y) y=a

/
S D = f (y) g(y) dy
a b

g(y)

Vi trng hp ) : neu bien tren hay bien di b gay, ta cat D bang cac ng thang ng ngay cho gay. Vi trng hp ) : neu bien phai hay bien trai b gay, ta cat D bang cac ng ngang ngay cho gay. Chon tnh

theo dx hay dy e de tnh toan hay D t b chia cat.

Can giai cac he phng trnh toa o giao iem.

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 21 Can biet ve o th cac hnh thng gap : cac ham c ban, cac ng tron, (E) , (H), (P), ham lng giac, ham mu, ham . . Can biet rut y theo x hay x theo y t cong thc f(x,y) = 0 va biet chon 6. a.

hay

y = ... + x = ... +

: tre n,y = ... : pha i,x = ...

:d i, : tra i

Tnh the tch vat the tron xoay : D nh 5.a/ xoay quanh (Ox) :

V = [f (x )]2 dx
a

f(x) a b a f(y) f(x) g(x a b b b

b.

V = [f (y )] 2 dy
a

c.

V = [f 2 (x ) g2 (x )]dx
a

d.

V = [f (y ) g (y )]dy
2 2 a

g(y)

f(y)

a -g(x) b

f(x) a g(x b a

f(x) c

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 e.

V = f 2 (x )dx + g 2 (x )dx
a c

22

b c a

f(y) -g(y)

f.

V = g (y )dy + f (y )dy
2 2 a c

Chu y : xoay quanh (Ox) : ...dx ; xoay quanh (Oy) : ... dy.

1. a. :

Tm lim dang

P(x ) (x a)P1 (x ) P = lim 1 (dang 0 / 0) = lim x a Q ( x ) x a ( x a)Q1 ( x ) x a Q1 sin u f (x ) b. Ham lg : lim (dang 0 / 0), dung cong thc lim =1 x a g( x ) u 0 u f (x ) c. Ham cha can : lim (dang 0 / 0) , dung lng lien hiep : x a g( x ) lim
a2 b2 = (a b)(a + b) e pha pha 3 d. Ham
u0

Phan thc hu ty

0 , dang 1 : 0

KHAO SAT HAM SO

, a3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2) e

cha
1/ u

mu

hay

log

(dang

1)

dung

cong

thc

lim (1 + u)

=e

2. a.

ao ham : Tm ao ham bang nh ngha :

f ' (x 0 ) = lim
Neu

f (x ) f (x o ) x x o x xo
th f co

Tai iem xo ma f oi cong thc, phai tm ao ham tng pha :

/ / f+ (x o ) = lim , f (x o ) = lim . + x x o x x o / / f+ (x o ) = f (x o )

ao ham tai xo.

f(x)

b. c.

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 Y ngha hnh hoc : k = tg = f/(xM) f/ + : f f// + : f lom , , f/ : f f// : f loi

23

d.

f at C tai M

f at CT tai M

f / (x M ) = 0 // f (x M ) < 0 f / (x M ) = 0 // f (x M ) > 0

e.

M la iem uon cua f f//(xM) = 0 va f// oi dau khi qua xM. Tnh ao ham bang cong thc : C/ = 0, (x)/ = x1 , (lnx)/ = 1/x ,

( loga x ) =

(ax)/ = ax.lna, (sinx)/ = cosx , (cosx)/ = sinx, (tgx)/ = 1/cos2x, (cotgx)/ = 1/sin2x, (ku)/ = ku/ , (u v)/ = u/ v/, (uv)/ = u/v + uv/ , (u/v)/ = (u/v uv/)/v2 * Ham hp : (gof)/ = g/[f(x)] . f/(x) * ao ham logarit : lay log (ln : c so e) 2 ve , roi ao ham 2 ve; ap dung vi ham [f(x)]g(x) hay f(x) dang tch, thng, cha n f. 3.
x a

1 , (ex)/ = ex x ln a

...

Vi phan : du = u dx Tiem can : x = a : x y

x

lim y =

tc

x y x y

lim y = b

y = b : tcn

+
b b

lim [y (ax + b)] = 0

y = ax + b : tcx *

Ve o th co tiem can : - t c : khi y cang tien ve th ng cong cang gan ng t c .

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 24 - t c x :khi x va y cang tien ve th ng cong cang gan ng t c. - t c x :khi x cang tien ve th ng cong cang gan ng t c. * Xet

y=

P(x ) Q( x )

Co tc x = a khi Q(a) = 0, P(a) 0 Co tcn khi bac P bac Q : vi x , tm lim y bang cach lay so hang bac cao nhat cua P chia so hang bac cao nhat cua Q. Co tcx khi P hn Q 1 bac, khi o chia a thc ta co :

f (x ) = ax + b +
*

P1 (x ) , tcx la y = ax + b. Neu Q = x , co the chia Q( x )

Honer. Bien luan tiem can ham bac 2 / bac 1 :

y = ax + b +

c dx + e

(d0)

a 0, c 0 : co tc, tcx a = 0, c 0 : co tcn, tc. c = 0 : (H) suy bien thanh t, khong co tc. 4. o th cac ham thng gap : a<0 a/ y = ax + b : 2 a>0 b/ y = ax + bx + c 3 2 c/ y = ax + bx + c + d a> 0 :

a=0 a<0

a>0

a<0:

y > 0

y < 0

y = 0

d/ y = ax4 + bx2 + c a>0 a<0 ab < 0 e/ y = (ax + b) / (cx + d) (c 0)

ab > 0

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008

25

ad - bc > 0 f/ y =

ad - bc < 0

ax + bx + c dx + e

(ad 0)

ad > 0

y > 0
ad < 0

y = 0

y < 0

5. OI XNG O TH : g(x) = f(x) : x qua (Oy) g(x) = f(x) : x qua (Ox)

x=a

y>b y<b

y=b

(C/) : y =

f (x )

: gi nguyen phan (C) ben tren y = 0, lay phan (C) ben

x<a

a x>a

di y = 0 oi xng qua (Ox). (C/) : y = f ( x ) : gi nguyen phan (C) ben phai x = 0, lay phan (C) ben phai x = 0 oi xng qua (Oy). 6. IEM AC BIET CUA (Cm) : y = f(x, m) a/ iem co nh : M(xo, yo) (Cm), m yo = f(xo, m), m Am + B = 0, m (hay Am2 + Bm + C = 0, m)

A = 0 B =0

(hay

A = 0 B = 0 ). Giai he, c M. C = 0

b/ iem (Cm) khong i qua, m : M(xo, yo) (Cm), m yo f(xo,m), m yo = f(xo, m) VN m Am + B = 0 VN m (hay Am2 +

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 Bm + C = 0 VN m) , c M. Chu y :

A = 0 B 0

(hay

A = 0 A 0 ). Giai he B =0 < 0 C 0

26

A =C B

VN B = 0

B 0 A = BC VN

c/ iem co n ng cong cua ho (Cm) i qua : Co n ng (Cm) qua M(xo, yo) yo = f(xo, m) co n nghiem m. Can nam vng ieu kien co n nghiem cua cac loai phng trnh : bac 2, bac 2 co ieu kien x , bac 3, trung phng. 7. TIEP XUC, PHNG TRNH TIEP TUYEN : a. (C) : y = f(x), tx (C/) : y = g(x) khi he phng trnh sau co nghiem :

y C = y C/ / / y C = y C/

. Nghiem x cua he la hoanh o tiep iem.

b.

Tm tiep tuyen vi (C) : y = f(x) * Tai M(xo, yo) : y = f'(xo)(x xo) + yo. * Qua M (xo, yo): viet phng trnh ng thang qua M : (d) : y = k(x xo) + yo. Dung ieu kien tx tm k. So lng k = so lng tiep tuyen (neu f bac 3 hay bac 2 / bac 1 th so nghiem x trong he phng trnh k tx = so lng tiep tuyen). * // () : y = ax + b : (d) // () (d) : y = ax + m. Tm m nh k tx. * () : y = ax + b (a 0) : (d) () (d) : y =

c.

k tx. Bai toan so lng tiep tuyen : tm M (C/) : g(x, y) = 0 sao cho t M ke c en (C) ung n tiep tuyen (n = 0, 1, 2, ...), M(xo,yo) (C/) g(xo,yo) = 0; (d) qua M : y = k(x xo) + yo; (d) tx (C) :

1 x + m. Tm m nh a

y C = y d / y C = k

(1).

The k vao (1) c phng trnh an x, tham so xo hay yo. at k e phng trnh nay co n nghiem x (so nghiem x = so tiep tuyen), tm c xo hay yo. 8. TNG GIAO : * Phng trnh h iem chung cua (C) : y = f(x) va (C/) : y = g(x) la : f(x) = g(x). So nghiem pt = so iem chung.

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 27 * Tm m e (Cm) : y = f(x, m) va (C/m) : y = g(x, m) co n giao iem : Viet phng trnh hoanh o iem chung; at k e pt co n nghiem. Neu pt hoanh o iem chung tach c m sang 1 ve : F(x) = m : at ieu kien e (C) : y = F(x) va (d) : y = m co n iem chung. * Bien luan s tng giao cua (Cm) va (C/m) : Neu pt h iem chung dang : F(x) = m : lap BBT cua F; so iem chung cua (Cm) va (C/m) = so iem chung cua (C) va (d). PTh iem chung, khong tach c m, dang f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 (x ) hay dang bac 3 : x = f(x) = 0 : lap , xet dau , giai pt f(x) = 0 e biet m nao th la nghiem cua f, vi m o, so nghiem b bt i 1. 9. CC TR : * f co ung n cc tr f/ oi dau n lan. * f at cc ai tai xo

f / (x o ) = 0 // f (x o ) < 0 f / (x o ) = 0 // f (x o ) > 0

f at cc tieu tai xo

* f bac 3 (hay bac 2 / bac 1) co cc tr f co C va CT * f bac 3 (hay bac 2 / bac 1) co cc tr : Ben phai (d) : x = y/ = 0 co 2 nghiem < x1 < x2. Ben trai (d) : x = y/ = 0 co 2 nghiem x1 < x2 < . 1 ben (Ox)

f/

>0

2 ben (Ox)

f/ > 0 yCD .yCT > 0 f/ > 0 yCD .yCT < 0

* Vi ham bac 2 / bac 1, cac ieu kien yC.yCT < 0 (>0) co the thay bi y = 0 VN (co 2 nghiem.). * Tnh yC.yCT : Ham bac 3 : y = y/ (Ax + B) + (Cx + D) yC.yCT = (CxC + D).(CxCT + D), dung Viete vi pt y/ = 0. Ham bac 2/ bac 1 :

y=

u v

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008
/ /

28

yC.yCT =

u (x C ).u (x CT ) , dung Viete vi pt y/ = / / v (x C ).v (x CT )

0. * ng thang qua C, CT : Ham bac 3 : y = Cx + D Ham bac 2 / bac 1 : y = u/ / v/ * y = ax4 + bx2 + c co 1 cc tr ab 0, 3 cc tr ab < 0 10. N IEU : a. Bien luan s bien thien cua ham bac 3 : i) a > 0 va y = 0 vo nghiem ham so tang tren R (luon luon tang) ii) a < 0 va y = 0 vo nghiem ham so giam (nghch bien) tren R (luon luon giam) iii) a > 0 va y = 0 co 2 nghiem phan biet x1, x2 vi x1 < x2 ham so at cc ai tai x1 va at cc tieu tai x2. Ngoai ra ta con co : + x1 + x2 = 2x0 vi x0 la hoanh o iem uon. + ham so tang tren (, x1) + ham so tang tren (x2, +) + ham so giam tren (x1, x2) iv) a < 0 va y = 0 co 2 nghiem phan biet x1, x2 vi x1 < x2 ham at cc tieu tai x1 va at cc ai tai x2 thoa ieu kien x1 + x2 = 2x0 (x0 la hoanh o iem uon). Ta cung co : + ham so giam tren (, x1) + ham so giam tren (x2, +) + ham so tang tren (x1, x2) b. Bien luan s bien thien cua y =

bac 2 bac1

i) Neu a.m > 0 va y/ = 0 vo nghiem th ham tang ( ong bien) tren tng khoang xac nh. ii) Neu a.m < 0 va y/ = 0 vo nghiem th ham giam ( nghch bien) tren tng khoang xac nh. iii) Neu a.m > 0 va y/ = 0 co 2 nghiem phan biet x1, x2 th ham at cc ai tai x1 va at cc tieu tai x2 thoa x1 < x2 va

iv) Neu a.m < 0 va y/ = 0 co 2 nghiem phan biet x1, x2 th ham at cc tieu tai x1 va at cc ai tai x2 thoa x1 < x2 va

x1 + x 2 p = . 2 m

x1 + x 2 p = . 2 m

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 29 Tm m e ham so bac 3, bac 2/bac 1 ong bien (nghch bien) tren mien x I : at k e I nam trong mien ong bien (nghch bien) cua cac BBT tren; so sanh nghiem pt bac 2 y/ = 0 vi . 11. BIEN LUAN SO NGHIEM PT BANG O TH : a. Cho pt : F(x, m) = 0; tach m sang 1 ve : f(x) = m; lap BBT cua f (neu f a khao sat th dung o th cua f), so nghiem = so iem chung. c. b. Vi pt mu, log,

, .

, lng giac : oi bien; can biet moi bien mi

t c may bien cu x; can biet k cua t e cat bt o th f. 12. QUY TCH IEM DI ONG M(xo, yo) : Da vao tnh chat iem M, tm 2 ang thc cha xo, yo, m; kh m, c F(xo, yo) = 0; suy ra M (C) : F(x, y) = 0; gii han quy tch : M ton tai m ? xo ? (hay yo ?) Neu xo = a th M (d) : x = a. Neu yo = b th M (d) : y = b. 13. TAM, TRUC, CAP IEM OI XNG : a. CM ham bac 3 co tam x (iem uon), ham bac 2/bac 1 co tam x (g 2 tc) tai I : oi toa o : x = X + xI, y = Y + yI; the vao ham so : Y = F(X), cm : F(x) = F(x), suy ra F la ham le, o th co tx la goc toa o I. b. CM ham bac 4 co truc x // (Oy) : giai pt y/ = 0; neu x = a la nghiem duy nhat hay la nghiem chnh gia cua 3 nghiem : oi toa o x = X + a, y = Y; the vao ham so : Y = F(X); cm F(X) = F(X); suy ra F la ham chan, o th co truc oi xng la truc tung X = 0, tc x = a. c. Tm tren (C) : y = f(x) cap iem M, N oi xng qua I : giai he 4 pt 4 an :

x M + x N = 2x I y + y = 2y M N I y M = f (x M ) y N = f (x N )

d.

Tm tren (C) : y = f(x) cap iem /x qua t (d) : y = ax + b : dt (d) la

(d') : y =

nghiem xA, xB, tnh toa o trung iem I cua AB theo m; A, B oi xng qua (d) I (d) m?; thay m vao pth iem chung, giai tm xA, xB, suy ra yA, yB.
B B B

1 x + m; lap pt h iem chung cua (C) va (d'); gia s pt co 2 a

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 14. Tm iem M (C) : y = ax + b +

c, d, e Z) : giai he

c y M = ax M + b + dx M + e x M ,y M Z

c dx + e

30

co toa o nguyen (a, b,

c y M = ax M + b + dx M + e c xM, Z dx e + M c y M = ax M + b + dx M + e x M Z , dx M + e = c so cua c

15. Tm min, max cua ham so y = f(x) Lap BBT, suy ra mien gia tr va min, max. 16. Giai bat phng trnh bang o th :

x <a f < g a < x < b, f > g b<x x a fgaxb,fg x b

f g

HNH HOC GIAI TCH 1. Toa o , vect : * (a,b) (a/, b/) = (a a/, b b/) k(a, b) = (ka, kb) (a, b) = (a , b )
/ /

a = a/ / b=b

(a, b).(a/,b/) = aa/ + bb/

(a, b) = a2 + b2

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008

v.v / / cos( v ,v ) = / v .v

31

AB = (x B x A , y B y A ), AB = AB MA = k MB x kx B y ky B , yM = A xM = A (k 1) 1 k 1 k x + xB y + yB , yM = A M : trung iem AB x M = A 2 2 xA + xB + xC x M = 3 M : trong tam ABC yA + yB + yC y M = 3

M chia AB theo t so k (tng t cho vect 3 chieu). * Vect 3 chieu co them tch co hng va tch hon hp :
/

[ ]

[ v ,v / ] = v . v / .sin( v ,v / )

v = (a, b, c), v = (a' , b' , c' ) b c c a a b v, v / = b / c/ , c/ a/ , a/ b /

[v , v / ] v , v / v v / v .v /

= 0 ;

v // v / [ v ,v / ] = 0 ; v , v / , v // ong

phang

[v , v / ].v // = 0 1 S ABC = AB , AC 2 1 V S.ABC = AB , AC .AS 6

V ABCD .A 'B'C'D' = [AB , AD ].AA

A, B, C thang hang AB // AC

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 * trong mp : H la trc tam

32

AH .BC = 0 BH .AC = 0

H la chan ng cao ha

AH .BC = 0 BH // BC
A A

M la chan phan giac trong M la chan phan giac ngoai

MB =

AB MC AC AB MC MB = + AC
B

I la tam ng tron ngoai tiep IA = IB = IC. I la tam ng tron noi tiep I la chan phan giac trong 2. ABM vi M la chan phan giac trong ng thang trong mp : (A,B) : (d) : cua

cua ABC.

* Xac nh bi 1 iem M(xo,yo) va 1vtcp

= (a,b) hay 1 phap vect

x = x o + at x xo y yo = , (d ) : a b y = y o + bt
x y + =1 a b y yA = yB yA

(d) : A(x xo) + B(y yo) = 0 * (d) qua A(a, 0); B(0,b) : * (AB) :

x xA xB xA

* (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 co

v = ( B, A ) ; n = ( A , B )

* (d) // () : Ax + By + C = 0 (d) : Ax + By + * (d) () (d) : Bx + Ay + C/ = 0 * (d), (d/) tao goc nhon th :

=0

nd .nd / cos = nd . nd /

cos( nd ,nd / )

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 * d(M,(d)) =

33

Ax M + By M + C A 2 + B2

* Phan giac cua (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 va (d/) : A/x + B/y + C/ = 0 la :

Ax + By + C A 2 + B2

A / x + B / y + C/ A / 2 + B/ 2

n d .n n d .n

d/ d/

> 0 : phan giac goc tu + , nhon < 0 : phan giac goc tu , nhon +

* Tng giao : Xet hpt toa o giao iem. 3. Mat phang trong khong gian : * Xac nh bi 1 iem M(xo, yo, zo) va 1 phap vect : hay 2 vtcp

= (A, B, C)

v , v' .
=[

(P) : A(x xo) + B(y yo) + C(z zo) = 0

v , v' ] n
= (A, B, C).

(P) : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 co

(P) qua A(a,0,0); B(0,b,0); C(0,0,c) (P) : x/a + y/b + z/c = 1 * Cho M(xo, yo, zo), (P) : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 d(M,(P)) =

Ax o + By o + Cz o + D A 2 + B 2 + C2

* (P) , (P/) tao goc nhon th : cos = * (P) (P/)

cos( n ( P) , n ( P') )

n ( P) n ( P') , (P) // (P/) n ( P) // n ( P')

4. ng thang trong khong gian : * Xac nh bi 1 iem M (xo, yo, zo) va 1 vtcp phap vect :

= (a, b, c) hay 2

(d) :

n , n' : x = x o + at x xo y yo z zo = = y = y o + bt , (d ) : a b c z = z + ct o v = [ n , n' ]

x xA y yA z zA = = * (AB) : xB x A y B y A z B z A Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 * (d) = (P) (P/) : A' x + B' y + C' z + D' = 0

* (d) qua A, vtcp

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008

34

th :

d(M,(d)) =

[AM , v ] v

* la goc nhon gia (d), (d/) th : cos =

cos( v d , v / )
d

* la goc nhon gia (d), (P) th : sin = * (d) qua M, vtcp (d) cat (P) (d) // (P) (d) (P)

cos( v d , n p )
, (P) co pvt 0 = 0 va M (P) = 0 va M (P) ; (d /) qua B, vtcp

v .n

v .n v .n v

* (d) qua A, vtcp (d) cat (d/) [ (d) // (d/) [

v'

: =0

v , v ' ] 0 , [ v , v ' ] AB
, A (d/)

v , v' ] = 0 v , v' ] = 0

(d) cheo (d/) [ (d) (d/) [

v , v ' ] 0 , [ v , v ' ] AB
, A (d/)

* (d) cheo (d/) : d(d, d/) =

[ v , v ' ] AB [ v , v' ]

* (d) cheo (d/) , tm ng chung () : tm cha (d), //

n = [ v , v ' ] ; tm (P)

; tm (P/) cha (d/), //

; () = (P) (P/).

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 35 * (d) (P), cat (d/) (d) nam trong mp (P), cha (d/). * (d) qua A, // (P) (d) nam trong mp cha A, // (P). * (d) qua A, cat (d/) (d) nam trong mp cha A, cha (d/). * (d) cat (d/), // (d//) (d) nam trong mp cha (d/), // (d//). * (d) qua A, (d/) (d) nam trong mp cha A, (d/). * Tm hc H cua M xuong (d) : viet pt mp (P) qua M, (d), H = (d) (P). * Tm hc H cua M xuong (P) : viet pt t (d) qua M, (P) : H = (d) (P). * Tm hc vuong goc cua (d) xuong (P) : viet pt mp (Q) cha (d), (P); (d/) = (P) (Q) * Tm hc song song cua (d) theo phng () xuong (P) : viet pt mp (Q) cha (d) // (); (d/) = (P) (Q). 5. ng tron : * ng tron (C) xac nh bi tam I(a,b) va bk R : (C) : (x a)2 + (y b)2 = R2 * (C) : x2 + y2 + 2Ax + 2By + C = 0 co tam I(A,B), bk R=

A 2 + B2 C

* (d) tx (C) d(I, (d)) = R, cat < R, khong cat > R. * Tiep tuyen vi (C) tai M(xo,yo) : phan oi t/o trong (C) : (xoa)(xa) + (yob)(yb) = R hay xox + yoy + A(xo + x) + B(yo + y) + C = 0 * Cho (C) : F(x,y) = x2 + y2 + 2Ax + 2By + C = 0 th PM/(C) = F(xM, yM) = MA .MB = MT2 = MI2 R2 vi MAB : cat tuyen, MT : tiep tuyen ; M (C) PM/(C) = 0 , M trong (C) PM/(C) < 0, ngoai > 0. * Truc ang phng cua (C) va (C/) : 2(A A/)x + 2(B B/)y + (C C/) = 0 * (C), (C/) ngoai nhau II/ > R + R/ : (co 4 tiep tuyen chung); tx ngoai = R + R/ (3 tiep tuyen chung); cat (2 tt chung); tx trong = cha nhau <

R R/

< II/ < R + R/

R R/

(1 tt chung la truc ang phng)

R R/

(khong co tt chung).

6. Mat cau : * Mc (S) x bi tam I (a, b, c) va bk R :

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 36 (S) : (x a)2 + (y b2) + (z c)2 = R2. * (S) : x2 + y2 + z2 + 2Ax + 2By + 2Cz + D = 0 co tam I(A,B,C), bk R=

A 2 + B 2 + C2 D

* (P) tx (S) d(I,(P)) = R, cat < R, khong cat > R. * Pt tiep dien vi (S) tai M : phan oi to (S). * Cho (S) : F(x, y, z) = 0. PM/(S) = F (xM, yM, zM); PM/(S) = 0 M (S), < 0 M trong (S), > 0 M ngoai (S). * Mat ang phng cua (S) va (S/) : 2(A A/)x + 2(B B/)y + 2(C C/)z + (D D/) = 0 * Tng giao gia (S), (S/) : nh (C), (C/). * Khi (S), (S/) tx trong th tiet dien chung la mat ang phng. * Khi (S), (S/) cat nhau th mp qua giao tuyen la mat ang phng. 7. Elip : * cho F1, F2, F2F2 = 2c, cho a > c > 0 M (E) MF1 + MF2 = 2a. * (E) :

A1(a,0); A2(a,0); B1(0,b); B2(0,b); tieu c : F1F2 = 2c, truc ln A1A2 = 2a; truc nho B1B2 = 2b; tam sai e = c/a; ng chuan x = a/e; bk qua tieu : MF1 = a + exM, MF2 = a exM; tt vi (E) tai M : phan oi toa o (E), (E) tx (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 a2A2 + b2B2 = C2 ; a2 = b2 + c2.
B

x2 y2 + a2 b 2

= 1 (a > b > 0) : tieu iem : F1(c,0), F2(c,0); nh

* (E) :

F1(0,c), F2(0,c); nh A1(0,a), A2(0,a), B1(b,0), B2(b,0), tieu c : F1F2 = 2c; truc ln A1A2 = 2a; truc nho B1B2 = 2b; tam sai e = c/a; ng chuan y = a/e; ban knh qua tieu MF1 = a + eyM, MF2 = a eyM; tiep tuyen vi (E) tai M : phan oi toa o (E); (E) tiep xuc (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 a2B2 + b2 A2 = C2; a2 = b2 + c2 (Chu y : tat ca cac ket qua cua trng hp nay suy t trng hp chnh tac tren bang cach thay x bi y, y bi x). 8. Hypebol : * Cho F1, F2, F2F2 = 2c, cho 0 < a < c. M (H) MF1 MF2 = 2a
B B

x2 y2 + = 1 (a > b > 0) : khong chnh tac; tieu iem : b 2 a2

(H) :

x2 y2 a2 b 2

= 1 (pt chnh tac)

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 37 tieu iem F1(c,0), F2(c,0); nh tr.thc A1(a,0), A2(a,0); nh truc ao B1(0,b), B2(0,b); tieu c F1F2 = 2c; o dai truc thc A1A2 = 2a; o dai truc ao B1B2 = 2b; tam sai : e = c/a; ng chuan : x = a/e; ban knh qua tieu : M nhanh phai MF1 = exM + a , MF2 = exM a , M nhanh trai MF1 = exM a, MF2 = exM + a; tiep tuyen vi (H) tai M : phan oi toa o (H);
B B

(H) tx (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 a2A2 b2B2 = C2 > 0; tiem can y = hnh ch nhat c s : x = a, y = b; c2 = a2 + b2. (H) :

b x a

tieu iem F1(0,c), F2(0,c); nh truc thc A1(0,a), A2(0,a); nh truc ao B1(b,0), B2(b,0); tieu c F1F2 = 2c; o dai truc thc A1A2 = 2a; o dai truc ao B1B1 = 2b; tam sai : e = c/a; ng chuan : y = a/e; ban knh qua tieu : M nhanh tren MF1 = eyM + a, MF2 = eyM a; M nhanh di MF1 = eyM a, MF2 = eyM + a; tiep tuyen vi (H) tai M : phan oi toa o (H); (H) tx (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 a2B2 b2A2 = C2 > 0; tiem can x =
B

y2 x2 = 1 (pt khong chnh tac) a2 b 2

hnh ch nhat c s : y= a, x = b; c2 = a2 + b2 (chu y : tat ca cac ket qua cua trng hp nay suy t trng hp chnh tac bang cach thay x bi y, y bi x). 9. Parabol : * Cho F, F () M (P) MF = d(M,()) (P) : y2 = 2px (p > 0) (phng trnh chnh tac). tieu iem (p/2, 0), ng chuan x = p/2; ban knh qua tieu MF = p/2 + xM; tam sai e = 1, tiep tuyen vi (P) tai M : phan oi toa o; (P) tx (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 pB2 = 2AC (p : he so cua x trong (P) i vi B : he so cua y trong (d)); tham so tieu : p. (P) : y2 = 2px (p > 0) (phng trnh khong chnh tac). tieu iem (p/2, 0), ng chuan x = p/2; ban knh qua tieu MF = p/2 xM; tam sai e = 1, tiep tuyen vi (P) tai M : phan oi toa o; (P) tx (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 pB2 = 2AC. (P) : x2 = 2py (p > 0) (phng trnh khong chnh tac).

b y a

giai e thi tuyen sinh ai hoc mon toan nam 2004 2008 38 tieu iem (0, p/2), ng chuan y = p/2; ban knh qua tieu MF = p/2 + yM; tam sai e = 1, tiep tuyen vi (P) tai M : phan oi toa o; (P) tx (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 pA2 = 2BC (p : he so cua y trong (P) i vi A : he so cua x trong (d)). (P) : x2 = 2py (p > 0) (phng trnh khong chnh tac). tieu iem (0, p/2), ng chuan y = p/2; ban knh qua tieu MF = p/2 yM; tam sai e = 1, tiep tuyen vi (P) tai M : phan oi toa o; (P) tx (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 pA2 = 2BC . CHU Y : * Can co quan iem giai tch khi lam toan hnh giai tch : at cau hoi can tm g? (iem trong mp M(xo,yo) : 2 an ; iem trong khong gian (3 an); ng thang trong mp Ax + By + C = 0 : 3 an A, B, C thc ra la 2 an; ng tron : 3 an a, b, R hay A, B, C; (E) : 2 an a, b va can biet dang ; (H) : nh (E); (P) : 1 an p va can biet dang; mp (P) : 4 an A, B, C, D; mat cau (S) : 4 an a, b, c, R hay A, B, C, D; ng thang trong khong gian (d) = (P) (Q); ng tron trong khong gian (C) = (P) (S). * Vi cac bai toan hnh khong gian : can lap he truc toa o.