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- JAH?AH ? ?AFJ > IE? AI A @A ?= F = F= =>H= ?= F F IAA = E JAHFHAJ=?E CA JHE?= @A ANJA IE IKFAH ?EA AIF=?E 5E A >=HC A B IE?= A ? ?AFJ @A ?= F ? IEIJA A = @AI?HEF?E @A AIF=?E @ @A IA FH @K?A = C JEF @A BKAH =I - ?= F CH=LEJ=J HE AI = = @A AIF=?E @ @A K = =I= A AH?A IK E KA ?E= =JH=OA @ = JH=I =I=I - ?= F A ?JHE? IA @A A AN=?J= A JA ECK= FAH ? IE@AH= @ =I E JAH=??E AI A JHA =I ?=HC=I A ?JHE?=I - ?= F =C JE? IA @A A = JH=L I @A =I BKAH =I A JHA @EF I =C JE? I = A@E?E @A K ?= F IA HA= E = ? ?= @ A K FK J @A AIF=?E K = F=HJ ?K = @A FHKA>=  =I= ?=HC= @EF =C JE?  O IA E@A = BKAH = A AH?E@= I >HA A = - ? ?EA JA A JHA = BKAH = A @E?D FK J O = =C EJK@ @A E JAH I @A = F=HJ ?K = AI = E JA IE@=@ @A ?= F A A FK J 2 H A A F IE A K FK J A = IKFAH ?EA @A = JEAHH= IA E@A = BKAH = @A =JH=??E CH=LEJ=J HE= I >HA = =I= @A FHKA>= A @E = AJH E @E?=H F = mg @ @A C AI = =?A AH=?E @A CH=LA@=@ A A FK J @ @A IA HA= E = = A@E@= O IK @EHA??E =FK J= D=?E= A ?A JH @A = JEAHH= - ?= F CH=LEJ=J HE AI A ? ?EA JA A JHA = BKAH = O = =I= - JH=I F= =>H=I = =?A AH=?E @A CH=LA@=@ A ?=@= FK J @AJAH E = A L= H @A = E JA IE@=@ @A ?= F CH=LEJ=J HE ,A ECK= B H = A ?= F A ?JHE? AI A ? ?EA JA A JHA = BKAH = A ?JHE?= I >HA K = F=HJ ?K = ?=HC=@= O A L= H @A = ?=HC= @A AI= F=HJ ?K = E = F q 2=H= A BA A A ?JHE? IA F = JA= K = A?K=?E @A AGKE E>HE @A BKAH =I A BK ?E @A ?= F A ?JHE? - O A ?= F =C JE? * @A K IEIJA = @=@ -IJ= A?K=?E @A AGKE E>HE IA ? ?A ? HA =?E @A HA

F = q (E + v B)
@ @A

 

F q E v B
 -NEIJA

AI A LA?J H @A = BKAH = HAIK J= JA I >HA = F=HJ ?K = ?=HC=@= AI = ?=HC= A ?JHE?= @A = F=HJ ?K = AI A LA?J H E JA IE@=@ @A ?= F A ?JHE? AI A LA?J H LA ?E@=@ AI A LA?J H @A IE@=@ @A ?= F =C JE?
GKA

= CK =I AN?AF?E AI ? FKA@A IAH I L J AJH I A A?JH IJ JE? I O ?EAHJ I IA I HAI @A F IE?E KJE E = A ?= F A ?JHE? A A FH ?AI @A ? LAHIE @A A AHC =

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+-26 5 * 51+ 5

!

.ECKH=   +=HC= A ?JHE?= A K ?= F A ?JHE? = A?K=?E   J @=I =I ?= JE@=@AI LA?J HE= AI @A>A AIJ=H HABAHE@=I = K IEIJA = @A HABAHA ?E= E? )@A I A ?= F A ?JHE? - O A ?= F =C JE? * @A>A IAH FH @K?E@ I ANJAH = A JA = = ?=HC= G 2=H= GKA ?KHH= K = E JAH=??E A A?JH =C JE?= I >HA = ?=HC= G AI A?AI=HE= = ANEIJA ?E= @A JH=I ?=HC=I = CKH=   E KIJH= AIJ= E@A= - A FK J GKA ?KF= = ?=HC= G A ?= F A ?JHE? E1 IA @A>A = =I JH=I ?=HC=I FHAIA JAI A A IEIJA = O = IE EI = - AIJ=I ? @E?E AI ANEIJA K = E JAH=??E A ?JHE?= A JHA = ?=HC= FK JK= G O A ?= F A ?JHE? E1 FH @K?E@ F H =I ?=HC=I @EIJHE>KE@=I A =I @ I F =?=I - K ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH =C JE? @A A AHC = AI A?AI=HE = = E =H A A?= EI ?= F A ?JHE? - O =C JE? * 2=H= AIJA IA HA?KHHA = =I A?K=?E AI @A ? @E?E AI @A ? J H E FKAIJ=I F H A AGKEF 2=H= @AJAH E =H = I K?E  @A ?= F A A?JH =C JE? @A ?HA=?E @A =NMA O = =I

IA F=HJA @A =I IECKEA JAI FHA EI=I =C JE? I B

=I F=HJ ?K =I A ?JHE?=I q IA @AIF = = A ?= F I A ?JHE? I E O -IJ I ?= F I I

FH @K?E@ I ANJAH = A JA = =I ?=HC=I F H JH=I F=HJ ?K =I ?=HC=@=I

+ =I FHA EI=I = JAHE HAI =I AOAI @A ?K= GKEAH= @A AIF=?E I

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B t D t

E=

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O =I HA =?E

AI ?

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=  # IA FKA@A AI?HE>EH A B H = E JACH=

E dl =
L

B dS
S

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H dl =
L S

J dS +

D dS
S

D dS =
S V

v dv

B dS = 0
S

- CA AH= ?K= @ IA = = E = ?=I I FH ?JE? I @A I ? LAHJE@ HAI A A?JH A? E? I @A A AHC = = L=HE=?E @A = @A IE@=@ @A ?= F A ?JHE? , ? HAIFA?J = JEA F AI @AIFHA?E=> A ? F=H=@= ? = @A IE@=@ @A ? HHEA JA -IJA J H E HAFHAIA J= =I ? HHEA JAI ?=F=?EJEL=I @A>E@=I = =I L=HE=?E AI @A ?= F A ?JHE? O IA ? ?A ? ? HHEA JAI @A @AIF = = EA J =I ? HHEA JAI @A @AIF = = EA J I E F HJ= JAI ?K= @ A ?= F A ?JHE? AI KO E JA I = J= JA IE ?K= @ IK L=HE=?E AI KO H FE@= = J= BHA?KA ?E= E CK = @A AIJ=I ? @E?E AI AI BHA?KA JA A =I GKE =I A ?JHE?=I ? LA ?E = AI A ? @E?E AI H = AI @A FAH=?E 2=H= HAI LAH =I A?K=?E AI @A =NMA A K FH > A = ? ?HAJ IA @A A = =I ? HHEA JAI ? =I L=HE=> AI E @AFA @EA JAI ) F=HJEH @A A =I IA ?= ?K = A ?= F =C JE? * ? =I A?K=?E AI  ! O  # A ?= F A ?JHE? - @A = A?K=?E  O =I BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI F H E JACH=?E E A= @A ?= F A ?JHE? A = JH=OA?J HE= @A E JAH I =I ? @E?E AI @A ? J H @A IEIJA = B IE? HA =?E = =I BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI ? =I ? HHEA JAI GKA D= IE@ FHALE= A JA ? IE@AH=@=I ? L=HE=> AI E @AFA @EA JAI -IJA FH ?AI @A ? ?K IA KJE E =H A A FH NE ?=F JK F=H= >JA AH A @A @A K IEIJA = A A?JH A? E? IE F A FAH AI J J= A JA CA AH= = A?K=?E  " IA KJE E = A AIJA = EIEI O= GKA IA IKF A GKA A A A@E IA A ?KA JH= @EIF E> AI ?=HC=I E>HAI AI @A?EH = @A IE@=@ @A ?=HC= AI ?AH

.ECKH= 

-BA?J @A ?= >E @A IEIJA = @A HABAHA ?E= I >HA A ?= F A ?JHE?

- = CKH=  IA E KIJH= K F=H @A ? @K?J HAI E@ JE? I - FHE AH IA @AIF = = = K = LA ?E@=@ L @EBAHA JA @A ?AH A = FHAIA ?E= @A I ?= F I E1 O B1 - IACK @ ? @K?J H AI E@ JE? = FHE AH FAH A >IAHL=@ H IA KALA = = EI = LA ?E@=@ L O ? IE@AH= F H AIJ= H= GKA A ? @K?J H AIJ A HAF I - AIJ= ? @E?E A >IAHL=@ H @AJA?J= A ?= F E2 5E IA E JH @K?A K = F=HJ ?K = A ?=@= K @A I ? @K?J HAI = JAHE HAI ?KO= ?=HC= AI q1 A A FHE AH IEIJA = = BKAH = I >HA = F=HJ ?K = @A =?KAH@ ? = HA =?E @A HA   AI

F1 = q1 (E1 + v B1 )
5E = LA ?E@=@ AI ? IJ= JA =I BKAH = F1 AI K = O @A = A?K=?E  ! IA @A@K?A

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@K?J H A

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JE? I

E1 = v B1
- A IEIJA = 11 ? = LA ?E@=@ HA =JEL= AI ?AH =?JK= JA I >HA = F=HJ ?K = q1 = ?= F A ?JHE? E2 A >IAHL=@ H I

 " FKA@A =JHE>KEH = BKAH =

E2 =

F2 q1

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+ I ? @K?J HAI I E@ JE? I A I @ I IEIJA =I = AN?AF?E @A IK IEIJA = @A HABAHA ?E= IA FKA@A AIJ=> A?AH = JH= IB H =?E @A HA A@E= JA =I ANFHAIE AI  ! O  # @A>E@ = GKA F1 = F2

E2 = E1 + v B1

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= A?K=?E  $ FAH EJA ?= ?K =H A ?= F A ?JHE? AGKEL= A JA @A K IEIJA = @A HABAHA ?E= I E@=HE = I ? @K?J HAI @A ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH A? E? @A A AHC = ? ?EA @ LA?J HE= A JA A ?= F A ?JHE? O A ?= F =C JE? @A IEIJA = O ANJAH = ? @K?J H - = CKH=  ! IA D= AIGKA =JE =@ K IAC A J ? @K?J H = ?K= IA A =F E?= A JHA IKI ANJHA I A ?= F A ?JHE? - - ?EH?KEJ IA A ?KA JH= E AHI A K ?= F =C JE? K EB H A * = @A IE@=@ @A ? HHEA JA GKA ?EH?K = F H A ? @K?J H @AFA @A @A = IKFAHF IE?E @A I ?= F I A ?JHE? I =F E?=@ I I >HA O @A = ? @K?JELE@=@ @A =JAHE= IAC = HA =?E ? IJEJKJEL=  & J= >E ? ?E@= ? AO @A D

J = E = (Eaplicada Einducida )
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J = E = (Eaplicada v B)
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LAHJE@ H A A?JH

A?

E? A A A J=

- CA AH= =I GKE =I A ?JHE?=I JEA A F H = E@=@ JH= IB H =H = A AHC = A? E?= A A AHC = A ?JHE?= O LE?ALAHI= +K= @ = ? LAHIE AI @A A AHC = A? E?= A A AHC = A ?JHE?= IA @E?A GKA

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LAHJE@ H A A?JH

=C

JE? A A A J=

AH=@ H GKA IA O AIJ =C = IA

O A A ?=I ? JH=HE FAH= ? J H 6= LA HAFHAIA J= A = CKH=  " -IJA @EIF IEJEL AI K ? IJEJKE@ I = A JA F H K ? @K?J H HA?JE A JE? K EB H A KALA A A E JAHE H @A K ?= F =C JE? B

E e B v

AI A LA?J H E JA IE@=@ @A ?= F A ?JHE? AI = BKAH = A A?JH JHE =C JE? @K?J H E A=  ! ? IE@AH= @ GKA ANEIJA ?= F AI A LA?J H @A IE@=@ @A ?= F AI A LA?J H LA ?E@=@ @A ?

=I L=HE=> AI = JAHE HAI IA HA =?E A ?JHE? ANJAH

= = F=HJEH @A = A?K=?E

E=vB

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5E A = A?K=?E  ' IA IKF A GKA A ?= F =C JE? * AI K EB H A A J @ I I FK J I @A ? @K?J H O = LA ?E@=@ L AI ? IJ= JA = BKAH = A A?JH JHE A @A J @ A ? @K?J H AI
l

e=
0

E dl
I ?EH?K =H

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5E = ? @K?J H = JAHE H IA A ? A?J= K = HAIEIJA ?E= A JHA IKI ANJHA ? @K?J H O IA FH @K?EH K = ? HHEA JA @A L= H

i=

e R

  A= LE EA J -IJ= BKAH = BK ?E @A = ? HHEA JA i F H

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Fe = l i B



= BKAH = ?= ?K =@= A = ANFHAIE = JAHE H KAIJH= GKA A IEIJA = IA F A = = ANJH=??E @A A AHC = 2=H= >JA AH = A AHC = AI A?AI=HE B H =H A LE EA J @A ? @K?J H 5E =?J = E CK = JH= BKAH = GKA = JA C= A LE EA J O IE = LA ?E@=@ AI @EBAHA JA @A ?AH A IEIJA = JA @H K LE EA J HAJ=H@=@ @A =?A AH=?E AC=JEL= - ? @K?J H ? LAHJEH = A AHC = GKA AIJ=>=

8-461, 4 - -+64

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@K?J H - AIJ=I

E E?E= A JA = =?A =@= A IK =I= A F H@E@=I A = HAIEIJA ?E= 4 @A ?EH?KEJ ANJAH ? @E?E AI = LA ?E@=@ @A?=A ANF A ?E= A JA = ?AH 2=H= = JA BKAH = ANJAH - = CKH= @A ? @K?J

AH K = LA ?E@=@ ? IJ= JA A A ? @K?J H @A = CKH=  # AI A?AI=HE =F E?=H K = = = ? @K?J H GKA IA F C= = Fe -IJ= BKAH = AI @A HECA A? E? O IA @A E = Fm  # IA >IAHL= A AGKE E>HE @A BKAH =I A?AI=HE F=H= = JA AH ? IJ= JA = LA ?E@=@ L H

- IEIJA = A? E? A JHAC= F JA ?E= = IEIJA = A ?JHE? F=H= = JA AH = LA ?E@=@ L = F JA ?E= A? E?= E IJ= J A= A JHAC=@= F H A IEIJA = ANJAH IA ?= ?K = A@E= JA = HA =?E IECKEA JA

Pm = Fm v
O = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= E IJ= J A= A A ? @K?J H AI

 !

Pe = e i
5E IA HA= E = K >= = ?A @A F JA ?E= ? A JHA IE IA >JEA A A IECKEA JA HAIK J=@ IE@AH= @ GKA =I ?= JE@=@AI LA?J HE= AI I HJ C

 " = AI

Pm = Fm v = Fe v = i B v l = i E l = i e = Pe

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= A?K=?E  # @A KAIJH= GKA = ? LAHIE @A A AHC = A? E?= A A AHC = A ?JHE?= D= IE@ ? F AJ= - A FH ?AI D=O F H@E@=I @A>E@ = GKA = F JA ?E= @EIEF=@= A = HAIEIJA ?E= @A ?EH?KEJ AI ANJAH = = = GKE = ) =@EA @ K = BKA JA @A JA IE = ? @K?J H = JAHE H ? A ? @K?J H E E?E= A JA A HAF I J= ? IA E KIJH= A = CKH=  $ = BKA JA @A JA IE 8 D=?A ?EH?K =H K = ? HHEA JA E F H A ?EH?KEJ -IJ= ? HHEA JA FH @K?A IAC = A?K=?E  K = BKAH = A ?JHE?= Fe 5E =?J = E CK = JH= BKAH = I >HA A ? @K?J H AIJA ? EA = = LAHIA ? =?A AH=?E +K= @ A ? @K?J H IA KALA A K ?= F =C JE? IA HECE = = IK LA K ?= F A ?JHE? + IA FKA@A =FHA?E=H A = CKH=  $ = BKA JA @A JA IE FH @K?A K = ? HHEA JA GKA IA F A = ?= F A ?JHE? - E @K?E@ F H A LE EA J = ? HHEA JA IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H ?

i=

V e R

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= LA ?E@=@ @A ? @K?J H A GKA = BKAH = A ?JHE?= AI ?AH @A>E@ = AGKE E>HE A JHA = JA IE =F E?=@= O = BKAH = A A?JH JHE E @K?E@= F H A LE EA J IA @A A ? LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= @A ? @K?J H - AIJ= IEJK=?E

e = V = l vs B
@ @A vs AI = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= O IA ?= ?K = @A = ANFHAIE = JAHE H ?

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vs =

V lB

 &

7 = LA GKA A ? @K?J H = ?= = = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= (V = e ; i = 0) IE IA =F E?= K = BKAH = HAIEI JA JA = ? @K?J H A IEIJA = ? EA = = HAJ=H@=HIA O = BKAH = A A?JH JHE E @K?E@= A @EI E KOA =K A J= = ? HHEA JA A A ? @K?J H @A>E@ = GKA = JA IE V @A = >=JAH = IKFAH= = = BKAH = A A?JH JHE e = =?A AH=?E HAJ=H@ @A IEIJA = IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H =F E?= @ ? LA EA JA A JA = IACK @= AO @A AMJ

a=
@ @A

1 dv = dt M

F=

Fe + Fm M

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F Fe Fm M
+K= @ = BKAH = A? E IJ= JA IA ?K F A GKA

AI = IK =J HE= @A BKAH =I =F E?=@=I AI = BKAH = A ?JHE?= I >HA A ? AI = BKAH = AI = A? E?= HAIEIJA JA @K?J H = =?A AH=?E AI ?AH O A AIA =I= @A ? @K?J H

E?= Fm AGKE E>H= = = BKAH = A ?JHE?=Fe

Fm = Fe = l B i = l B
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V B l v0 R
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GKE = ?K= @ =I BKAH =I A ?JHE?=I O A? E?=I = LA ?E@=@ v0 ? HHAIF @A = = FAH=?E @A = I >HA A ? @K?J H AIJ A AGKE E>HE 5E A AIJA A J IA A E E = = BKAH = HAIEIJA JA Fm A ? @K?J H IA =?A AH= A = @EHA??E @A = BKAH = A ?JHE?= Fe D=IJ= = ?= =H KAL= A JA = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= = ANF IE?E = JAHE H FAH EJA HAIK EH A IAEI A?K=?E AI I FHE ?EFE I GKA HECA = ? LAHIE A A?JH A? E?= @A A AHC =

E=vB f =iB
l

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e=
o

E dl = E l = v B l
l

F =
o

f dl = f l = i B l i= V e R

dv 1 Fe + Fm = Fa = dt M M
- A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E FK J I  AI HAFHAIA J=@ F H =I ANFHAIE AI  ! =  !% IA @AIJ=?= @A K = L=HE=> A

= A?K=?E  !" ?= ?K = K = L=HE=> A A ?JHE?= (e) A BK ?E A ?= F (B ) = A?K=?E  !# @AJAH E = K = L=HE=> A O A ?= F (B ) A?

E?= (F ) A BK ?E

@A K = L=HE=> A A ?JHE?= (i) AHI F H

! "

=I A?K=?E AI  !" O  !# @AFA @A @A ? @K?J H O @A ?= F A A ?K= AIJ E AIJ= H= IA @A E = =I @A ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH A? E? =I A?K=?E AI  !$ O  !% HAFHAIA J= =I HA =?E AI A JHA A ? @K?J H O A HAIJ @A K ELAHI -IJ=I A?K=?E AI IA @A E = A?K=?E AI @A EC= > H@A A?K=?E AI @A ? J H A?K=?E AI @A BH JAH=

GKE = A ?JHE?= A?K=?E AI @A

!

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@K?J H A BK ?E @A = LA ?E@=@ IA FKA@A

2=H= HAFHAIA J=H = @A = BKAH = A ?JHE?= I >HA A ? KJE E =H = A?K=?E  !

Fe

iBl =

V e R

Bl =

V B l (B l ) v R R

 !&

= A?K=?E  !& HAFHAIA J= = = BKAH = A ?JHE?= Fe ? K = HA?J= A BK ?E @A = LA ?E@=@ v @A @K?J H +K= @ A ? @K?J H IA A ?KA JH= A HAF I (v = 0) = BKAH = A ?JHE?= AI ECK= = J H E

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E @AFA @EA JA A LA ?E@=@ 5E = BKAH = A ?JHE?= AI ?AH = LA ?E@=@ ? HHAIF @A = = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= @A = GKE = 5E IA F A K = BKAH = ? IJ= JA @A L= H ? ?E@ ? IA >IAHL= A = CKH=  % IA @AJAH E = K FK J @A AGKE E>HE v0 A = E JAHIA??E @A =I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I A ?JHE?= O A? E?= - AIJA ?=I v0 ? HHAIF @A = = LA ?E@=@ A = ?K= = BKAH = A ?JHE?= Fe AGKE E>H= = = BKAH = A? E?= Fm O ? IJEJKOA K FK J @A AGKE E>HE AIJ=> A @A>E@ = GKA ?K= GKEAH FAHJKH>=?E A = LA ?E@=@ A? E?= @A IEIJA = JA @AH = IAH HAIJEJKE@= = =I ? @E?E AI FHALE=I F H =I BKAH =I =?JK= JAI I >HA A ? @K?J H -IJ= E JAHIA??E AI K FK J @A FAH=?E @A H CE A FAH = A JA F=H= = GKE = - = CKH=  % IA D= =H?=@ @ I =I  O   - = =  IE = GKE = =HH= ?= A ? JH= @A K = BKAH = A? E?= HAIEIJA JA ? IJ= JA IA =?A AH= D=IJ= = ?= =H A FK J @A FAH=?E FAH = A JA FK J @A AGKE E>HE v0 E JAHIA??E @A =I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I -IJ ?KHHA @A>E@ = GKA AIJ= = @A FAH=?E = BKAH = A ?JHE?= Fe IEA FHA AI IKFAHE H = = BKAH = A? E?= Fm 5E A IEIJA = IA A ?KA JH= HECE = A JA A L=? AI @A?EH FAH= @ = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= IE ?=HC= A? E?= O HAFA JE = A JA IA = =@A K = BKAH = A? E?= HAIEIJA JA = BKAH = A ?JHE?= AI E BAHE H = = A? E?= O ?KHHA K FH ?AI @A HAJ=H@ A = =   @A = CKH=  % = LA ?E@=@ @EI E KOA @AI@A = IE ?H E?= D=IJ= = LA ?E@=@ @A FAH=?E v0 A A FK J @A AGKE E>HE = BKAH = A? E?= Fm @AFA @A A CA AH= F=H= K =??E = EA J B IE? @A = LA ?E@=@ @A ? @K?J H - = CKH=  & IA KAIJH= = ?KHL= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A = GKE = A ?JHE?= = JAHE H FAH I AJE@= = K = BKAH = A? E?= @AFA @EA JA @A = LA ?E@=@ - AIJA ?=I = ECK= GKA A A = JAHE H v0 AI K FK J @A AGKE E>HE AIJ=> A O= GKA IE IA =K A J= K @EBAHA ?E= = LA ?E@=@ @A ? @K?J H F H A ?E = @A v0 IA HECE = K = BKAH = HAJ=H@=@ H= GKA D=?A HACHAI=H A ? @K?J H = = = JAHE H ? @E?E @A FAH=?E 2 H A ? JH=HE IE = LA ?E@=@ @A ? @K?J H @EI E KOA A K @EBAHA ?E= IA FH @K?A K = BKAH = =?A AH= JA GKA E ?HA A J= = LA ?E@=@ @A ? @K?J H D=IJ= = ?= =H A FK J @A AGKE E>HE A v0 ) FH @K?EHIA K ?= >E A = JA IE @A = >=JAH = GKA = E A J= = ? LAHJE@ H = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= @A = GKE = J= >E L=H = @A>E@ = GKA AIJ= LA ?E@=@ IA @AJAH E = ?K= @ ANEIJA AGKE E>HE A JHA = JA IE @A = >=JAH = O = BKAH = A A?JH JHE E @K?E@= A A ? @K?J H -I F IE> A @A EH A = CKH=  & K = B= E E= @A ?KHL=I @A =?KAH@ = ? IA L=H A = JA IE @A = BKA JA A@E= JA = L=HE=?E @A = JA IE @A = >=JAH = IA FKA@A ? JH =H = LA ?E@=@ @A FAH=?E @A = GKE = 6= >E IA FKA@A ? JH =H = GKE = A A A J= L=HE= @ = @A IE@=@ @A K =C JE? * = L=HE=?E @A ?= F FH @K?A K ?= >E A = FA @EA JA @A = ?KHL= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A = GKE = O= GKA ? IA >IAHL= A = A?K=?E  !& AIJ= L=HE=?E = JAH= = FA @EA JA @A = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A B H = ?K=@H JE?= O A FK J @A ? HJA A A A A @A = BKAH = v = 0 @A B H = E A= - = CKH=   IA E KIJH= AIJ= IEJK=?E O ? AI F IE> A ?= >E=H A FK J @A FAH=?E @A = GKE = A@E= JA

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= =   = LA ?E@=@ @A ? @K?J H AI =O H GKA = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= O = BKAH = A A?JH JHE AI =O H GKA = JA IE =F E?=@= F H AIJ= H= = ? HHEA JA O = BKAH = A ?JHE?= E LEAHJA IK IA JE@ 2=H= A ? JH=H K FK J @A AGKE E>HE = BKAH = A? E?= J= >E @A>A E LAHJEH IK IA JE@ HECE = = BKAH = A? E?= =D H= AIJ A JHAC= @ A AHC = O A IEIJA = IA ? F HJ= ? K CA AH=@ H =I ? @E?E AI GKA E FAH= A AIJ= = @A JH=>= I

e > 0 e > V i < 0

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=JA JE? I @A CH= KJE E@=@ A I FH ?AI I GKA

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0.7

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0.6 u(t) 0.5 velocidad u(t) (m/s)

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t [s]

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A J H 5?E =>

-?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI @A FH > A =  FH CH= =@ A A

,ABE E?E @A = BK ?E ? @K?J H BK ?JE F: ? @K?J HJ : C >= * . 8 6H=IF=I @A L=HE=> AI = = BK ?E ? @K?J H + LAHIE @A =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ = @ABE E?E AI A J ? E?=I K : N :  + ?K @A =I @AHEL=@=I @A =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ FK 8 * *  K  N .  FN K )IEC =?E @A =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ = LA?J H @A I= E@= @A = BK ?E F: FK FN A @BK ?JE 2H CH= = F=H= A ? ?K GKA IA KALA A K ?= F @A = JH=OA?J HE= @A K ? @K?J H =C JE? K EB H A 5?E => !  

C >= * . 8 6H=IF=I @A L=HE=> AI = = BK ?E ? @K?J H ,ABE E?E @A I F=H AJH I O L=HE=> AI @A A JH=@=     *   .  8  + @E?E AI E E?E= AI @A =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ O   K  I N   6=    ,ABE E?E @A JEA F I O F=I I @A E JACH=?E 1 JACH=?E @A =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ F H A J @ 4K CA KJJ= : @AO  6= ? @K?J H /H BE? @A =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ IK>F J  F J @6= :  BH= AB =C $ NJEJ ALA ?E@=@ I  J I  KJ NCHE@  IK>F J  F J @6= :  BH= AB =C $ NJEJ AF IE?E  J I  NJ NCHE@ 

) C HEJ

  2H CH= = F=H= A ? ?K @A = JH=OA?J HE= @A K ? @K?J H  GKA IA KALA A K ?= F =C JE? K EB H A ?J=LA  C >= * . 8  6H=IF=I @A L=HE=> AI = = BK ?E ? @K?J H  ,ABE E?E @A I F=H AJH I O L=HE=> AI @A A JH=@=     *   .  8   + @E?E AI E E?E= AI @A =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ O    K  I N   6= E IF=?A    ,ABE E?E @A JEA F I O F=I I @A E JACH=?E  1 JACH=?E @A =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ F H A J @ 4K CA KJJ= : I @A? @K?J H O 6=  /H BE? I @A = LA ?E@=@ O F IE?E CIAJ AO CIAJ JAH F IJI?HEFJ ? H F J6= :  CHE@ N =>A JEA F I  O =>A LA ?E@=@ I  CIAJ KJFKJ A  = ?J=LA FI HAF J F J6= :  N =>A JEA F I  O =>A F IE?E I  CIAJ KJFKJ A  > ?J=LA FI HAF J  BK ?JE F: ? @K?J H: J C >= * . 8  6H=IF=I @A L=HE=> AI = = BK ?E ? @K?J H  + LAHIE @A =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ = @ABE E?E AI A J ? E?=I K : N :   + ?K @A =I @AHEL=@=I @A =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ FK 8 * *  K  N .  FN K  )IEC =?E @A =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ = LA?J H @A I= E@= @A = BK ?E F: FK FN A @BK ?JE

! 4KJE = F=H= = I K?E

@A FH > A = KJE E = @ A A J H

+6)8-

$ - - 2

5 4-57- 6 5

'

0.7

4.5

0.6

0.5

3.5

velocidad [m/s]

0.4

posicion [m/s] 0 2 4 tiempo [s] 6 8 10

0.3

2.5

0.2

0.1

1.5

1 0 2 4 tiempo [s] 6 8 10

.ECKH=  $ 4AIK J=@ I @A A A F

KJE E = @ A A J H

?J=LA

 #

! 5E = HAIEIJA ?E= R ?= >E= ? = F IE?E J= EA J @E E? @A ? LAHJE@ H AI E A=

x = A?K=?E

@EBAHA ?E= GKA @AJAH E = A ?

F H

Mx +
5KIJEJKOA @ I L= HAI @A  "& IA >JEA A

(B l ) 2 V Bl x + Fm = 0 R R
I F=H AJH I M O l =I ?

x(0) = 1,0 m x (0) = 0,0 m s

@A =I BKA JAI V B O Fm A

 "& = ANFHAIE

x + 2x = 1 ;
= ANFHAIE  "' IA FKA@A HAI LAH I B ?E

x(0) = 1,0 m x (0) = 0,0 m s

E?E

 "' @A = LA ?E@=@ K  #

A JA IE IA IKIJEJKOA = @A

u + 2u = 1 ; u(0) = 0,0
)F E?= @

m s

= JH= IB H =@= @A =F =?A IA >JEA A A IECKEA JA HAIK J=@

sU (s) + 2U (s) = U (s) =

) JEJH= IB H = @ = ANFHAIE

1 s

 #  # 

1 1 = s(s + 2) 2

1 1 s s+2

 # IA >JEA A = LA ?E@=@ KJ

u(t) =
= F IE?E IA >JEA A E JACH= @ = I K?E
t

1 m 1 e2t 2 s  #! 1 2 1 1 t + e 2t 2 2
HE?= A JA ?

 #!

x(t) = x(0) +
0

u( )d = 1 +

 #" A FH CH= = = JAHE H

= CKH= IA FKA@A >IAHL=H AIJ= I K?E

>JA E@= K

$ 7 ? @EC F=HA?E@ FKA@A IAH =@=FJ=@ F=H= HAI LAH A FH > A = KJE E = @ DAHH= EA J=I @A E?A ?E= E>HA O ? @EC =>EAHJ ? FKA@A IAH ?J=LA O 5?E => % =I @EBAHA JAI LAHIE AI O @EIJHE>K?E AI FKA@A IAH @AI?=HC=@=I @AI@A A A =?A DJJF MMM I?E => HC & DJJF MMM ?J=LA HC

!

+)2 67
0.6

 +

8-451

,- - -4/ ) 10

+641+)

0.5

velocidad u(t) (m/s)

0.4

u(t) posicion x(t) (m)

0.3

x(t)

0.2

0.1

4 tiempo (s)

0 10

.ECKH=  % 8A ?E@=@ O F IE?E

@A ?

@K?J H A BK ?E

@A JEA F

I K?E

= = JE?=

.ECKH=  & ,E=CH= = AIGKA

JE? @A = HKA@= @A .=H=@=O

-A F

4KA@= @A .=H=@O

- = CKH=  & IA KAIJH= A @E=CH= = AIGKA JE? @A K ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH A? E? @A A AHC = ? IJEJKE@ F H K = HKA@= AJ E?= ?KO I H=@E I ? @K?J HAI K A A A A ? = FAHEBAHE= - ?=@= A J K @A I ? @K?J HAI @A @EIF IEJEL IA A ?KA JH= A FHAIA ?E= @A K ?= F =C JE? K EB H A B = 1 T - JHA I ANJHA I @A ? @K?J H =?JEL IA =F E?= K = BKA JA @A JA IE V = 1 V = HAIEIJA ?E= AGKEL= A JA A JHA A A A O A FK J @A ? J=?J FAHEB HE? AI @A 0, 1 = CEJK@ @A ?=@= K @A I H=@E I AI @A 1,0 = GKE = KALA K LA JE =@ H ?KO F=H A? E? AI 2 5E A ? LAHJE@ H CEH= = = LA ?E@=@ FH F H?E = = ?K=@H=@ @A = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H Tm = km IE ?H E?= @A IEIJA = IA >JEA A K F=H A? E? @A 0, 1 N m 5A FKA@A ? IE@AH=H GKA A AH @A H=@E I @A = HKA@= AI FH ?JE?= A JA E EJ @A J= B H = GKA IEA FHA ANEIJA K H=@E >= A ?= F =C JE? K EB H A = =I= @A = HKA@= IA FKA@A ? IE@AH=H @EIJHE>KE@= O JEA A F H L= H 0, 2 kg + AIJ I F=H AJH I @AJAH E A  =I A?K=?E E? AI @EBAHA ?E= AI ? F AJ=I GKA HECA A ? F HJ= EA J @A ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH A

- FK J @A FAH=?E

(m , i) ?K= @ IA =? F = A LA JE =@ H = A A @A = HKA@=
IE A @EIF IEJEL F=HJA @A

! ,AJAH E A = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H O = ? HHEA JA A BK ?E @A JEA F HAF I A A E IJ= JA E E?E= A L=? O ?=HC=@ ? A LA JE =@ H

5 K?E

$ - - 2

5 4-57- 6 5

!

.ECKH=  ' ,E=CH= = AIGKA

JE? @A ?

@K?J H =?JEL

 ) ECK= GKA A A A A F = JAHE H A AIJA ?=I J= >E AI A?AI=HE @AJAH E =H =I A?K=?E AI E JAH =I O =I HA =?E AI ? A K @ ANJAH + A LE EA J @A I ? @K?J HAI AI ?EH?K =H A = EIEI @E E? IA HA= E = I >HA A >= = ?A @A F=H I >HA A A A A? E? @A @EIF IEJEL 2=H= ? FHA @AH A FH > A = AI A?AI=HE = = E =H A @AJ= A A @E=CH= = @A ? @K?J H =?JEL A K @AJAH E =@ E IJ= JA @A JEA F - = CKH=  ' IA D= HAFHAIA J=@ AIGKA JE?= A JA =I ? IE@AH=?E AI BK @= A J= AI - = CKH=  ' IA FKA@A >IAHL=H GKA = = @EIJ= ?E= r @A A A @A CEH A @K @A = LA ?E@=@ @A CEH AI u = m r O A LA?J H I= A @A F = @A F=FA + AI= LA ?E@=@ O A ?= F * IA >JEA A A AIA EI FK J A ?= F A ?JHE? E = ?EH?K =?E @A = ? HHEA JA i(t) F H J @ A ? @K?J H FH @K?A A ?=@= FK J @A EI K @EBAHA ?E= @A BKAH = A ?JHE?= dFe = i Bdr O K @EBAHA ?E= @A F=H A ?JHE? d e = r dFe + =I ? IE@AH=?E AI = JAHE HAI =I A?K=?E AI E JAH =I @A ? LAHJE@ H I
l l l

e=
0

E dr =
0 l

u B dr =
0 l l

m rBdr =

1 m Br2 2 1 iBr2 2

=
0 l

1 m Bl2 2 1 iBl2 2

 ##  #$

Te =
0

de =
0

r dFe =
0

r i B dr =

=
0

=I A?K=?E

AI ANJAH =I @A ?

LAHJE@ H I

V = Ri + e Te Tm = J m

 #%  #&

2 5KIJEJKOA @ I HAIK J=@ I @A =I ANFHA = E AH?E= @A K = =I= @EIJHE>KE@= A K = HKA@= AI 1 2Mr IE AI  ## =  #% A = A?K=?E @EBAHA ?E=  #& IA >JEA A = A?K=?E @EBAHA ?E= GKA @AJAH E = A ? F HJ= EA J @E E? @A ? LAHJE@ H = = E =@

J m =
4A=CHKF= @ IJ H E

1 2

2 V 1 2 m Bl R

2 Bl2 km

 #'

I A LA ?E@=@ = CK =H @A = A?K=?E

@EBAHA ?E=  #' IA >JEA A  $

J m+

1 V Bl2 1 B 2 l4 2 m + km = 4 R 2 R

2=H= @AJAH E =H A L= H @A ? A ?EA JA k @A LA JE =@ H AI A?AI=HE ?= ?K =H = ANFHAIE @A = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= A BK ?E @A I F=H AJH I O L=HE=> AI ? ?E@=I F HGKA K @=J @A FH > A =

+)2 67

 +

8-451

,- - -4/ ) -

+641+)

AI GKA = = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= @A IEIJA = A LA JE =@ H HAGKEAHA   @A F=H A? E? 2=H= @AJAH E =H = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= AI A?AI=HE A E E =H @A = ANFHAIE  $ = ? JHE>K?E @A F=H A? E? ' O ? IE@AH=H A FK J @A AGKE E>HE A H CE A FAH = A JA pm = 0 =I IA >JA @H = IECKEA JA

ms =
+ IA ? ? A ?EA JA

2V rad = 2 ,0 Bl2 s
A?

 $ E? IA FKA@A @AJAH E =H A

?A GKA = AIJ= LA ?E@=@ A LA JE =@ H HAGKEAHA @A F=H @A = > >=

k=
- L= HAI K HE? I = A?K=?E

N m.s2 Tm 0, 1 N m = 0 , 025 = 2 2 m (2,0 m rad2 s )

 $ 

@EBAHA ?E=  $ GKA@=H = @A = B H = IECKEA JA

2 m + 25m + 2, 5 m = 50

 $!

2=H= F @AH HAI LAH = A?K=?E @EBAHA ?E=  $! O >JA AH A ? F HJ= EA J @E E? @A ? LAHJE@ H AI A?AI=HE E ? KEH = ? @E?E E E?E= @A FH > A = m (0) = m0 - FK J @A FAH=?E IA @AJAH E = @EHA?J= A JA @A = I K?E @A H CE A FAH = A JA @A = A?K=?E @EBAHA ?E=  $! @A AIJ= B H =

2, 5 2 m + 25m 50 = 0 m =

rad 1, 708 11, 708 s

= I K?E AC=JEL= IA ? IE@AH= A AIJA ?=I @A>E@ = GKA A LA JE =@ H IA KJE E = F=H= E FK I=H =EHA O F=H= AIJ @A>A CEH=H A IA JE@ F IEJEL +K= @ = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H @A = GKE = AI ? ?E@= IA FKA@A @AJAH E =H = ? HHEA JA @A FAH=?E

i=

2 2 V 1 1, 0 1 V e 2 m B l 2 1, 708 1 1 = = = 1, 459 A R R 0, 1

! 5E A ? LAHJE@ H IA A ?KA JH= A L=? = A?K=?E @EBAHA ?E= GKA @AJAH E = A ? F HJ= EA J @A IEIJA = AI E A= - = F=HJA  @A AIJA FH > A = BKA @AJAH E =@= = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H IE ?H E?= ms = 2,0 rad GKA ? HHAIF @A A AIJA ?=I @A AN?EJ=?E ? IJ= JA = K = I K?E F=HJE?K =H @A s = A?K=?E @EBAHA ?E= -I A?AI=HE IKFAHF AH = I K?E D C A= O @AJAH E =H = F=HJEH @A =I ? @E?E AI E E?E= AI A ? A ?EA JA E @AJAH E =@ ? HHAIF @EA JA ,A AIJ= B H = = I K?E D C A= IAH =
25t m + 25m = 0 mh = Ae

= I K?E

CA AH= IAH =

m (t) = mh (t) + mp (t) = Ae25t + 2, 0

4A? H@= @ GKA A IEIJA = F=HJA @A HAF I L=?

rad s
A = ? @E?E @A

IA >JA @H = = IECKEA JA I K?E

m (t) = 2, 0 (1 e25t )

rad s

+K= @ A LA JE =@ H AIJ =? F =@ = ? LAHJE@ H = I K?E = = JE?= AI F IE> A IE A >=HC = I K?E K HE?= FKA@A IAH JE A AIJA ?=I 7 = C HEJ IA A = JA = KJE E =@ A A - A F
'?

@E?E

@A L=?

2 =0 km

 % - -4+1+1 5 24 27-56 5

!!

2 vaco velocidad angular w(t) carga (rad/s)

1.5 carga

1.5

0.5

0.5

0.05

0.1

0.15 0.2 tiempo (s)

0.25

0.3

0 0.35

.ECKH=   /H ? @A = HAIFKAIJ= @E L=? O ?=HC=@ ? A LA JE =@ H

E?= @A ?

LAHJE@ H A

=I @ I ?

velocidad angular w(t) vaco (rad/s)

@E?E

AI @A FAH=?E

 FKA@A IAH =@=FJ=@ F=H= HAI LAH AIJA KAL FH > A = @A>AH = IAH FH CH= =@= ? = IECKEA JA A?K=?E
2 m = 50 25m 2, 5 m

= BK ?E

GKA ?= ?K = =I @AHEL=@=I

= CKH=   IA D= HAFHAIA J=@

=I @ I I K?E

AI @A AIJA FH > A = A L=?

O A ?=HC=

%

- AH?E?E I FH FKAIJ I
? =I IECKEA JAI L=HE= JAI A? E?= AI ? =C IJ= JA @A L= H 0, 1 N
1 1 3 5 4, 2, 4, 4

 4AFAJEH A A A F

= +

IE@AH= @ GKA = BKAH = = JA IE

>  += >E= @ ?  )IK EA @

1 @A = BKA JA V = 1, 0, 2 ,2 V

= @A IE@=@ @A ?= F

JE? B =

4AFAJEH A A A F  IKF EA @ GKA = BKA JA @A L J= A AI L=HE=> A A A JEA F v (t) = 1 1 2V sent @ @A = 10 , 2 , 1 rad s ! 4AFAJEH A - A F  IKF EA @ GKA A ? @K?J H IA @AIF = = E ? E =@ A ? IA E KIJH= A = CKH=   = HAIEIJA ?E= @A A A A J LE AI FH F H?E A@E@= A JHA I FK J I @A ? J=?J ? I ? @K?J HAI HEA " 4AFAJEH A - A F ? =I IECKEA JAI L=HE= JAI A? E?= AI ? IJ= JA @A L= H 0, 1 N m I CK I J= = = IK CEJK@

= +

IE@AH= @ GKA = ?=HC= = JA IE

>  += >E= @

1 @A = BKA JA V = 1, 0, 2 ,2

!"

+)2 67

 +

8-451

,- - -4/ ) -

+641+)

.ECKH=   ,E=CH= = AIGKA

JE? @A - AH?E?E JE? B =

1 1 3 5 4, 2, 4, 4

?  )IK EA @

= @A IE@=@ @A ?= F

=C

# 4AFAJEH A -A F 2V sent @ @A =

IKF EA @ GKA = BKA JA @A L J= A AI L=HE=> A A A JEA F v (t) = 1 1 rad 10 , 2 , 1 s

$ 4AFAJEH A - A F IKF EA @ GKA A ?= F =C JE? =K A J= E A= A JA @AI@A A ?A JH @A = HKA@= D=?E= = FAHEBAHE= IEA @ 0, 5 T A A A A O 1, 0 T A A JH ANJHA % 7 ? @K?J H IA E?EH?K =H @A H=@E 0, 5 m H J= A K ?= F =C JE? GKA L=H = IE KI E@= A JA A A JEA F = K = BHA?KA ?E= @A 100 Hz - ? @K?J H JEA A K = HAIEIJA ?E= @A 2 O AIJ = E A J=@ F H K = BKA JA @A ? HHEA JA = JAH = @A 10 V O @A = EI = BHA?KA ?E= 5E IA @AIFHA?E= = E @K?J= ?E= @A ? @K?J H O IA ? IE@AH= FAH=?E A H CE A FAH = A JA @A ? LAHJE@ H @AJAH E A

=  - F=H A ?JHE? @A ? > ? @

?

LAHJE@ H A BK ?E ?K= @ IA =??E

@A IK LA ?E@=@ = CK =H = K = ?=HC= A? E?= = %#  @A F=H NE

= LA ?E@=@ @A FAH=?E J H = JA IE

E @K?E@= I >HA A ?

@K?J H = K = LA ?E@=@ @A 628 rad s @A = F IE?E E E?E= @A ? @K?J H

= ? HHEA JA A?AI=HE= A A =HH= GKA A BK ?E

& 7 ? @K?J H HA?JE A @A CEJK@ l IA KALA FAHFA @E?K =H A JA = K ?= F =C JE? K EB H A @A =C EJK@ B - ? @K?J H F IAA K = HAIEIJA ?E= R O AIJ AN?EJ=@ A@E= JA K = BKA JA @A JA IE ? JE K= V GKA IA KJE E = F=H= =?A AH=H = GKE = D=IJ= = LA ?E@=@ @A FAH=?E -IJ= LA ?E@=@ IA AIJ=> A?A ?K= @ A ? @K?J H LA ?A K = BKAH = A? E?= K EB H A O ? IJ= JA GKA IA F A = LE EA J @A ? @K?J H - AIJ=I ? @E?E AI @AJAH E A

= > ? @

= A?K=?E =I A?K=?E =

A?

E?= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= O = LA ?E@=@ @A FAH=?E F AJ=I @A ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH

@A = A? E?

GKE =

AI @EBAHA ?E= AI ?

NE = LA ?E@=@ GKA FKA@A =@GKEHEH A ?

LAHJE@ H ?K= @ IA @A>E EJ= A ?= F B

=I ? @E?E AI GKA IA @A>A AIJ=> A?AH I >HA =I BK ?E AI B H = JAI F=H= >JA AH = FA H=?E @A ? LAHJE@ H A = ? @E?E @A BHA IE HECE = A JA = GKE = IA A ?KA JH= = LA ?E@=@ ? IJ= JA ? J H

*E> E CH=B =
 1 )IE L 7 @AHIJ= @E C 2DOIE?I 8 '$$ , 0= E@=O  4 4AI E? ECDJ =C AJE? = @ - A?JHE?EJO  /A HCA ) A  7 ME D 9E AO  5 ?/H=M 0E I '%" IACK @= A@E?E = -@EJE A

. IE?=  2=HJA 1 O 11 =C JE?= 

! 9 0 0=OJ H 6A H = - A?JH AIF= '' " + 6 ) '%# # + -@EJE D

GKE J= A@E?E

- CE AAHE C - A?JH

=C AJE? .EA @I  9=LAI  9E AO 1 JAH =JE =C AJEI  , LAH 2K> E?=JE

=NMA ) 6HA=JEIA - A?JHE?EJO = @ 8 K A A = @ JM '#" E?=  9E E= *A J

I 7 =>HECA@ 6DEH@

$ - ?O? FA@E= *HEJ=

2K> EIDAH 8

' FF & &$ '$"

!#

!$

*1* 1 /4). )

+=F JK

.K @= A J I @A +

LAHIE

- A ?=F JK = JAHE H IA = = E A ? F HJ= EA J @E E? @A K ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH A? E? A A A J= - F = JA= EA J @A AIJ=I A?K=?E AI BKA K = J=HA= HA= E => A ? ?E AI > IE?=I @A ? ?K K HE? =F E?=@ = K =I ? @E?E AI CA JHE?=I IE F AI =I A?K=?E AI @A =NMA A IK B H = @EBAHA ?E= O = HA =?E @A HA IA =F E?= E EJAIE = A JA O AIJ IK AJ=I = ? @E?E AI @A ? J H GKA IEA FHA FKA@A IAH E JACH=@=I @EHA?J= A JA = A I A@E= JA DAHH= EA J=I = = JE?=I I ? LAHJE@ HAI A A?JH =C JE? I FH ?JE? I AIJ ? IJEJKE@ I F H K?D I ? @K?J HAI O =JAHE= AI E AHI I A ?= F I A ?JHE? I O =C JE? I GKA FKA@A IAH KO @EB ?E AI @A @A =H A@E= JA = =F E?=?E @EHA?J= @A =I AOAI B IE?=I BK @= A J= AI 7 LA @A@ H A K = BAHHAJAH = AIJ > EC=@ = HACEIJH=H = C= = ?E= K EJ=HE= @A ?=@= J H E GKA LA @A E = ?= ?K =H =I C= = ?E=I J J= AI @A K @AJAH E =@ AI IK = @ ?=@= K = @A AIJ=I C= = ?E=I F=H?E= AI ,AI@A D=?A K?D I IEC I I ? AH?E= JAI ? = A I FHE ?EFE I @A ? J=>E E@=@ CA AH= F=H= ? ?AH = KJE E@=@ >JA E@= A = =?JELE@=@ A? E?= GKA HA= E = 7 J @ IE E =H = I >= = ?AI ? J=> AI FAH EJA @AJAH E =H A ? F HJ= EA J @A I ? LAHJE@ HAI A A?JH A? E? I A >= = ?A @A A AHC = -IJA ?=F JK FHAIA J= =I DAHH= EA J=I BK @= A J= AI F=H= A = EIEI FH ?JE? @A I ? LAHJE@ HAI A A?JH A? E? I @A A AHC = *= = ?AI @A A AHC = >= = ?AI @A ? A AHC = O A FHE ?EFE @A I JH=>= I LEHJK= AI FAH EJA = @AJAH E =?E @A =I BKAH =I A ?JHE?=I E L K?H=@=I A = ? LAHIE A A?JH A? E?= @A A AHC = J @ @AI=HH =@ A AIJA ?=F JK FAH EJA CA AH= E =H K = J ? E?= GKA FKA@A IAH =F E?=@=@= = = EIEI @A ?K= GKEAH ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH A? E?

- AHC = O ? A AHC = A A ?= F

7 ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH A? E? @A A AHC = AI K = GKE = A ?JHE?= - CA AH= K = GKE = A ? JHE?= F IAA L=HE I A AI FKAHJ I F H I ?K= AI KOA = A AHC = -IJ I A AI FKA@A IAH @A @ I JEF I A ?JHE? I A? E? I -IGKA JE?= A JA IA HAFHAIA J= A = CKH=  I A AI A ?JHE? I @A = GKE = =I E JAH=??E AI IA = = E = ? ?EA @ =I ? HHEA JAI O JA IE AI I A AI A? E? I =I L=HE=> AI GKA @AJAH E = = ? @E?E @A FAH=?E @A = GKE = I =I LA ?E@=@AI O BKAH =I IE A LE EA J AI E A= A F=H O = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H IE A LE EA J AI H J=JEL = GKE = A ?JHE?= I IE F A HAGKAHEH = = A I K A A A ?JHE? O K A A A? E? - AIGKA = > IE? @A AIJ= GKE = IA E KIJH= A = CKH= - AIJ= CKH= We AI A E ?HA A J @A A AHC = A ?JHE?= GKA A JH= A A ? LAHJE@ H F H A A A A ?JHE? Wm AI A E ?HA A J @A A AHC = A? E?=
 6= LA IA= K = ?=IK= E@=@ GKA =L =IEAH GKEA @AI?K>HEAH= A A IEC :8111 A FHE ?EFE @A ? IAHL=?E @A = =I= O CKH= BK @= A J= A A @AI=HH JA HE? @A = 3K E?= BKAIA ? J=@ H @A FH BAIE ;= A A IEC :: -E IJAE = F E A >EJ @A AIJA FHE ?EFE = E ? KEH = A AHC = A A >= = ?A - = CK I JANJ I IA KJE E = = F= =>H= J HGKA FAH AIJ= ANFHAIE FAHJA A?A =?JK= A JA = E@E = +=IJA =

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I @A IKI F IE> AI A AI

.ECKH=

GKE = A ?JHE?= ?

K A A A ?JHE? O K A A

A?

E? I ?= F I

GKA I= A F H A A A A? E? O Wc AI A E ?HA A J @A A AHC = GKA IA = A ?JHE? O =C JE? @A = GKE =

=?A = A

- =I GKE =I A ?JHE?=I J @= = A AHC = E JH @K?E@= A I A AI A ?JHE? I IA A JHAC= A I A AI A? E? I LE?ALAHI= -I A?AI=HE GKA F=HJA @A = A AHC = A ?JHE?= IA = =?A A A I ?= F I A A?JH =C JE? I @A ? LAHJE@ H - K >= = ?A @A = A AHC = A = GKE = A ?JHE?= AI A?AI=HE JA AH A ?KA J= = F=HJA @A = A AHC = GKA KOA D=?E= O @AI@A I ?= F I A ?JHE? I O =C JE? I - = CKH= AIJ= A AHC = IA HAFHAIA J= F H Wc - A IECKEA JA A A F IA ? F=H= = ?=F=?E@=@ @A =?K K =H A AHC = GKA JEA A O =C JE? HAIFA?JEL= A JA I ?= F I A ?JHE?

+ IA AIJK@E= A 6A H = - A?JH LEA A @=@= F H = ANFHAIE

=C JE?= = A AHC = =?K K =@= A A ?= F A ?JHE?

1 D2 1 1 DE= = E 2 2 2 2

Wcelct =

 - -4/ ) ; + - -4/ ) -

- +) 2

!'

V FAH = HAIEIJA ?E= @EA ?JHE?= @A =EHA AI =FH NE =@= A JA 3 106 m O ? IE@AH= @ F GKA = FAH EJELE@=@ @A =EHA AI ECK= = = @A L=? AI @A?EH = 8, 85 1012 m = NE = @A IE@=@ @A A AHC = @A ?= F A ?JHE? A A =EHA = FHAIE =J IB HE?= IE GKA IA FH @K ?= =H? @EIHHKFJEL AI

Wcelct = 39, 82

J m2

= A AHC = =

=?A =@= A A ?= F

=C

JE? AI
1 B2 1 BH= 2 2

Wcmag. =

= FAH EJELE@=@ @A =EHA AI 0 = 4 107 O ? IE@AH= @ K = @A IE@=@ @A K b 1, 0 W L= H BHA?KA JA A JA A ? JH=@ A @EIF IEJEL I @A ? LAHIE m2 GKA AI K >JEA A K = A AHC = @A J Wcmag. = 3, 98 105 3 m

@A IA

+ IA FKA@A >IAHL=H I @EIF IEJEL I =C JE? I GKA KJE E = @A IE@=@AI @A K * ? IAHL=@ H=I FKA@A ? JA AH 104 LA?AI = @A IE@=@ @A A AHC = NE = @EIF E> A A A ?= F A ?JHE? @A K = GKE = A A?JH IJ JE?= 2 H AIJ= H= =I GKE =I GKA KJE E = A ?= F =C JE? A = ? LAHIE @A = A AHC = A ?JHE?= I K?D I FAGKA =I GKA K = GKE = AGKEL= A JA GKA KJE E?A ?= F A ?JHE?
,A FHE ?EFE @A ? IAHL=?E @A = A AHC = IA @AJAH E =

We = Wc + Wm
= A AHC = =?K K =@= A A ?= F A JHA = A AHC = A ?JHE?= O = A? FKA@A IAH E?=

 

A@E@= FAH AI F IE> A ?= ?K =H = F H = @EBAHA ?E=  

Wc = We Wm

= A AHC = A ?JHE?= IA @AJAH E = = F=HJEH @A = E JACH= @A = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= A A JEA F -IJ= A AHC = FKA@A IAH ?= ?K =@= @EHA?J= A JA A A A A A ?JHE? @A = GKE = = F=HJEH @A =I A@E@=I @A JA IE O ? HHEA JA E IJ= J A=
t t

W e =
0

Pe ( )d =
0

v ( ) i( )d

 !

6H= IB H = @ =I L=HE=> AI @A = ANFHAIE = JAHE H IA FKA@A HAAI?HE>EH AIJ= A?K=?E A K = B H = I ? LA EA JA + IE@AH= @ GKA A IEIJA = AI ? IAHL=JEL AI @A?EH ANEIJA F H@E@=I A A A A J I HAIEIJEL I = JA IE v (t) =F E?=@= = = GKE = O = BKAH = A A?JH JHE E @K?E@= I ECK= AI O F H J= J d  " v (t) = e(t) = dt - AIJA ?=I = F=HJEH @A !O
t

" IA @AJAH E = GKA

t

We =
0

v ( ) i( )d =
0

d i( )d = dt

(t)

i(x, )d
(0)

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! ,E=CH= = i @A K A A?JH E

A A A J=

= A?K=?E # E @E?= GKA F=H= >JA AH = A AHC = A ?JHE?= GKA KOA F H = GKE = AI A?AI=HE ? ?AH I = A JA = @AFA @A ?E= @A = ? HHEA JA i(x, ) ? HAIFA?J = K O = = F IE?E x @A ? LAHJE@ H 2=H= @AJAH E =H = L=HE=?E @A = A AHC = A? E?= AI A?AI=HE ? ?AH = LA ?E@=@ O = BKAH = A BK ?E @A JEA F
t t

W m =
0

Pm ( )d =
0

F ( ) x ( )d

 $

4A= E = @ ?= >E @A L=HE=> AI I >HA = A?K=?E

t

$ IA >JEA A

Wm =
0

F ( )

dx d = d

x(t)

F (x, )dx
x(0)

 %

2=H= = = E =H =I HA =?E AI = JAHE HAI IA FKA@A KJE E =H ? A A F A A A?JH E GKA IA E KIJH= A = CKH= ! - AIJ= CKH= IA D= HAFHAIA J=@ K CH ? @A = HA =?E ANEIJA JA A JHA I A =?AI @A K O = ? HHEA JA i F=H= @ I ? @E?E AI ANJHA =I @A = F IE?E HA =JEL= @A OKC @A A A?JH E 2=H= = EI = ? HHEA JA i = @EI E KEH = @EIJ= ?E= x @EI E KOA = HA K?J= ?E= O IA E ?HA A J= I A =?AI @A K - A CH ? i = HACE I >HA=@= HAFHAIA J= = E JACH= @A = ? HHEA JA E ? HAIFA?J = F=H= K = F IE?E x = + IA D= @AJAH E =@ A = A?K=?E # AIJ= HACE HAFHAIA J= = L=HE=?E @A = A AHC = A ?JHE?= A K ?EH?KEJ =C JE? GKA IA A AHCE = = JA EA @ ? IJ= JA = F IE?E @A OKC (x) - K IEIJA = ? IAHL=JEL = A AHC = AI K = BK ?E @A AIJ=@ -IJ GKEAHA @A?EH GKA A AIJ I IEIJA =I A E ?HA A J @A A AHC = =?K K =@= @AFA @A @A = JH=OA?J HE= KJE E =@= F=H= = ?= =H K @AJAH E =@ AIJ=@ IE @A L= H @A =I L=HE=> AI A I AIJ=@ I E E?E= AI O = AI @A FH ?AI 2=H= @AJAH E =H = A AHC = =?K K =@= A A ?= F AI A?AI=HE ?= ?K =H = @EBAHA ?E= A JHA =I A AHC =I A ?JHE?= O A? E?= @A IEIJA = @AIFK I @A FH ?AI 5E A IEIJA = A? E? AIJ @AJA E@ ANEIJA L=HE=?E A = A AHC = A? E?= @A ? LAHJE@ H O F H J= J J @= = A AHC = A ?JHE?= GKA A JH= A = GKE = IA ? LEAHJA A A AHC = =?K K =@= A A ?= F A J ?AI
(t)

We =
(0)

i(x, )d = Wc , si x = cte

 &

= A?K=?E

& IA FKA@A E JACH=H F H F=HJAI O IA >JEA A

Wc = i(x, ) |(0)

(t)

i(t)

(x, i)di
i(0)

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" - AHC = O ? A AHC = A A ?= F ? A AHC = A A ?= F O IA ANFHAI= ? HA= >= = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= i @A = F IE?E

- = A?K=?E ' A J H E E JACH= @A @A A ? Wc - = CKH= " IA >IAHL= GKA = ? A AHC = AI A

- = CKH= " IA >IAHL= GKA K IEIJA = A A?JH A? E? @ = IECKEA JA HA =?E i = Wc + Wc ,A =I @A >IAHL=?E E?E AI AI = JAHE HAI @A A AHC = O ? A AHC = A A ?= F

x AI ?

IJ= JA ?K F A  

=C

JE? IA @AIJ=?=

=I IECKEA JAI

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AI = L=HE=> A E @AFA @EA JA O = ? HHEA JA i AI = L=HE=> A AI = L=HE=> A

2=H= = ? A AHC = = ? HHEA JA i AI = L=HE=> A E @AFA @EA JA O A A =?A @A K @AFA @EA JA

5E A IEIJA = B IE? AI E A= AI @A?EH IE = HA =?E A JHA I A =?AI @A K O = ? HHEA JA i @A ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH A? E? AI FH F H?E = = A AHC = O = ? A AHC = I ECK= AI AIJ IA FKA@A >IAHL=H A = CKH= # - = F HK A HAF JEA F CKH= $ IA E KIJH= K A A?JH E ?KO OKC AIJ ? A?J=@ = K IEIJA = A? E? ? IJEJKE@ HAI HJA K E@ I E@= A JA A K ANJHA = FH FE OKC O A A JH ANJHA = K IEIJA = I I L= HAI @A = F IE?E @A OKC O @A I A =?AI = E E?E @A FH ?AI A A E IJ= JA @A tI

x(0) = x0 (0) = 0

x(t) = xf (t) = f

2=H= ?= ?K =H A E ?HA A J @A A AHC = =?K K =@= A A ?= F D=IJ= A E IJ= JA @A JEA F J AI A?AI=HE ? IE@AH=H GKA A A FH ?AI HA= L=H = = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= O = F JA ?E= A? E?= -I F IE> A HA= E =H K ANFAHE A J JA HE? F=H= @AJAH E =H = A AHC = =?K K =@= A A ?= F ,E?D ANFAHE A J ? FHA @A @ I B=IAI  ,AIF = = EA J @A = FEA = LE @AI@A x(0) = x(t) ? A ?EH?KEJ A ?JHE? @AIA AHCE =@ AI @A?EH ? i(0) = 0 - AIJ=I ? @E?E AI = BKAH = A ?JHE?= Fe AI ?AH O AI A?AI=HE ? IK EH A AHC = A? E?= F=H= @AIF = =H A OKC = = F IE?E = x(t) 5A = = F IE?E D=IJ= f = @A = FEA = LE O IA E ?HA A J= I A =?AI @A K @AI@A A L= H 0

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A?

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% ,AJAH E =?E

@A = A AHC = A A ?= F

- =I ? @E?E AI @A ANFAHE A J JA HE? = JAHE H F=H= @AJAH E =H = L=HE=?E @A = A AHC = A A ?= F @A = GKE = AI IK ?EA JA AL= K=H = E JACH= @A = ? HHEA JA ? HAIFA?J = I A =?AI @A K ?K= @ = FEA = LE AIJ A IK F IE?E = xf = JH=OA?J HE= HA= @AFA @A @A = GKE = O @A =I ? @E?E AI @A BH JAH= EC= FAH A ?K= GKEAH ?=I AI F IE> A AL= K=H = A AHC = = =?A =@= A A ?= F - = CKH= % IA FHAIA J= CH ?= A JA A ANFAHE A J JA HE? HA= E =@ F=H= = @AJAH E =?E @A = A AHC = A A ?= F ,A AIJ= B H = = AL= K=?E IA HA@K?A = @AJAH E =H A HA= I >HA=@= A = CKH= A@E= JA A ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH A? E? E KIJH=@ A = CKH= $ IA FKA@A HA= E =H K = EIEI I ? F A @A I FH ?AI I E L K?H=@ I + IE@AH= @ GKA E E?E= A JA A OKC IA A ?KA JH= A = F IE?E x = ?AHH=H A E JAHHKFJ H = ? HHEA JA =K A J= ANF A ?E= A JA ?K= @ A IEIJA = JEA A K ? F HJ= EA J E A=

=Li
= A?K=?E @A = =I ? HHAIF @EA JA = = HA@ A ?JHE?= AI

 

v =Ri+e=Ri+

d dt

   @EBAHA ?E= GKA HECA A

5KIJEJKOA @ = ANFHAIE  A = A?K=?E  IA >JEA A = A?K=?E ? F HJ= EA J @A = ? HHEA JA A ?JHE?= A A ?EH?KEJ

v =Ri+L
= I K?E A A JEA F @A = A?K=?E H CE A FAH = A JA AI

di dt

 ! A ?E= ?KO L= H A  " AI A?AI=HE= F H =I A I = IA

@EBAHA ?E= ! " AI K = ? HHEA JA ANF

if =

v R

- ? ?E EA J @A = JH=OA?J HE= @A = ? HHEA JA A BK ?E @A JEA F ? IE@AH=?E AI HA= E =@=I FHALE= A JA HA =JEL=I = =I BK ?E AI @A AIJ=@

7 = LA GKA = ? HHEA JA i =K A J= D=IJ= IK L= H = if ? = F IE?E x1 = IA FAH EJA LE EA J @A = FEA = D=IJ= K = IACK @= F IE?E x2 ,AIFK I GKA = E = I FH ?AI I JH= IEJ HE A IEIJA = = ?= = A H CE A FAH = A JA A = IACK @= F IE?E ? K = ? HHEA JA i ECK= = FHE AH= @A>E@ = GKA A H CE A FAH = A JA L=H = I A =?AI @A K - = CKH= & KAIJH= = JH=OA?J HE= IACKE@= F H = ? HHEA JA

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@AIF = = EA J

- = CKH= & IA D= =H?=@ @ I JH=OA?J HE=I JA J=JEL=I @A = ? HHEA JA ?K= @ = FEA = LE F=I= @A = F IE?E x1 = = x2 2=H= @AJAH E =H = JH=OA?J HE= ? HHA?J= (A) (B ) IA @A>A HA? H@=H GKA V e i=  # R - F=I @A x1 = x2 HAGKEAHA @A E ?HA A J @A I A =?AI @A K O F H J= J = @AHEL=@= @A AIJ I A =?AI (e) AI F IEJEL= @KH= JA A FH ?AI JH= IEJ HE F H AIJ= H= E E?E= A JA = ? HHEA JA E @EI E KOA O = JH=OA?J HE= IA = KIJ= = ?=I (A) +K= @ = FEA = = ?= = = F IE?E = A A =?A A H CE A FAH = A JA L=H = O = ? HHEA JA HACHAI= = IK L= H E E?E= - FH ?AI IACKE@ F H A ? LAHJE@ H E KIJH=@ A = & AI A IECKEA JA

HECE = A JA A IEIJA = AIJ @AIA AHCE =@ = FEA = LE IA A ?KA JH= A = F IE?E E E?E= x1 O = ?AHH=H A E JAHHKFJ H GKA = E A J= A =C AJ =K A J= = ? HHEA JA D=IJ= A L= H if - AIA A J IA FAH EJA = HA@K??E @A = F IE?E @A OKC D=IJ= x2 F H ABA?J @A = BKAH = A A?JH =C JE?= O = A JA IA =>HA A E JAHHKFJ H @A ?EH?KEJ A ?JHE? F=H= @AIA AHCE =H A IEIJA = - HA= I >HA=@= A = CKH= & HAFHAIA J= = A AHC = A ?JHE?= GKA A ? LAHJE@ H ?A@A = IEIJA = A? E? JH= F IE>E E@=@ AI GKA A @EIF IEJEL LE IA A ?KA JHA E E?E= A JA A = F IE?E x2 IA A AHCE?A A ?EH?KEJ IA @AIF =?A = FEA = LE D=IJ= = F IE?E x1 O = A JA IA @AIA AHCE?A A ?EH?KEJ - AIJA ?=I = JH=OA?J HE= IA HAFHAIA J= A = CKH= ' ) @AIF = =H = FEA = LE @AI@A = F IE?E E E?E= = = F IE?E = AI A?AI=HE HA@K?EH I A =?AI @A K O F H AIJ= H= IA E @K?A A A ?EH?KEJ A ?JHE? K = BKAH = A A?JH JHE AC=JEL= GKA =K A J= JH= IEJ HE= A JA = ? HHEA JA F=H= HACHAI=H KAL= A JA = L= H FHE EJEL EB ?K= @ ?AI= = L=HE=?E @A I A =?AI @A K )D H= >EA IE A = FHE AH= ? @E?E = = E =@= IA @AIA= @AIF = =H A OKC @AI@A = F IE?E x2 = x1 = JA EA @ ? IJ= JA = ? HHEA JA AI A?AI=HE LAH = FEA = KO A J= A JA F=H= GKA L=H A I A =?AI @A K FAH IK @AHEL=@= IA= FH ?JE?= A JA ?AH ) A@E@= GKA A @EIF IEJEL IA ?EAHH= ? =O H LA ?E@=@ =I JH=OA?J HE=I IA KAIJH= A = CKH=  = JH=OA?J HE= , ? HHAIF @A = K OKC GKA IA ?EAHH= = LA ?E@=@ E EJ= AI @A?EH = FEA = F=I= @A = F IE?E x1 = = x2 A K JEA F ?AH - AIJ= IEJK=?E EJA E A K E A JEA F D= L=HE=@ = F=I=H @A = F IE?E x1 = x2 O F H J= J = @AHEL=@= @A A =?A @A K ? HAIFA?J = JEA F JEA A K L= H EJ GKA FAH EJA GKA = ? HHEA JA A A ?EH?KEJ A ?JHE? L=H A E IJ= J A= A JA @AI@A i0 = ix ? IA >IAHL= A = CKH= 

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5E = FEA = LE IECKA = IACK @= JH=OA?J HE= AI @A?EH IA KALA @A = F IE?E x2 = x1 O J @ AIJ = LA ?E@=@ FH ?JE?= A JA ?AH A HA? HHE@ IA ABA?J = = ? HHEA JA ? IJ= JA - = CKH=  IA FKA@A >IAHL=H A FH ?AI ?K= @ A OKC IA @AIF = = = K = LA ?E@=@ JA HE?= A JA E EJ= 5E = LA ?E@=@ @A = FEA = AI JA HE?= A JA E EJ= = ? HHEA JA ?HA?A ? IE@AH=> A A JA @A>E@ = GKA = BKAH = A A?JH JHE AI AC=JEL= O IA IKFAHF A = = JA IE =F E?=@= F H = BKA JA +K= @ = I=JKH=?E @A ?EH?KEJ =C JE? AI KO E JA I= I FE? I @A ? HHEA JA GKA =F=HA?A A = FAH=?E @A A A?JH E FKA@A IAH @A CH= =C EJK@

*= = ?A A AHC JE?
A A@E= JA A @E=CH= = @A = CKH=  IA FKA@A HA= E =H K >= = ?A A AHC JE? @A FH ?AI @AI?HEJ = IA??E = JAHE H = FAH=?E @A A A?JH E IA @ELE@A A JHAI JH=OA?J HE=I  6H=OA?J O A ,AI@A GKA IA ?EAHH= A E JAHHKFJ H A AHCE = @ A ?EH?KEJ A ?JHE? ? A = F IE?E x1 6H=OA?J A B +K= @ IA FAH EJA A F IE?E x2 LE EA J A? E? @A = FEA = D=IJ= = ?= A OKC =H =

! 6H=OA?J B O 4AFHAIA J= = =FAHJKH= @A E JAHHKFJ H F=H= @AIA AHCE =H A IEIJA = ) F=HJEH @A = A?K=?E IECKEA JA B H = # IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H A E ?HA A J @A A AHC = A ?JHE?= F H JH=
1

I @A =

WeOA = WeAB = WeBO =

i(x1 , )d = OAD
0 2

 $  %  &

i(x, )d = DABC
1 2

i(x2 , )d = BCO
2

= A AHC = =?K K =@= A A ?= F LEA A @AJAH E =@= F H

WcOA = OAD

 '

*) ) +- - -4/ 61+

"%

.ECKH=

*= = ?A A AHC JE? @A A A?JH E

= A?K=?E ' @AJAH E = = A AHC = =?K K =@= A A ?= F @A>E@ = GKA A AIJA FH ?AI = F IE?E IA = JEA A ? IJ= JA O = L=HE=?E @A A AHC = A? E?= Wm AI K = 6 @= = A AHC = A ?JHE?= IA = =?A = A A ?= F @A ? LAHJE@ H ,A =I JH=I JH=OA?J HE=I IA @A@K?A GKA

WcAB = WcB WcA = OBC OAD WcBO = BCO = WeBO

 

 

- ? ?K @A E ?HA A J @A A AHC = A? E?= IA >JEA A @A =I @EBAHA ?E=I A JHA I E ?HA A J I @A A AHC = A ?JHE?= O A AHC = =?K K =@= A A ?= F @A ? LAHJE@ H @KH= JA J @ A JH=OA?J

Wm = We Wc
@ @A

We = WeOA + WeAB + WeBO = OAD + DABC BCO Wc = WcOA + WcAB + WcBO = OAD + OBC OAD BCO
,A =I A?K=?E AI !O " IA >JEA A

 

! "

Wm

= (OAD + DABC BCO) (OAD + OBC OAD BCO) = = DABC + OAD OBC = = OABO

#

= ANFHAIE = JAHE H E @E?= GKA A E ?HA A J A = A AHC = A? E?= A A FH ?AI AI ECK= = HA= A ?AHH=@= A = JH=OA?J HE= OABO GKA AI FHA?EI= A JA = HACE I >HA=@= A A AIGKA = @A = CKH=  - AIJA ?=I = A AHC = A? E?= HA= E = K JH=>= F IEJEL F H GKA = BKAH = I >HA A OKC O A @AIF = = EA J JEA A = EI = @EHA??E 5E E E?E= A JA A ? LAHJE@ H JEA A A OKC KO ?AH?= @A A A?JH E O IA = A = AIJ=I @ I FEA =I A JH=>= A? E? HA= E =@ AI AC=JEL O= GKA A AIJA ?=I = BKAH = I >HA = FEA = LE JEA A @EHA??E FKAIJ= = IK @AIF = = EA J = CKH= ! IA KAIJH= AIJ= ? @E?E - HA= I >HA=@= ? HHAIF @A = E ?HA A J @A = A AHC = A? E?= O A IA JE@ @A HA? HHE@ @AJAH E = A IEC @A JH=>= HA= E =@ AC=JEL IAC =I =CK =I @A HA O F IEJEL A A IA JE@ ? JH=HE - = CKH= " IA HAFHAIA J= A FH ?AI A A?JH A? E? @AI?HEJ = JAHE H A JA FAH A LE EA J @A =?AH?= EA J @A OKC IA D= HA= E =@ = K = LA ?E@=@ JA HE?= E EJ= - AIJA ?=I I A =?AI @A K FKA@A L=HE=H E IJ= J= A= A JA O @A =?KAH@ ? = A?K=?E # A E ?HA A J @A

"&

+)2 67

.7 ,) - 6 5 ,- +

8-451

.ECKH=

! 6H=>=

A?

E?

AC=JEL

.ECKH=

" + ?K

@A = A AHC =

A?

E?= A K @AIF = = EA J H FE@ @A OKC  IA @AJAH E = F=H= I FH ?AI I  $

A AHC = A ?JHE?= A AIJA JH= AI ?AH 4A? H@= @ = ANFHAIE A A?JH =C JE? I GKA = JEA A ? IJ= JA A A =?A @A K

Wm = Wc , si = cte.

2 H AIJ= H= IE A @EIF IEJEL IA @AIF = = = JA EA @ ? IJ= JA A A =?A @A K IA E ?HA A J= = A AHC = A ?JHE?= O J @= = A AHC = A? E?= A F A=@= A A LE EA J AI IK E EIJH=@= F H A ?= F @A = GKE = 2=H= ?= ?K =H = BKAH = Fe IA HA@K?A I E ?HA A J I @A A AHC = A? E?= O @A A AHC = A A ?= F = L= HAI @EBAHA ?E= AI 4A? H@= @ GKA = A AHC = =?K K =@= A A ?= F @A = GKE = @AFA @A @A I A =?AI @A K O @A = F IE?E @A = FEA = LE

Wc = Wc (x, )
- JH=>= A? E? IA @A A A IK B H = @EBAHA ?E= ?

%

dWm = Fe dx
) F=HJEH @A =I A?K=?E AI ! % O ! ' IA >JEA A

&

dWm = Fe dx = dWc (x, ) , si = cte.

'

*) ) +- - -4/ 61+ - @EBAHA ?E= J J= @A = A AHC = A A ?= F AI

"'

dWc (x, ) =
+ K

Wc Wc dx + d x
@A = IK =HJ HE= @A = A?K=?E

 ! ! AI

A A =?A IA ? IE@AH= ? IJ= JA A IACK @ J H E O F H J= J IA @A@K?A @A ' O @A ! GKA

Fe dx =

Wc (x, ) dx , si = cte. x
! IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H = BKAH = I >HA = FEA =

 ! LE A

2 H E@A JE ?=?E @A J H E I A = A?K=?E K FH ?AI = A =?A @A K ? IJ= JA ?

Fe =

Wc (x, ) , si = cte. x

 ! 

= A?K=?E = JAHE H J= >E @A E =@= FHE ?EFE @A I JH=>= I LEHJK= AI E @E?= GKA F=H= ?= ?K =H = BKAH = Fe I >HA = FEA = LE AI A?AI=HE ? ?AH = L=HE=?E @A = A AHC = @A ?= F A BK ?E @A @AIF = = EA J ?K= @ IA = JEA A ? IJ= JA A A =?A @A K +K= @ A A ? LAHJE@ H = A AHC = =?K K =@= A A ?= F AI E @AFA @EA JA @A = F IE?E = BKAH = A ?JHE?= AI ?AH 5E A ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH A? E? = = E =@ = JAHE H A JA = JEA A K = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= E A= A JHA A A =?A @A K O = ? HHEA JA = A AHC = A A ?= F IA FKA@A AL= K=H A@E= JA = IECKEA JA ANFHAIE

Wc =

1 1 1 2 i = L(x) i2 = 2 2 2 L(x)

 !!

- = A?K=?E = JAHE H L(x) HAFHAIA J= = E @K?J= ?E= A BK ?E @A = F IE?E @A = FEA = LE = E @K?J= ?E= @A K = > >E = IA @AJAH E = = F=HJEH @A AH @A LKA J=I N O @A = FAH A= = @A ?EH?KEJ =C JE? ? L(x) = N 2 (x)  !" 2=H= A A A?JH E A = EIEI = FAH A= = @A ?EH?KEJ =C JE? AI  !#

(x) =
@ @A

o A 2(x + d)

0 A x d
5KIJEJKOA @

AI = FAH A=>E E@=@ @A L=? AI A HA= ABA?JEL= @A @A OKC =C AJ AI = IAF=H=?E

4 107

H m

AI = @EIJ= ?E= A JHA A OKC O A ?EH?KEJ A A?JH E = ANFHAIE !# A !" O AIJA HAIK J=@ A !! IA >JEA A  !$

Wc (x) =
O =F E?= @ ! = !$

1 2(x + d) 2 2 0 A N 2

Fe =

Wc (x, ) 2 = x 0 A N 2

 !%

- EI A A?JH E FAH EJA = = E =H GKA IK?A@A IE A LE EA J IA HA= E = KO A J= A JA 5E A OKC IA @AIF = = = K = LA ?E@=@ FH ?JE?= A JA ?AH = ? HHEA JA IA = JEA A ? IJ= JA F HGKA IA E @K?A BKAH = A A?JH JHE @A>E@ = GKA I A =?AI @A K ?= >E= KO A J= A JA O IK @AHEL=@= ? HAIFA?J = JEA F AI FH ?JE?= A JA K = - = CKH= # IA KAIJH= = IEJK=?E

#

+)2 67

.7 ,) - 6 5 ,- +

8-451

.ECKH=

# + ?K

@A = A AHC = ?

@AIF = = EA J I

KO A J I @A OKC

= JAHE H - AIJA ?=I = A AHC = A? E?= IA FKA@A AL= K=H A@E= JA =I @EBAHA ?E=I @A = ? A AHC = A A ?= F A JHA = F IE?E x1 O = F IE?E x2 - = CKH= # IA >IAHL= GKA F=H= = ? @E?E @AI?HEJ=

Wm = Wc , si i = cte.
= ? A AHC = A A ?= F IA ?= ?K = @A = IECKEA JA B H =
i(t)

 !&

Wc =
= ? A AHC = A A ?= F @AFA @A @A = F IE?E

(x, i)di
i(0)

 !' LE O @A = ? HHEA JA F H J= J  " "

@A = FEA =

dWm = Fe dx = dWc =
,KH= JA A FH ?AI GKA = ? HHEA JA i

Wc (x, i) Wc (x, i) dx + di x i

L=H = O F H AIJ= H=

IA FKA@A @AJAH E =H = F=HJEH @A

Fe =

Wc (x, i) si i = cte. x

 "

= BKAH = A ?JHE?= HECE =@= A A ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH =C A A ?= F A BK ?E @A @AIF = = EA J ?K= @ A LE I A =?AI @A K 5E A LE EA J IA HA= E = = JA EA @ @AFA @A @A = L=HE=?E @A = ? A AHC = A BK ?E @A = F

JE? @AFA @A @A = L=HE=?E @A = A AHC = EA J IA HA= E = = JA EA @ ? IJ= JAI ? IJ= JA = ? HHEA JA = BKAH = A ?JHE?= IE?E

2=H= ?= ?K =H A@EH K = BKAH = IA KJE E = A FHE ?EFE @A I JH=>= I LEHJK= AI -IJA J @ ? IEIJA A AL= K=H =I L=HE=?E AI @A = A AHC = ? A AHC = A A ?= F = JA K @AIF = = EA J @EBAHA ?E= +K= GKEAH= @A I @ I J @ I = = E =@ I = JAHE H A JA FAH EJA ?= ?K =H =I BKAH =I GKA =F=HA?A I >HA A IEIJA = 5E A >=HC @AFA @EA @ @A = B H = ? IA FHAIA JA I @=J I @A ? LAHJE@ H AI I B ?E F=H= @AJAH E =H = BKAH = KJE E =H I ? ?AFJ I @A A AHC = @A ? A AHC = I IEIJA =I E A= AI A ? ?K FKA@A IAH HA= E =@ ? ECK= B=?E E@=@ F H = > I J @ I +K= @ A IEIJA = AI E A= = B=?E E@=@ @E ?K J=@ @A ? ?K @A BKAH =I F H K K JH J @ @AFA @A @A GKEA AI IA= =I L=HE=> AI E @AFA @EA JAI O ?K= AI =I @AFA @EA JAI 5E IA ? ?A A A =?A @A K A BK ?E @A =I ? HHEA JAI A ? ?K F H A@E @A = ? A AHC = IE F E ?= A FH > A = 5E = ? HHEA JA IA ANFHAI= ? BK ?E @A I A =?AI = A AHC = AI A A H J @ F=H= @AJAH E =H = BKAH = GKA =F=HA?A A = GKE =

! -+7)+1

-5 1 6-4 )5 ,- +

8-461, 4

#

.ECKH=

$ - A?JH E

AJE@ = BKAH =I E JAH =I O ANJAH =I

.ECKH=

% 5EIJA =

A?

E? A A A J= IE AGKE E>HE @A BKAH =I

-?K=?E

AI E JAH =I @A ?

LAHJE@ H

- = CKH= $ IA HAFHAIA J= K = GKE = A ?JHE?= ? IJEJKE@= F H K A A?JH E = E A J=@ F H K = > >E = O K = FEA = LE I >HA = GKA =?J = @ I BKAH =I = BKAH = A ?JHE?= Fe FH @K?E@= F H = E JAH=??E A A?JH =C JE?= @A @EIF IEJEL O K = BKAH = ANJAH = Fm @A =JKH= A = A? E?= - CA AH= = BKAH = A ?JHE?= JEA A F H GKA IAH ECK= = = BKAH = A? E?= - A IEIJA = A? E? E KIJH=@ A = CKH= % =I JA IE AI @A =I ?KAH@=I AIJ A?AI=HE= A JA AGKE E>H=@=I - A A A F @A = CKH= % = BKAH = F1 AI @EBAHA JA = = BKAH = F2 O= GKA

F1 = (m + M ) a F2 = m a
- H= = EA J = JAHE H AI L E@ J= >E F=H= A A A?JH E @A = CKH= A A ANJHA @A OKC IA @AJAH E = A@E= JA = IACK @= AO @A AMJ $ = BKAH =

 "   "! A? E?=

F m = F e + M x +x
@ @A

 ""

Fe M x x
= A?K=?E

AI = BKAH = A ?JHE?= AI = BKAH = FH @K?E@= F H = =?A AH=?E AI A ? A ?EA JA @A H ?A "" IA FKA@A AI?HE>EH A@E= JA = ANFHAIE " ?  "# @A = FEA = LE AI = BKAH = FH @K?E@= F H A H = EA J @A = FEA =

Fm =

Wc (x, i) +M x +x x

# = A?K=?E @A AGKE E>HE A ?JHE? A =

+)2 67 GKE = AI

.7 ,) - 6 5 ,- +

8-451

v =Ri+e=Ri+

d(x, i) dt

 "$

5E IA ? ?A = HA =?E A JHA I A =?AI @A K (x, i) ? F AJ= A JA @A E@ O= GKA IA FKA@A AL= K=H = A AHC =

= ? HHEA JA i(, x) A IEIJA = GKA@= = ? A AHC = A A ?= F  "%  "&

Wc =
0 i

i(, x)d (i, x)di

0

Wc =

= ANFHAIE "# @AJAH E = A ? F HJ= EA J @E E? @A IEIJA = E KIJH=@ A = CKH= $ IE IA ? ?A = BKAH = A? E?= Fm 5E A IEIJA = AI E A= = HA =?E A JHA I A =?AI @A K O = ? HHEA JA LEA A ANFHAI=@= A@E= JA = A?K=?E  - AI= A?K=?E = E @K?J= ?E= L @AFA @A @A = F IE?E @A OKC AI @A?EH L = L(x) 2 H AIJ= H= 1 i = i(, x) = (i, x) = (x) (i, x)  "' L(x) @ @A

(x)
A@E= JA = A?K=?E A IEIJA = AI E A=

AI = E @K?J= ?E= E LAHI= L1 "' = @E

i

E?= @A A A?JH E
i

GKA@= ?

F AJ= A JA @AJAH E =@= +  #

Wc =
5KIJEJKOA @ = A?K=?E # A

(i, x)di =
0 0

L(x) i di =
"# IA >JEA A

1 L(x) i2 2

= A?K=?E

Fm =

Wc 1 dL(x) 2 + Mx + x = i + Mx + x x 2 dx
LE = A?K=?E

 # GKA HAFHAIA J=  # 

= A?K=?E # HAFHAIA J= A AGKE E>HE @A BKAH =I I >HA = FEA = A ?EH?KEJ A ?JHE? @A IEIJA = AI

v =Ri+
,A EA @ (x) ?

d dL(x) dx di (L(x) i) = R i + i + L(x) dt dt dt dt dL(x) dt

# O #! AI

(x)
= A?K=?E A ?JHE?= @A = GKE = = F=HJEH @A

 #!

v = R i + (x) x i + L(x)

di dt

 #"

- = ANFHAIE = JAHE H A FHE AH IK = @ HAFHAIA J= = ?= @= @A JA IE A = HAIEIJA ?E= @A = > >E = A IACK @ HAFHAIA J= = BKAH = A A?JH JHE E @K?E@= A = > >E = F H A LE EA J @A OKC O A JAH?AH IK = @ HAFHAIA J= = BKAH = A A?JH JHE E @K?E@= F H L=HE=?E @A = ? HHEA JA A = > >E = ,A B H = ? F=?J= = A?K=?E #" IA FKA@A AI?HE>EH ?

v = R i + eG + eT
@ @A

 ##

" -+7)+1

-5 ,- 2 6- +1) AI = BKAH = A A?JH JHE J J= ? FKAIJ= F H eG O eT LE @A = =

#!

e eG eT

AI A J H E GKA @AFA @A @A = LA ?E@=@ @A = FEA = @A E =@ J H E @A CA AH=?E AI A J H E GKA @AFA @A @A = L=HE=?E E =@ J H E @A JH= IB H =?E = ? HHEA JA A

GKE =

GKE = @A

+K= @ = ? HHEA JA AI ?AH FKA@A ANEIJEH BKAH = A A?JH H=?E ? IA >IAHL= A = A?K=?E #" - ? ? KIE =I A?K=?E AI E JAH =I @A =

JHE @A JH= IB H =?E

FAH

@A CA A

GKE = IA FKA@A AI?HE>EH A BK ?E

@A = ? A AHC =  #$

1 Fm = (x) i2 + M x +x 2
A BK ?E @A = A AHC =

Fm =
O = A?K=?E A ?JHE?= #"

1 d(x) 2 +M x +x 2 dx

 #%

=I L=HE=> AI GKA @A A A AIJ=@ @A IEIJA = A =I A?K=?E AI #$ #% O #" I = ? HHEA JA i = F IE?E x O = LA ?E@=@ x 4A= E = @ A ?= >E @A L=HE=> AI x = u =I A?K=?E AI = JAHE HAI IA FKA@A ANFHAI=H @A = IECKEA JA B H =

1 2 +u Fm = 2 (x) i + M u (x) di v = R i + (x) u i + L dt x =u

4AFHAIA J= @ A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI #& A = B H = ?= >JEA A di 1 1 dt = L(x) [R i + (x) i u] + L(x) v (t) 1 1 1 2 u =M 2 (x) i u + M Fm (t) x =u 2=H= @AJAH E =H = I K?E ? ?AH  =I ? @E?E @A AIJA IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI

 #&

= A(x)x + Bu IA E?= x
 #' E A= AI AI A?AI=HE

AI E E?E= AI @A =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ i(0) u(0) O x(0)

=I ? @E?E AI @A > H@A EC= AI ANJAH =I - A FHAIA JA ?=I @A E@=I F H =I AN?EJ=?E AI A A JEA F @A = BKAH = A? E?= Fm (t) =F E?=@= = OKC O = JA IE v (t) =F E?=@= = = > >E = @A A A?JH E

"

-?K=?E

AI @A F JA ?E=
GKE = @A =

= F JA ?E= KJE E =@= F H A ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH A? E? A A A A A? E? @A = CKH= $ IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H = F=HJEH @A = BKAH = A? E?= O @A = LA ?E@=@ @A OKC

1 +M x x +x 2 Pm = Fm x = (x) i2 x 2
= F JA ?E= =>I H>E@= F H A A A A ?JHE? AI

 $

Pe = v i = R i2 + (x) x i + L(x)

di i = R i2 + eG i + eT i dt

 $

#"

+)2 67

.7 ,) - 6 5 ,- +

8-451

.ECKH=

& *= = ?A A AHC JE? @A K =

GKE = A ?JHE?= A H CE A ?

JE K

2=H= GKA = GKE = = JAHE H FKA@= JH=>= =H A K H CE A ? JE K ? ? HHEA JA O LA ?E@=@ ? IJ= JA @AIFHA?E= @ =I F H@E@=I @A BHE??E ( = 0) O =I F H@E@=I F H ABA?J KA A I ? @K?J HAI (R = 0) A@E= JA =I A?K=?E AI $ O $ IA >IAHL= GKA

Pm =

1 eG i 2

 $   $!

Pe = eG i

=I ANFHAIE AI $ O $ E @E?= GKA A =I ? @E?E AI = JAHE HAI = GKE = =>I H>A FAH = A JA A JA F H A A A A ?JHE? A @ > A @A = F JA ?E= A? E?= GKA AIJ KJE E = @ = @EBAHA ?E= A JHA AIJ=I @ I F JA ?E=I I FKA@A IAH = =?A =@= A A ?= F - = CKH= & IA HAFHAIA J= AIJ= IEJK=?E ,A J @= = F JA ?E= GKA AI E OA?J=@= A A A A A ?JHE? A #  IA ? LEAHJA A A AHC = A? E?= O A JH #  IA = =?A = A A ?= F + = ? HHEA JA AI ? IJ= JA A J H E @A JH= IB H =?E eT i AI ?AH O A ?= F FKA@A @AL LAH = IEIJA = = A AHC = GKA A D= IE@ A JHAC=@= A A FH ?AI @A ? LAHIE 5E K = GKE = A ?JHE?= IA = JEA A FAH = A JA A JA FAH= @ A AIJ= IEJK=?E =?K K = E @A E@= A JA A AHC = A A ?= F -IJ CE?= A JA AI B=?JE> A F=H= K IEIJA = B IE? HA= = I K?E @A FH > A = F = JA=@ ? IEIJA A FAH EJEH = L=HE=?E @A = ? HHEA JA + = L=HE=?E @A = ? HHEA JA =F=HA?A A J H E @A JH= IB H =?E eT i GKA ? FA I= A J H E @A CA AH=?E 1 AI F IE> A ? IJHKEH K GKE = GKA BK ?E A I ? ? HHEA JA ? JE 2 eG i 2 H AIJ= H= K= - J @=I =I GKE =I A ?JHE?=I AI A?AI=HE= = L=HE=?E @A =I ? HHEA JAI F=H= FAH EJEH K = FAH=?E A H CE A FAH = A JA = =HCK A J=?E = JAHE H IA FKA@A ?KAIJE =H @A>E@ = GKA I KO BHA?KA JAI A  GKE =I @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= 5E A >=HC A AIJA ?=I A J H E ? HHEA JA ? = = BKA JA KJE E =@= F=H= = E A J=H A ? LAHJE@ H =I GKE =I @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K @EIF IEJEL E LAHI H A A?JH A? E? =I AI? >E =I O A ? A?J H GKA FAH EJA = ? HHEA JAI A I @AL= =@ I @A = GKE = = E @KIJHE= =I JE K= IA =F E?= K= HAGKEAHA @A L=HE=?E @A =I

6= >E F=HA?A ? JH=@A?EH AIJ= =HCK A J=?E I FHE ?EFE I @A BK ?E = EA J @A =I GKE =I D F =HAI O I ? LAHJE@ HAI =C AJ DE@H @E E? I LAH CKH= ' - = > I ?=I I AIJ=I GKE =I BK ?E = ? ? HHEA JA ? JE K= FAH = ? HHEA JA IEA FHA ?EH?K = F H A EI = JAHE= 5E K >IAHL=@ H IA KALA I E@=HE ? A A@E ? @K?J H A @EI? A A ?=I D F =H O A KE@ A = GKE = =C AJ DE@H @E E?= FKA@A A@EH = L=HE=?E @A =I ? HHEA JAI = =FH NE =HIA O = A =HIA @A FK J @A E OA??E - JH=I F= =>H=I AIJ=I GKE =I I AGKEL= A JAI = =I @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= FAH IE A AIJ=I GKE =I A FH ?AI @A L=HE=?E @A =I ? HHEA JAI IA HA= E = @A B H = @EI?HAJ= A@E= JA A ? A?J H O =I AI? >E =I A =I D F =HAI O =C AJ DE@H @E E?=I A FH ?AI @A L=HE=?E @A =I ? HHEA JAI IA AL= = ?=> @A B H = ? JE K= A@E= JA K FH ?AI @A =?AH?= EA J O = A = EA J @A FK J @A E OA??E @A = ? HHEA JA 2 H J= J A E C ?=I ? ?E@ = ANFAHEA ?E= ? JH=@E?A = A?AIE@=@ JA HE?= @A L=HE=?E @A = ? HHEA JA F=H= A BK ?E = EA J A H CE A FAH = A JA @A I ? LAHJE@ HAI A A?JH A? E? I @A A AHC =

# /- -4) 1 )+1

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##

= +

LAHJE@ H D

F =H

> *

>=

=C AJ DE@H @E

E?=

.ECKH=

'

GKE =I @A ? HHEA JA ?

JE K=

.ECKH=

GKE = ?

@ I A AI A ?JHE? I O K A A

A?

E?

/A AH= E =?E

@A =I A?K=?E

AI
 IA  $"

- K = GKE = ? @ I A AI A ?JHE? I O K A A A? E? ? = E KIJH=@= A = CKH= I=JEIB=?A = IECKEA JA HA =?E F=H= = AL= K=?E @A = BKAH = A ?JHE?= I >HA = FEA = LE

Fe =

Wc (x, 1 , 2 ) x

2=H= @A IJH=H = L= E@A @A = A?K=?E $" IA @A>A HA? H@=H GKA A K IEIJA = A? E? @A AIJA JEF IE IA L=H = = F IE?E x A E JAH?= >E A AHC JE? IA FH @K?A A JHA I A AI A ?JHE? I O A A A A? E? 5E = F IE?E FAH = A?A = A E JAH?= >E A AHC JE? IA HA= E = A JHA I A AI A ?JHE? I E?= A JA = A?K=?E $" = JEA A = L= E@A A A ? ?K @A = BKAH = A K IEIJA = ? @ I A AI A ?JHE? I O= GKA = A?K=?E !! IA @A IJH F=H= A ?=I A GKA I A =?AI @A K IA = JEA A ? IJ= JAI 5E A A =?A @A K AI ? IJ= JA =I BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI I ?AH O FKA@A A JH=H A AHC = @AI@A E CK @A I A AI A ?JHE? I D=?E= A ?= F 2 H AIJ= H= IA ?K F A =I EI =I ? @E?E AI A = ANFHAIE $" GKA A = !! ,A J @ AIJ IA ? ? KOA GKA AI ? F AJ= A JA CA AH= IK =F E?=?E +K= GKEAH= GKA IA= A AH @A A AI A ?JHE? I A? E? I @A K ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH A? E? F=H= ?= ?K =H = BKAH = A ?JHE?= IA FKA@A KJE E =H K = ANFHAIE IE E =H = = A?K=?E $" IEA FHA O ?K= @ A LE EA J IA HA= E?A I A K @A I A AI A? E? I O IA = JA C= ? IJ= JAI J @ I I A =?AI @A K A I A AI A ?JHE? I = ANFHAIE CA AH= E =@= F=H= A ? ?K @A = BKAH = A ?JHE?= AI Wc (x1 , x2 , ..., xr , ..., xn , 1 , 2 , ..., m )  $# F er = xr = A?K=?E $# @AJAH E = = BKAH = A ?JHE?= GKA =F=HA?A I >HA A A A A? E? r 2=H= AIJA IA ?= ?K = = @AHEL=@= F=H?E= @A = A AHC = A A ?= F ? HAIFA?J = = F IE?E @A A A r = JA EA @ ? IJ= JAI =I F IE?E AI @A I JH I A AI A? E? I O I A =?AI @A K @A J @ I I A AI A ?JHE? I

#$ - A IEIJA = @A = CKH=  IE = F IE?E ?= F AI ECK= = = A AHC = A ?JHE?=

+)2 67 N IA

.7 ,) - 6 5 ,- + = JEA A ?

8-451

IJ= JA = A AHC = =?K K =@= A A  $$

dWc = dWe , si x = cte.

= A AHC = A ?JHE?= IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H ?

dWc = dWe = i1 d1 + i2 d2 , si x = cte.

5E IA ? HAIKA J ?A ? AI @A?EH L=H = =I ? HHEA JAI ? I A =?AI @A K O? = F IE?E

 $% A FH > A = GKA@=  $&

i1 = f1 (x, 1 , 2 ) i2 = f2 (x, 1 , 2 )

I ?=I I E A= AI IA FKA@A AIJ=> A?AH

1 = L11 i1 + L12 i2 2 = L21 i1 + L22 i2

=JHE?E= A JA = ANFHAIE $% IA FKA@A AI?HE>EH ?

 $'

[] = [L] [i]
@ @A

 %

[ ] =
- F A= @ CA>H=

1 2

; [i] =

i1 i2

; [ L] =

L11 L21

L12 L22
@A I A =?AI []  %

=JHE?E= IA FKA@A @AJAH E =H = ? HHEA JA [i] A BK ?E

[i] = [L]
= ANFHAIE % A B H = ANF ?EJ= AI

[] = [] []

i1 i2

11 (x) 12 (x) 21 (x) 22 (x)

1 2

 % 

2=H= ?= ?K =H = A AHC = A A ?= F AI A?AI=HE L=HE=H ?=@= K @A I F=H AJH I A B H = IK?AIEL= @AI@A IK L= H E E?E= = IK L= H = EA JH=I J @=I =I JH=I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ IA = JEA A ? IJ= JAI 2=H= AL= K=H = A AHC = =?K K =@= A A ?= F IA HA= E = A IECKEA JA FH ?A@E EA J
(x,1 ,2 ) (x,0,0) (x,1 ,0) (x,1 ,2 )

Wc =
(0,0,0)

dWc =
(0,0,0)

dWc +
(x,0,0)

dWc +
(x,1 ,0)

dWc

 %!

= FHE AH= E JACH= @A = IK =J HE= @A = A?K=?E %! AI ?AH @A>E@ = GKA I A =?AI @A K I ?AH EA JH=I IA KALA A OKC @A = GKE = + ANEIJA L=HE=?E @A I A =?AI ANEIJA BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI O F H J= J IA E OA?J= F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= @AI@A I A AI A ?JHE? I D=?E= A ?= F ) ANEIJEH A =?AI @A K F=H= HA= E =H A @AIF = = EA J A? E? N AI A?AI=HE ? IK EH E IK E EIJH=H A AHC = 2=H= = AL= K=?E @A I @ I J H E I HAIJ= JAI @A = A?K=?E %! IA IKIJEJKOA =I A?K=?E AI $% O %
(x,1 ,0)

W c

=
(x,0,0)

(11 1 + 12 2 )d1 + (21 1 + 22 2 )d2 +

(x,1 ,2 )

+
(x,1 ,0)

(11 1 + 12 2 )d1 + (21 1 + 22 2 )d2 =

 %"

1 1 2 11 2 1 + 21 1 2 + 22 2 2 2

# /- -4) 1 )+1

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.ECKH=

 - A?JH E

OKC H J=JEL @E?E @A

- A ? ?K @A =I E JACH= AI @A = A?K=?E %" IA =IK A GKA 12 AI ECK= = 21 ? IE AJH = IEA FHA L E@= F=H= I IEIJA =I B IE? I /A AH= E = @ A ? ?K = JAHE H A@E= JA A = CA>H= @A =JHE?AI IA JEA A

dWc = dWe = [i] [d] , si x = cte.

,A = A?K=?E % O HA? H@= @ = FH FEA@=@ I >HA = JH=IFKAIJ= @A K FH @K?J @A

 %# =JHE?AI  %$

[i] = [] []
5A >JEA A = A AHC = =?K K =@= A A ?= F ?
(x,1 ,2 )

Wc =
(0,0,0)

[] [(x)] [d] =
%% ?

1 t t [] [(x)] [] 2

 %%

5E IA @AHEL= F=H?E= A JA = A?K=?E Fe GKA =?J = I >HA = FEA = LE

HAIFA?J = = F IE?E

x IA A ?KA JH= = BKAH = A ?JHE?=

Fe =
2 H K H=

Wc (x, []) 1 t d t = [ ] [(x)] [] x 2 dx

 %&

= EA J IA A = JA FAH =F E?=@ = = ? A AHC = IA FKA@A @A@K?EH GKA

Wc =

1 t t [i] [L(x)] [i] 2

 %'

= BKAH = A ?JHE?= I >HA = FEA = IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H ?

Fe =

Wc (x, [i]) 1 t d 1 t t t = [i] [L(x)] [i] = [i] [ (x)] [i] x 2 dx 2

 &

=I A?K=?E AI %& O & I L E@=I F=H= K AH ?K= GKEAH= @A A AI A ?JHE? I FAH F=H= K A A A? E? I = A JA = =O H = @A =I GKE =I A ?JHE?=I F IAA K I A A A? E? FAH IE ANEIJA I AI A?AI=HE ?= ?K =H =I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E= AI @A = A AHC = @A = ? A AHC = IAC IA= A ?=I ? HAIFA?J = ?=@= K = @A =I L=HE=> AI GKA @A A = F IE?E @A ?=@= A A A? E? (x1 , x2 , x3 , ..., xn ) 5E A A A A? E? AI H J=JEL CEH=J HE ? IA HAFHAIA J= A = CKH=  = =JHE @A E @K?J= ?E= IA @A A A BK ?E @A CK O IA ?= ?K = BKAH =I IE J HGKAI A ?JHE? I O A? E? I =I A?K=?E AI @A ? LAHJE@ H A AIJA ?=I I

Te =

1 t t [i] [ ()] [i] 2

 &

#& @ @A

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8-451

[ ()] =
=I A?K=?E AI @A AGKE E>HE A ?JHE? O A? JEF AI A AI A ?JHE? I O K A A A? E? I

d [L()] d
LAHJE@ H A A?JH A? E? E A= ?

E? @A K ?

[i] =

[R] [i] + [e] = d = [R] [i] + [ ] = dt d d [i] = [R] [i] + [L(x)] x [i] + [L(x)] = dx dt d [i] = [R] [i] + [ (x)] x [i] + [L(x)] dt 1 t t Fm = [i] [ (x)] [i] + M x + x 2

 &   &!

- =I A?K=?E AI & O &! IA >IAHL= GKA = E B H =?E GKA @AJAH E = = @E E?= O A ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = A ?JHE?= AIJ ? JA E@= A = =JHE [L(x)] ) F=HJEH @A AIJ= =JHE IA >JEA A = =JHE [ (x)] O ? AIJ=I @ I =JHE?AI O I A A A J I @A EC= ? I IEIJA =I A ?JHE? I O A? E? I ANJAH I IA B H K = =I A?K=?E AI ? F AJ=I @A ? LAHJE@ H

5K =HE

 2=H= A = EIEI @A ? LAHJE@ HAI A A?JH A? E? I HAIK J= @A KJE E@=@ = =F E?=?E @A I >= = ?AI @A A AHC = ? A AHC = ? J @ F=H= = @AJAH E =?E @A =I BKAH =I A ?JHE?=I E L K?H=@=I A A FH ?AI I J @ I @A = EIEI @EHA?J = F=HJEH @A =I AOAI @A =NMA O = HA =?E @A HA FKA@A IAH KO @EB ?E AI @A =F E?=H A =I GKE =I HA= AI I ? LAHJE@ HAI A A?JH A? E? I FKA@A F IIAH L=HE I A AI FKAHJ I A ?JHE? I O A? E? ) A I K A A A A?JHE? O K A? E? I E @EIFA I=> AI F=H= @A EH GKA K = GKE = K ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH A? E? I A AI FKAHJ I I =I FKAHJ=I @A A JH=@= O I= E@= @A A AHC = I FKAHJ I A ?JHE? I AIJ @A E@ I F H = BKAH = A A?JH JHE O = ? HHEA JA FKAHJ I A? E? I F H = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H E A= O F H A F=H = BKAH =

I AI = I

! - FHE ?EFE @A I JH=>= I LEHJK= AI FAH EJA = AL= K=?E @A = BKAH = A F=H A K IEIJA = A A?JH A? E? + ?E@= = A AHC = ? A AHC = A BK ?E @A =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ = @A HEL=@= F=H?E= @A = A AHC = ? A AHC = ? HAIFA?J = = F IE?E @AIF = = EA J LEHJK= @AJAH E = = BKAH = A F=H @A =?KAH@ ? =I ANFHAIE AI $# O & " =I A?K=?E AI E JAH =I @A BKAH = A A?JH JHE IA >JEA A F H @AHEL=?E ? HAIFA?J = JEA F @A I A =?AI @A K I IEIJA =I E A= AI = =JHE @A E @K?J= ?E= @AJAH E = A ? F HJ= EA J A A?JH =C JE? ? F AJ @A ? LAHJE@ H

# +K= @ IA E ? KOA =I ? @E?E AI @A ? J H GKA K A = GKE = ? I IEIJA =I A ? JHE? I O A? E? I KJE E = @ =I AOAI @A EH?D O = IACK @= AO @A AMJ IA ? F AJ= A ? K J @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI GKA @A A A ? F HJ= EA J @E E? @A ? LAHJE@ H

% - - 2

5 4-57- 6 5

#'

%
-A F

- A F I HAIKA J I
 ,AJAH E =?E @A =I A?K=?E AI E JAH =I @A ?
AI

LAHJE@ H
I A =?AI

,A K ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH A? E? IA ? ?A =I HA =?E @A K O = ? HHEA JA F H IKI HAIFA?JEL=I > >E =I

E A= AI ANEIJA JAI A JHA

2 1 = k 1 x i 2 1 + k2 i1 i2 + k3 y i2

2 2 = k 3 y i 2 1 + k2 i1 i2 + k1 x i2

,AJAH E A =I A?K=?E

AI E JAH =I @A AIJ=

GKE =

5 K?E
- ? LAHJE@ H AIJ ? IJEJKE@ F H @ I A AI A ?JHE? I > >E =I  O  O @ I A AI A? E? I (x, y ) -NEIJA F H J= J ?K=JH A?K=?E AI E JAH =I @ I @A BKAH = A A?JH JHE O @ I @A BKAH = K = F H ?=@= FKAHJ =I A?K=?E AI @A BKAH = A A?JH @A K ? HAIFA?J = JEA F JHE A ?=@= K = @A =I > >E =I IA >JEA A @AHEL= @ I A =?AI

d1 di1 dx di2 di1 di2 dy = k1 (2x i1 + i2 ) + k2 (i1 + i2 ) + k3 (2y i2 + i2 ) 1 2 dt dt dt dt dt dt dt d2 di1 dy di2 di1 di2 dx = k3 (2y i1 + i2 ) + k2 (i1 + i2 ) + k1 (2x i2 + i2 ) 1 2 dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
- ? ?K @A = BKAH ? A AHC = A BK ?E ? A AHC = AI A?AI=HE BKAH = A ?JHE?= E IJ= = A ?JHE?= A ?=@= K @A I A AI A? E? I HAGKEAHA = @AJAH E =?E @A = @A =I F IE?E AI x O y @A @E?D I A AI 7 = LA @AJAH E =@= = ANFHAIE @A = @AHEL=H = F=H?E= A JA ? HAIFA?J = ?=@= F IE?E A? E?= F=H= >JA AH = J A= A I FKAHJ I A? E? I
(x,y,i1 ,i2 )

Wc (x, y, i1 , i2 )

=
(0,0,0,0) (x,y,i1 ,0)

1 di1 + 2 di2 =
(x,y,i1 ,i2 )

=
(x,y,0,0) (x,y,i1 ,0)

1 di1 +
(x,y,i1 ,0)

2 di2 =

=
(x,y,0,0)

(k1 x i2 1 )di1 +
(x,y,i1 ,i2 ) 2 (k3 y i2 1 + k2 i1 i2 + k1 x i2 )di2 =

+
(x,y,i1 ,0)

=
=I BKAH =I A ?JHE?=I E IJ= J

k1 3 k2 2 k1 3 x i1 + k3 y i2 i1 i2 + x i2 . 1 i2 + 3 2 3

A=I A ?=@= A A I

Fex

Wc k1 = (i3 + i3 2) x 3 1 Wc = k3 i2 1 i2 y

Fey =

$

+)2 67

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8-451

-A F

-?K=?E

@A F=H @A K ?

LAHJE@ H H J=JEL
@A K ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH A? E? H J=JEL IA

= HA =?E A JHA =I ? HHEA JAI O I A =?AI @A K FKA@A ANFHAI=H @A = IECKEA JA B H =

i1 i2

1 3 cos2

3 cos2 2

1 2

,AJAH E A A F=H A ?JHE? E IJ= J A @A AIJA ? LAHJE@ H O = ? @E?E A?AI=HE= F=H= >JA AH K F=H A ?JHE? FH A@E @EBAHA JA @A ?AH IE A A =?A 1 AI ? IJ= JA O 2 L=H = IE KI E@= A JA ? A JEA F = K = BHA?KA ?E= 2

5 K?E
- AIJA FH > A = ANEIJA K = HA =?E E A= A JHA =I ? HHEA JAI A =I @ I > >E =I @A ? LAHJE@ H O IKI HAIFA?JEL I A =?AI @A K )K ?K= @ ANEIJA = F IE>E E@=@ @A E LAHJEH = =JHE O >J AH K = HA =?E ANF ?EJ= A JHA I A =?AI O =I ? HHEA JAI A AIJA ?=I HAIK J= I IE F A @AJAH E =H A F=H A ?JHE? A@E= JA A ? ?AFJ @A A AHC = A A ?= F

Wc (, 1 , 2 ) =

1 2

1 3 cos2

3 cos2 2

1 2

= = =

Wc (, 1 , 2 ) = 23 sen2 0 1 2 =

1 0 1 2 23 sen2 2 23 sen21 2 .

+ ?E@= = ANFHAIE @A F=H A ?JHE? E IJ= J A AI F IE> A E JACH=H = A K FAH @ F=H= >JA AH = ? @E?E A?AI=HE= @A F=H FH A@E @EBAHA JA @A ?AH

= = =

1 2

(23 sen21 2 sen(2 t + 2 )) d =

0 2

23 1 2 2 23 1 2 2

(sen2 sen(2 t + 2 )) d =
0 2 0

1 (cos(2 2 t 2 ) cos(2 + 2 t + 2 )) d. 2

=I E JACH= AI A JHA 0 O 2 @A =I BK ?E AI IE KI E@= AI I ?AH F=H= GKA = ANFHAIE = JAHE H FKA@= JA AH FH A@E @EBAHA JA @A ?AH AI E @EIFA I=> A GKA = CK @A I @ I =HCK A J I @A E JACH= @ IA= E @AFA @EA JA @A A JH=I F= =>H=I

2 (2 t) = constante.
,AHEL= @ = ANFHAIE = JAHE H IA >JEA A = ? @E?E F=H FH A@E @EBAHA JA @A ?AH A AIJA ? LAHJE@ H A?AI=HE= FAH IK ?EA JA F=H= >JA AH K

1 d = mec = 2 . dt 2
- JH=I F= =>H=I AI A?AI=HE GKA = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H @A CEH @A A A A? E? @A ? LAHJE@ H AIJ IE ?H E =@ = = EJ=@ @A = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H @A IACK @ A A A ?JHE? F=H= F @AH >JA AH K F=H FH A@E @EBAHA JA @A ?AH

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LAHJE@ H H J=JEL

-A F
7 ? (, ) FEA = ,AJAH

@A =?E

@A ?

LAHJE@ H F H E IFA??E
JEA A @ I > >E =I HJ C = AI K @AL= =@ = =HC @A = IJHK??E O IKI ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I

LAHJE@ H A A?JH A? E? ? A E KIJH=@ A = CKH= A K AIJ=J H ?E @HE? O K H J H @A F I I= EA JAI f ? =C JE?= 5A @AI? ?A =I @E A IE AI I =JAHE= AI @A ? E A

 @A =JA JE? ? F AJ @A ? LAHJE@ H A@E= JA E IFA??E @A @E=CH= = E KIJH=@ A = CKH= 2KA@A ? IE@AH=H GKA =I L=HE=?E AI @A = HA K?J= ?E= I =FH NE =@= A JA IE KI E@= AI AH @A LKA J=I @A =I > >E =I I @EBAHA JAI N = N = Nf I A I=O I A?AI=HE I F=H= @AJAH E =H I F=H AJH I @A @A @AI=HH =@

5 K?E
 @A =JA JE? ? F AJ @A ? LAHJE@ H A@E= JA E IFA??E @A @E=CH= = E KIJH=@ A = CKH= 2KA@A ? IE@AH=H GKA =I L=HE=?E AI @A = HA K?J= ?E= I =FH NE =@= A JA IE KI E@= AI AH @A LKA J=I @A =I > >E =I O I ECK= AI N = N = Nf @A @A = GKE = @AJAH E =@ F H E IFA??E E F E?= = HAFHAIA J=?E =JA JE?= @A =I E @K?J= ?E=I FH FE=I O KJK=I A BK ?E @A = F IE?E = CK =H @A H J H - = CKH= ! IA KAIJH= = @AFA @A ?E= @A =I E @K?J= ?E=I FH FE=I @A AIJ=J H L O L KJK=I A JHA =I > >E =I O @A AIJ=J H L I =? F = EA J I KJK I A JHA =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H O H J H Lf O Lf =I ? = E @K?J= ?E= FH FE= @A H J H Lf - FAH @ @A HAFAJE?E @A =I E @K?J= ?E=I FH FE=I O KJK=I @A AIJ=J H @AFA @A @A @ > A @A CK @A>E@ = GKA ? ?=@= CEH @A @A = F IE?E @A H J H =I HA K?J= ?E=I IA HAFEJA I =? F = EA J I AIJ=J H H J H JEA A K ? F HJ= EA J @EBAHA JA F HGKA = F =HE@=@ HA =JEL= A JHA =I > >E =I E LEAHJA IK IEC ? K CEH @A A = F IE?E @A H J H = E @K?J= ?E= @A H J H AI ? IJ= JA @A>E@ = GKA A AIJ=J H AI ?E @HE? O F H J= J = FAH A= = @A = > >E = H J HE?= f AI E @AFA @EA JA @A = F IE?E = CK =H ! =I ANFHAIE AI = = JE?=I @A AIJ=I E @K?J= ?E=I >JA E@=I F H E IFA??E @A = IECKEA JA B H = =FH NE =@=" IA FKA@A HAFHAIA J=H

L () Le1 + Le2 cos 2 +

>IAHL=@ H K>E?=@ A A H J H FAH?E>A ?= >E I @A A JHADEAHH = A@E@= GKA = FEA = CEH= - A AIJ=J H IK?A@A ? JH=HE A >IAHL=@ H @AJA?J= E A JHADEAHH ?=@= LA GKA A A A =C JE? F IEJEL AC=JEL @A H J H F=I= F H A BHA JA " =I BK ?E AI @A =I E @K?J= ?E=I ? HAIFA?J = CK I FAHE @E?=I O AI F IE> A KJE E =H IAHEAI @A . KHEAH F=H= HAFHAIA J=H =I A@E= JA IA I O ? IA I - AIJA ?=I IA D= JHK ?=@ = IAHEA A = FHE AH= =H E?= AIF=?E=
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) + 2 L () Le3 + Le4 cos 2( + ) + 4 Lf () Lef cos + L () Le1 + Le2 cos 2( Lf () Lef sin + Lf () = Lf = cte.
7 = LA ? ?E@=I =I BK ?E = E@=@AI @A =I E @K?J= ?E=I ? = F IE?E =I A?K=?E AI @A ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH A? E? IA >JEA A @EHA?J= A JA v Re 0 0 i L () L () Lf () i v = 0 Re 0 i + p L () L () Lf () i vf 0 0 Rf if Lf () Lf () Lf if t i L () L () Lf () i 1 d2 d L () L () Lf () i = Tm + J 2 + Te = i 2 dt dt if Lf () Lf () Lf if I A I=O I A?AI=HE I F=H= @AJAH E =H I F=H AJH I @A @A @AI=HH =@

-I A?AI=HE @AJAH E =H =I E @K?J= ?E=I FH FE=I O KJK=I @A @A F=H= ?K= AI A?AI=HE @EIA =H K A I=O GKA FAH EJ= HAFH @K?EH A CH ? ! =I E @K?J= ?E=I FH FE=I IA E@A =F E?= @ ? HHEA JA A = > >E = O E@EA @ A A =?A @A K GKA IA FH @K?A = A@E@= @EHA?J= @A K HAGKEAHA @EIF IEJEL I E L=I HAI @A JH @A A JHADEAHH F H AIJ= H= AI FHA BAHE> A =F E?=H K = JA IE = JAH = A = > >E = @A FHKA>= O A@EH = ? HHEA JA GKA ? IK A F=H= K = F IE?E = - A =?A @A K A = > >E = IA >JEA A F H E JACH=?E @A = BKAH = A A?JH JHE E @K?E@=

d(t) di(t) e(t) = v (t) R i(t) = = L() dt dt v (t) = 2V cos t ; i(t) = 2I cos(t ) V cos t = RI cos(t ) + L()I sin(t ) V cos t = L() = R2 + (L())2 I cos(t + arctan 1 1 V2 R2 = 2 I Z 2 R2 = L() ) R
 &"

X R = tan

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= ANFHAIE &" @AJAH E = = E @K?J= ?E= FH FE= F=H= K = F IE?E = @A H J H E@EA @ = HAIEIJA ?E= @A = > >E = R = JA IE ABA?JEL= =F E?=@= V = ? HHEA JA ABA?JEL= I O = BHA ?KA ?E= = CK =H = 2f =I E FA@= ?E=I KJK=I AIJ=J H AIJ=J H AIJ=J H H J H @A>A A@EHIA =F E?= @ JA IE = JAH = A = > >E = AN?EJ=@ H= y O E@EA @ = BKAH = A A?JH JHE E @K?E@= A = > >E = @A FHKA>= x F=H= ?=@= F IE?E = CK =H =

x = Lxy () iy vx = Lxy ()
= ? HHEA JA iy IA >JEA A = E A J= @ DE A A ?=I @A E @K?J= ?E= FH FE= = > >E = y ?

diy dt vy J= ?
IA

K = BKA JA @A JA IE

iy (t) = Iy = Vy

2Iy cos(t y ) ; y () = arctan Ly () Ry ) 2

 &#

2 + (L ( ))2 Ry y

2Vx cos(t x ) = 1

2Iy Lxy () cos(t y

Lxy () =

2 + (L ( ))2 Ry y

Vx Zy () Vx Vx = = Vy Vy Iy

&

- AH?E?E I FH FKAIJ I

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= > ? @

= HA =?E =I A?K=?E

A JHA AI @E

I A =?AI @A K E?=I ?

O =I ? HHEA JAI A BK ?E LAHJE@ H

@A = F IE?E

@A OKC

F AJ=I @A ?

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E?= @A IEIJA =

- ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH A? E? GKA IA KAIJH= A = CKH= # AIJ ? FKAIJ F H K ? @A I=@ H K = BKA JA @A JA IE = JAH = @A 100 V FE? K = FEA = LE GKA A JH= A A E JAHE H @A ? @A I=@ H O K HAI HJA GKA ? A?J= = K IEIJA = E AH?E= ?KO= F IE?E @A AGKE E>HE N AI x0 = 5 cm = =I= @A = FEA = LE AI @A 10 g = ? IJ= JA k @A HAI HJA AI @A 0, 3 cm = IAF=H=?E @A =I F =?=I ?K=@H=@=I AI @A 1, 0 cm IEA @ ?=@= K @A IKI =@ I @A 10 cm = FAH EJELE@=@ HA =JEL= r @A = FEA = LE AI 5, 0 = BHA?KA ?E= @A = BKA JA AI @A 60 Hz ,AJAH E A A AIJ=I ? @E?E AI

=

= BKAH = A ?JHE?= I >HA = FEA =

LE KJE E = @ A ?

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> ? @ A
!

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LE KJE E = @ A ? LAHJE@ H

F AJ=I @A ?

= = JE?= @A H CE A FAH = A JA IE = FEA = LE IA @AIF = = 5 cm @A IK F IE?E @A AGKE E>HE

#

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= GKE = GKA IA KAIJH= A = CKH= F IAA @ I > >E =I A A AIJ=J H ? Ne LKA J=I ?=@= K = O K @AL= =@ A A H J H ? Nf LKA J=I =I @ I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H JEA A = EI = HAIEIJA ?E= Re O IA = E A J= A@E= JA @ I BKA JAI IE KI E@= AI @A JA IE @AIB=I=@=I O ?KO= BHA?KA ?E= AI H J H JEA A K = HAIEIJA ?E= Rf O IA = E A J= A@E= JA K = BKA JA e 2 @A ? HHEA JA ? IJ= JA @A L= H Ir =I @E A IE AI O I F=H AJH I @A ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH A? E? @A A AHC = I >EA ? ?E@ I ,AJAH E A

= >

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AI ?

F AJ=I$ @A ?

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E?= (px = Ax + B u)

= ? @E?E A?AI=HE= F=H= F @AH >JA AH F=H FH A@E @EBAHA JA @A ?AH ?K= @ A AGKEF IA A ?KA JH= FAH= @ = LA ?E@=@ ? IJ= JA A H CE A FAH = A JA (m = cte) IE@AH= @ GKA = > >E = @A H J H AIJ =>EAHJ= (ir = 0)

?  4AFEJ= = FHACK J= = JAHE H IE A H J H AIJ A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ (vr = 0) @  4AFEJ= A A AH?E?E ?

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# 5KCAHA ?E= Q = C e ; C = A ; D = ; e = R Edl ; D = E d $ 1 JAH =I O ANJAH =I

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= FEA = ?HK = A A JHADEAHH = K = LA ?E@=@ E JAH A@E= AI @EBAHA ?E= AI GKA HECA A ? F HJ= EA J @A ? LAHJE@ H

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mk lk

AI A AI A

K K

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kk = mk + lk
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!  I =

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n

@A =I JH=I > >E =I IA @A

E = M K

M K

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j =k

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n

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j =k

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5A FKA@A @A EH =I IECKEA JAI E @K?J= ?E=I
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=C AJE =?E

! & ! ' !  O Lk AI = E @K?

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Mkj = Pkj Nk Nj = Mjk = Pjk Nj Nk =

+ =I FAH A= =I Pkj O Pjk I

Nk kj ij Nj jk ik

!  !  

ECK= AI IA @A KAIJH= GKA

Mkj = Mjk
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n

! ! E@=I A ! & ! ' !  !  O ! 

k = Lk ik +
j =k

Mkj ij

! "

= A?K=?E

! " IA FKA@A AI?HE>EH A B H =

=JHE?E= F=H= J @=I =I > >E =I @A IEIJA =

1 2 k = n
= A?K=?E ! # A B H = ?

L1 M21 Mk1 Mn1

M12 L2 Mk 2 Mn2

M 1k M 2k Lk Mnk

M1n M2n Mkn Ln

i1 i2 ik in

! #

F=?J= IA AI?HE>A =I

[] = [L] [i]

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A= =F E?=@= A = > >E = k @A IEIJA = =? F =@ =C JE?= A JA @A =I CKH=I

= JA IE E IJ= J !  O ! AI

vk = Rk ik + pk
- = A?K=?E ! % A FAH=@ H p IA HA AHA = = @AHEL=@= ? > >E =I =? F =@=I IA ?K F A HAIFA?J = JEA F
d dt

! % 2=H= =I n

[v ] = [R] [i] + [L] p [i] = ([R] + [L] p) [i]

@ @A

! &

[R] [L]

AI K = =JHE @E=C = AIJ @A E@= F H = A?K=?E

! #

!!

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2 = Mjk

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IA >JEA A ! '

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,A = A?K=?E

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5KIJEJKOA @ !  A ! ' IA >JEA A
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kk =

jk kj ; kj = kk jj

!

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2 Mjk = kj kk Lj Lk Mjk =

kj kk

Lj Lk

! !

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2 jk = 1 kjk

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v1 v2

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HAIFA?J = JEA F
1 1

IA JH= IB H = = A?K=?E

p [i] = [L]
- B H = ANF ?EJ= A IEIJA = HAFHAIA J=@ A

[R] [i] + [L]

[v ]

! &

= A?K=?E

! & AI

i1 i2

L1 M

M L2

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v1 v2

! '

+ IE@AH= @ GKA I @ I @AL= =@ I @A JH= IB H =@ H I E@ JE? I IA >JEA A L1 = L2 = L O R1 = R2 = R + AIJ=I ? @E?E AI O AL= K= @ = =JHE E LAHI= @A = A?K=?E ! ' IA >JEA A

i1 i2

R L2 M 2

L M

M L

i1 i2

1 L2 M 2

L M

M L

v1 v2

! !

I L= HAI FH FE I @A = =JHE ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E FHE AH CH=@ IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H = F=HJEH @A

AI @EBAHA ?E= AI E A= AI @A

det {[A] [I ]} = 0
4AA F = = @ = =JHE ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A = A?K=?E ! ! A ! !

! !

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det

L2

R M2

L M

M L

=0

! ! 

+= ?K = @ A @AJAH E = JA @A = A?K=?E

! ! IA >JEA A

2 +

L2

2RL R2 + 2 =0 2 M L M2

! !! F IAA @ I

- F E E @A IACK @ CH=@ A ! !! J= >E @A E =@ F E E ?=H=?JAH IJE? H= ?AI GKA ? HHAIF @A = I =KJ L= HAI @A = =JHE ?=H=?JAH IJE?= [A]

1 = 2 =
@ @A

1 R = L+M M R 1 = LM F

! !" ! !#

M F

AI = ? AI = ?

IJ= JA @A JEA F @A =C AJE =?E [s] IJ= JA @A JEA F @A BKC= @EIFAHIE [s] K?D =O H GKA 1 IE A ? A ?EA JA @A =? F = EA J KJK ! # IA >JEA A F=H= A JH= IB H =@ H @A = CKH= ! !

+ L O M I L= HAI F IEJEL I 2 AI k12 AI ?AH?= = = K E@=@ ,A = A?K=?E

M = k12

L1 L2 = k12 L

! !$

) F=HJEH @A ! !" ! !# O ! !$ IA @AJAH E = M O F ?

M = F =

L+M L = (1 + k12 ) R R LM L = (1 k12 ) R R

! !% ! !&

2=H= HAI LAH A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI ! % IA @AJAH E = = I K?E D C A= = F=HJEH @A I =KJ L= HAI O =KJ LA?J HAI @A = =JHE ?=H=?JAH IJE?= ?= ?K =@ I A@E= JA =I ANFHAIE AI ! !" O ! !# = I K?E ? F AJ= IA >JEA A IKFAHF EA @ = = I K?E D C A= = I K?E F=HJE?K =H O @AJAH E = @ I ? A ?EA JAI ? IJ= JAI = F=HJEH @A =I ? @E?E AI E E?E= AI @A FH > A = = I K?E D C A= @A FH > A = AI

i1h (t) = i2h (t) =

Ae1 t + Be2 t Ce1 t + De2 t

! !'

I ? A ?EA JAI E @AJAH E =@ I A B C O D I =H>EJH=HE I IA >JEA A = F=HJEH @A I =KJ LA? J HAI @A = =JHE ?=H=?JAH IJE?= 2=H= ?= ?K =H I =KJ LA?J HAI AI A?AI=HE HAI LAH A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI

{[A] i [I ]} [Vi ] = [0]

)F E?= @ = A?K=?E ! " F=H= A FHE AH =KJ L= H 1

! "

L2RL M 2 +
L2 M 2 RM

R L+M

RM L2 M 2 R L2RL M 2 + L+M

A C

0 0

! "

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)+ 2 ),

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RM L2 M 2

1 1

1 1

A C

0 0

! " 

,A IEIJA = " " ! " IA >IAHL= GKA A = C ,A =KJ L= H 2 @A = A IACK @ =KJ LA?J H

=JHE ?=H=?JAH IJE?= IA @AJAH E =

RM L2 M 2

1 1 1 1

B D

0 0
I =KJ LA?J HAI ? HHAIF

! "! @EA JAI A =

) F=HJEH @A ! "! IA >JEA A GKA B = D 5KIJEJKOA @ A?K=?E ! !'

i1h (t) = i2h (t) =

Ae L+M t + Be LM t Ae L+M t Be LM t
@E?E
R R

! "" AI E E?E= AI

5E A IEIJA = AIJ = E A J=@ F H BKA JAI B H = JAI O IA IKIJEJKOA A ! "" =I ? i1 (0) = I A i2 (0) = 0

I = A+B 0 = AB
= I K?E @A IEIJA = ! "# AI

! "#

A=B=
4AA F = = @ A HAIK J=@ ! "$ A = A?K=?E

1 I 2

! "$

! "" IA >JEA A = IECKEA JA I K?E

R I L+ Mt + e 2 R I L+ Mt e 2 R I L Mt e 2 R I L Mt e 2

i1h (t) = i2h (t) =

! "%

- = CKH= ! " IA >IAHL= A @E=CH= = A A JEA F @A =I ? HHEA JAI A A FHE =HE O IA?K @=HE @A JH= IB H =@ H - ?EH?KEJ @A = CKH= ! # I=JEIB=?A = A?K=?E ! % F=H= A JH= IB H =@ H @A = CKH= ! ! 2=H= >JA AH =I A?K=?E AI D C A=I @A AIJA ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA AI A?AI=HE ? J ?EH?KEJ=H I @ I FKAHJ I @A JH= IB H =@ H - = CKH= ! $(a) IA FHAIA J= K = E JAHFHAJ=?E A A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A JH= IB H =@ H @A = ? IJ= JA @A JEA F @A =C AJE =?E 5E IA K A I FK J I a O b @A = CKH= A JHA AIJ I FK J I O JEAHH= = ? IJ= JA @A JEA F @A ?EH?KEJ AI

M =

1 2 LF + 1 2R

LF + 2 M L+M = R R

! "&

- = CKH= ! $(b) IA FHAIA J= A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA F=H= = ? IJ= JA @A JEA F @A BKC= - AIJA ?=I IA @AIFHA?E= = E @K?J= ?E= KJK= M @A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA

F =

LF LM = R R

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.ECKH= ! % 4AIFKAIJ= A A JEA F @A JH= IB H =@ H = AI?=

@A JA IE

7 =B H = I @EHA?J= F=H= ?= ?K =H = HAIFKAIJ= JH= IEJ HE= O FAH = A JA @A IEIJA =I =? F =@ I =C JE?= A JA ? IEIJA A =F E?=H = 6H= IB H =@= @A =F =?A 5E = IEIJA = ! % IA A =F E?= AIJ= JH= IB H =?E IA >JEA A A IECKEA JA IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI = CA>H=E?=I

V1 (s) V2 (s)

R1 0

0 R2

I1 ( s) I2 ( s)

L1 M

M L2

I1 (s) I2 (s)

! #

)CHKF= @ A LA?J H @A ? HHEA JAI O IKIJEJKOA @

I L= HAI @A JH= IB H =@ H @A = CKH= ! "

V1 (s) V2 (s)

R + sL sM sM R + sL

I1 ( s) I2 ( s)

! #

) F=HJEH @A = A?K=?E ! # IA FKA@A @AJAH E =H = JH= IBAHA ?E= JH= IEJ HE= @A JA IE AI A A IA?K @=HE @A K JH= IB H =@ H 5E A JH= IB H =@ H IA A ?KA JH= A L=? = ? HHEA JA @A ?EH?KEJ IA?K @=HE i2 AI ?AH O F H J= J I2 (s) AI ?AH J= >E - AIJ=I ? @E?E AI

V1 (s) = (R + sL) I1 (s) V2 (s) = sM I1 (s)

,ELE@EA @ = A?K=?E ! #! F H = A?K=?E ! # IA >JEA A = BK ?E A JHA =I JA IE AI IA?K @=HE= O FHE =HE= @A JH= IB H =@ H

! #  ! #! @A JH= IBAHA ?E= FAH=?E =

V2 (s) sM = V1 (s) R + sL
5E IA =F E?= K AI?= = A?K=?E ! #" ? @A JA IE A = > >E = FHE =HE= = JA IE

! #" IA?K @=HE= IA ?= ?K = = F=HJEH @A

V2 (s) =
) JEJH= IB H = @ = A?K=?E ! ##

M V R + sL

! ##

v2 (t) =

R R M V e L t = k12 V e L t L

! #$

= A?K=?E ! #$ IA D= @AJAH E =@ D=?EA @ KI @A = @A E?E @A ? A ?EA JA @A =? F = EA J KJK @A = A?K=?E ! ' - = CKH= ! % IA HAFHAIA J= = HAIFKAIJ= = E FK I @A JH= IB H =@ H @A @ I @AL= =@ I ? A IA?K @=HE A L=?

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KC=H @A K AI?=

v1 (t) = V sint V1 (s) =

5KIJEJKOA @ = A?K=?E ! #% A ! #" IA >JEA A

V , t 0 s2 + 2

! #%

V2 (s) =
4A=CHKF= @ = A?K=?E ! #& A BH=??E

M V s L s2 + 2

! #&

AI F=H?E= AI O = JEJH= IB H = @

v2 (t) =

M V 2 L 2 + R L2

R Rt R e L + sint + cost L L

! #'

= A?K=?E ! #' HAFHAIA J= K = HAIFKAIJ= IE KI E@= A H CE A FAH = A JA IKFAHFKAIJ= = K @A?=E EA J ANF A ?E= IE E =H = >JA E@ A = A?K=?E ! #$ ?K= @ IA =F E?= K AI?= @A JA IE = FHE =HE @A JH= IB H =@ H

!#


5K =HE
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!$

- AH?E?E I FH FKAIJ I

 - ?EH?KEJ =C JE? =? F =@ GKA IA E KIJH= A = CKH= ! & F IAA JHAI > >E =I ? 100 200 O 300 LKA J=I HAIFA?JEL= A JA - ?EH?KEJ =C JE? GKA ?EAHH= =I JHAI > >E =I JEA A K = CE JK@ A@E= @A 60 cm K HA= @A 25 cm2 O K = FAH A=>E E@=@ HA =JEL= r @A 1000 =I JHAI > >E =I AIJ ? IJEJKE@=I F H ? @K?J HAI @A ? >HA @A EI @E AJH 2 mm2 O 1, 75 108 m - K @A @EIFAHIE @A ?=@= > >E = AI FH F H?E = = IK HAIFA?JEL AH @A LKA J=I O A ? A ?EA JA @A =? F = EA J A JHA = > >E = @A 100 O 200 LKA J=I AI 0, 95 ,AJAH E A

= > ?

=I HAIEIJA ?E=I A E @K?J= ?E=I FH FE=I O

KJK=I @A AIJA JH= IB H =@ H

I HAIFA?JEL I ? A ?EA JAI @A =? F = EA J O @EIFAHIE =I ? IJ= JAI @A JEA F @A ?EH?KEJ IE = > >E = @A 100 LKA J=I AIJ A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ O =I JH= @ I > >E =I IA ? A?J= A IAHEA FAH A ? JH=B=IA F =HE@=@ FKAIJ= AN?EJ=@=I ? K = BKA JA IE KI E@= @A 50 V ABA?JEL I = ? HHEA JA HAIK J= JA A ?=@= > >E = IE IA AN?EJ= A A E IJ= JA E E?E= = > >E = @A 100 LKA J=I ? 12 V ? JE K I EA JH=I GKA =I JH=I @ I > >E =I AIJ ? HJ ?EH?KEJ=@=I E @AFA @EA JA A JA

@

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 A O  5 5E 16 +EH?KEJ I I 1 JH @K?JE =C J /A AH= E A@ =?DE A 6DA HO  ?/H=M = @ 0= =@HE@ '$#  -@E?E AI 6 ? E?=I =H '$& JE? I O 6H= IB H =@ HAI  -@EJ HE= 4ALAHJ A@E@= O @A 2H JA??E

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GKE =I - ?JHE?=I 4 J=JEL=I

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"
=I ?=I ?

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K AI
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 2 IAA K A A

A?

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LE @A

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" /A AH= # K

?E

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2

=
0

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d = B ds
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" 

d ds = r l n
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r l d d = Bn
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2 2

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d = 0
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B ds = 0

" #

) F=HJEH @A = A?K=?E " # IA @AJAH E = GKA A @EBAHA ?E= @A K A K FAH @ @A HAL K?E @A ?E E @H AI ?AH 2 H J= J = @EIJHE>K?E @A ?= F =C JE? B A BK ?E @A CK AI FAHE @E?= O ANEIJA = JAH = ?E= A A IEC @A ?= F 2 H JH= F=HJA IA @AJAH E = = F=HJEH @A = ANFHAIE " # GKA F=H= = K =H = E JACH= A K FAH @ ? F AJ =I HA=I F IEJEL= O AC=JEL= @A = BK ?E @A IE@=@ @A ?= F =C JE? B A BK ?E @A CK JEA A GKA IAH ECK= AI J= ? IA >IAHL= A = CKH= " " + = @EIJHE>K?E @A = @A IE@=@ @A ?= F B A BK ?E @A CK AI FAHE @E?= IA FKA@A @AI? F AH A IAHEAI @A . KHEAH AIF=?E= AI - = CKH= " # IA D= HAFHAIA J=@ = FHE AH= =H E?= ? F A JA BK @= A J= @A ?= F IKF EA @ GKA IJA FHAIA J= IE AJH = E F=H 2=H= ?= ?K =H A L= H @A = @A IE@=@ @A ?= F ? HHAIF @EA JA = = FHE AH= =H E?= A A FK J @A = CKH= " # IA JEA A

B1 ( ) = B1 max cos
@ @A B1 max AI = = F EJK@ @A ?= F B1 ?= F = HA@A@ H @A ?E E @H = CKH= "% IA D= HAFHAIA J=@ = @EIJHE>K?E

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.ECKH= " & +E E @H ?

@ I F=HAI @A F

6= J B ? B JEA A K I CH=@ @A E>AHJ=@ AI @A?EH I = A JA FKA@A L=HE=H A =C EJK@ IEC FAH A @EHA??E =I @ I ? F A JAI F IAA A EI FAH @ AIF=?E= O IA A ?KA JH= A ?K=@H=JKH= IAC = F IE?E HA =JEL= @A I @AL= =@ I 2=H= >JA AH ?K= GKEAH L= H @A B B AI IK ?EA JA ? = KIJ=H =I ? HHEA JAI i A i -IJ=I ? IE@AH=?E AI I L E@=I J= J F=H= A H J H? F=H= A AIJ=J H @A =I GKE =I A ?JHE?=I H J=JEL=I

"!

JEF AI F=HAI @A F

+K= @ IA = = E = = @EIJHE>K?E @A K A = GKE = IA >IAHL= GKA A K = = @A I 2 H=@E= AI A ?= F AI F IEJEL A K I= A @A = IKFAH ?EA O A A HAIJ @A ?E E @H AI AC=JEL A K FA AJH= A = IKFAH ?EA @A ?E E @H = = @A ?E E @H A A ?K= D=O I= E@= @A K IA @A A ? F HJA O = HACE F H = ?K= FA AJH= A K = = IKFAH ?EA IA @A A ? F IKH - = CKH= " % IA E KIJH= A F HJA O IKH @A K ?E E @H A A A J= AN?EJ=@ F H @ I ? @K?J HAI =I GKE =I A ?JHE?=I FKA@A IAH @EIA =@=I @A J= = AH= GKA A A @AI=HH @A 2 H=@E= AI ANEIJ= L=HE I F I HJA O L=HE I F I IKH - = CKH= " & IA KAIJH= K A A F @A K ?E E @H A A ?K= ANEIJA @ I F I HJA O @ I F I IKH = JAH =@ I A JHA IE -IJ= IEJK=?E ? HHAIF @A = K = GKE = ? @ I F=HAI @A F I FAH IA FKA@A HAFAJEH ? ?K= GKEAH ?= JE@=@ @A F=HAI @A F I + A =I GKE =I A ?JHE?=I ?=@= F=H @A F I IA HAFEJA AN=?J= A JA ECK= AI IK ?EA JA = = E =H A FHE AH F=H @A F I O ANJA @AH I HAIK J=@ I >JA E@ I = = J J= E@=@ @A = GKE = - K = GKE = ? JEF AI F=HAI @A F I IA @A A CK I A ?JHE? I O A? E? I I CK I A? E? I CK I B IE? I I I GKA IA D= KJE E =@ A J @ A = EIEI O I CK I HA= AI 2=H= @A EH I CK I A ?JHE? I IA =? J= K F=I F =H @A = GKE = AI @A?EH = = ? FHA @E@= F H K F=H @A F I O IA @A A AIJA CK A? E? ? 2 H=@E= AI A ?JHE? I - = CKH= " ' IA H=@E= AI A? E? I IA E KIJH= AIJA ? ?AFJ ? K = GKE = @A JHAI F=HAI @A F I - JHA 0 O 23 @A A 2 H=@E= AI A ?JHE? I 5E IA @A A?

pA

AH @A F=HAI @A F

I @A =

GKE = A J

?AI " &

elctrico = p mecnico

&&

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.ECKH= " ' ,A

E?E

@A

CK I A ?JHE? I O

A?

E? I

.ECKH= "  AIJ=J H

GKE = ?

ECK= AI = O @EBAHA JAI >

AH I @A F=HAI @A F

IA A H J HOA A

A@E= JA = A?K=?E " & IA FKA@A AIJK@E=H = ? CKH=?E O FAH=?E @A K = F=HJA @A = GKE = HA? H@= @ GKA A A HAIJ IA HAFEJA A FH ?AI J= J=I LA?AI ? AH @A F=HAI @A F I p JA C= A ? LAHJE@ H 2=H= ?= ?K =H A F=H AI A?AI=HE HA? H@=H GKA ?=@= K @A I A A A J I @A HAFAJE?E FH @K?A K F=H E@ JE? F H J= J A F=H A A A A A? E? @A = GKE = HA= IA ?= ?K = ?

Ttotal = p Telctrico

" '

- H J H O A AIJ=J H @A K = GKE = @A>A JA AH IEA FHA A EI AH @A F=HAI @A F I F HGKA A ?=I ? JH=HE AI F IE> A FH @K?EH F=H FH A@E AJ @EBAHA JA @A ?AH - = CKH= "  IA KAIJH= K A A F @A AIJ= IEJK=?E - = GKE = (a) I F I HJA O IKH E JA J= = E A=HIA F=H= HA@K?EH = E F IE> A = CEJK@ @A I A =?AI @A K O F H J= J = A AHC = = =?A =@= A A ?= F - = GKE = (b) IA FH @K?A F=HAI ECK= AI O FKAIJ I O F H AIJ= H= A F=H J J= I >HA A A A AI K I = EIEI @A I ?=F JK I F IJAHE HAI IA ? IE@AH= IEA FHA K F=H @A F I ANJA @E@ = 2 H=@E= AI A ?JHE? I IA KJE E = K @E?A AIFA? ? F=H= @EBAHA ?E=H I CK I A ?JHE? I @A I CK I A? E? I I ?=I I A GKA AI A?AI=HE IA E @E?= A =I ANFHAIE AI A AH @A F=HAI @A F I F @A = GKE = A AIJK@E

""

GKE = CA AH= E =@=

=I GKE =I A ?JHE?=I H J=JEL=I F IAA ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I ? K AI A JHA IE O A CA AH= IA =IA A = = @A HAFHAIA J=@ A = CKH= "  - = CK =I ?=IE AI A A A A J E JAHE H @A = GKE = AI O A ANJAHE H LE E ? KI FKA@A IAH LE AI I @ I A A A J I FAH I ?=H=?JAH IJE?

""

371 ) /- -4) 1 ),)

&'

.ECKH= "  2=HJAI @A K =

GKE = A ?JHE?= H J=JEL=

.ECKH= " 

-IGKA = @A =

GKE = CA AH= E =@=

@A =I GKE =I A ?JHE?=I H J=JEL=I AI = ANEIJA ?E= @A @ I IKFAH ?EAI ?E @HE?=I ? LE EA J HA =JEL A JHA K = O JH= - K FKA@A IAH @AI? FKAIJ A @ I ? F A JAI HJ C = AI O 2=H= HAFHAIA J=H A K FH @K?E@ A A H J H IA E OA?J= ? HHEA JAI A =I > >E =I r O r =I A A H J H - K @A AIJ=J H IA >JEA A E OA?J= @ ? HHEA JAI A =I > >E =I e O e =I A A AIJ=J H -IJ I @AL= =@ I JEA A A?AI=HE= A JA ANEIJA ?E= B IE?= FAH FKA@A HAFH @K?EH I ?= F I A A E JAHE H @A = GKE = = F IE?E HA =JEL= A JHA A H J H O A AIJ=J H GKA@= @AJAH E =@= A@E= JA A CK A@E@ A JHA I A AI =C JE? I e O r HAIFA?JEL= A JA = GKE = A ?JHE?= CA AH= E =@= F IAA ?K=JH A AI A ?JHE? I e r e O r F H I ?K= AI IA E OA?J= =I ? HHEA JAI O K A A A? E? A A @A CEH - K A A A JHADEAHH @A = GKE = ?= >E= IK @EIJHE>K?E ?K= @ L=H = =I ? HHEA JAI ir ir ie A ie - = CKH= "  IA HAFHAIA J= A AIGKA = @A =I > >E =I HJ C = AI @A = GKE = CA AH= E =@= ,A EA @ = Tm ? A F=H A? E? A A A A @A = GKE = =I A?K=?E AI @A = GKE = A B H = =JHE?E= ? F=?J= I

[v ] = Tm
- A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E

[ ()] [i] + [L()] d [i] [R] [i] + dt 1 t = [i] [ ()] [i] + J + 2

" 

AI "  AI A ? A ?EA JA @A BHE??E

O J AI = E AH?E= @A A A @A H J=?E

'

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+641+)5 4 6)618)5 CK

=I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ @A AIJA IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI I O = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H d E =@= J= >E m dt @A

=I ? HHEA JAI [i] A

2=H= F @AH F = JA=H A IEIJA = "  AI A?AI=HE @AJAH E =H =I =JHE?AI @A HAIEIJA ?E=I [R] E @K? J= ?E=I A BK ?E @A CK [L()] =I ? = @AHEL=@= ? HAIFA?J = CK @A = =JHE @A E @K?J= ?E=I J= >E @A E =@= =JHE @A F=H [ ()]

=JHE @A HAIEIJA ?E=I

= =JHE @A HAIEIJA ?E=I @A = GKE = A ?JHE?= CA AH= E =@= AI @E=C = F H GKA J @=I =I HAIEIJA ?E=I I FH FE=I @A ?=@= > >E = O ANEIJA HAIEIJA ?E=I KJK=I @A>E@ = GKA I @AL= =@ I AIJ =EI =@ I C= L E?= A JA

Re 0 [R ] = 0 0

0 Re 0 0

0 0 Rr 0

0 0 0 Rr

" 

=JHE @A E @K?J= ?E=I

5E = GKE = F IAA K H J H ?E @HE? O D C A = CEH=H IA @E ?= = FAH A= = @A ?= E =C JE? F H AIJ= H= = E @K?J= ?E= FH FE= @A AIJ=J H @AFA @A @A = F IE?E @A H J H = E @K?J= ?E= FH FE= @A AIJ=J H AI ? IJ= JA A E @AFA @EA JA @A CK -IJ= E @K?J= ?E= IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H ?
2 Le = Ne Pe

"   H= = EA J EI ?KHHA

5E A AIJ=J H AI ?E @HE? = E @K?J= ?E= FH FE= @A H J H AI ? IJ= JA F H A EI = JAHE H 5E J @ I I @AL= =@ I @A AIJ=J H F IAA A EI AH @A LKA J=I O ? =I > >E =I @A H J H I J H E I @A = @E=C = @A = =JHE @A E @K?J= ?E= I

Le ? [ L] = ? ?

? Le ? ?

? ? Lr ?

? ? ? Lr

" !

=I E @K?J= ?E=I KJK=I A JHA I @AL= =@ I O @A AIJ=J H I ?AH F H GKA AIJ=I > >E =I I HJ C = AI O A K GKA IA FH @K?A A K = @A A =I FKA@A A = =H = = JH= = EI = IEJK=?E IK?A@A ? I @AL= =@ I @A H J H

Le 0 [ L] = ? ?

0 Le ? ?

? ? Lr 0

? ? 0 Lr

" "

= E @K?J= ?E= KJK= A JHA = > >E = @A AIJ=J H O @A H J H AI NE = ?K= @ = > I @AL= =@ I IA A ?KA JH= = E A=@ I AI @A?EH ? = 0 2=H= HAFHAIA J=H AIJA L= H @A = E @K?J= ?E= KJK= IA @A>A KJE E =H K J H E A cos 7 = IEJK=?E IA A = JA IA FHAIA J= A JHA A A A @A AIJ=J H O A A A @A H J H = E @K?J= ?E= KJK= A JHA =I > >E =I @A H J H O @A AIJ=J H AI NE = ?K= @ = 2 AIJ IA HAFHAIA J= A@E= JA K J H E A sen = E @K?J= ?E= KJK= A JHA A @AL= =@ @A H J H O @A AIJ=J H AI NE = ?K= @ = AIJ= E @K?J= ?E= IA FKA@A HAFHAIA J=H A@E= JA K J H E 2 F H AIJ= H= sen ,A AIJ= B H = O HA? H@= @ GKA = =JHE @A E @K?J= ?E=I AI IE JHE?= IA >JEA A

"# +

+7

,- 2)4 -

+641+

'

Le 0 [L] = Ler cos Ler sen

0 Le Ler sen Ler cos

Ler cos Ler sen Lr 0

Ler sen Ler cos 0 Lr

" #

=JHE @A F=H
= = =JHE @A F=H [ ()] IA ?= ?K = @AHEL= @ ? GKE = HAIFA?J = CK

=JHE @A E @K?J= ?E=I @A

[ ()] =
,A AIJ= B H = IA >JEA A

d [ L] d Ler cos Ler sen 0 0r

" $

0 0 [ ()] = Ler sen Ler cos

0 0 Ler cos Ler sen

Ler sen Ler cos 0 0

" %

"#

+ ?K

@A F=H A ?JHE?
GKE =

) F=HJEH @A =I

=JHE?AI " # O " % IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H A F=H A ?JHE? @A =

t ie Le 1 i 0 e Te = 2 ir Ler cos ir Ler sen

-BA?JK= @ I FH @K?J I =JHE?E= AI A

0 Le Ler sen Ler cos

Ler cos Ler sen Lr 0

Ler sen ie ie Ler cos ir 0 Lr ir

" &

= A?K=?E

" & IA >JEA A " '

Te = Ler {sen (ie ir ie ir ) + cos (ie ir + ie ir )}

5E =I ? HHEA JAI @A AIJ=J H @A H J H I ?AH J @ I I J H E " ' IA = K = O IA FH @K?A F=H 5E IA E OA?J= ? HHEA JAI ? H J H O @A AIJ=J H A F=H A ?JHE? GKA IA >JEA A AI @A = B H =

I @A F=H A ?JHE? A = A?K=?E IJ= JAI A J @=I =I > >E =I @A

Te = Ler {A sen + B cos}

" 

- = A?K=?E "  IA >IAHL= GKA F=H= ?=@= L= H @A = F IE?E @A H J H ANEIJA K F=H A ?JHE? FAH A FH A@E @A AIA F=H A K CEH ? F AJ @A = GKE = AI ?AH -IJ= AI K = H= GKA HABKAH = A ? ?AFJ @A = E F IE>E E@=@ @A GKA K = GKE = A ?JHE?= FKA@= BK ?E =H A H CE A FAH = A JA ? ? HHEA JA ? JE K= A J @ I IKI @AL= =@ I += ?K = @ A F=H A ?JHE? FH A@E @A = GKE = >EB IE?= A K FAH @ IA >JEA A

Te =

Ler T

{sen (ie ir ie ir ) + cos (ie ir + ie ir )} d

0

"  IJ= JA m

CK A = ANFHAIE IA FKA@A ANFHAI=H ?

"  ?

IE@AH= @ GKA A H J H CEH= = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H ?

= m t + 0
5KIJEJKOA @ = ANFHAIE " A "  IA >JEA A

"

'

+)2 67

"

371 )5 -

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Te

Ler T

{sen (m t + 0 ) (ie ir ie ir ) +
0

+cos (m t + 0 ) (ie ir + ie ir )} dm t
5E IA ANFHAI= =I ? HHEA JAI A B H = @A ? IA I

" !

ie ie ir ir
4A? H@= @ GKA

= = = =

2Ie cos (e t + e ) 2Ie cos (e t + e ) 2Ir cos (r t + r ) 2Ir cos (r t + r )

" "

1 T
I E? I J H E I GKA FKA@A cosenos F H J= J

sen cosd = 0
0

" # I FH @K?J I @A

FH @K?EH F=H FH
T

A@E

@EBAHA JA @A ?AH I

Te =

Ler T

{cos (m t + 0 ) (ie ir + ie ir )} d
0

" $ A@E= JA IAHEAI @A

5E =I ? HHEA JAI AIJ=J HE?=I O H J HE?=I I FAHE @E?=I AI F IE> A ANFHAI=H =I . KHEAH 7JE E = @ ANF= IE @A =I BK ?E AI A IAHEAI @A cosenos

ie =
k=1

Ike cos (ke t e )

" % " &

ir =
j =1

Ijr cos (jr t r )

IJ H E

I @A F=H I

@A = B H =

cos (m t + 0 )
k=1

Ike cos (ke t e )

j =1

Ijr cos (jr t r )

" '

4A? H@= @

= FH FEA@=@ JHEC

JHE?=

cos cos cos

1 [cos ( + + ) + cos ( + ) + 4 + cos ( + ) + cos ( + + )]

CA HE? @A F=H A ?JHE? " ' - J H E CA

" ! HE? GKA@=

5A FKA@A =F E?=H AIJ= FH FEA@=@ = J H E A J ?AI =I

cos (m t + 0 ke t jr t e r )
2=H= GKA K J H E ECK= = " ! JA C= K FH A@E @EBAHA JA @A ?AH A K FAH @ GKA IA = K A = @AFA @A ?E= @A JEA F A A =HCK A J @A = BK ?E ? IA

" ! AI A?AI=HE

m ke jr = 0

" ! 

"# +

+7

,- 2)4 -

+641+

'!

= A?K=?E " " AI BK @= A J= A A = EIEI @A =I GKE =I A ?JHE?=I H J=JEL=I O IA ? ?A ? ? @E?E A?AI=HE= F=H= F=H FH A@E - = A?K=?E " " m AI = LA ?E@=@ A? E?= @A IEIJA = e HAFHAIA J= = BHA?KA ?E= = CK =H @A =I ? HHEA JAI E OA?J=@=I A =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H O r AI = BHA?KA ?E= = CK =H @A =I ? HHEA JAI E OA?J=@=I A A H J H I JEF I I ? K AI @A GKE =I A ?JHE?=I ? LA ?E = AI IA @EBAHA ?E= F H A A?= EI GKA KJE E = F=H= @=H ?K F E EA J = = A?K=?E " " =I GKE =I IE ?H E?=I @A E @K??E O @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= KJE E = @EBAHA JAI A?= EI I @A AN?EJ=?E @A IKI > >E =I H J HE?=I O AIJ=J HE?=I FAH IEA FHA @A>A I=JEIB=?AH = ? @E?E A?AI=HE= @A F=H FH A@E F=H= FAH EJEH = ? LAHIE @A A AHC =

=
) =I

GKE = IE ?H
GKE =I IE ?H

E?=
JE K= A =I > >E =I H J HE?=I F H AIJ= H= " !! = HAIJHE??E " "! F=H= =I GKE =I

E?=I IA AI E OA?J= ? HHEA JA ?

r = 0
)F E?= @ = ? @E?E IE ?H E?=I IA >JEA A A?AI=HE= @A F=H FH A@E " " ?

m ke = 0

" !"

= A?K=?E " "" KIJE ?= A >HA @A AIJ=I GKE =I O= GKA =I GKE =I IE ?H E?=I I FKA@A FH @K?EH F=H FH A@E @EBAHA JA @A ?AH ?K= @ = LA ?E@=@ A? E?= ? E ?E@A ? = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H @A =I ? HHEA JAI E OA?J=@=I A A AIJ=J H JH=I F= =>H=I = GKE = @A>A CEH=H A IE ?H EI ? =I ? HHEA JAI AIJ=J HE?=I =I GKE =I @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= I K ?=I F=HJE?K =H @A GKE = IE ?H E?= @ @A = ECK= @=@ @A BHA?KA ?E=I A JHA =I ? HHEA JAI H J HE?=I A AIJA ?=I O = LA ?E@=@ A? E?= IA >JEA A A@E= JA K E LAHI H A? E? ? IJEJKE@ F H K ? A?J H O K KAC @A ?=H> AI GKA ? KJ= =I ? HHEA JAI A =I > >E =I @A H J H ? K = BHA?KA ?E= ECK= = = LA ?E@=@ A? E?= @A CEH

GKE = @A E @K??E

- = GKE = @A E @K??E IA FAH EJA K CH=@ @A E>AHJ=@ =@E?E = - AIJ= GKE = IA FKA@A >JA AH F=H FH A@E @EBAHA JA @A ?AH A K = F E H= C @A LA ?E@=@AI A? E?=I =I ? HHEA JAI GKA ?EH?K = F H A H J H IA = KIJ= F H A BA A @A E @K??E A A?JH =C JE?= O ?K F A = ? @E?E " " - = GKE = @A E @K??E IA = = BHA?KA ?E= @A =I ? HHEA JAI A A AIJ=J H e IA FH @K?A K ?= F A A?JH =C JE? A A A JHADEAHH @A = GKE = GKA CEH= A? E?= A JA ? = BHA?KA ?E= = CK =H @A AIJ=I ? HHEA JAI + A H J H CEH= = = LA ?E@=@ A? E?= m I ? @K?J HAI @A H J H ? HJ= A ?= F =C JE? FH @K?E@ A A AIJ=J H ? K = LA ?E@=@ GKA AI = @EBAHA ?E= A JHA e O m = @EBAHA ?E= F H?A JK= A JHA AIJ=I @ I LA ?E@=@AI IA ? ?A ? @AI E = EA J @A = GKE = e m s= 100 " !# e = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H e IA ? ?A ? LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= @A = GKE = @A E @K??E

GKE = @A ? HHEA JA ?

JE K=

- = CKH= " ! IA KAIJH= K = GKE = @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= IE F E ?=@= -IJ= GKE = F IAA K @AL= =@ AIJ=J HE? F H A ?K= IA E OA?J= ? HHEA JA ? JE K= O K = =H =@KH= A A H J H = E A J=@= A@E= JA K = BKA JA @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= O K ? A?J H GKA FAH EJA = E LAHIE @A =I ? HHEA JAI A

'"

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"

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.ECKH= " ! ,E=CH= = AIGKA

JE? @A K =

GKE = A A A J= @A ? HHEA JA ?

JE K= @A@K?E@= " !$

= =H =@KH= 2=H= ?= ?K =H A F=H A ?JHE? GKA FH @K?A AIJ= A A ?=FEJK F=H= I IEIJA =I E A= AI

GKE = IA KJE E = = ANFHAIE

Te =
,AI=HH = @ ANF ?EJ= A JA = A?K=?E

1 t [i] [ ()] [i] 2

" "$ IA >JEA A

Te =

1 2

ie

ir

0 M sen

M sen 0

ie ir

" !% =I

- = ANFHAIE = JAHE H M AI = E @K?J= ?E= FAH=?E AI =JHE?E= AI A = A?K=?E " "%

KJK= A JHA A AIJ=J H O A H J H 4A= E = @

Te = M ie ir sen

" !&

- ? A?J H ? KJ=@ H A? E? @A = GKE = @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= FAH EJA = JAH =H = F =HE@=@ @A = JA IE @A = E A J=?E @A = > >E = @A H J H Vr = EI JEA F GKA CEH= A H J H - = CKH= " ! IA >IAHL= J= >E = ? HHEA JA GKA ?EH?K = F H = =H =@KH= H J H @A = GKE = - F=H FH A@E A A A A @A = GKE = IA ?= ?K = ?

Te =
4AI LEA @

1 2

M Ie Ir send +
0

M Ie Ir send

" !'

=I E JACH= AI @A = A?K=?E

" "' IA >JEA A

Te =

2M Ie Ir = k Ie Ir

" " JE K= -

= ANFHAIE = JAHE H @AJAH E = A F=H A ?JHE? FH A@E A = GKE = @A ? HHEA JA ? ? A ?EA JA k @AFA @A @A = ? IJHK??E B IE?= @A I @AL= =@ I @A H J H O @A AIJ=J H

"$

2=H A ?JHE? O BKAH =I

=C AJ

JHE?AI

- = CKH= " " IA HAFHAIA J= A @E=CH= = @A K = GKE = A ?JHE?= ?E @HE?= ? K AIJ=J H O K H J H - A AIJ=J H O H J H IA FH @K?A =I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI Fe O Fr HAIFA?JEL= A JA

" $ 2)4 -

+641+

; .7-4 )5

)/ -6

641+-5

'#

.ECKH= " " 2=H A ?JHE? = F=HJEH @A =I BKAH =I

=C AJ

JHE?AI

?KO= = F EJK@ O @EHA??E IA HAFHAIA J= LA?J HE= A JA A = CKH= -IJ=I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI IA A ?KA JH= IAF=H=@=I A K CK K = @A = JH= = IK = @A =I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE @A H J H O @A AIJ=J H FH @K?A = BKAH = =C AJ JHE HAIK J= JA A A A JHADEAHH @A = GKE = Ft 2=H= ?= ?K =H A F=H A ?JHE? @A K = GKE = A BK ?E @A =I BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI IA @AJAH E = = ? A AHC = A A ?= F O KAC IA @AHEL= ? HAIFA?J = = F IE?E = CK =H

Te =
,A = CKH= " " IA @A@K?A

Wc (F, )

" "

2 2 F2 t = Fr + Fe + 2Fr Fe cos

" " 

5E = FAH A=>E E@=@ @A =JAHE= =C JE? AI KO CH= @A AI @A?EH r JEA @A = E EJ J @= = A AHC = AIJ ? ?A JH=@= A A A JHADEAHH O = ? A AHC = IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H @A = IECKEA JA B H =

Wc = Wc = volumen wc
- = A?K=?E AIJ= B H = " "!

" "! ,A

wc HAFHAIA J= = A AHC = FH Wc = 2rl

A@E A A ?= F F H K E@=@ @A L K A

1 HB 2

" ""

@A

r l
+

AI A H=@E AI =

A@E @A A JHADEAHH GKE =

AI A AIFAI H @A A JHADEAHH CEJK@ =?JEL= @A = =C

= @A IE@=@ @A ?= F

JE? B A A A JHADEAHH AI ECK= = 0 H

Wc = 2rl
= FHE AH= =H E?= @A = E JA IE@=@ @A ?= F

1 0 H2 2
=C JE? H AI IE KI E@= O IK L= H FH
2

" "# A@E AI " "$

H2 =
5KIJEJKOA @ " "$ A " "#

1 2

2 0

(Hmax sen) d = 1 2 Wc = 2rl Hmax 2

1 2 H 2 max

" "%

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.ECKH= " # .KAH =I

=C AJ

JHE?AI A E JA IE@=@AI @A ?= F

=C

JE? F =C JE? @A IA HAFHAIA J= K = EJ= J @= = BKAH = @A ) FAHA = AIJ= " "&

- = A?K=?E " "% AI A?AI=HE ANFHAI=H = = F EJK@ @A = E JA IE@=@ @A ?= FHE AH= =H E?= A BK ?E @A =I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI - = CKH= #% GKE = ? K @AL= =@ A A AIJ=J H + = FAH A=>E E@=@ @A DEAHH AI E =C AJ JHE IA KJE E = F=H= GKA A K ?HK?A A A JHADEAHH )F E?= @ = AO GKE = IA JEA A

F = NI =
- IACK @ J H E

H dl =

Haire dlaire +

Hhierro dlhierro

E JACH= AI ?AH O= GKA

Hhierro =
5KIJEJKOA @ " "' A " "&

B =0 0 hierro

" "'

F = NI =

H dl =

Haire dlaire
=C

" # JE? A " # @A = BKAH = A A?JH " # 

- = CKH= " # J= >E IA HAFHAIA J= = @EIJHE>K?E @A = E JA IE@=@ @A ?= F BK ?E @A = F IE?E @A = JH=OA?J HE= @A ) F HA ,A AIJ= B H = IA >JEA A

F = NI =
,AIFA = @ @A = A?K=?E JHE 5KIJEJKOA @ = A?K=?E

H dl =

Haire dlaire = 2 Haire

=C JE? A BK ?E

" # = E JA IE@=@ @A ?= F

H=
"# A = A?K=?E

F 2

" "% IA >JEA A

Wc =
4AA F = = @ = A?K=?E "" A = A?K=?E

rl0 2 F 8

" #!

" #! " #"

Wc =

rl0 2 F2 r + Fe + 2Fr Fe cos 8

" !

2=H= ?= ?K =H A F=H A ?JHE? IA KJE E = = A?K=?E

Te =

rl0 Wc (F, ) = Fr Fe sen 4

" ##

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)/

61+

4 6)6 41

'%

.ECKH= " $ ,EBAHA JAI @EIJHE>K?E

AI @A ?

@K?J HAI O ?= F I A

=I

GKE =I

A@E= JA = A?K=?E " ## IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H A F=H A ?JHE? A BK ?E @A =I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI @A = GKE = = BKAH = =C AJ JHE @AFA @A @A =I ? HHEA JAI O @A AH @A LKA J=I @A =I > >E =I 5E IA ? ?A =I @E A IE AI @A = GKE = =I ? HHEA JAI O A AH @A ? @K?J HAI @A ?=@= > >E = AI F IE> A KJE E =H = A?K=?E " ## F=H= @AJAH E =H A F=H 5E = @EIJHE>K?E @A =I ? HHEA JAI A = GKE = AI FK JK= IA FKA@A KJE E =H = EI = J ? E?= F=H= ?= ?K =H = E JA IE@=@ @A ?= F =C JE? H FAH IA JEA A A ?KA J= GKA

H dl =

J ds

" #$

- = CKH= " $ IA KAIJH= @ I @EIJHE>K?E AI @EBAHA JAI @A I ? @K?J HAI A = IKFAH ?EA @A K = GKE = =I ? IK HAIFA?JEL= @EIJHE>K?E @A E JA IE@=@AI @A ?= F =C JE? H +K= @ A A JHADEAHH AI ? IJ= JA = @A IE@=@ @A ?= F =C JE? B F IAA = EI = @EIJHE>K?E GKA = E JA IE@=@ @A ?= F =C JE? H

"%

- ?= F

=C

JE? H J=J HE

+K= @ IA = = E =H =I >=IAI @A = GKE = A ?JHE?= CA AH= E =@= IA KJE E =H @ I CH=@ I @A E>AHJ=@ F=H= = HAFHAIA J=?E @A ?= F =C JE? K @=@ F H = > >E = O A JH F H = > >E = A@E= JA AIJA AIGKA = IA FKA@A @AJAH E =H A ?= F A ?K= GKEAH FK J @A F = - = CKH= " % IA KAIJH= @ I ? HHEA JAI i A i GKA FKA@A IAH E OA?J=@=I A =I > >E =I O @A = GKE = - A E IJ= JA E E?E= t = 0 = ? HHEA JA i L= A ?AH A i AI I F H J= J A ?= F HAIK J= JA =FK J= A = @EHA??E AC=JEL= @A A A +K= @ A JEA F IA E ?HA A J= O AC= = E IJ= JA 2 =

'&

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.ECKH= " % + HHEA JAI E OA?J=@=I A

GKE = CA AH= E =@=

.ECKH= " & += F

=C

JE? H J=J HE

? HHEA JA i IA = K = EA JH=I GKA = ? HHEA JA i AI +I A ?= F A AIJ=I ? @E?E AI =FK J= A = @EHA??E F IEJEL= @A A A - A E IJ= JA A K IA HEA J=H IAC = @EHA??E F IEJEL= @A A A O= GKA = ? HHEA JA i JEA A ? L= H +I O = ? HHEA JA i AI ?AH 2=H= A E IJ= JA @A JEA F 2 = ? HHEA JA i AI ?AH = ? HHEA JA i L= A I O A LA?J H @A ?= F =FK J= KAL= A JA A = @EHA??E AC=JEL= @A A A HAFEJE @ IA @A AIJ= B H = =I ? @E?E AI E E?E= AI - = CKH= " & IA HAFHAIA J= = IEJK=?E = JAHE H - = EIEI = JAHE H IA = = =I ? HHEA JAI GKA L=H = A A JEA F GKA CEH= A A AIF=?E )K ?K= @ I ?= F I @A ?=@= A A JEA A A JEA F O A A AIF=?E HECE = K ?= F =C JE? H J=J HE =C JE? A A AIF=?E AI ECK= = = BHA?KA ?E= @A L=HE=?E @A =I 5E = > >E A A @E AHA ? IE@AH=@ A@E= JA A FH @K?A K ?= F =C JE? ECK= = F EJK@ A @AIB=I= A A = BHA?KA ?E= @A CEH @A ?= F ? HHEA JAI A A JEA F

= AI E@ JE?= = = > >E = =I ? HHEA JAI E OA?J=@=I = = GKE = A ?=@= A = F EJK@ A ?= F AI ?EH?K =H IE A FJE? I ?= F I A FJE? I J= >E I I ?= F I =C JE? I H J=J HE I H J= JAI =I GKE =I JHEB IE?=I J= >E BK ?E = FHE ?EFE @A ?= F =C JE? H J=J HE

"&

GKE = JHEB IE?=

= GKE = JHEB IE?= @EIF A @A JHAI @AL= =@ I HAF=HJE@ I IE JHE?= A JA A = FAHEBAHE= @A ?E E @H - = CKH= " ' IA HAFHAIA J= = ? CKH=?E AIGKA JE?= @A AIJA JEF @A GKE =I =I ? =I JHAI ? HHEA JAI GKA IA D= E OA?J=@ A =I > >E =I a b O c - = CKH= IA HAFHAIA J= =I ? HHEA JAI a b c O =I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI GKA AIJ=I ? HHEA JAI FH @K?A A A JEA F E E?E= (t = 0) ? B=I HAI - A E IJ= JA E E?E= =I ? HHEA JAI GKA ?EH?K = F H =I JHAI > >E =I I

"&

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.ECKH= " ' + HHEA JAI O BKAH =I

=C AJ

JHE?AI @A =

GKE = JHEB IE?=

ia (0) = ib (0) = ic (0) =

2=H= @A IJH=H GKA A ?= F IA ANFHAI= AIJ=I ? HHEA JA ? =C JE?

Imax 1 Imax 2 1 Imax 2

" #%

HECE =@ F H =I ? HHEA JAI @A = CKH= " ' AI H J=J HE

ia (t) = ib (t) = ic (t) =

I cos(t ) 2 ) 3 4 I cos(t ) 3 I cos(t

A@E@ = F=HJEH @A A A =C " #&

5E AI = @EHA??E @A K FK J ?K= GKEAH= A A A JHADEAHH > >E = a IA >JEA A

JE? @A = " #'

F(, t) = N ia cos + N ib cos( +

5KIJEJKOA @ =I ANFHAIE AI " #& A = A?K=?E

4 2 ) + N ic cos( + ) 3 3

" #' IA >JEA A

F(, t)

= N I {cos(t ) cos + 2 4 + cos(t ) cos( + ) + 3 3 4 2 + cos(t ) cos( + )} 3 3

JHE?=I F=H= A FH @K?J @A ? IA I IA >JEA A

" $

)F E?= @

=I FH FEA@=@AI JHEC

F(, t) =

NI {cos(t + ) + cos(t ) + 2 2 + cos(t + + ) + cos(t ) + 3 2 ) + cos(t } + cos(t + 3

" $

- = A?K=?E = JAHE H I J H E I FHE AH JAH?AH O GKE J @A = IK =J HE= @A cosenos IK = ?AH F H GKA A @AIB=IA A JHA A I AI @A 23 + AIJ= ? IE@AH=?E IA >JEA A



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F(, t) =

3 N Icos(t ) 2

" $ 

-IJ= ANFHAIE FAH EJA @AJAH E =H = BKAH = =C AJ JHE A A AIF=?E O A A JEA F 5E IA = = F IE?E AI @A?EH A CK AI ? IJ= JA = A?K=?E " $ @AJAH E = GKA A AI= F IE?E = BKAH = =C AJ JHE L=H = IE KI E@= A JA A A JEA F 5E IA ? CA = A JEA F A K E IJ= JA @AJAH E =@ = ANFHAIE " $ @AJAH E = K = @EIJHE>K?E IE KI E@= @A = BKAH = =C AJ JHE A A AIF=?E = A?K=?E " $ @A KAIJH= GKA A K = GKE = A ?JHE?= JHEB IE?= = E A J=@= F H JHAI ? HHEA JAI >= = ?A=@=I O @AIB=I=@=I 23 A A JEA F FH @K?A K ?= F =C JE? H J=J HE IE E =H = FH @K?E@ F H @ I @AL= =@ I HJ C = AI = I ?K= AI IA AI E OA?JA ? HHEA JAI IE KI E@= AI @AIB=I=@=I
2

"'

6H= IB H =?E

@A +

H@A =@=I

- IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI "  GKA @A = A ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = A ?JHE?= AI E A= = @AFA @A ?E= A @A AIJA @A @E ?K J= J=> A A JA = I K?E @A ?K= GKEAH FH > A = = JH= IB H =?E @A =I A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI = KAL I IEIJA =I @A ? H@A =@=I IE F E ?= A K?D I ?=I I AIJA @A 7 KAL IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I IA FKA@A @A EH A@E= JA K = =JHE @A JH= IB H =?E =F E?=@= = =I L=HE=> AI A ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I O =I JA IE AI O ? HHEA JAI A A KAL IEIJA = JH= IB H =@ I [vee,rr ] = [Awxyz ] [vwxyz ] " $!

[iee,rr ] = [Awxyz ] [iwxyz ]

@ @A

" $"

Awxyz vwxyz iwxyz

= F JA ?E= A ?

AI = I I

=JHE @A JH= IB H =?E =I JA IE =I JA IE AI A ? AI A H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I H@A =@=I H@A =@=I A@E= JA = ANFHAIE " $# H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I =I KAL=I ? =I KAL=I ?

vee,rr I iee,rr I

=I ? HHEA JAI A ? =I ? HHEA JAI A

H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H

t

p = [iee,rr ] [vee,rr ]

- = ANFHAIE " $# A =IJAHEI? () E @E?= GKA A LA?J H @A ? HHEA JAI IA @A>A ? KC=H A ?=I @A IAH ? F A O A IKFAH @E?A t HAFHAIA J= K = JH=IF IE?E @A LA?J H @A ? HHEA JAI F=H= GKA A FH @K?J =JHE?E= ? A LA?J H @A JA IE AI IA= ? B H => A 5KIJEJKOA @ A = A?K=?E " $# =I @A E?E AI " $! O " $" IA >JEA A

p = [iwxyz ] [Awxyz ] [Awxyz ] [vwxyz ]

2=H= GKA = JH= IB H =?E KJE E =@= [Awxyz ] IA= E L=HE= JA A F JA ?E= AI A?AI=HE GKA

" $$

[Awxyz ] [Awxyz ] = [I ]
= A?K=?E " $% [I ] AI = =JHE E@A JE@=@ ,A AIJ= ANFHAIE IA >JEA A

" $%

[Awxyz ]

= [Awxyz ]

" $&

7 = =JHE GKA I=JEIB=?A = ? @E?E " $& IA @A E @E?= GKA IE A = =JHE @A JH= IB H =?E @A ?

E = DAH EJE= = DAH JE?= = A?K=?E " $& H@A =@=I IK ? KC=@= JH=IFKAIJ= AI E@ JE?= =

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4,- ),)5



= =JHE E LAHI= @E?D= JH= IB H =?E AI ? IAHL=JEL= A F JA ?E= - JH=I F= =>H=I K = JH= I B H =?E DAH EJE= = FAH EJA ?= ?K =H =I F JA ?E=I A =I L=HE=> AI JH= IB H =@=I IE A?AIE@=@ @A HACHAI=H = =I ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I =I A?K=?E AI @A I A AI A ?JHE? I @A = GKE = IA FKA@A AI?HE>EH ? " $'

[, ] [i, ] [v, ] = [R, ] + [L, ] p +

6H= IB H = @ =I ? H@A =@=I A = A?K=?E " $' IA >JEA A

[, ] [Awxyz ] [iwxyz ] [Awxyz ] [vwxyz ] = [R, ] + [L, ] p +

,AIFA = @ @A " % A LA?J H @A JA IE AI IA >JEA A
1

" %

[vwxyz ] =

[Awxyz ]

[R, ] [Awxyz ] +
1

[L, ] [Awxyz ] p + d 1 + [Awxyz ] [L, ] [Awxyz ] + dt [Awxyz ]1 [, ] [Awxyz ] [iwxyz ] +

= A?K=?E " % IA FKA@A AI?HE>EH KJE E = @ =I IECKEA JAI @A
1 1 1

+ [Awxyz ]

" %

E?E

AI " %  " %! " %" = CK =H IA >JEA A " %#

[Rwxyz ] [Awxyz ] [Lwxyz ] [Awxyz ] [wxyz ] [Awxyz ]

+ = =JHE @A JH= IB H =?E

[R, ] [Awxyz ] [L, ] [Awxyz ] [, ] [Awxyz ]

FKA@A @AFA @AH A CA AH= @A = F IE?E

d d d [Awxyz ] = [Awxyz ] dt d dt
O @A EA @

[Hwxyz ] [Awxyz ]
5A FKA@A AI?HE>EH = A?K=?E " % ?

[L, ]

d [Awxyz ] d

" %$

[[wxyz ] + [Hwxyz ]] [iwxyz ] [vwxyz ] = [Rwxyz ] + [Lwxyz ] p +

" %%

- = A?K=?E " %% A IACK @ J H E @A = IK =J HE= ? HHAIF @A = =I BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI @A JH= IB H =?E O A J H E JAH?AH = =I BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI @A CA AH=?E -IJA JE J H E IA @AI? F A A @ I F=HJAI F H K =@ = =JHE @A F=H [wxyz ] O F H JH = =JHE [Hwxyz ] GKA HAFH @K?A I J H E I @A CA AH=?E HECE =@ I F H A LE EA J HA =JEL @A I A AI JH= IB H =@ I ? HAIFA?J = I A AI HA= AI = =JHE [Hwxyz ] @AJAH E = I J H E I D E? I @A>E@ I = = JH= IB H =?E @A ? H@A =@=I = A?K=?E @E E?= @A = GKE = IA ANFHAI= ? " %&

1 t + Tm = [i, ] [, ] [i, ] + J 2
6H= IB H = @ = A?K=?E " %& = =I KAL=I ? H@A =@=I

1 t t + Tm = [iwxyz ] [Awxyz ] [, ] [Awxyz ] [iwxyz ] + J 2

" %'



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.ECKH= "  6H= IB H =?E O IKIJEJKOA @ = A?K=?E " %" A " %'

@A ?

H@A =@=I @A @A H J H = @G @A H J H

1 t + Tm = [iwxyz ] [wxyz ] [iwxyz ] + J 2

" &

=I A?K=?E AI " %% O " & HAFHAIA J= = = GKE = A ?JHE?= A K KAL IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I A@E= JA K = IA A??E =FH FE=@= @A = =JHE @A JH= IB H =?E [Awxyz ] AI F IE> A A ? JH=H K = I K?E I IE F A = IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI GKA @A A A ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE =

" 

6H= IB H =?E

@A ?

H@A =@=I

dq

7 = JH= IB H =?E JE A A = EIEI @A =I GKE =I A ?JHE?=I H J=JEL=I ? IEIJA A FH OA?J=H =I ? H@A =@=I @A H J H A A AI ? E A= AI ? I A AI @A AIJ=J H -IJ I KAL I A AI IA @A E = @EHA?J dr O ?K=@H=JKH= qr AIJ= JH= IB H =?E FAH EJA = K =H A LE EA J @A =I > >E =I @A H J H O =I E @K?J= ?E=I A JHA A AIJ=J H O A H J H I ? IJ= JAI A A IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I JH= IB H =@=I - = CKH= "  IA D= HAFHAIA J=@ K @E=CH= = ? = JH= IB H =?E FH FKAIJ= - AIJ= JH= IB H =?E =I JA IE AI O ? HHEA JAI ? HHAIF @EA JAI = =I ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I @A H J H I HABAHE@=I = KAL=I JA IE AI O ? HHEA JAI E OA?J=@=I A > >E =I =I A A AIF=?E I A AI @A AIJ=J H FAH = A?A E = JAH=@ I A =I KAL=I ? H@A =@=I = =JHE @A JH= IB H =?E @A ? H@A =@=I IA FKA@A F=HJE?E =H @A = IECKEA JA B H =

[Adq ] =
=I ? H@A =@=I @A AIJ=J H IAH K EJ=HE= ?= >E= A

[Aee ] [0] [0] [Arr ]

F H AIJ= H=

" & = IK> =JHE [Aee ] @A>A " & 

= JH= IB H =?E

[Aee ] =
2=H= @AJAH E =H [Arr ] IA @A>A HA? H@=H GKA

1 0 0 1

[ir r ] = [Arr ] [idr qr ]

" &!

= =JHE [Arr ] ? HHAIF @A = = FH OA??E @A I A AI r O r I >HA I A AI dr O qr I E@=HE I ? A AIJ=J H -IJ= JH= IB H =?E AI K = H J=?E E LAHI= GKA = K = = H J=?E @A H J H @A = GKE = ,A = CKH= "  IA @A@K?A GKA = JH= IB H =?E @A ? H@A =@=I AI

[Arr ] =

cos sen

sen cos

" &"

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1

,- +

4,- ),)5

DQ

! KC=@= AI ECK= = IK E LAHI=

= A?K=?E

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1

[Arr ]

cos sen

sen cos

,A E@= = JH= IB H =?E @A ? [Rdq ] [Ldq ] [dq ]O[Hdq ]

1 cos sen t = [Arr ] " &# 2 sen cos + sen H@A =@=I[Arr ] AI F IE> A @AJAH E =H =I =JHE?AI JH= IB H =@=I = cos2

=JHE @A HAIEIJA ?E=I A ?

= =JHE @A HAIEIJA ?E= [Rdq ] A

H@A =@=I dq
=I KAL=I ?
1 1

H@A =@=I AI

[Rdq ] = =
-BA?JK= @ A JHEF A FH @K?J

[Adq ]

[R, ] [Adq ] = Re [I ] [0] [0] Rr [I ]

" &$ IA >JEA A

[I ] [0] t [0] [Arr ]

[I ] [0] [0] [Arr ]

" &$

=JHE?E= @A = A?K=?E

[Rdq ] =

Re [I ] [0]

[0] Rr [I ]

" &%

+ IA >IAHL= A = A?K=?E " &% = JH= IB H =?E =F E?=@= @E ?= = =JHE HECE = @A HAIEIJA ?E=I -IJ AI @A AIFAH=H @A>E@ = GKA =I HAIEIJA ?E=I @AFA @A @A = F IE?E @A H J H O ANEIJA =? F = EA J C= L E? A JHA =I > >E =I

=JHE @A E @K?J= ?E=I A ?

5E IA =F E?= = JH= IB H =?E = =

H@A =@=I dq
1

=JHE @A E @K?J= ?E= [L, ] IA >JEA A

[L,dq ] = =

[A,dq ]

[L, ] [A,dq ] = Le 0 0 L Le [I ] Ler [I ] e = Ler 0 Ler [I ] Lr [I ] 0 Ler

Ler 0 Lr 0

0 Ler 0 Lr

" &&

- = A?K=?E " && IA >IAHL= GKA = =JHE @A E @K?J= ?E=I JH= IB H =@=I AI E @AFA @EA JA @A = F IE?E = CK =H @A H J H -IJ AI @A>E@ = = H J=?E A IA JE@ E LAHI @A = JH= IB H =?E GKA ? LEAHJA =I E @K?J= ?E=I I E@=HE=I ? I A AI @A H J H A E @K?J= ?E=I GKA CEH= A ? JH= @A = F IE?E = CK =H @A H J H O F H J= J = JEA A K = F IE?E ? IJ= JA ? HAIFA?J = I A AI O @A AIJ=J H

=JHE?AI @A CA AH=?E
)F E?= @ A EI

A ?

H@A =@=I dq
Ler 0 0 0

=JHE @A F=H [, ] IA >JEA A 0 0 0 0 0 L 1 er [,dq ] = [A,dq ] [, ] [A,dq ] = 0 Ler 0 Ler 0 0

FH ?A@E EA J = =

" &'

1CK= GKA ? = =JHE @A E @K?J= ?E= [L,dq ] = =JHE @A F=H [,dq ] AI E @AFA @EA JA @A CK = =JHE @A J H E I @A CA AH=?E D E? I [H,dq ] IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H ? 0 0 0 Ler 0 0 Ler d 0 1 [A,dq ] = [H,dq ] = [A,dq ] [L, ] " ' 0 0 0 Lr d 0 0 Lr 0

"

+)2 67

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.ECKH= "  = =JHE @A CA AH=?E

@A

AIGKA

JE? @A =

GKE = CA AH= E =@= =

A @A = IECKEA JA B H 0 0 [G,dq ] = [,dq ] + [H,dq ] = 0 Ler

[G,dq ] IA @A

0 0 Ler 0

0 0 0 Lr

0 0 Lr 0

" '

" 
=I A?K=?E

-?K=?E
AI @A JA IE

AI CA AH= AI A ?
F=H= = GKE = A ?

H@A =@=I dq
ie ie idr i qr

H@A =@=I JH= IB H =@=Idq I

Re + Le p 0 Ler p 0 v e v e 0 R + L p 0 L e e er p er r vd r = Ler p L Rr + Lr p L er r v qr L Ler p L Rr + Lr p

" ' 

= A?K=?E " ' HAFHAIA J= = = GKE = A ?JHE?= A ? H@A =@=I dq = ? IJHK??E @A K = GKE = ? AIJ= AI F IE> A B IE?= A JA A@E= JA = E ? HF H=?E @A K F=H @A ? KJ=@ HAI ? I GKA IA E KIJH= A = CKH= $! - ? A?J H FAH EJA GKA =I E @K?J= ?E=I FH FE=I O KJK=I LEIJ=I @AI@A A AIJ=J H IA= E @AFA @EA JAI @A = F IE?E @A H J H =I AI? >E =I ?=H> AI GKA HA? A? J= = ? HHEA JA AKJH= E = A ABA?J @A CEH @A B H = = C= = GKA HA= E = = JH= IB H =?E [A,dq ] I J H E I @A = A?K=?E " ' IA FKA@A E@A JE ?=H B ?E A JA A A @A @A = CKH= "  -I A?AI=HE @AIJ=?=H GKA I IEC I AC=JEL I JEA A IK HECA A A IA JE@ @A CEH @A = GKE = =I ? LA ?E AI @A F =HE@=@ O = F IE?E HA =JEL= @A I A AI , , d y q 2=H= ? F AJ=H =I A?K=?E AI GKA @A A A ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = A ?JHE?= A =I ? H@A =@=I dq AI A?AI=HE ?= ?K =H A F=H A ?JHE? 1 ie 0 0 0 Ler ie 1 ie 0 Ler 0 0 ie = Ler (i id i iq ) Te = " '! e r e r Ler 0 0 idr 2 idr 0 iqr Ler 0 0 0 iqr = A?K=?E @A >= = ?A @A F=H A? E? AI " '"

+ Tm = Ler (ie idr ie iqr ) + J

"

57 )41

#

= ? @E?E A?AI=HE= F=H= = ANEIJA ?E= @A F=H A ?JHE? HAGKEAHA GKA = A I ANEIJ= @ I ? HHEA JAI K = A A AIJ=J H O JH= A A H J H O GKA AI=I ? HHEA JAI IA A ?KA JHA A A AI A HJ C = AI @A @A @A = GKE = CA AH= E =@=

"


5K =HE
=I GKE =I A ?JHE?=I ? LA ?E = AI JEA A L=HE @A I = = JE? I CA AH= E =@ I - CA AH= F IAA @A E =@=I H J H O AIJ=J H I ? @K?J HAI AIJ = @EIJHE>K?E @A I ?= F I FH @K?E@ I F H =I ? -I E @EIFA I=> A GKA A AH @A F=HAI @A F I FAH EJEH = ANEIJA ?E= @A F=H AJ F=H= K = F IE?E I A A A J I ? K AI GKA FAH EJA HA= E =H @ I AIJHK?JKH=I >EA @A E@=I O ?E @HE?=I ? ?=@ I A = FAHEBAHE= @A I ?E E @H I O HHEA JAI GKA F H A I ?EH?K = AI FAHE @E?= @A H J H O @A AIJ=J H IA= E@ JE? I F=H= = CK =H @=@=

= @EIJHE>K?E FAHE @E?= @A ?= F = HA@A@ H @A = FAHEBAHE= @A ?E E @H AIJ=J H H J H FAH EJA HAFHAIA J=H AIJ= BK ?E A@E= JA IAHEAI @A . KHEAH +=@= K = @A =I =H E?=I @A = @EIJHE>K?E @A ?= F FKA@A IAH HAFHAIA J=@= F H K = > >E = ?KO A A =C JE? IA A ?KA JH= HEA J=@ A @EHA??E F=H= A = = = = F EJK@ @A @E?D= ? F A JA @A ?= F ,A AIJ= B H = AI F IE> A KJE E =H A CA>H= LA?J HE= F=H= HA= E =H = IKFAHF IE?E @A @EBAHA JAI ? F A JAI @A ?= F @AIF = =@=I AIF=?E= A JA -IJA JEF @A HAFHAIA J=?E AI L E@= F=H= ?K= GKEAH E IJ= JA @A JEA F ! I A A A J I ? K AI @A =I GKE =I A ?JHE?=I ? LA ?E = AI FAH EJA @A =H AIJ I ? LAHJE@ HAI KJE E = @ @ I > >E =I HJ C = AI IE JHE?=I O =I GKA HAFHAIA J= J @ I I CH= @ I @A E>AHJ=@ @A AIJ=J H O @ I > >E =I HJ C = AI IE JHE?=I O K>E?=@=I A = F IE?E GKA HAFHAIA J= I CH=@ I @A E>AHJ=@ @A H J H -IJ=I ?K=JH > >E =I FKA@A @A =H GKE =I IE ?H E?=I @A H J H O AIJ=J H EI GKE =I @A E @K??E O GKE =I @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= -IJ=I GKE =I C=H= JE = F H IK FHE ?EFE @A BK ?E = EA J = ? @E?E A?AI=HE= FAH IK ?EA JA @A F=H FH A@E @EBAHA JA @A ?AH HAFHAIA J=@= F H = A?K=?E " "

" +K= @ IA ? >E = ?= F I =C JE? I HJ C = AI @AIF = =@ I A A AIF=?E FH @K?E@ I F H ? HHEA JAI >= = ?A=@=I O IE KI E@= AI @AIB=I=@=I =C JE? I 2 A A JEA F IA >JEA A ?= F I H J=J HE I -IJ I ?= F I FAH EJA A CEH @A K = @EIJHE>K?E AIF=?E= @A ?= F = HA@A@ H @A = GKE = = JH=L I @A JEA F -I F IE> A >JA AH ?= F I =C JE? I H J=J HE I ? @ I JHAI I > >E =I IEA FHA O ?K= @ IA = JA C= =I ? @E?E AI A?AI=HE=I @A IE AJH = # =I A?K=?E AI @A = GKE = CA AH= E =@= A ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I I @AFA @EA JAI @A = F IE?E = CK =H @A H J H ? HAIFA?J = AIJ=J H 6H= IB H =H =I ? H@A =@=I @A H J H = A AI ? E A= AI ? =I ? H@A =@=I @A AIJ=J H FAH EJA E @AFA @E =H =I =JHE?AI @A F=H AJH I @A @A @A CK ,A AIJ= B H = AI F IE> A >JA AH K IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI E A= FAH ? F=H AJH I ? IJ= JAI A A JEA F ?KO= I K?E K HE?= AI K?D I IE F A GKA A @A HECE = O = I K?E = = JE?= AI F IE> A ? IE@AH= @ ? DEF JAIEI GKA = LA ?E@=@ A? E?= AI =FH NE =@= A JA ? IJ= JA

$ 2=H= HAFHAIA J=H I J H E I D E? I @A = JH= IB H =?E @A ? H@A =@=I AI A?AI=HE E ? KEH A A @A K IEIJA = @A ? J=?J I @AI E = JAI GKA >JA C= =I BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI A A A A d O q HAIFA?JEL= A JA CA AH=@=I A ? @K?J HAI A LE EA J GKA D= IE@ HAFHAIA J=@ I F H > >E =I =I A A AIF=?E -IJA @A =JA JE? FKA@A ? IJHKEHIA B IE ?= A JA A@E= JA K ? A?J H A A?JH A? E? I ? @K?J HAI ? A?J=@ I = AIJA ? A?J H IA E OA?J= ? HHEA JAI GKA FH @K?A ?= F I I A A AIF=?E O IA E @K?A BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI F H A LE EA J HA =JEL A JHA @E?D I ? @K?J HAI O I ?= F I HAIK J= JAI A A

$

+)2 67

"

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.ECKH= " AIF=?E

,E=CH= = AIGKA

JE? O @=J I @A A A F

" !

-A F

HAIKA J
g = 2 mm @A LKA J=I = @A H J H = = > >E = HJ ?EH?KEJ

= GKE = AIGKA =JE =@= A A @E=CH= = E KIJH=@ A = CKH= " F IAA K A JHADEAHH K H=@E @A H J H r = 10 cm K = CEJK@ =NE= l = 15 cm A AIJ=J H JEA A K AH Ne = 200LKA J=I O A H J H Nr = 150LKA J=I = HAIEIJA ?E= @A AIJ=J H AI @A Re = 1 O Rr = 2 A ? A ?EA JA @A =? F = EA J AIJ=J H H J H AI ker = 0, 85 = JA IE =F E?=@= @A AIJ=J H AI @A 50 V ABA?JEL I = = BHA?KA ?E= @A 60 Hz O A H J H IA A ?KA JH= A ? 7JE E = @ AIJ I @=J I O A AIGKA = @A = GKE = @AJAH E A  =I E @K?J= ?E=I FH FE=I O =I A?K=?E ! " AI @A JA IE KJK=I @A =I > >E =I @A H J H O AIJ=J H @A ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I

LAHJE@ H

O F=H A ?JHE? A ?

=I A?K=?E AI @A JA IE O F=H A ?JHE? @A = A AI I E@=HE I ? A AIJ=J H =I A?K=?E AI @A JA IE O F=H A ?JHE? @A = = A AI I E@=HE I ? A H J H

GKE = IE IA JH= IB H = = > >E = @A H J H = GKE = IE IA JH= IB H = = > >E = @A AIJ=J H GKE = A H CE A FAH = A JA ?K= @ =

# - F=H A ?JHE? O = ? HHEA JA F H A H J H @A = LA ?E@=@ @A ? LAHJE@ H AI @A 3500 rpm

5 K?E
 =I E @K?J= ?E=I FH FE=I O KJK=I @A =I > >E =I @A H J H O AIJ=J H @A ? LAHJE@ H

- AIJ=J H AIJ ? IJEJKE@ F H @ I > >E =I ? ?A JH=@=I ?KO I A AI =C JE? I IA A ?KA JH= @AIB=I=@ I ?A JH=@= FH @K?A K = BKAH = =C AJ JHE IE KI E@= @A 3 +=@= > >E = ? FHE AH= =H E?= ?KO= =C EJK@ AI

|F| =

4 Ni

" ! - - 2

4-57- 6

%

=I @ I > >E =I AIJ

IAF=H=@=I

= BKAH =

=C AJ

JHE HAIK J= JA IAH

Fe =

4 Ne 4 Ne 4 Ne ie + ie = 3 ie 0 2 6 2 6 2
GKE = FH @K?E@= F H =

= @EIJHE>K?E @A = BKAH = =C AJ JHE A A A JHADEAHH @A = AN?EJ=?E @A =I @ I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H IAH A J ?AI

Fe (, ie ) =
+ ?E@= = BKAH = =C AJ JHE CHKF I @A > >E =I @A AIJ=J H

2 3 Ne ie cos
I >HA ?=@= K @A I

IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H A A =?A @A K

Be (, ie ) = Ne 2 Ne 2
3 23 2 3

1 3 Ne ie 0 cos g 3 N 2 0 r l ie 2g e 3 N 2 0 r l ie 2g e

e 1 =

Be (, ie )ds =

e 2 =
+

Be (, ie )ds =

I @ I CHKF I @A > >E =I @A AIJ=J H AIJ

A IAHEA = E @K?J= ?E= @A AIJ=J H AI

Le =

3 2 N 0 rl = 0, 36 H g e
FH ?A@E EA J IE E =H = HA= E =@ ? =

= > >E = H J HE?= AI ? ?A JH=@= =F E?= @ K E @K?J= ?E= @A AIJ=J H IA >JEA A

Lr =

4 2 N 0 r l = 0, 27 H g r

= E @K?J= ?E= KJK= IA @AJAH E = @EHA?J= A JA @A =I E @K?J= ?E=I FH FE=I O @A ? A ?EA JA @A =? F = EA J A JHA = >=I > >E =I

Ler = ker
=I A?K=?E AI @A JA IE

Le Lr = 0, 265 H
H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I

O F=H A ?JHE? A ?

ve vr

Re 0

0 Rr Te = Ler 2

ie ir

+ ie ir
t

Le Ler cos 0 sen

Ler cos Lr sen 0

ie ir ie ir

er L

0 sen

sen 0

ie ir

= Ler ie ir sen
= = > >E = @A H J H =

=I A?K=?E AI @A JA IE O F=H A ?JHE? @A = GKE = IE IA JH= IB H A AI I E@=HE I ? A AIJ=J H ve Re + Le p Ler p 0 vdr = Ler p Rr + Lr p Lr vqr Ler Lr Rr + Lr p

ie idr iqr

" '#

Te = Ler ie iqr

& "

+)2 67

"

371 )5 -

+641+)5 4 6)618)5

=I A?K=?E AI @A JA IE O F=H A ?JHE? @A = GKE = IE IA JH= IB H = = > >E = @A AIJ=J H = A AI I E@=HE I ? A H J H vde Re + Le p Le Ler p ide vqe = iqe Le Re + Le p Ler vr Ler p 0 R r + Lr p ir

Te = Ler iqe ir
# - F=H A ?JHE? O = ? HHEA JA F H A H J H @A = GKE = A H CE A FAH LA ?E@=@ @A ? LAHJE@ H AI @A 3500 rpm - H CE A FAH = A JA A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI " '# IA FKA@A ANFHAI=H @A 1 Re + je Le je Ler 0 Ie Idr = je Ler Rr + je Lr Lr Ler Lr Rr + je Lr Iqr = A JA ?K= @ =

= IECKEA JA B H = Ve 0 " '$ 0

= ANFHAIE " '$ FAH EJA @AJAH E =H =I ? HHEA JA Ie Idr A Iqr ? ?E@= = JA IE Ve =I LA ?E@=@AI = CK =HAI e O I F=H AJH I @A = GKE = Re Rr Le Lr O Ler ,A AIJ= B H = IA >JEA A I IECKEA JAI HAIK J=@ I

Ve = (50 + j 0) V 3500 60 3600 60 rad s rad = 376, 99 s = 366, 52

= =

2 2

Ie Idr Iqr

= = =

0, 3493 j 0, 7668 A 0, 4668 + j 0, 5447 A 0, 2044 + j 0, 1165 A

Te (t) = Ler ie iqr = 0, 05255 [cos(2e t 3,7662) 0, 869] Te = 1 2

2

Te (e t) de t = +0, 0457 N m
0

" "

- AH?E?E I FH FKAIJ I

 7 = GKE = @A E @K??E >EB IE?= A A AIJ=J H O >EB IE?= A A H J H JEA A IKI @AL= =@ I @EIJHE>KE@ I K EB H A A JA A = FAHEBAHE= @A ? LAHJE@ H +=@= B=IA @A AIJ=J H O H J H F IAA Ne = 500 O Nr = 300 LKA J=I HAIFA?JEL= A JA - A JHADEAHH AI K EB H A O @A @E A IE g = 3 mm = CEJK@ =NE= AI l = 30 cm - @E AJH @A H J H AI D = 20 cm - ? A ?EA JA @A =? F = EA J A JHA =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H O H J H AI ker = 0, 95 = HAIEIJA ?E=I @A =I > >E =I I Re = 1 O Rr = 0, 5 HAIFA?JEL= A JA 5A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ= =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H O IA = E A J= A H J H ? BKA JAI @A ? HHEA JA E @AFA @EA JAI E@A= AI IE KI E@= AI @AIB=I=@=I L= H ABA?JEL Ir = 20 A ,AJAH E A 2 A JHA I ?

=  1 @K?J= ?E=I @A =

GKE = A ?

H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I

>  -?K=?E AI GKA @AI?HE>A A ? F HJ= EA J @A ? LAHJE@ H A H CE A FAH = A JA A =I ? @E?E AI @A FAH=?E A K AH=@=I = JAHE H A JA ?  + HHEA JA A ?=@= K = @A =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H

" " - -4+1+1 5 24 27-56 5

'

.ECKH= " ! ,E=CH= = AIGKA

JE? @A A AH?E?E

@  2=H A ?JHE?

A@E @KH= JA A =HH= GKA (velocidad = 0)

= CKH= " ! HAFHAIA J= A ? HJA JH= ILAHI= @A K = GKE = @ @A IA E @E?= =I ? HHEA JAI A =I @EBAHA JAI B=IAI J= J @A AIJ=J H ? @A H J H - A AIJ=J H =I > >E =I IA A ?KA JH= E A= A JA @EIJHE>KE@=I A = FAHEBAHE= I ? @K?J HAI @A H J H A ?= >E AIJ ? ?A JH=@ I ,AJAH E A

=  - F=H A ?JHE? A ?  - F=H A ?JHE? FH

= F IE?E

E KIJH=@= A
2

= CKH= E KIJH=@= A ? = CKH= " ! IJ= JAI

>  - F=H A ?JHE? IE A H J H CEH=

HAIFA?J = = F IE?E

A@E IE =I ? HHEA JAI @A H J H O @A AIJ=J H I

@  - F=H A ?JHE? FH A@E IE = ? HHEA JA @A AIJ=J H AI ? IJ= JA O = @A H J H AI IE KI E@= O IE ?H E =@= ? = LA ?E@=@ A? E?= @A ? LAHJE@ H
! = CKH= " " HAFHAIA J= JHAI GKE =I @EBAHA JAI 5A @AIA= D=?AH K = EIEI I @AJ= =@ F IE> A @A = FAH=?E A H CE A FAH = A JA O JH= IEJ HE @A AIJ I ? LAHJE@ HAI =I GKE =I = O > I ?=IE ECK= AI FAH JEA A K = AN?EJ=?E @EBAHA JA A A AIJ=J H = GKE = ? AI K = GKE = @A ?= F ?HK =@ AN?EJ=@= ? ? HHEA JA = JAH = A A AIJ=J H ,AJAH E A

=

=I A?K=?E

AI A ?

H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I

>  6H= IB H A A H J H = A AI dq O ANFHAIA =I A?K=?E AI A AIJ=I ? H@A =@=I ) = E?A A H CE A FAH = A JA @A I JHAI ? LAHJE@ HAI A AIJA IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I ?  6H= IB H A A AIJ=J H = ? H@A =@=I dq O ANFHAIA =I A?K=?E AI @A = GKE = A AIJ=I ? H@A =@=I ) = E?A A H CE A FAH = A JA @A I JHAI ? LAHJE@ HAI A AIJA IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I @  - F=H A ?JHE? @AI=HH A  6H= IB H A = ? LE= A JA
=@ F H ?=@= ? LAHJE@ H H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I J @=I =I ? HHEA JAI JH= IB H =@=I >JA E@=I FHA

" 7 = GKE = @A H J H O AIJ=J H ?E @HE? JEA A @ I > >E =I HJ C = AI A A AIJ=J H O K = A A H J H - @E AJH @A H J H AI @A 15 cm = CEJK@ =NE= @A = GKE = AI @A 20 cm O A A JHADEAHH AI @A 1, 5 mm =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H JEA A 200 LKA J=I O IA = E A J= ? JA IE AI



+)2 67

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.ECKH= " " -IGKA =I @A

I?

LAHJE@ HAI @A A A F

=JAHE= BAHH =C JE? IE KI E@= AI @A 110 V ABA?JEL I 60 Hz @AIB=I=@=I K = @A JH= 2 @A ? LAHJE@ H JEA A K = FAH A= = HA =JEL= @A 1000 = > >E = @A H J H JEA A 1000 LKA J=I O F H A = ?EH?K = K = ? HHEA JA @A 0, 5 A NE =? F = EA J A JHA =I > >E =I @A H J H O @A AIJ=J H AI @A 90  O = @EIFAHIE A = > >E = H J HE?= AI A @ > A GKA A ?=@= K = @A =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H + ?E@ I J @ I AIJ I @=J I @AJAH E A

=  6 @ I I F=H AJH I @A IK ? F HJ= EA J @E > +

E?

@A

@A =

GKE = O =I A?K=?E

AI ?

F AJ=I GKA @AJAH E =

LEAHJ= =I A?K=?E AI @A AIJ=J H = ? H@A =@=I dq O ?= ?K A A F=H A ?JHE? @A = GKE = ?K= @ A H J H CEH= = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= O IA A ?KA JH= =@A = J=@ 6 ? HAIFA?J = A A =C JE? @A = B=IA a

?  += ?K A =I ? HHEA JAI @A AIJ=J H A H CE A FAH = A JA IE =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H IA A ?KA JH= A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ
# ,AJAH E A = ANFHAIE CA AH= @A ?= F =C JE? H J=J HE F=H= K = GKE = ? FKAIJ= @A m @AL= =@ I @AIB=I=@ I AIF=?E= A JA 2 = I ?K= AI IA AI E OA?J= K IEIJA = B IE? @A m ? HHEA JAI IE JHE?=I >= = ?A=@=I O @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL=

*E> E CH=B =
 * )@ E I 6DA /A AH= 6DA HO B - A?JHE? =?DE AI  +D=F = = @ 0= @ '#% * )@ E I  4 / 0=H AO 6DA /A AH= 6DA HO B ) JAH =JE C +KHHA J = @ 0= @ '%# ! - IC J -?K=?E AI ,EBAHA ?E= AI O + ?K A?D= E?I  )@EI 8=HE=?E =  -@EJ HE= =?DE AI  +D=F = 14 I? '%%

" 0 / @IJAE # , =H '%#

+ =IIE?=

9AI AO += >HE@CA

=II '#! D 9E AO  5 I

FF  4 4 IA >AHC 5OIJA K AH  , 4

,O = E?I ) 7 E A@ )FFH =?D  IJ>AHC -?K=?E

$ , HAE@AH 4 / 1 JAH= AHE?= '%!

AI ,EBAHA ?E= AI  . @ -@K?=JEL =?DE AHO  /A AH= 11 ANE?

% / H 6DA )FF E?=JE B 6A I HI J JDA ) = OIEI B 4 J=JE C - A?JHE?= - A?JHE? 4ALEAM 5?DA A?J=@O AM ; H '" & 0 4 '%% '  =H=  A? E?= 8A?J HE= F=H= 1 CA EAH I ,E )FF EA@ E?=  -@EJ HE=

E KI= 8

) 2EFAI  4 0=HLE 6DEH@ -@EJE '% / 5=O 1 JH @K?JE /HA=J *HEJ=E '%

=JDA =JE?I B H - CE AAHI = @ 2DOIE?EIJI  =C AJE? LAHIE AM ; H

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GKE =I ? K I F=H @A F AH @A F=HAI @A F I

I A

JH ?=I AIJ= BHA?KA ?E= IAH A

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.ECKH= # % 4AFHAIA J=?E

> IE?= @A =

GKE = ?

LA ?E

= @A ? HHEA JA ?

JE K=

v vd Tm

Re + Le p 0 G R r + Lr p = Gid i + J +

i id
# !

=I GKE =I @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= IA ? =IE ?= H = A JA IAC = ? ANE @A A H =@ @A AN?EJ=?E ?= F - @AL= =@ @A AN?EJ=?E FH @K?A K ?= F =C JE? I A I K EB H A A A ?K= CEH= A H J H /A AH= A JA A @AL= =@ @A AN?EJ=?E @A =I GKE =I @A ? KJ=@ H IA A ?KA JH= K>E?=@ A A AIJ=J H# 5E = ? HHEA JA @A AN?EJ=?E IA >JEA A = F=HJEH @A = BKA JA @A JA IE GKA = E A J= = =H =@KH= = GKE = IA A ?KA JH= A ? ANE F=H= A @AHEL=?E 5E A ?= F O = =H =@KH= IA ? A?J= A@E= JAI @ I BKA JAI @EBAHA JAI = GKE = IA A ?KA JH= A ? ANE E @AFA @EA JA +K= @ = ? HHEA JA @A = =H =@KH= ?EH?K = F H A @AL= =@ @A ?= F = ? ANE IA @A E = IAHEA 5E = GKE = JEA A @ELE@E@ A ?= F A @ I F=HJAI K = ? A?J=@= A IAHEA ? = =H =@KH= O JH= A F=H= A = ? ANE IA ? ?A ? ? FKAIJ= - = CKH= # & IA KAIJH= K @E=CH= = ? J @=I AIJ=I ? ANE AI

#!

+=H=?JAH IJE?=I @A FAH=?E

@A =I @EBAHA JAI ?

ANE

AI

5E = = =H =@KH= @A = GKE = IA A =F E?= JA IE ? IJ= JA @A L= H Va O = @AL= =@ @A ?= F K = JA IE ? IJ= JA @A =C EJK@ Vf $ A H CE A FAH = A JA =I ? HHEA JAI Ia A If J= >E I ? IJ= JAI O A A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI # ! @AI=F=HA?A I J H E I @A JH= IB H =?E

Vf = Rf If Va = Gm If + Ra Ia Tm = GIa If + m
,AIFA = @ @A = A?K=?E # # = ? HHEA JA If @A = A?K=?E # $ = ? HHEA JA Ia O HAA F = A = ANFHAIE # % IA >JEA A = A?K=?E @A AGKE E>HE A? E? @A = GKE = @A ? HHEA JA ? A BK ?E @A =I BKA JAI B H = JAI% Gm Vf Va Rf Vf + m Tm = G Ra Rf = CKH= # ' IA HAFHAIA J= A K CH ? A F=H A ?JHE? @A =
E =?E I JANJ I A E@E

# " # # # $ @ =I JE K=

# %

GKE = A BK ?E

@A = LA ?E@=@
= F IE?E

@A AIJ= FEA = $ - IK> @E?A f IA KJE E = D=>EJK= ?= F % 6A IE @A =H =@KH= Va O JA IE

# - H J H JEA A =I ?E=@ A ? A?J H F=H= FAH EJEH = IE ?H

@A = E LAHIE

@A IKI ? HHEA JAI ?

A JA O FH LEA A @A @A ?= F Vf

= E C I F H = E E?E= @A = F= =>H= A @

 $

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.ECKH= # & +

ANE

AI @A =

GKE = @A ?

KJ=@ H

.ECKH= # ' 2=H A ?JHE?

LI LA ?E@=@ ?

AN?EJ=?E

E @AFA @EA JA

# ! +)4)+6-4 561+)5 ,-

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.ECKH= #  -BA?J @A = L=HE=?E

@A =I BKA JAI

.ECKH= #  2=H A ?JHE?

LI LA ?E@=@ @A =

GKE = @AHEL=?E

- A CH ? @A = CKH= # ' = LA ?E@=@ s IA @A A ? = LA ?E@=@ @A H J H @ @A = JA IE =F E?=@= AI ECK= = = BKAH = A A?JH JHE E @K?E@= A = =H =@KH= @A = GKE = O IA @A E = LA ?E@=@ @A IE ?H EI LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A F=H A ?JHE? @A = GKE = @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= A BK ?E @A = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H A? E?= AI ECK= = = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A = BKAH = A ?JHE?= A BK ?E @A = LA ?E@=@ J= CA ?E= I >HA K ? @K?J H A A A J= GKA IA @AIF = = A = FHAIA ?E= @A K ?= F =C JE? K EB H A = = E =@ A A ?=F JK  -IJ= IA A = = A =I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I AI ? E ?E@A ?E= I ? @K?J HAI @A = =H =@KH= IA A ?KA JH= A K = @EIF IE?E CA JHE?= IE E =H = = @A ? @K?J H I EJ=HE = ?KHL= @A F=H A ?JHE? LA ?E@=@ FKA@A L=HE=H ? = JA IE =F E?=@= = = =H =@KH= = = AN?EJ= ?E ) L=HE=H = JA IE @A =H =@KH= IA >JEA A K = B= E E= @A ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I F=H= A =I J= ? IA KAIJH= A = CKH=  %(a) 5E IA L=H = = JA IE @A ?= F ?= >E= = FA @EA JA @A = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= ? IA FKA@A >IAHL=H A A CH ? @A = CKH= # (b) 5E IA ? A?J= = GKE = ? A ?= F A @AHEL=?E A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI # " HAFHAIA J= A ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = O = E?= @EBAHA ?E= ? = GKE = @A AN?EJ=?E E @AFA @EA JA AI GKA = JA IE @A =H =@KH= O = JA IE @A ?= F I E@ JE?=I

Tm =

GV 2 Gm 1 + m Ra Rf Rf

# &

- = CKH= #  IA D= HAFHAIA J=@ A F=H A ?JHE? @A = GKE = @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= ? ? ANE @AHEL=?E @A ?EH?KEJ @A ?= F AI E JAHAI= JA @AIJ=?=H GKA A AIJA ?=I = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= s AI E @AFA @EA JA @A = JA IE = @EBAHA ?E= @A GKA IA >JEA A F=H= = GKE = @A AN?EJ=?E E @AFA @EA JA = A?K=?E @A JA IE F=H= = =H =@KH= @A = GKE = AI

Va = Rr ia + Gm If
= A?K=?E #' A J H E

# ' JHE @A CA AH=?E FH @K?E@= F H A

Gm If AI = BKAH = A A?JH

 &

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.ECKH= #

@A

?EH?KEJ= @A =

GKE = @A ? HHEA JA ?

JE K= @AHEL=?E GKE = @A ? HHEA JA JHAC= F JA ?E= = = @A =??E = EA J ?E= @A ?= F Rf =H = LA ?E@=@ @A =O H GKA = JA IE #  JE = ANFHAIE # 

?= F - = CKH= # IA HAFHAIA J= A @A ?EH?KEJ= AGKEL= A JA @A = ? JE K= A @AHEL=?E 5E = BKAH = A A?JH JHE CA AH=@= AI =O H GKA = JA IE =F E?=@= = GKE = A BKA JA O A F=H A ?JHE? AI AC=JEL - AIJ=I ? @E?E AI AI A?AI=HE F=H A? E? = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= @AFA @A @A ? A ?EA JA @A CA AH=?E G O @A = HAIEIJA -IJ= LA ?E@=@ ? HHAIF @A = = ? @E?E @A L=? & @A = GKE = 2=H= ? JH L=? IA FKA@A E JAH?= =H HAIEIJA ?E=I A A ?= F 2=H= GKA = GKE = FKA@= CA AH=H AI A?AI=HE GKA = BKAH = A A?JH JHE IA= =F E?=@= - CA AH=@ H A L=? @A>A I=JEIB=?AH = IECKEA JA A?K=?E @EBAHA ?E=

V = Rf if + Lf pif = Gm if
= A?K=?E #  HAFHAIA J= I ?EH?KEJ I @A ?= F O =H =@KH= ,AIFA = @ @A AIJ= = @AHEL=@= @A = ? HHEA JA A A ?= F pif IA >JEA A

pif =
= I K?E GKA @A AIJ= A?K=?E

Rf Gm + Lf Lf

if

@EBAHA ?E= AI K = ANF

A ?E= ?HA?EA JA IEA FHA O ?K= @ IA ?K F = #  

Rf + Gm > 0 Gm > Rf Lf

5E IA ?K F A = ? @E?E #  = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F O = BKAH = A A?JH JHE @A CA AH=?E JEA @A = @EI E KEH 2=H= GKA A FH ?AI @A =KJ AN?EJ=?E FKA@= AL=HIA = ?=> AI A?AI=HE GKA ANEIJ= K FAGKA K HA = A JA rem 5E = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F if A = A?K=?E #  ?HA?A JEA @A = E EJ = A I GKA A ?EH?KEJ @A ?= F IA I=JKHA' - ?=I @A I=JKH=?E IA >JEA A K FK J @A AGKE E>HE = E A= E@=@ A JHA A K O = ? HHEA JA FAH EJA GKA A CA AH=@ H @AHEL=?E @A = K FK J AIJ=> A @A FAH=?E - = CKH= # ! IA HAFHAIA J= AIJ= IEJK=?E 5E @EI E KOA = LA ?E@=@ @A =??E = EA J @A CA AH=@ H @AHEL=?E =F=HA?A K FK J ?H JE? @ @A O= AI F IE> A CA AH=H @A>E@ = GKA A B=?J H Gm AI A H GKA = HAIEIJA ?E= Rf O A IEIJA = IA @AIAIJ=>E E = +K= @ A CA AH=@ H A JHAC= F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= IA ?K F A

V = Ra ia + Gm if = Ra ia + Gm

V Rf

# !

& -IJ= ? @E?E IA = ?= = ?K= @ I >HA A H J H ANEIJA ?=HC= A? E?= E @A F H@E@=I - A => H=J HE IA HAGKEAHA @A K J H GKA =??E A AN=?J= A JA = = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= = = GKE = F=H= F @AH IKF EH =I F H@E@=I O = ?= =H = ? @E?E @A L=? @ @A ?EH?K = ? HHEA JA F H = =H =@KH= ' -IJ IK?A@A CA AH= A JA A J @=I =I GKE =I ? ? A BAHH =C JE? ?K= @ I @ E E I =C JE? I AIJ ? F AJ= A JA = E A=@ I ? A ?= F ANJAH = FAH A=>E E@=@ @A A@E JEA @A = = FAH A=E> E@=@ @A L=? 0 = 4 107 . =I GKE =I IKFAH? @K?J H=I HAGKEAHA ?A =C JE? F=H= FH @K?EH K I E F HJ= JAI O FKA@A IAH E A= AI EA JH=I IA = JEA A AIJA BA A B IE?

# ! +)4)+6-4 561+)5 ,-

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.ECKH= # ! 2K J AIJ=> A @A FAH=?E ,AIFA = @ = JA IE @A = E A J=?E

@A CA AH=@ H @AHEL=?E = ANFHAIE = JAHE H

=KJ AN?EJ=@ IE ?=HC=

V A

V =

Ra ia = Rcarga ia m 1 G R

# "

= E?= I K?E AIJ=> A @A = A?K=?E # " IA >JEA A ?K= @ = ? HHEA JA ia AI K = + IE@AH= @ GKA ANEIJA K FAGKA K @A HA = A ?E= rem A A =JAHE= BAHH =C JE? FH @K?E@= F H K = ? HHEA JA AGKEL= A JA O ? IJ= JA irem

V = Ra ia + Gm if + Gm irem

# # # $ # % = HAIEIJA ?E= @A ?=HC= IA >JEA A # &

Erem = Gm irem
?

if =
,AIFA = @ @A # # O # % = JA IE

V Rf

V A ECK=

@ = = = ?= @= A

V =

Ra R Gm R ia irem = Rcarga ia Gm Rf Gm R

- = CKH= # " IA D= HAFHAIA J=@ I @ I EA >H I @A = A?K=?E # & - AIJ= ? @E?E ANEIJA K FK J @A FAH=?E AIJ=> A ? ? HHEA JA @A =H =@KH= @EBAHA JA @A ?AH - = =?JK= E@=@ I ? JH =@ HAI A A?JH E? I @A F JA ?E= D= HAA F = =@ FH ?JE?= A JA = CA A H=@ H @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= -IJ AI @A>E@ = =I A HAI FHAIJ=?E AI A H FAI L K A O ? IJ @A AIJ I AGKEF I =I GKE =I @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= IA KJE E = J @=L = ? CA AH=@ HAI @KH= JA A BHA =@ HACA AH=JEL @A I IEIJA =I @A JH=??E A ?JHE?= ? = = E@=@ @A HA?KFAH=H F=HJA @A = A AHC = ?E JE?= =?K K =@= A =I =I=I A LE EA J I J HAI @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= IA KJE E = = F E= A JA F=H= A ? JH @A LA ?E@=@ F=H= = JH=??E @A LAD ?K I A ?JHE? I O JHA AI = E =@ HAI =I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I @A F=H LA ?E@=@ @A AIJ=I GKE =I FAH EJA IK KJE E =?E A K CH= AH @A =F E?=?E AI ) JECK= A JA IA KJE E =>= HAIEIJA ?E=I F=H= E EJ=H = ? HHEA JA A = =H =@KH= @KH= JA A FH ?AI @A =HH= GKA =I GKE =I IA
 5E A >=HC ANEIJA K = BKAHJA JA @A ?E= F=H= IK HAA F = F H I J HAI @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= IE AI? >E =I ,+ *HKID AII -IJ I A HA= E@=@ I GKE =I IE ?H E?=I @A E FAH = A JA A A H J H GKA IA = E A J= F H A AIJ=J H ? K E LAHI H A A?JH E? IE ?H E =@ ? = F IE?E @A H J H A@E= JA K @A? @E ?=@ H FJE? ) CK =I E EJ=?E AI = IK KI IA @A>A = = F IE>E E@=@ @A @AI =C AJE =?E @A I E = AI FAH = A JAI @KH= JA ? HJ ?EH?KEJ I A A AIJ=J H O = I ? IJ I @A E LAHIE O = JA E EA J AIFA?E= E =@ @A ? JH =@ H @A F JA ?E= =I ?E=@ ? AIJA AGKEF 2 H JH= F=HJA A F = J=I @ @A IA KJE E = =JAHE= AI E = => AI ? HH IEL I AIJ=I GKE =I I K = A?AIE@=@ @A>E@ = GKA FH @K?A =H? I A ?JHE? I @KH= JA IK FAH=?E

!

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.ECKH= # " 2K J @A FAH=?E

@A CA AH=@ H =KJ AN?EJ=@ ?

HA = A ?E=

.ECKH= # # +

ANE

IAHEA @A =

GKE = @A ? HHEA JA ?

JE K=

@EIA = F=H= FAH EJEH A JHA 1, 5 O 2 LA?AI = ? HHEA JA E = F H = =H =@KH= @KH= JA A =HH= GKA - = =?JK= E@=@ A =HH= GKA O =??E = EA J @A I J HAI @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= IA HA= E = A@E= JA BKA JAI @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= HACK => AI A JA IE ? ?K= =I F H@E@=I A I HA IJ=J I IA A E E = -IJ AI @A CH= E F HJ= ?E= A IEIJA =I ? F=H=@=I O =HH= GKAI BHA?KA JAI ? ?KHHA A A ?=I @A K IEIJA = KH>= @A JH= IF HJA F > E? = ? ANE IAHEA @A @AL= =@ @A ?= F AI K = @A =I I KJE E =@=I A I IEIJA =I @A JH=??E A ?JHE?= - AIJA ?=I = JA IE =F E?=@= IA HAF=HJA A JHA = =H =@KH= O A ?= F O = ? HHEA JA @A =H =@KH= J= >E ?EH?K = F H A ?= F - = CKH= # # IA KAIJH= A AIGKA = @A AIJ= ? ANE =I A?K=?E AI @E E?=I @A = ? ANE IAHEA I # ' #  #  # # IA >JEA A # ! GKE = @A ? HHEA JA 

v = va + vf = (Ra + Rf ) i + (La + Lf ) pi + Gm i = (RT + Gm ) i + LT pi Tm = Gi2 + J m + m

- H CE A FAH = A JA IA JEA A

V = (RT + Gm ) I Te = GI 2
5KIJEJKOA @ = ? HHEA JA I @A = A?K=?E #  A = ANFHAIE

Te =

GV 2 (RT + Gm )
2

- = CKH= # $ IA HAFHAIA J= = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A F=H A ?JHE? F=H= K = ? JE K= ? AN?EJ=?E IAHEA

#" +

64

,- 8-

+1,),

!

.ECKH= # $ +=H=?JAH IJE?= F=H LA ?E@=@ @A K =

GKE = @A ?

KJ=@ H IAHEA

= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= F=H LA ?E@=@ JEA A = B H = @A K = DEF H> = ?K=@H JE?= ? IA @A@K?A @A = A?K= ?E # ! -IJ= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= FAH EJA L=HE=H = F E= A JA A F=H HAIEIJA JA = JA EA @ = F JA ?E= A? E?= FH ?JE?= A JA ? IJ= JA J H IAHEA IA KJE E = BHA?KA JA A JA A JH=??E A ?JHE?= F HGKA FAH EJA >JA AH K A AL=@ F=H @A =HH= GKA ) ECK= GKA A A J H @AHEL=?E AI A?AI=HE E EJ=H = ? HHEA JA @A =HH= GKA = GKE = @A ? KJ=@ H ? AN?EJ=?E ? FKAIJ= F IAA ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I ? >E =@=I @A =I GKE =I @AHEL=?E O IAHEA = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A AIJ=I GKE =I IA F=HA?A I = K K JH JEF @AFA @EA @ @A CH=@ @A E JA IE@=@ GKA FH F H?E A A ?= F IAHEA O A ?= F @AHEL=?E

#"

JH

@A LA ?E@=@
HHEA JA ? JE K= ?E= = GKE = JH= IEJ HE ,A FAH=?E = @A = # "

,AIFK I @A = = E =H A ? F HJ= EA J A H CE A FAH = A JA @A =I GKE =I @A ? AI F IE> A AIJK@E=H A ? F HJ= EA J JH= IEJ HE A@E= JA IK BK ?E @A JH= IBAHA @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= I=JEIB=?A A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI # " A H CE A = A?K=?E @A JA IE F=H= A A A IA FKA@A >JA AH = BK ?E @A JH= IBAHA ?E= ? HHEA JA i 1 v v i = = Rbeta L 1 + p R 1 + Rbeta p = A?K=?E @A A A d A # " FAH EJA >JA AH = ? HHEA JA id

id =
) F=HJEH @A = A?K=?E

vd Gm i Rd 1 +
Ld Rd p

1 Rd

(vd Gm i ) 1 + d p
A? E? IA >JEA A

# #

@EBAHA ?E= ? HHAIF

@EA JA = A A
1

m =

Te + Tm (m ) = + Jp

(Gi id + Tm (m )) 1 + M p

# $

 K?D=I FAGKA =I GKE =I KJE E =@=I A A D C=H J= AI ? J= =@H I E?K=@ H=I O =IFEH=@ H=I A JHA JH=I KJE E = AIJ= ? ANE )K ?K= @ = =O H = @A AIJ=I GKE =I IA =??E = A@E= JA ? HHEA JA = JAH = ? = =H =@KH= O A ?= F IAHEA ? @K?A = EI = ? HHEA JA A F=H AI FH F H?E = = ?K=@H=@ @A = ? HHEA JA =I HA=?J= ?E=I @A =I > >E =I JEA A A ABA?J @A E EJ=H = ?EH?K =?E @A ? HHEA JAI = JAH =I IE FH @K?EH F H@E@=I 7 = E?K=@ H= JEA A K = = J= ?=HC= ?K= @ ? EA = = JHEJKH=H I = E A J I O IK LA ?E@=@ AI >= = A AIJ= ? @E?E A = A@E@= GKA = ?=HC= IA FH ?AI= = LA ?E@=@ =K A J= O A F=H @EI E KOA J= ? IK?A@A A =I GKE =I @A AN?EJ=?E IAHEA )HCK A J I IE E =HAI IA FKA@A KJE E =H A =I JH=I =F E?=?E AI

!

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.ECKH= # % ,E=CH= = @A > GKAI @A =

GKE = @A ? HHEA JA ?

JE K=

.ECKH= # & ,E=CH= = @A > GKAI @A =

GKE = ?

? HHEA JA @A ?= F ?

IJ= JA

- = CKH= # % IA D= HAFHAIA J=@ =I BK ?E AI @A JH= IBAHA ?E= # " # # O # $ A @E=CH= = @A > GKAI ? IKI HAIFA?JEL=I HA= E A J=?E AI A E JAH? ANE AI -IJA @E=CH= = ? JEA A K JEF E ?=@ HAI @A>E@ = =I E A= E@=@AI E F ?EJ=I A JHA =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ @A @A 2 H AIJ= H= AI F IE> A HA@K?EH AIJA @E=CH= = = K = BK ?E @A JH= IBAHA ?E= )IK EA @ GKA = JA IE v AI ? IJ= JA = ? HHEA JA i IA AIJ=>E E = A K L= H ? JE K @AIFK I @A L=HE=I ? IJ= JAI @A JEA F - AIJ=I ? @E?E AI IA FKA@A HAFHAIA J=H A @A @E E? @A = GKE = @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= A@E= JA K I > GKA + = ? HHEA JA i ? IJ= JA IA FKA@A @A EH ? ? IJ= JA k = FH @K?J @A AIJ= ? HHEA JA F H A ? A ?EA JA @A CA AH=?E G @A = GKE = - = CKH= # & IA >IAHL= A @E=CH= = @A > GKAI @A = GKE = @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= AN?EJ=@= ? K = ? HHEA JA ? IJ= JA A A ?= F -IJA JE @E=CH= = @A > GKAI IA FKA@A HA@K?EH = K = BK ?E @A JH= IBAHA ?E= ?K= @ A F=H A? E? AI K ? IJ= JA 7 F=H A? E? ? IJ= JA = JAH= = HAIFKAIJ= JH= IEJ HE= @A IEIJA = IE I L= HAI A H CE A FAH = A JA ,A EA @ = BK ?E @A JH= IBAHA ?E= T (p) ? A FH @K?J @A =I BK ?E AI @A JH= IBAHA ?E= @A = CKH= # &

T (p) =

k 1 1 Rd 1 + d p 1 + M p
A? E?= @A = GKE = O = JA IE

# % =F E?=@= A A

= BK ?E @A JH= IBAHA ?E= A JHA = LA ?E@=@ ?EH?KEJ @A =H =@KH= AI

T (p) k m (p) = = vd (p) 1 + kT (p) Rd (1 + d p) (1 + M p) + k 2

6H= IB H = @ = @ E E @A =F =?A = BK ?E @A JH= IBAHA ?E= # & IA >JEA A

# &

m (s) k = 2 Vd (s) Rd d M s + Rd (d + M ) s + Rd + k 2
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dq @A = GKE = 5E IA ? F=H= A @A A ? H@A =@=I dq @A = CKH= # !$ ? A @A @A = CKH= # ! F=H= = ? FA I=?E @A = HA=??E @A =H =@KH= IA >IAHL= GKA A = EIEI AI E@ JE? = E?= @EBAHA ?E= ? IEIJA A GKA A J H E Lc + Ld 2Ld FKA@A IAH @AIFHA?E=@ O= GKA I F I =KNE E=HAI @A
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- HA @E EA J @A K =

GKE = A ?JHE?= IA @A

Psalida Pentrada Pperdidas Psalida Pperdidas = = =1 Pentrada Pentrada Psalida + Pperdidas Pentrada

- = A?K=?E # "" IA >IAHL= GKA @AJAH E = @ =I F H@E@=I A K = GKE = IA FKA@A >JA AH IK HA @E EA J $ =I F H@E@=I @A K = GKE = @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= IA FKA@A @ELE@EH A  2 H@E@=I @A>E@=I = K FHE ?EF=

=  2 H@E@=I A A DEAHH @A H J H >  2 H@E@=I A

= ?=H= @A F

?  2 H@E@=I A A ? >HA @A F
2 H@E@=I A ?=HC=

=  2 H@E@=I F H ABA?J

KA

>  2 H@E@=I F H ABA?J FA E?K =H

! 2 H@E@=I F H H = EA J O HAIEIJA ?E= @A =EHA

=  2 H@E@=I F H BHE??E >  2 H@E@=I F H BHE??E

A A

I H @= EA J I =I AI? >E =I

?  2 H@E@=I F H LA JE =?E

=I F H@E@=I ?=IE =@=I F H K FHE ?EF= @AFA @A @A = E JA IE@=@ @A ?= F =C JE? @A = GKE = - FHE AH KC=H ANEIJA F H@E@=I A A DEAHH @A H J H O= GKA CEH= ? HAIFA?J = ?= F =C JE? FH @K?E@ F H = > >E = - =JAHE= =C JE? IA =C AJE = O @AI =C AJE = @KH= JA ?=@= LKA J= @A H J H - AIJ=I ? @E?E AI IA FH @K?A F H@E@=I @A DEIJ HAIEI GKA @AFA @A @A AH @A HAL K?E AI F H E KJ O @A L K A @A DEAHH E L K?H=@ - DEAHH @A H J H IA A ?KA JH= = E =@ F=H= HA@K?EH =I ? HHEA JAI @A . K?=K J FAH =K =I IA FH @K?A F H@E@=I GKA @AFA @A @A = @A IE@=@ @A ?= F @A AH @A ?E? I =C JE? I F H IACK @ @A AIFAI H @A =I ?D=F=I @A H J H @A = ?= E@=@ @A DEAHH KJE E =@ O @A IK L K A 2=H= AL= K=H =I F H@E@=I @A DEIJ HAIEI = CK I =KJ HAI FH F A = A?K=?E

Phierro = a f B + b f B 2
$ -IJA J =I GKE =I F JA ?E= @A A ? ?K @A HA

# "#

@ E ? KI AI FHABAHE> A = = A@E@= @EHA?J= @A HA @E EA J Psal /Pent  @A>E@ = GKA CA AH= A JA A ?JHE?=I ? LA ?E = AI JEA A K HA @E EA J A AL=@ =I F H@E@=I I K = BH=??E HA@K?E@= @A = JH=@= O F H AIJ= H= I AHH HAI A = @AJAH E =?E @A =I F H@E@=I JEA A K ABA?J A H I >HA A @E EA J GKA ?K= @ I AHH HAI @A A@E?E =BA?J= = =I F JA ?E=I GKA AIJ IEA @ JH= IB H =@=I

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- = A?K=?E # "# I ? A ?EA JAI a O b I ? IJ= JAI f AI = BHA?KA ?E= A Hz O B AI = @A IE@=@ @A ?= F A W b/m2 - = =O H = @A I ?=I I FH ?JE? I A FHE AH J H E @A = A?K=?E # "# AI @AIFHA?E=> A O IA FKA@A KJE E =H = ANFHAIE

Phierro = b f B 2
=I F H@E@=I @A . K?=K J IA FKA@A AIJE =H A@E= JA = ANFHAIE

# "$ # "% AI # "$ O # "%& "' IA >JEA A # "&

PF oucault = c f 2 B 2
2=H= AL= K=H =I F H@E@=I J J= AI A A DEAHH = F=HJEH @A =I A?K=?E

PT hierro = Phisteresis + PF oucault = b f B 2 + c f 2 B 2

- = FH ?JE?= = =C EJK@ @A = @A IE@=@ @A ?= F =C JE? B AI @EB ?E @A A@EH FAH = BKAH = A A?JH JHE GKA IA E @K?A A A H J H A = ? @E?E @A L=? AI FH F H?E = = ?= F O = A?K=?E # "& IA FKA@A AI?HE>EH ? V2 PT hierro = k1 0 + k2 V02 # "' f =I H= KH=I @A H J H FH @K?A L=HE=?E @A = HA K?J= ?E= O F H J= J L=HE=?E @A K -IJ= @K =?E E @K?A ? HHEA JAI @A . K?=K J A = IKFAH ?EA ?=H= @A F ? K = BHA?KA ?E= @A L= H n fd = Q # # 60 - = A?K=?E # # Q AI A AH @A H= KH=I @A F O n AI = LA ?E@=@ @A = GKE = A HAL K?E AI F H E KJ 2=H= FH @K?EH A K FHE ?EF= AI A?AI=HE D=?AH ?EH?K =H ? HHEA JA F H K = > >E = B IE?= ? HAIEIJA ?E= O F H AIJ= H= IA FH @K?A F H@E@=I K A A A ? >HA @A = > >E = @A ?= F -IJ=I F H@E@=I IA ?= ?K = ?
2 Pcobre excitacion = R I

# #

+K= @ = GKE = IA A ?KA JH= A ?=HC= =>I H>A A JHAC= ? HHEA JA @A = BKA JA =I ? HHEA JAI GKA ?EH?K = F H =I HAIEIJA ?E=I @A =I > >E =I @A = =H =@KH= F H I F I =KNE E=HAI I @AL= =@ I @A ? FA I=?E O F H I @AL= =@ I @A AN?EJ=?E IAHEA FH @K?A F H@E@=I F H ABA?J K A 6 @=I AIJ=I HAIEIJA ?E=I IA FKA@A =CHKF=H A = HAIEIJA ?E= @A =H =@KH= Ra O IKI F H@E@=I IA AL= = =I
2 Pcobre armadura = Ra Id

# # 

+ = HAIEIJA ?E= @A =I AI? >E =I @AFA @A @A = ? HHEA JA IA =IK A GKA ?=@= AI? >E = ?=IE = K L JE @A ?= @= @A JA IE O @A AIJ= B H = =I F H@E@=I FH @K?E@=I F H = ? HHEA JA @A =H =@KH= IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H ? 2 Parmadura = Ra Id + 2Vescobilla Id # #! = ? HHEA JA GKA ?EH?K = F H = =H =@KH= AI = JAH = @A BHA?KA ?E= pn frotor = # #" 120 IA FH @K?A A A H J H =I F H@E@=I F H ABA?J FA E?K =H @ @A p AI A AH @A F=HAI @A F I @A = GKE = -IJ=I F H@E@=I @A>E@=I = E ?HA A J @A = HAIEIJA ?E= @A I ? @K?J HAI A FHAIA ?E= @A ?= F I =C JE? I L=HE=> AI A A JEA F IA = HJECK= ? IE@AH=> A A JA IE A KC=H @A ? IJHKEH = =H =@KH= ? K ? @K?J H A K = H= KH= FH BK @= IA KJE E = K D= @A ? @K?J HAI @A C=@ I O =EI =@ I A JHA I - J @ ?=I F=H= AL= K=H AIJ=I F H@E@=I AI A?AI=HE @AJAH E =H = HAIEIJA ?E= @A = =H =@KH= = ?=@= LA ?E@=@ @A FAH=?E =I F H@E@=I A? E?=I @A = GKE = I ?=IE =@=I F H BHE??E F H ? IK @A I H @AJAI KJE E =@ I F=H= = HABHECAH=?E @A = GKE = = BHE??E IA ?= E = FHE ?EF= A JA A I H @= EA J I O A A ? J=?J A JHA =I AI? >E =I O A ? A?J H 2=H= @AJAH E =H =I F H@E@=I @A>E@=I = I H @= EA J I IA FKA@A KJE E =H = A?K=?E +

Prodamientos = rod

F vrod D

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LAHJE@ HAI @A F JA ?E= ?

I= E@= A ? HHEA JA ?

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Pescobillas = esc fe Se vc

# #$

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# 

JH =@ HAI A A?JH

E? I @A LA ?E@=@

- ? JH @A LA ?E@=@ A =I GKE =I @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= IA HA= E = A@E= JA = L=HE=?E @A = JA IE @A =H =@KH= -IJ FAH EJA CH=H K = CH= LA ?E@=@ @A HAIFKAIJ= A A FH ?AI JH= IEJ HE ) JAI @A = =F=HE?E @A I ? JH =@ HAI A A?JH E? I @A F JA ?E= = LA ?E@=@ @A =I GKE =I @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= IA ? JH =>= E JAH?= = @ HAIEIJA ?E= A A ?EH?KEJ @A =H =@KH= -IJA A?= EI @A ? JH FH @K? = F H@E@=I ? IE@AH=> AI @A A AHC = @KH= JA A FH ?AI @A HACK =?E 7JE E = @ @EIF IEJEL I A A?JH E? I @A F JA ?E= AI F IE> A >JA AH BKA JAI @A JA IE ? JH => A O @A = J HA @E EA J =I BKA JAI H = A JA @EIF E> AI I JHEB IE?=I @A JA IE = JAH = A I IEIJA =I E @KIJHE= AI ? JE K=I A I IEIJA =I @A JH=??E A ?JHE?= J= AI ? BAHH ?=HHE AI AJH I JH= L =I O JH A>KIAI =I BKA JAI @A ? HHEA JA = JAH = KJE E = HA?JE ?=@ HAI ? JH =@ I F=H= >JA AH ? HHEA JA ? JE K= ? JA IE L=HE=> A O =I BKA JAI @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= KJE E = JH ?A=@ HAI @A JA IE ?D FFAHI  GKA I JH= ? I= GKA JH= IB H =@ HAI @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= = ? HHEA JA ? JE K= - = CKH= # !% IA KAIJH= K @E=CH= = > IE? @A AIJ I ? LAHJE@ HAI + K FKA JA HA?JE ?=@ H IA A = JA = @A = CKH= # !% IA FKA@A >JA AH JA IE AI F IEJEL=I O AC=JEL=I HAJ=H@= @ A CK @A @EIF=H @A I JEHEIJ HAI - AIJA JEF @A FKA JAI AI F IE> A E LAHJEH A IA JE@ @A = ? HHEA JA 2=H= >JA AH E LAHIE A A IA JE@ @A =I ? HHEA JAI AI A?AI=HE

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F=H= JH=??E

O BHA =@ HACA AH=JEL

KJE E =H K FKA JA HA?JE ?=@ H @A ?K=JH ?K=@H= JAI GKA AI AGKEL= A JA = KJE E =H @ I HA?JE ?=@ HAI ? A?J=@ I A F IE?E @A F =HE@=@ I >HA = ?=HC= )K ?K= @ I FKA JAI HA?JE ?=@ HAI I BKA JAI @A JA IE ? JE K= L=HE=> A HAIK J= IA ?E ? LAHJEH I A BKA JAI @A ? HHEA JA A@E= JA K = @A HA= E A J=?E - = CKH= # !& IA D= HAFHA IA J=@ K FKA JA HA?JE ?=@ H ? JH =@ HA= E A J=@ A ? HHEA JA - ? FA I=@ H FH F H?E = E JACH= @AHEL=JEL 21, GKA IA KAIJH= A = CKH= # !& E JACH= A AHH H GKA ANEIJA A JHA = ? HHEA JA GKA ?EH?K = F H = ?=HC= O = ? IEC = @A ? HHEA JA @AIA=@= ) A@E@= GKA A AHH H ?HA?A = HA@ @A ? FA I=?E E ?HA A J= IK JA IE @A I= E@= O IA = KIJ= A CK @A @EIF=H @A FKA JA HA?JE ?=@ H +K= @ A AHH H ANEIJA JA A JHA = ? HHEA JA HA= O = ? IEC = AI FH ?JE?= A JA ?AH A CK @A @EIF=H IA = JEA A ? IJ= JA A@E= JA AIJA A?= EI = BKA JA @A JA IE ? JE K= L=HE=> A IA JH= IB H = A K = BKA JA @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= ? JH =@= A@E= JA A L= H @A ? IEC = I IEIJA =I @A JH= IF HJA AJH F EJ= I E JAHKH>= I O I BAHH ?=HHE AI KJE E = BKA JAI @A JA IE ? JE K= F=H= ALEJ=H =I ?= @=I @A JA IE A =I HA=?J= ?E=I @A I = E A J=@ HAI 2 H AIJ= H= AI A?AI=HE K JH= IB H =@ H @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= = ? HHEA JA ? JE K= L=HE=> A -IJA @EIF IEJEL IA @A E = JH ?A=@ H @A L J= A ?D FFAH 7 ?D FFAH F IAA = AIJHK?JKH= > IE?= GKA IA KAIJH= A A @E=CH= = @A = CKH= # !' +K= @ A JH= IEIJ H @A F JA ?E= Q @A = CKH= A JH= A ? @K??E = JA IE I >HA = ?=HC= AI ECK= = = JA IE @A = BKA JA

v0 = V

# #&

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AI # #& O # #' # $

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= I K?E @A = A?K=?E

di di + RT i + E = LT + (RT + Gm ) i dt dt
t V 1 e c RT + Gm

@EBAHA ?E= # $ AI

i(t) =

+ Imin e c
EA = =? @K??E

# $ @A

@ @A Imin AI A L= H @A = ? HHEA JA A A J HA A A J GKA ? JH= IEIJ H Q O = ? IJ= JA @A JEA F c AIJ @A E@= F H = ANFHAIE

c =

LT RT + Gm
= ANFHAIE

# $  # $ 2 H E JACH=?E

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v0 =
E JH @K?EA @ = A?K=?E

1 T

v0 (t) dt =
0

1 T

tcon

V dt +
0 tcon

0 dt =

tcon V T

# $!

# #' A

= ANFHAIE

# $!
T

v0

= =

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v0 (t) dt =
0 i(T )

1 T
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LT
0

di + RT i + Gm i dt

dt =
# $"

LT di +
i(0) 0

(RT + Gm ) i dt = (RT + Gm ) i

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vd v ic
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# %#

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= = F E@E = IA @EIA = ?

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# !
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Vn

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Te (m = 0) =

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+K= @ ? @E?E = LA ?E@=@ m = ?= = A NE IA >JEA A = HA =?E IECKEA JA = ANFHAIE

GVn 2G2 m If G2 2 Ra If

# &" @A AIJ= # &#

# &" JEA A GKA IAH ?AH

GVn 2G2 m If = 0 mmax =

Vn 2GIf

4AA F = = @ = ANFHAIE # &# A A >= = ?A @A F=H # &! IA >JEA A = HA =?E GKA FAH EJA @AJAH E =H = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F GKA FH @K?A = NE = LA ?E@=@ @A AGKE E>HE

G2 mmax 2 GVn 2 If If = km max Ra Ra If (mmax ) =

+

1 2

GVn If V2 = k n2 Ra 4I f

1 G

kVn Ra Vn mmax = 3 2 4kVn Ra

NE = LA ?E@=@ IA >JEA A = HAIFKAIJ=

?E@= = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F GKA FH @K?A = A@E= JA = IECKEA JA ANFHAIE

Rf + Radicional =

Vn Vn Radicional = Rf If (mmax ) If (mmax )

-A F

2K J @A AGKE E>HE @A K CHKF CA AH=@ H

J H @A ? HHEA JA ?
? A?J=@ I ? IA

JE K=
KAIJH= A

, I J HAI @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= AN?EJ=?E E @AFA @EA JA AIJ = CKH= # "" O F IAA I IECKEA JAI @=J I @A F =?=

Pn 5 kW
=I F H@E@=I A A DEAHH O E = AI @A 6 V - F=H @A 4 kW =I HAIEIJA ?E=I =@E?E = KIJ=@=I F=H= GKA ?EH?K A = @AJAH E A
' ,A>A

Vna 230 V

Ina 25 A

Vnf 100 V

Inf 1, 0 A

nn 2000 rpm

A? E?=I = ?= = I 430 W = JA IE @A HA = A ?E= = LA ?E@=@ = > >= @AFA @A @A ?K=@H=@ @A = LA ?E@=@ O = 1800 rpm ? IK A = AI = =I AN?EJ=?E AI @A = >=I GKE =I AIJ ? LA EA JA A JA ' ? HHEA JA E = A = ? @E?E @A FAH=?E - AIJ=I ? @E?E AI
@A A A F

IAH ?= ?K =@=I @KH= JA = I K?E

#

+)2 67

371 )5 ,- +

76), 4

.ECKH= # "" ,E=CH= = @A ?  6 @ I I F=H HA = A ?E= AJH I @A = >= A =?

ANE

AI @A =I

GKE =I @A - A F JE K= ?

 @A

GKE = @A ? HHEA JA ? @E?E F AJ = AI F=H= GKA = > E KIJH=@= A

IE@AH= @ F H@E@=I O K

8A ?E@=@ @A = > ! 4A @E EA J @A ?

= CKH=

K J ?

" 8= HAI @A =I HAIEIJA ?E=I =@E?E

>= CEHA =  HF

5 K?E
 6 @ I I F=H HA = A ?E= AJH I @A = K GKE = @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= ? IE@AH= @ F H@E@=I O K @A

=  + ?K

@A

@A HA = A ?E=

r =

Er = n

6V
2000 60 2

= 2, 865 102 W b

>  + ?K

@A ? A ?EA JA @A CA AH=?E

Tn = (GIf n + r ) Ia =

Pn + Pmec + Pf e 5000 + 438 = = 25, 97 N m n 209, 4 Tn r Ian = 1, 01 H If n Ian

G=

?  4AIEIJA ?E= @A =H =@KH=

Ra = Va (Gn If + Erem ) 230 (1, 01 209, 4 1, 0 + 6) = = 0, 512 Ia 25 Vnf = 100 Inf

@  4AIEIJA ?E= @A ?= F
Rf =

A  + A ?EA JA @A = >

>=

PBn = k 3 k =
8A ?E@=@ @A = > >= A =? @E?E

PBn = 3

4000
3 1800 60 2

= 5, 97 104

E KIJH=@= A

= CKH=

I1 = I2 + 2 A
3 EM I2 = km + Pmec + Pf e

EM = (GIf n + r ) m

# ! - - 2

5 4-57- 6 5

#!

.ECKH= # "# +EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A IEIJA = @A - A F

EM = EG Ra I1 Ra I2
=I ?K=JH A?K=?E AI = JAHE HAI FAH EJA >JA AH = IECKEA JA ANFHAIE @A = LA ?E@=@

m =
7JE E = @ A HAIK J=@

EG 2Ra k 3 + Pmec + Pf e 437, 2 2 2Ra m = 192, 35 5, 95 104 m 2 GIf n + r m m (GIf n + r )

J @ @A /=KII 5AE@A F=H= HAI LAH = A?K=?E = JAHE H IA >JEA A A IECKEA JA

m = 172
! 4A @E EA J @A ? K J ? F AJ

rad n = 1,644 rpm s

EM = (GIf n + r ) m = 174 V I2 =
3 km + Pmec + Pf e = 20 A EM

I1 = I2 + 2 = 22 A PG = EG I1 + Pmec + Pf e = 4,736 W
3 = 3070 W PB = km

T =

PB = 0, 648 PG

" 8= HAI @A =I HAIEIJA ?E=I =@E?E = AI F=H= GKA = > >= CEHA =  HF - AIJA ?=I KJE E =HA I K = =FH NE =?E F=H= HA= E =H K ? ?K I H FE@ FAH F IJAHE H A JA IA F @H = = =H A HAIK J=@ = =FH NE =?E ? IEIJA A IKF AH GKA = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F @A J H IA = JEA A ? AIJA IKFKAIJ IA B=?E EJ= A ? ?K @A EM O F IJAHE H A JA IA HA?= ?K = If 2 2 IJAHE H A JA IA F @H = EJAH=H D=IJ= = ?= =H = ? LAHCA ?E= FAH A AIJA ?=I I HAIK J=@ I ?= >E= KO F ? O AI F IE> A F=I=H F H = J AIJA J= JA
3 PB = km = 5, 97 104 2

2000 60

= 5,485 W

PM = PB + Pmec + Pf e = 5,923 W TM = PM = 28, 28 N m m TM m = 28 A EM

@E?E AI E = AI @A FAH=?E = JH=>= =H A

Em = (GIf n + r ) m = 211, 6 V I2
-IJ= ? HHEA JA E @E?= GKA IA AN?A@A

=I ?

#"

+)2 67

371 )5 ,- +

76), 4

IEIJA = A AIJA FK J ,KH= JA K FAH @ @A JEA F AI F IE> A = JA AH AIJA FK J @A FA H=?E FAH IE IA = JEA A FAH = A JA A JA = GKE = AN?A@AH IK JA FAH=JKH= @A @EIA O ? A =H K @AJAHE H =?A AH=@ @A IKI FH FEA@=@AI @EA ?JHE?=I

If 2 =

1 G

EM r m

= 0, 97 A

EG = Ra I1 + Ra I2 + EM = 241 V If 1 = 1 G EG r G = 1, 24 A
F=H= A H=H = = AI + =I @ =I IA @AJAH E = HAGKEAHA ?=@= ?= FHA?EIE FAH I ? HHEA JAI @A =I HAIEIJA ?E=I F

+ AIJ I HAIK J=@ I =FH NE =@ I IA F @H = IACKEH EJAH= @ F=H= AI FH ?JE? I IJ I I KO ?AH?= I = I L= HAI ?= F O ? = JA IE @A FK J A@E A JHA =I @ I GKE J J= AI O @A AIJ=I A L= H @A =I HAIEIJA ?E=I =@E?E = AI GKA

V = EG Ra I1 = EM + Ra I2 = 226 V Rr1 = Rr2 = V = 182 Rad1 = Rr1 Rf = 82 If 1 V = 232 Rad2 = Rr2 Rf = 132 If 2

-A F

! + ?K

@A = BKAH = A A?JH

JHE A JHA @A C=I

?A I IECKEA JAI

,AJAH E A = BKAH = A A?JH JHE E @K?E@= A JHA @A C=I @A K = =H =@KH= IE IA ? @=J I F=H= = AIFEH= @A K = =H =@KH=

Ne = 25

Ie # )

Ae 102 m2

3 102 m2

5 K?E

O =

GKE = F IAA 80 @A C=I O CEH= = 1800 rpm A@E= JA = ANFHAIE # "! = E @K?

,A I @=J I CA JHE? I @A = GKE = IA FKA@A @AJAH E =H J= ?E= @A = AIFEH= GKA IA A ?KA JH= A ? KJ=?E

4 107 102 = 1, 3 mH 2 3 103 5E = GKE = F IAA 80 @A C=I O CEH= = 1800 rpm = BKAH = A A?JH JHE E @K?E@= A JHA @A C=I IA ?= ?K = A@E= JA = A?K=?E # " ? 1, 3 103 10 80 1800 e= = 31, 4 V 60 Le = (25)2
-IJA AI K L= H ?AH?= =KJ = JA AH = EJA @A>E@ = GKA ? JA IE AI =O HAI A =H? A ?JHE? IA FKA@A

# "

- AH?E?E I FH FKAIJ I

 7 = GKE = @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= ? AN?EJ=?E IAHEA IA =? F = A? E?= A JA = K CA A H=@ H @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= ? AN?EJ=?E A @AHEL=?E @A ECK= F JA ?E= JA IE LA ?E@=@ O ? HHEA JA E =

# " - -4+1+1 5 24 27-56 5

##

Pn 5 kW

Vn 220 V

nn 1800 rpm

In 30 A
A?J= K = HAIEIJA ?E= CA AH=@ H AI @A 5  HHEA JA E = =I ?E@=@ O A A FK J

= GKE = IAHEA IA = E A J= ? JA IE E = O = CA AH=@ H IA A ? A F=H= A ? IK =H =@KH= @A 1, 0 en p.u. = JA IE @A HA = A ?E= @A = IK LA ?E@=@ E = O = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F E = AI K 3  @A = ? F H@E@=I A? E?=I @A =I @ I GKE =I @AFA @A @A ?K=@H=@ @A = LA E = HAFHAIA J= = JAH?AH= F=HJA @A =I F H@E@=I J J= AI ,AJAH E A

= > ?

I F=H

AJH I @A = >=I

GKE =I @A ? K J = HAIEIJA ?E=

= LA ?E@=@ @A FAH=?E = F JA ?E= A JHAC=@= A

@  - HA @E EA J @A C >=
7 = GKE = @A ? HHEA JA ? E = AI JE K= ? AN?EJ=?E E @AFA @EA JA F IAA I IECKEA JAI @=J I

Vn 220 V

Pn 10 kW

Vf n 110 V

If n 3A

nn 1800 rpm

n 0, 90

-IJ= GKE = IA =? F = A? ? K = HAIEIJA ?E= =FH FE=@= E = = JA IE @A HA = A FK J E = HAFHAIA J= LA ?E@=@ ,AJAH E A

E?= A JA = JH= GKE = E@ JE?= FAH A ? ANE @AHEL=?E A A ?= F F=H= FAH EJEH = CA AH=?E @A = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= A ?E= @A AIJ=I GKE =I AI @A 5 V =I F H@E@=I A? E?=I A A 30  @A =I F H@E@=I J J= AI O @AFA @A @A ?K=@H=@ @A =

=

I F=H

AJH I @A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A =I @ I

GKE =I AN?A@AH I L= HAI

>  - L= H @A = HAIEIJA ?E= @A ?= F O @A ?=HC= @A CA AH=@ H F=H= E = AI @A = GKE = JHE E @A CA AH=@ H ?

I KAL I FK J I @A FAH=?E @A ? K J ?K= @ IA HA@K?A K 10  = JA IE @A ?= F @A = GKE = JHE O ?K= @ IA @EI E KOA K 10  = HAIEIJA ?E= @A ?= F @A CA AH=@ H K J J H CA AH=@ H A BK ?E @A = F JA ?E= @A I= E@= @A CA

@  - HA @E EA J @A ? AH=@ H

! , I GKE =I IE E =HAI @A ? HHEA JA ? JAI @=J I E = AI

JE K= ?

AN?EJ=?E

E @AFA @EA JA F IAA

I IECKEA

GKE = I II

Vn 220 V 220 V

Pn 5 kW 5 kW

Vf n 110 V 110 V

If n 1A 1A

nn 1800 rpm 1750 rpm

n 0, 85 0, 85
A? E?=

5E =I @ I GKE =I IA ? A?J= ? J HAI A @AHEL=?E O IA =? F = = >=I A JA = K = > >= ?A JH BKC= GKA = & HF ? IK A 10 kW ,AJAH E A

=

= LA ?E@=@ @A FAH=?E

@A IEIJA = B H =@ F H =I @ I

GKE =I O = >

>=

#$

+)2 67

371 )5 ,- + GKE =I

76), 4

> ?

= ? HHEA JA

= A =@= F H = =H =@KH= @A ?=@= K = @A =I

= F JA ?E= A JHAC=@= F H ?=@= K = @A =I

GKE =I A IKI HAIFA?JEL I A AI

A?

E? I

" 7 = GKE = @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= AN?EJ=?E ? FKAIJ= @A 220 V 5 kW 1750 rpm O HA @E EA J A A FK J E = @A 86  JEA A K @AL= =@ IAHEA GKA FH @K?A A 25  @A K E = ?K= @ F H ?EH?K = = ? HHEA JA E = O K ?= F @AHEL=?E GKA FH @K?A A HAIJ @A K ?K= @ IA A =F E?= = JA IE E = A JHA IKI > H AI =I HAIEIJA ?E=I @A ?= F IAHEA O @A = =H =@KH= I ECK= AI =I F H@E@=I A A ?= F @AHEL=?E I @A 2  @A = F JA ?E= JE = HA = A ?E= = LA ?E@=@ E = AI @A 3  =I F H@E@=I A? E?=I A A FK J E = I @A 5  @A = F JA ?E= JE ,AJAH E A

=

I F=H

AJH I @A =

GKE = E?= GKA =K A J=

>  - FK J @A FAH=?E ?K= @ IA A ?KA JH= =??E = @ = K = ?=HC= A? IK F=H E A= A JA ? = LA ?E@=@ O GKA = 1750 rpm @AI=HH = 4 kW

?  4A @E EA J @A IEIJA = IE IA =??E = = GKE = = 1800 rpm ? A @AL= =@ IAHEA @AI ? A?J=@ O ? A?J= @ A = =H =@KH= K = ?=HC= @A L= H 1,0 pu
# , I GKE =I @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= K = ? AN?EJ=?E IAHEA O = JH= ? AN?EJ=?E A F=H= A IA A ?KA JH= ? A?J=@=I = = JA IE E = O IKI A AI A? E? I AIJ =? F =@ I I @=J I @A F =?= @A = >=I GKE =I I I IECKEA JAI

GKE = 5AHEA 2=H= A

Vn 220 V 220 V

In 23 A 21 A

Pn 4 kW 5 kW

nn 1750 rpm 1750 rpm

Inf 23 A 1, 73 A

=I HAIEIJA ?E=I @A ?= F O @A =H =@KH= @A = GKE = IAHEA I @A 0, 8 = HAIEIJA ?E= @A =H =@KH= @A = GKE = @AHEL=?E AI @A 0, 95 =I F H@E@=I @A LA JE =?E @A = >=I GKE =I @AFA @A @A ?K> @A = LA ?E@=@ ,AJAH E A A AIJ=I ? @E?E AI

= > ? @

I F=H

AJH I @A = >=I

GKE =I GKE =I K J @A =I @ I GKE =I K J =? F =@= = A A IA @A>E EJ= A ?= F E = @A ? E = @A ?

=I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I F=H LA ?E@=@ @A = >=I = LA ?E@=@ = LA ?E@=@ IE ? IAHEA K #  E = O A F=H = ?=HC=

$ 5A JEA A K J H @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= @A 10 HP  220 V 1000 rpm AN?EJ=?E A @AHEL=?E ? K = HAIEIJA ?E= @A 100 K = HAIEIJA ?E= @A E @K?E@ @A 0, 4 O K HA @E EA J @A 85  ,AJAH E A

= >

I L= HAI

E = AI @A = ? HHEA JA @A E @K?E@ O A F=H A ?JHE? A A A A

= JA IE GKA D=>H = GKA =F E?=H = E @K?E@ F=H= HA@K?EH = LA ?E@=@ = 500 rpm = JA EA @ = AN?EJ=?E A ? @E?E AI E = AI IE IA IKF A GKA A F=H @A ?=HC= AI FH F H?E = = ?K=@H=@ @A = LA ?E@=@

 1 HP = 746 W

# " - -4+1+1 5 24 27-56 5

#%

?  += ?K =H = HAIEIJA ?E= = ? ?=H A IAHEA ? A E @K?E@ F=H= HA@K?EH = LA ?E@=@ = 500 rpm = JA EA @ = JA IE @A = E A J=?E A 220 V O = AN?EJ=?E ? A =I ? @E?E AI E = AI IKF EA @ GKA A F=H @A ?=HC= AI FH F H?E = = = LA ?E@=@
% 5A JEA A K J H IAHEA @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= GKA IK E EIJH= K = F JA ?E= @A 10 CV JA IE @A = E A J=?E AI @A 200 V += ?K =H


=  1 JA IE@=@ IE A HA @E EA J J J= AI @A 86  >  8= H @A = HAIEIJA ?E= E JAH = IE =I F H@E@=I F H ABA?J ?  .KAH = A A?JH @  - F=H A +
JHE @A E @K?E@ J H JE A A A A = 1000 rpm KAI @A 7 

K J @A F H@E@=I F H H = EA J O A A DEAHH F H DEIJ HAIEI H J=JEL=

& 7 CA AH=@ H @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= ? AN?EJ=?E @AHEL=?E IK E EIJH= K = E JA IE@=@ @A 80 A = 200 V - HA @E EA J A ?JHE? AI @A 95  IEA @ A HAF=HJ @A F H@E@=I F H ABA?J K A = H= @A 3  A A E @K?E@ O @A 2  A A E @K?J H += ?K =H

=  2 JA ?E= J J= CA AH=@= >  2 JA ?E= FAH@E@= A A E @K?E@ ?  2 JA ?E= FAH@E@= A A E @K?J H @  1 JA IE@=@ @A AN?EJ=?E A  4AIEIJA ?E= @A E @K?J H B  4AIEIJA ?E= @A E @K?E@ C  .KAH = A A?JH
' 5A JEA A K @A 3 kW ? JHE @A E @K?E@

J H @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= ? AN?EJ=?E A @AHEL=?E ?KO= F JA ?E= E = AI K = JA IE A > H AI @A 110 V IEA @ A HA @E EA J J J= @A 76  += ?K =H

=  1 JA IE@=@ J J= >  1 JA IE@=@ @A AN?EJ=?E E@=

I=>EA @ GKA = F JA ?E= F=H= AN?EJ=?E AI A 5  @A = ? IK

?  4AIEIJA ?E= @A @AL= =@ @A ?= F @  1 JA IE@=@ @A = =H =@KH= A  4AIEIJA ?E= @A = =H =@KH= IE IKI F H@E@=I F H ABA?J IK E@= B  .KAH = A A?JH C  2=H
J HA JHE @A E @K?E@ = F A= @A JH= I EIE = 1200 rpm AN?A@= A L= H KAI

5  @A = F JA ?E= ?

D  8= H @A HA IJ=J @A =H =@KH= F=H= GKA = E JA IE@=@ @A =HH= GKA E =

 1 CV = 745 W

#&  7 CA AH=@ H @A ? HHEA JAHE H ? K = JA IE ?= F @AHEL=?E O ?= @= HAIFA?JEL= A JA 5E @AL= =@ I += ?K =H

+)2 67

371 )5 ,- +

76), 4

JA ? JE K= ? AN?EJ=?E ? FKAIJ= IK E EIJH= 120 A = ?EH?KEJ AN A > H AI @A 120 V =I F H@E@=I F H ABA?J K A A = =H =@KH= F IAHEA I HAIFA?JEL= A JA 2, 5  2, 5  O 1  @A = F JA ?E= ?A@E =I E?=I F H@E@=I GKA IA ? IE@AH= I =I D E?=I A I @EIJE J I

=  2 H@E@=I F H ABA?J

KA

>  4AIEIJA ?E= @A @AL= =@ @A ?= F IAHEA ?  1 JA IE@=@ A A @AL= =@ @A ?= F F=H= A @  4AIEIJA ?E= @A @AL= =@ @A ?= F A @AHEL=?E A  1 JA IE@=@ @A = =H =@KH= B  4AIEIJA ?E= @A = =H =@KH= C  .KAH = A A?JH
JHE @A = =H =@KH=

 7 J H @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= ? AN?EJ=?E E @AFA @EA JA A@E= JA K E FAH = A JA JEA A K = HAIEIJA ?E= A ?JHE?= A = =H =@KH= @A 0, 1 = JA IE NE = GKA IA FKA@A =F E ?=H = = =H =@KH= AI 220 V O = ? HHEA JA NE = GKA FKA@A F=I=H F H IKI @AL= =@ I AI @A 100 A = ? IJ= JA @A FH F H?E = E@=@ @A = BKAH = A A?JH JHE E @K?E@= A A H J H AI V 0, 15 rpm ,AJAH E =H

= >


= ANFHAIE @A F=H A ?JHE? @A IE AI @A = E A J=?E = HAFHAIA J=?E CH

J H A BK ?E

@A = LA ?E@=@ F=H= @EBAHA JAI JA AI @A 50 100 150 O 200 V

?= @A F=H A ?JHE? F=H= JA IE

7 CA AH=@ H ? FKAIJ @A 250 kW 250 V 1200 rpm IK E EIJH= 1000 A = 250 V = HAIEIJA ?E= @A = =H =@KH= E ? KOA @ =I AI? >E =I AI @A 0, 0045 = HAIEIJA ?E= @A @AL= =@ IAHEA AI 0, 018 O = @A =HH = EA J F=H= A AI 48 =I F H@E@=I @A F H H = EA J I 6,800 W O =I F H@E@=I F H ?=HC=I F=H IEJ=I I A 1  @A = F JA ?E= JE += ?K =H

=  2 H@E@=I J J= AI >  4A @E EA J
! 7 CA AH=@ H @AHEL=?E JEA A K = =H =@KH= @A 0, 5 O A ?= F F IAA K = HAIEIJA ?E= @A 400 ? A?J=@ A IAHEA ? K HA IJ=J Rh ?KO= HAIEIJA ?E= AI L=HE=> A @A 0 = 200 +K= @ Rh IA = = 100 A H J H CEH= = 1,500 rpm O = @EBAHA ?E= @A F JA ?E= A JHA > H AI AI @A 100 V A ?EH?KEJ =>EAHJ = E @K??E A A DEAHH @A I ?= F I AI @A 0, 9 T += ?K =H

=  .KAH = A A?JH

JHE @A = =H =@KH= A AIJ=I ?

@E?E

AI LKA L= = JA AH IK L= H

>  ,EBAHA ?E= @A F JA ?E= A > H AI IE A CA AH=@ H IK E EIJH= 10 A ?  8A ?E@=@ @A =HH=IJHA A?AI=HE= A E E?E= @A 100 V
-IJ= ? @E?E AI L E@= A H CE A FAH = A JA

= =H =@KH= F=H= GKA = JA IE

# " - -4+1+1 5 24 27-56 5

#'

" 7 J H IAHEA GKA JEA A K = HAIEIJA ?E= @A 1 A JHA JAH E = AI KALA K LA JE =@ H F=H= A ?K= A F=H L=H = ? A ?K=@H=@ @A = LA ?E@=@ ) 220 V A ? K J CEH= = 300 rpm O ? IK A 25 A ,A>A =K A J=HIA = LA ?E@=@ = 400 rpm =K A J= @ = JA IE 0= =H = JA IE O = ? HHEA JA F=H= I ?=I I EJAI IECKEA JAI

=  +K= @ A ?EH?KEJ

=C

JE? AIJ I=JKH=@

AI @A?EH F=H= K

IJ= JA K IA= @EHA?J= A JA

>  +K= @ A ?EH?KEJ =C JE? FH F H?E = = = ? HHEA JA

AIJ I=JKH=@

AI @A?EH ?K= @ A

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@ @A

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Re [I] [0]

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AI AI AI AI AI AI AI

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= =JHE [S] , HAFHAIA J= I =? F = EA J I IE JHE? I A JHA > >E =I @A AIJ=J H H J H I J H E I 1 A = @E=C = ? HHAIF @A = =I =C AJE =?E AI @A = > >E = FH FE=& O A J H E 1 2 HAFHAIA J= 4 ' =I KJK=I A JHA B=IAI GKA IA A ?KA JH= IAF=H=@=I AIF=?E= A JA 23 ?KO =? F = EA J 3 @AFA @A A J ?AI @A cos 23 = cos 43 = 1 2 = =JHE [C()] @AJAH E = A ? F HJ= EA J ? ? E? @A I =? F = EA J I KJK I A JHA > >E =I @A H J H O @A AIJ=J H F H AIJ= H= =F=HA?A A CK ? =HCK A J @A = BK ?E ? IA - =? F = EA J A JHA = B=IA ae @A AIJ=J H O = B=IA ar @A H J H @AFA @A @EHA?J= A JA @A cos A =? F = EA J A JHA = B=IA ae @A AIJ=J H O = br @A H J H =@A I @A AIJ=H IAF=H=@= A A CK A JHA =I HABAHA ?E=I @A = > I IEIJA =I JEA A K = B=IA =@E?E = @A 23 GKA ? HHAIF @A = = IAF=H=?E AIF=?E= A JHA B=IAI O ANF E?= @A AIJ= B H = = =F=HE?E @A J H E cos( + 23 ) ,A ECK= B H = IA 4 FKA@A ANF E?=H A J H E cos( + 3 ) ? HHAIF @EA JA = =? F = EA J A JHA = B=IA ae @A AIJ=J H O = cr @A H J H - IEIJA = ? B H =@ F H =I IAEI A?K=?E AI @A JA IE F = JA=@=I A $  O A >= = ?A @A F=H ANFHAI=@ A = A?K=?E $ HAFHAIA J= A ? F HJ= EA J @E E? @A = GKE = @A E @K??E  FAH = @AFA @A ?E= @A = F IE?E = CK =H ? F E?= J=> A A JA = I K?E FH ?JE?= @A AIJA @A O = J ? E?= @A JH= IB H =?E @A ? H@A =@=I AI ? LA EA JA

$!

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7 = EIEI @A I =? F = EA J I >IAHL=@ I A A @A @A = GKE = @A E @K??E A ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL= FAH EJA @AIJ=?=H GKA AIJ I AIJ @A E@ I F H =JHE?AI IE JHE?=I [S] ? ? E?=I [C()] -I J=I =JHE?AI FKA@A IAH @E=C = E =@=I KJE E = @ A J @ @A =KJ L= HAI O =KJ LA?J HAI 5A FKA@A @A IJH=H ? AIJ= J ? E?= GKA = JH= IB H =?E @A ? F A JAI IE JHE?=I  AI ?=F= @A HA= E =H A @AI=? F = EA J @A = >=I =JHE?AI = JH= IB H =?E @A ? F A JAI IE JHE?=I DAH EJE= = IA @A A ? 1 1 1 x0 xa xa 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 x+ = 1 ej 3 ej 3 xb = 1 2 xb $ ! 4 2 3 3 1 2 j 3 j 3 x x x 1 e e c c

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4 3

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$ $

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@A
! -

I IEIJA =I JHEB IE? I AIJ HAGKEAHA = FHAIA ?E= @A K ?K=HJ DE F H @ @A FKA@= ?EH?K =H AIJ= ? F A JA =I GKE =I A ?JHE?=I E @KIJHE= AI AI F ? D=>EJK= = ? ANE @A AKJH " -I AGKEL= A JA KJE E =H = ? F A JA @A IA?KA ?E= AC=JEL= = ? F A JA @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH JEA A AI?=I= KJE E@=@ A A = EIEI @A =I GKE =I @A>E@ = GKA FKA@A FH @K?EH F=H 5E A >=HC = CK I @AIAGKE E>HE I @AFA @A E IJ= JA J HE= A JA @A AIJ= ? F A JA

$ ! 8-+6 4-5 -52)+1) -5

$'

.ECKH= $ # 4AFHAIA J=?E

CH

?= @A LA?J H AIF=?E= @A K IEIJA = JHEB IE?

ve vr ie ir

2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3

1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2

e va r va

e vb r vb

e vc r vc

ie a ir a

ie b ir b

ie c ir c

3 3 3 Le Le + Lme ; Lr Lr + Lmr , Mer Ler 2 2 2 I J H E I GKA =F=HA?A A = ANFHAIE $ & IA FKA@A >JA AH HA= E = @ = JH= IB H =?E = LA?J HAI AIFA?E= AI @A = =JHE?AI GKA HAFHAIA J= A @A @A = GKE = A ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I J= AI ? I
 = JH= IB H =?E @A LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI =F E?=@= = = ya 2 1 2 yb = 1 3 yc

2 3

y
= JH= IB H =?E

2 3

=JHE E@A JE@=@ [I] 1 0 0 xa 2 0 1 0 xb 0 0 1 xc xa 1 2 xb = x xc

1 xa 2 xb 1 2 xc 1

$ '

2 3

=F E?=@= = = =JHE IE JHE?= [S] ya 2 2 yb = 1 2 3 yc

2 3

1 1 2 1 32 2 xa 3 xb 2 3 2 xc

1 2 1 1 2

= 3x 2

$ 

% ! = EI = JH= IB H =?E =F E?=@= = =

+)2 67

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1
ej +ej 2

=JHE ? ? E?= [C()] HA? H@= @ GKA cos =

y= 2 3 1 2

cos cos( + 4 ) 3 cos( + 23 ) 1 2

cos( + 23 ) cos( + 43 ) xa xb = cos cos( + 23 ) 4 xc cos( + 3 ) cos 2 1 j e + 2 1 2 xa 2 xb xc 1 xa xb = 3 ej x $  2 xc 2 1

2 3

1 ej 2 2 3 3 32

y=

2 1 j e 32

+ ej

= JH= IB H =?E = LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI @A = ANFHAIE = A?K=?E $ GKA@=

@A F=H A ?JHE? ANFHAI=@ A A >= = ?A @A

d Ler d [C()] [0] t

Te =

1 t 1 [i] [ ] [i] = 2 2

[ie ] [ir ]

[0] t d Ler d [C()]

t

[ie ] [ir ]

= Ler [ie ] 1 ej t = Ler [ie ] 2j 2 = = 3 Ler 2 3 Ler 2 ej ie 2j 2 1 1 2

d [C()] [ir ] = d 1 j e 2 2 2j 1 ej i 2j e 1

1 2

2 [ir ] = 1 2 [ir ] =

ej ej ie ir i ir 2j 2j e

j = Mer m ie i = Mer m ie ir ej re

$   A

- IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI GKA @A A IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I ? HHAIF @EA JA =

A A ? F HJ= EA J @A = I LA?J H AIF=?E= AI AI

GKE = @A E @K??E

ve vr

Re 0

0 Rr

ie ir

+p

Le Mer ej

Mer ej Lr

ie ir
$ !

Mer m ie ir ej

) = J + Tm (

@A $ ! IE F E ?= J=> A A JA =I ANFHAIE AI $  O $ JHEB IE?=I A@E= JA LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI 2 H K = F=HJA A IEIJA = IA ?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI E E?E= AI = JHAI# O = @AFA @A ?E= A = F IE?E = IK =F=HE?E A =JHE?AI ?KO= @E A IE AI 2 2$ 5E A >=HC = CK =H FKA@A IAH A E E =@= IE =I L=HE=> AI @A H J H IA HA AHA = JH= IB H =?E % j xe r xr e
# -IJ= =F=HEA ?E= I IE F A @A>A D=?AH LE@=H A DA?D @A GKA =I L=HE=> AI A A JEA F O IE F AI L=HE=> AI E IJ= J A=I ? AH= A A ?=I A ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I $ ; GKA FKA@A IAH E LAHJE@=I = = JE?= A JA ? HA =JEL= IA ?E A % 4A? H@A I GKA A IEIJA = @A HABAHA ?E= @A AIJ=J H AI E @AFA @EA JA @A = >=I HABAHA ?E=I IA A ?KA JH= IAF=H=@=I A A CK F H AIJ= H= ?K= A IEIJA = @A HABAHA ?E= H J HE? F H ej A KAL LA?J H HAIK J= JA F IAA = @AI@A A IEIJA = @A HABAHA ?E= AIJ=J HE?

= HAFHAIA J=H =I =C EJK@AI D= HA@K?E@ @A =I IEAJA A?K= = CK =H IA D= IE F E ?=@ = @AFA @A ?E= A = F IE?E AIJ=J H KJE E = @ = IECKEA JA $ "
LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI GKE = @A E @K??E

KAL=I L=HE=> AI I @A @A @A =

IEIJA = @A HABAHA ?E= @A AIJ=J H FAH @ IA K JEF E?= K = LA?J H AIF=?E= A EI = =C EJK@ O IK B=IA =D H= IA E@A

$"

,-

4 /1 -

2-4 ) - 6-

%

.ECKH= $ $ +EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A = @A HABAHA ?E= AIJ=J HE?

GKE = @A E @K??E

A LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI HABAHE@ I = IEIJA =

2=H= =F E?=H = JH= IB H =?E $ " = @A @A = GKE = A LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI $ ! IA HAGKEAHA @AI=HH =H = @AHEL=@= ? HHAIF @EA JA @A AIJ= JH= IB H =?E
j j xe pxe = pxr ej + j r = pxr e + j xr e r

e pxr ej = pxe r j xr
7JE E = @ =I ANFHAIE AI $ " O $ # A A @A $ ! IA >JEA A A IECKEA JA @A E @K??E A LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI HABAHE@ I = AIJ=J H @A @A =

$ # GKE =

ve e vr

Re 0

0 Rr

ie ie r

Le Mer

Mer Lr

ie ie r

0 Mer

0 Lr

ie ie r
$ $

Mer m ie (ie r)

) = J + Tm (

@A $ $ AI E @AFA @EA JA @A = F IE?E = CK =H GKA AI L=HE=> A A A JEA F =K A A ?=I F=HJE?K =H @A = FAH=?E A H CE A FAH = A JA O AIJ= @AFA @A ?E= AI HAA F = =@= F H = ?KO ? F HJ= EA J JA F H= L=H = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H I A J= A JA& -IJA @A FKA@A IAH HAFHAIA J=@ A@E= JA A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA GKA IA KAIJH= A = CKH= $ $ -IJA ?EH?KEJ HAFH @K?A A ? F HJ= EA J A ?JHE? @A = GKE = A H CE A JH= IEJ HE O AI ?=F= @A ?= ?K =H A F=H A ?JHE? AL= K= @ = F JA ?E= =?JEL= JH= IBAHE@= = = BKA JA @AFA @EA JA @A ? HHEA JA @A ?EH?KEJ H J HE? JA = GKA IAH = = E =@ ? =O H FH BK @E@=@ A A ?=F JK %

$"

@A

A H CE A FAH = A JA

5A FKA@A >JA AH K @A @A = GKE = @A E @K??E FAH= @ A ? @E?E AI @A H CE A FAH = A JA = F=HJEH @A @A JH= IEJ HE F=HJE?K =HE = @ =I L=HE=> AI ? HHAIF @EA JAI A AIJA AIJ=@ - H CE A FAH = A JA AGKE E>H=@ =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H @A = GKE = @A E @K??E IA = E A J= ? K IEIJA = >= = ?A=@ @A JA IE AI JHEB IE?=I @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= O =I > >E =I @A H J H IA A ?KA JH= A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ vae (t) = 2Ve cos e t 2 vbe (t) = 2Ve cos e t 3 4 vce (t) = 2Ve cos e t $ % 3

var (t) = vbr (t) = vcr (t) = 0

ABA?J JA A JA
& -

$ &
EA JH=I GKA A CK ?= >E= ? IJ=

A H CE A FAH = A JA = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H AI K = ?

IJ= JA

% =I JA IE AI $ % O $ & ANFHAI=@=I ?

+)2 67

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

ve =

2 3

LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI I 2Ve cos e t 2 2Ve cos e t 23 4 2Ve cos e t 3

ve =

2 Ve 3

vr =

eje t + eje t 1 2 eje t + eje t = 3Ve eje t 2 2 eje t + 2 eje t 0 2 e 1 2 0 = 0 = vr 3 0

$ '

$ 

) AN?EJ=H =I > >E =I ? JA IE AI JHEB IE?=I >= = ?A=@=I =I ? HHEA JAI @A AIJ=J H O =I @A H J H HABAHE@=I = AIJ=J H J= >E HAIK J=H >= = ?A=@=I O I ? HHAIF @EA JAI LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI IAH ie = 3Ie ej (e t+e ) $  ie 3Ir ej (e t+r ) $  r =

= m = cte 4AA 2 H JH= F=HJA = LA ?E@=@ @A H J H A H CE A FAH = A JA IAH ? IJ= JA F = = @ =I ? @E?E AI $ ' $  $  O $ A A @A @A = GKE = @A E @K??E @AI?HEJ A LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI IA JEA A j (e t+e ) Re 0 3Ve eje t 3Ie ej ( t+ ) + = 0 Rr 0 3Ir e e r 3Ie ej (e t+e ) Le Mer + + je Mer Lr 3Ir ej (e t+r ) j (e t+e ) 0 0 3Ie ej ( t+ ) jm Mer Lr 3Ir e e r Ve 0 = Re 0 Ve 0 0 Rr = + je Le Mer Mer Lr jm 0 Mer 0 Lr Ie Ir Ie eje Ir ejr
$ !

Re + je Le j (e m )Mer

je Mer Rr + j (e m )Lr

2=H= @AJAH E =H K ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A = GKE = @A E @K??E A H CE A FAH = A JA = F=HJEH @A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI $ ! AI A?AI=HE @ELE@EH = IACK @= A?K=?E F H A @AI E = EA J '

s Ve 0
-

e m e
Rr s

$ "

Re + je Le je Mer

je Mer + je Lr

Ie Ir
= ANFHAIE ! !

$ # A H CE A FAH = A JA I B=I HAI

= CKH= $ %IA FHAIA J= A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A =

GKE = @A E @K??E

- F=H A ?JHE? A H CE A FAH = A JA IA ?= ?K = IKIJEJKOA @ A AIF=?E= AI >JA E@ I A ! ' O ! !

Te = Mer m

3Ie ej (e t+e )

3Ir ej (e t+r )

= 3Mer Ie Ir sin (e r )

$ $

' - @AI E = EA J s AI K = L=HE=> A @A CH= E F HJ= ?E= A = @A =?E @A = GKE = @A E @K??E O HAFHAIA J= = LA ?E@=@ HA =JEL= A JHA A ?= F FH @K?E@ A A AIJ=J H O = F IE?E @A H J H A F H K E@=@ @A = LA ?E@=@ @A AIJA ?= F

$"

,-

4 /1 -

2-4 ) - 6-

%!

.ECKH= $ % +EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A =

GKE = @A E @K??E

A H CE A FAH = A JA = @EHA?J= A JA =I ? HHEA

= A?K=?E ? HHAIF @EA JA = ?EH?KEJ H J HE? A A IEIJA = $ # HA =?E JAI @A AIJ=J H O @A H J H Rr 0 = je Mer Ie + + je Lr Ir s

Ie = j

Rr s

+ je Lr Ir Ie eje = j e Mer
Rr s

Rr s

+ je Lr Ir ejr e Mer
$ %

Ie ej (e r ) = j

+ je Lr Rr Ir Ie sin(e r ) = Ir e Mer se Mer

) IKIJEJKEH = ANFHAIE $ % A = A?K=?E @A F=H A ?JHE? $ $ IA >JEA A A F=H A ?JHE? A BK ?E @A = ? HHEA JA @A H J H Ir A @AI E = EA J s = HAIEIJA ?E= @A H J H Rr O = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= s

Te = 3

Rr 2 I e s r

$ &

= ANFHAIE $ & IA FKA@A >JA AH @EHA?J= A JA @A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A = CKH= $ % ?K= @ IA r E?= ?= ?K = JHAI LA?AI  = F JA ?E= A JHAC=@= = = HAIEIJA ?E= R s O IA @ELE@A F H = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H e ,A JH @A =I DEF JAIEI @A @A IA D= @AIFHA?E=@ F IE> A ? IE@AH=H AIJ=I F H@E@=I ? ?= @ K A A A J JHE FH @K?E@= F H A K @A =C AJE =?E 6= >E O Lr AIJ ? FKAIJ=I @A @ I F=HJAI @EIFAHIE O =C IKI HAIFA?JEL=I @A E?E AI F = JA=@=I A A @A $ & = F H@E@=I A A DEAHH @A = GKE = -I HAIEIJEL A F=H= A ? = BKAH = A A?JH IA FKA@A HA? H@=H GKA =I E @K?J= ?E= Le AJE =?E 2 H AIJ= H= D=?EA @ KI @A IA FKA@A AIJ=> A?AH IECKEA JA

Le Mer Lr Mer

= =

3 Le + Ler 2 3 Lr + Ler 2

3 Ler = Le 2 3 Ler = Lr 2

$ '

) @A EH Xe e Le Xr e Lr O Xm = e Mer E ? KEH = HAIEIJA ?E= @A =C AJE =?E r A F=H= A ? = HA=?J= ?E= @A =C AJE =?E O IAF=H=H = HAIEIJA ?E= R F A JAI s A @ I ? 1 s K = Rr GKA HAFHAIA J= =I F H@E@=I D E?=I @A ?EH?KEJ H J HE? O s Rr GKA HAFHAIA J= = F JA ?E= JH= IBAHE@= = H J H GKA IA ? IK A A F H@E@=I IA FKA@A >JA AH A @A ? IE? @A = GKE = @A E @K??E A H CE A FAH = A JA J= ? IA KAIJH= A = CKH= $ & ,AI@A A FK J @A LEIJ= A ?JHE? A ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = @A E @K??E A H CE A FAH = A JA @AFA @A @A @AI E = EA J s @A = JA IE =F E?=@= A A AIJ=J H Ve O @A I F=H AJH I @A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA (Re Rr Rm Xe Xr Xm ) 7 = LA GKA IA ? ?A I F=H AJH I @A
F=H
 2 H AIJ=H HAFHAIA J= @ K

@A

K E =H @A =

GKE = =F=HA?A A ? A ?EA JA 3 A

I ? ?K I @A F JA ?E= O

%"

+)2 67

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

.ECKH= $ &

@A

? IE? @A =

GKE = @A E @K??E

@A A @AI E = EA J @A H J H O = BKA JA @A = E A J=?E IA FKA@A @AJAH E =H =I ? HHEA JAI GKA ?EH?K = F H = GKE = - = EIEI ?EH?KEJ= @A = GKE = @A E @K??E AI IA A = JA = @A K JH= IB H =@ H ? K = ?=HC= HAIEIJEL= L=HE=> A -IJ= ?=HC= @AFA @A AN? KIEL= A JA @A @AI E = EA J @A H J H )K ?K= @ A @A ? IE? @A = GKE = @A E @K??E AI IE E =H = @A @A K JH= IB H =@ H ANEIJA = CK =I @EBAHA ?E=I E F HJ= JAI  = HA K?J= ?E= @A ?EH?KEJ =C JE? @A = GKE = @A E @K??E AI K?D =O H GKA = HA K?J= ?E= @A =C AJE =?E @A K JH= IB H =@ H -IJ IA @A>A FHE ?EF= A JA = = FHAIA ?E= @A A JHADEAHH A = GKE = = ? HHEA JA @A AN?EJ=?E @A K = GKE = AI ? IE@AH=> A A JA =O H GKA = @A K JH= IB H =@ H @A ECK= F JA ?E= -IJ= ? HHEA JA FKA@A = ?= =H A JHA K 30  O K 50  @A = ? HHEA JA E = @A = GKE = ? JH=IJ= @ ? A 0, 5  = 1, 0  A K JH= IB H =@ H ? LA ?E = ) IAH J= CH= @A = HA K?J= ?E= @A =C AJE =?E IA E ?HA A J= ? IE@AH=> A A JA I A =?AI @A @EIFAHIE 2 H AIJ= H= =I HA=?J= ?E=I @A @EIFAHIE @A = GKE = I =O HAI GKA AIJ=I HA=?J= ?E=I F=H= K JH= IB H =@ H @A IE E =H F JA ?E= +=@= K = @A =I HA=?J= ?E=I @A @EIFAHIE @A = GKE = FKA@A IKFAH=H A 10  A ? F=H=?E ? K JH= IB H =@ H @ @A IA A ?KA JH= A JHA A 1  O A 6  =FH NE =@= A JA

$#

-?K=?E

AI @A =

GKE = @A E @K??E
IJH=@ A = CKH= $ & IA FKA@A ANJH=AH L=HE=I HA F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = A @EBAHA JAI ? @E?E AI

,A @A ? IE? @A = GKE = @A E @K??E =?E AI @A CH= KJE E@=@ F=H= @AJAH E =H A ? @A FAH=?E ) CK =I @A AIJ=I HA =?E AI I

 2 JA ?E= @A F H@E@=I A A H J H 6 @=I =I F H@E@=I A ?JHE?=I @A H J H IA A ?KA JH= FHE ?EF= A JA A =I HAIEIJA ?E=I @A =I > >E =I @A H J H -IJ=I F H@E@=I IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H A@E= JA = ANFHAIE 2 PRr = 3Ir Rr $ !

2 JA ?E= @A F H@E@=I A A AIJ=J H

I ? @K?J HAI @A AIJ=J H F IAA HAIEIJA ?E= O F H AIJ= H= A AIJ I @AL= =@ I IA FH @K?A F H@E@=I 6= >E A A DEAHH @A = GKE = IA FH @K?A F H@E@=I F H DEIJ HAIEI @A =JAHE= =C JE? O F H E @K??E @A ? HHEA JAI F=H IEJ=I 6 @=I AIJ=I F H@E@=I IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H A@E= JA = IECKEA JA HA =?E
2 Pper.ext = PRe + Pf e = 3Ie +3 2 Vm Rm

$ ! A@E= JA = IECKEA JA $ ! 

= JA IE ANFHAIE

Vm IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H = F=HJEH @A = ? HHEA JA @A AIJ=J H Ie Vm = Ve (Re + jXe )Ie

$ # -+7)+1

-5 ,- )

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

%#

.ECKH= $ ' -GKEL= A JA @A 6D LA E @A =

GKE = @A E @K??E

LEIJ @AI@A A H J H

! 2 JA ?E= A? E?= A A A A @A H J H ,A = F JA ?E= GKA A JH= = = GKE = F H I A AI A ?JHE? I @A AIJ=J H K = F=HJA IA ? IK A A I @AL= =@ I @A AIJ=J H O JH= F H?E A =I F H@E@=I @A DEAHH - HAIJ @A = F JA ?E= @A A JH=@= =JH=LEAI= A A JHADEAHH @A = GKE = O AC= = ?EH?KEJ @A H J H - AIJA ?EH?KEJ IA FEAH@A JH= F H?E A =I HAIEIJA ?E=I @A I ? @K?J HAI = @EBAHA ?E= A JHA = F JA ?E= @A A JH=@= O J @=I =I F H@E@=I IA A ?KA JH= @EIF E> A A A A A @A H J H ? F JA ?E= A? E?=
2 Peje = Protor PRr = 3Ir Rr

1 1s 2 1 = 3 Ir Rr s s

$ !!

- >= = ?A $ !! @A KAIJH= GKA = F JA ?E= A? E?= @EIF E> A A A A A AI ECK= = = F JA ?E= GKA IA ? IK A A = HAIEIJA ?E= @A ?=HC= HAFHAIA J=@= A = CKH= $ & = F JA ?E= A? E?= JE @EIF E> A A A A A A? E? FKA@A IAH A H = = ?= ?K =@= F H = ANFHAIE $ !! @A>E@ = GKA ANEIJA F H@E@=I @A JEF A? E? J= AI ? = BHE??E O = HABHECAH=?E @A = GKE = A@E= JA LA JE =@ HAI =? F =@ I = A A A? E? GKA HA@K?A = F JA ?E= @EIF E> A A A A A " 2=H A ?JHE? - F=H A ?JHE? @A = GKE = IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H = F=HJEH @A ? ?EA JA A JHA = F JA ?E= A? E?= @EIF E> A A A A A O = LA ?E@=@ A? E?= @A H J H

Te =

Peje 1s 1s 1 Protor 2 2 2 = 3 Ir Rr = 3 Ir Rr = 3 Ir Rr = m sm se (1 s) e s e

$ !"

= A?K=?E $ !" @AJAH E = A F=H A ?JHE? A@E= JA = F JA ?E= A? E?= @EIF E> A A A A A Peje O = LA ?E@=@ A? E?= @A H J H m 7 J @ = JAH =JEL ? IEIJA A ?= ?K =H A F=H KJE E = @ = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= GKA =JH=LEAI= A A JHADEAHH Protor O = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= e = = GKA IA HA= E = AIJ= ? LAHIE # + HHEA JA @A H J H 2=H= @AJAH E =H = F JA ?E= A A A A Peje O A F=H A ?JHE? Te AI A?AI=HE >JA AH = ? HHEA JA @A H J H Ie 2=H= ?= ?K =H AIJ= ? HHEA JA AI JE HA= E =H K AGKEL= A JA @A 6D LA E LEIJ @AI@A A H J H D=?E= = BKA JA @A AIJ=J H J= ? IA KAIJH= A = CKH= $ ' = JA IE @A 6D LA E A A ?EH?KEJ @A = CKH= $ ' IA @AJAH E = A@E= JA K @ELEI H @A JA IE A JHA = E FA@= ?E= IAHEA @A AIJ=J H Ze O = E FA@= ?E= @A =C AJE =?E Zm Zm Ve $ !# Vth = Zm + Ze = E FA@= ?E= @A 6D LA E @A ?EH?KEJ AI A HAIK J=@ @A F=H= A A JHA Ze O Zm A IAHEA ? = E FA@= ?E= Zr Ze Zm + Zr = Rth + jXth $ !$ Zth = Ze + Zm

%$

+)2 67

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

= ? HHEA JA Ir IA >JEA A = F=HJEH @A ?EH?KEJ @A 6D LA E @A = CKH= $ '

Ir =

Vth Rth +
Rr 2 s

2 Xth

$ !%

5KIJEJKOA @ = ANFHAIE $ !% A =I A?K=?E AI $ !! O $ !" IA @AJAH E = = F JA ?E= A A A A O A F=H A ?JHE? A BK ?E @A I F=H AJH I @A = GKE = = JA IE @A 6D LA E O A @AI E = EA J @A H J H s 2 3Vth Rr 1 s Peje = $ !& 2 2 r Rth + R + Xth s

Te =

Rr 3 V2 e s th

Rth +

Rr 2 s

2 + Xth

$ !'

$$

+=H=?JAH IJE?= F=H @AI E = EA J

= A?K=?E $ !' @AJAH E = A F=H A ?JHE? @A = GKE = @A E @K??E 5E = JA IE @A = E A J=?E Ve JEA A K = = F EJK@ ? IJ= JA = JA IE @A 6D LA E J= >E JA @H IK =C EJK@ ? IJ= JA @A>E@ = GKA =I E FA@= ?E=I @A AIJ=J H O @A =C AJE =?E I E @AFA @EA JAI @A @AI E = EA J @A H J H 5E IA AN? KOA A @AI E = EA J J @ I I J H E I @A = A?K=?E $ !' I ? IJ= JAI F=H= K = GKE = @=@= EA JH=I GKA = BHA?KA ?E= @A = HA@ IA= ? IJ= JA 2=H= ? FHA @AH A ? F HJ= EA J BK ?E = @A AIJ= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= HAIK J= ? LA EA JA HA= E =H =FH NE =?E AI =IE J JE?=I @A = A?K=?E $ !' ? HAIFA?J = L= HAI ANJHA I @A @AI E = EA J +K= @ A @AI E = EA J AI ?AH = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H @A A A H J H AI ECK= = = LA ?E@=@ @A ?= F =C JE? H J=J HE - AIJ= ? @E?E A ?= F H J= JA FH @K?E@ A A AIJ=J H ? HJ= I ? @K?J HAI @A H J H IA FH @K?A BKAH = A A?JH JHE A AIJ=I > >E =I ?EH?K = ? HHEA JA O F H AIJ= H= IA FH @K?A F=H A ?JHE? A@E Rr 2=H= @AI E = EA J I KO FAGKA I s 0 FAH @EBAHA JAI @A ?AH A J H E K?D =O H s AI GKA = HAIEIJA ?E= O HA=?J= ?E= 6D LA E - AIJA ?=I AI F IE> A @AIFHA?E=H A A @A E =@ H @A = ANFHAIE $ !' = HAIEIJA ?E= O = HA=?J= ?E= @A 6D LA E

Rr >> s Te

2 + X2 Rth th

2 3Vth s ; si, s 0 $ " e Rr - A =GKA I @AI E = EA J I F=H= I ?K= AI AI L E@= = ANFHAIE $ " A ? F HJ= EA J @A = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= F=H @AI E = EA J AI E A= - = FH ?JE?= = A?K=?E $ " AI @A CH= KJE E@=@ @A>E@ = GKA A I FK J I @A FAH=?E A H CE A FAH = A JA I @AI E = EA J I @A = GKE = I IK ?EA JA A JA FAGKA I F=H= I=JEIB=?AH AIJ= =FH NE =?E ? FHA?EIE Rr 2 H JH= F=HJA ?K= @ A @AI E = EA J AI CH= @A A J H E s AI @AIFHA?E=> A O = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= F=H @AI E = EA J IA FKA@A =FH NE =H =

Te

2 3Vth Rr 2 2 ) ; si, s e s(Rth + Xth

$ "

= ANFHAIE $ " HAFHAIA J= K = L=HE=?E DEFAH> E?= @A F=H A ?JHE? = A@E@= GKA A @AI E = EA J =K A J= - L= HAI AC=JEL I @A @AI E = EA J = =FH NE =?E = JAHE H AI ECK= A JA L E@= IE A >=HC A AIJA ?=I A F=H A ?JHE? AI AC=JEL - = CKH= $  IA D= @AIJ=?=@ K FK J E F HJ= JA @A = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= F=H @AI E = EA J AIJA FK J ? HHAIF @A = F=H NE @A = GKE = - F=H AI NE ?K= @ = F JA ?E= GKA =JH=LEAI= A A JHADEAHH AI NE = AIJ IA @A>A = GKA = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= @AFA @A @A = BHA?KA ?E= @A =I ? HHEA JAI E OA?J=@=I A A AIJ=J H O F H J= J AI ? IJ= JA 2=H= ?= ?K =H = F JA ?E= NE =

$ $ +)4)+6-4 561+) 2)4 ,-5 1 ) 1- 6

%%

.ECKH= $  +=H=?JAH IJE?= F=H @AI E = EA J @A =

GKE = @A E @K??E

GKA FKA@A =JH=LAI=H A A JHADEAHH IA =F E?= A FHE ?EFE @A NE = JH= IBAHA ?E= @A F JA ?E= = AGKEL= A JA @A 6D LA E @A = CKH= $ ' = NE = JH= IBAHA ?E= @A F JA ?E= ?KHHA ?K= @ = r E FA@= ?E= @A = ?=HC= IA R s ECK= = = = E FA@= ?E= @A AGKEL= A JA @A 6D LA E Zth - AIJA ?EH?KEJ = ?=HC= AI FKH= A JA HAIEIJEL= EA JH=I GKA = E FA@= ?E= @A 6D LA E AI BKAHJA A JA E @K?JEL= A AIJA ?=I F=H= JH= IBAHEH = NE = F JA ?E= AI A?AI=HE GKA I @K I @A =I E FA@= ?E=I IA ECK= A Rr 2 + X2 = Zth = Rth $ "  th s ,AIFHA?E= @ A = A?K=?E $ " = HAIEIJA ?E= @A 6D LA E Rth = ?K= CA AH= A JA AI KO FAGKA = A ? F=H=?E ? = HA=?J= ?E= Xth O HAA F = = @ AIJ= ANFHAIE A = A?K=?E $ !' IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H A F=H NE GKA FH @K?A = GKE = @A E @K??E

Te max
- @AI E = EA J GKA FH @K?A A F=H NE

2 3 Vth 2e Xth

$ "! $" $ ""

IA >JEA A @A = ANFHAIE
2 Rth

sTmax =

Rr 2 + Xth

) AN= E =H = A?K=?E $ !' IA >IAHL= GKA = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= F=H @AI E = EA J AI ? F AJ= A JA IE JHE?= ? HAIFA?J = HECA - @A E =@ H @A AIJ= A?K=?E AI E @EBAHA JA = IEC @A @AI E = EA J 5E = HAIEIJA ?E= @A 6D LA E AI K = @AIFHA?E=> A = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= A J ?AI AI IE JHE?= - @AI E = EA J AI = L=HE=> A GKA @A A A FK J @A FAH=?E @A = GKE = @A E @K??E + ?E@ AIJA @=J IA FKA@A @AJAH E =H =I ? HHEA JAI A F=H A ?JHE? =I F JA ?E=I @A A JH=@= I= E@= =I F H@E@=I A B=?J H @A F JA ?E= O A HA @E EA J @A = GKE = - =I GKE =I ? H J H @AL= =@ AI F IE> A E ? KEH HAIEIJA ?E= A IAHEA ? A ?EH?KEJ @A H J H -IJ= F IE>E E@=@ IA FKA@A KJE E =H F=H= HA@K?EH =I ? HHEA JAI @KH= JA A =HH= GKA F=H= E ?HA A J=H IKIJ= ?E= A JA = =C EJK@ @A F=H A ?JHE? @KH= JA AIJA FH ?AI 1 ? KI AI F IE> A = =@EH IK ?EA JA HAIEIJA ?E= ? F=H= FAH EJEH GKA = GKE = =HH= GKA ? A F=H NE

sTmax =

Rr + Radicional = 1 Radicional = 2 + X2 Rth th

2 + X2 R Rth r th

$ "# =

= =C EJK@ @A F=H NE AI =BA?J=@= F H = L=HE=?E @A = HAIEIJA ?E= @A H J H FAH ?=H=?JAH IJE?= F=H @AI E = EA J IA @E ?= ? IE@AH=> A A JA ? IA >IAHL= A = CKH=

%&

+)2 67

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

.ECKH= $  -BA?J @A = L=HE=?E

@A = HAIEIJA ?E= @A H J H I >HA = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= F=H @AI E = EA J

$%

2K J I @A FAH=?E

= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= F=H @AI E = EA J E @E?= A L= H @A F=H A ?JHE? Te F=H= ?K= GKEAH @AI E = EA J s 2=H= @A EH A @AI E = EA J @A FAH=?E @A = GKE = AI A?AI=HE A ? ?E EA J @A = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A = ?=HC= A? E?= - FK J @A FAH=?E @A IEIJA = B H =@ F H = GKE = A ?JHE?= O = ?=HC= A? E?= AIJ @A E@ F H = E JAHIA??E @A =I @ I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= F=H LA ?E@=@ @A K = > >= FKA@A = KIJ=HIA A@E= JA K F E E @A IACK @ CH=@ A = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H A? E?= m -IJ= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= IA HAFHAIA J= A BK ?E @A @AI E = EA J @A = GKE = @A E @K??E @A = IECKEA JA B H =
2 2 Tm (m ) = k1 m + k2 m + k3 = k1 (1 s)2 e + k2 (1 s)e + k3

$ "$

- FK J @A FAH=?E @A = GKE = IA >JEA A A A @AI E = EA J sop GKA ECK= = A F=H A ?JHE? FH @K?E@ F H = GKE = @A E @K??E ? A F=H A? E? GKA F A = > >= IA AIJ=> A?A A@E= JA A AGKE E>HE Te (sop ) Tm (sop ) = 0 $ "%
Rr 3 V2 e s th

Rth +

Rr 2 s

2 Xth

2 = k1 (1 s)2 e + k2 (1 s)e + k3

$ "&

- = CKH= $  IA KAIJH= A FK J @A FAH=?E FK J @A AGKE E>HE HAFHAIA J=@ A = ANFHAIE $ "& 5AC = A?K=?E $ !' A F=H A ?JHE? @A = GKE = @A E @K??E @AFA @A @A ?K=@H=@ @A = JA IE @A 6D LA E -IJA DA?D FKA@A KJE E =HIA F=H= ? JH =H A FK J @A FAH=?E @A = GKE = L=HE= @ = JA IE @A = E A J=?E - = CKH= IA >IAHL= GKA = HA@K??E @A = JA IE @A = E A J=?E =BA?J= BKAHJA A JA A F=H A ?JHE? @A = GKE = A J @ A H= C @A @AI E = EA J I 5E = JA IE IA HA@K?A @KH= JA A FH ?AI @A =HH= GKA @A = GKE = A F=H @A =??E = EA J FKA@A IAH E IK ?EA JA F=H= =?A AH=H = GKE = D=IJ= A FK J = @A FAH=?E 2=H= GKA = GKE = FKA@= =?A AH=H A F=H A ?JHE? @A>A IAH =O H GKA A F=H @A = ?=HC= 5E AIJ= @EBAHA ?E= AI KO FAGKA = = GKE = @A H= K?D JEA F F=H= = ?= =H A FK J @A FAH=?E FAH = A JA

Te Tm = Tacel. = J

dm dt

$ "'

= A?K=?E $ "' @AJAH E = A FH ?AI @E E? @A =HH= GKA @A = GKE = @A E @K??E - = A@E@= GKA A F=H A ?JHE? Te IKFAH= A F=H A? E? Tm IA E ?HA A J= = LA ?E@=@ @A H J H

$ & - 27 6

1 )

%'

.ECKH= $  2K J I @A FAH=?E L= HAI @A = JA IE =F E?=@=

@A =

GKE = @A E @K??E

=? F =@= = K = >

>= ?

@EBAHA JAI

m +K= @ I F=HAI IA ECK= = A A FK J @A FAH=?E = =?A AH=?E IA = K = O = GKE = A ?JHE?= IA = JEA A =??E = @ = = ?=HC= A? E?= = AI= LA ?E@=@ 5E L=H = = ?=HC= = JA IE @A = HA@ = GKE = =?A AH= BHA = D=IJ= = ?= =H A KAL FK J @A AGKE E>HE ) CK I FK J I @A E JAHIA??E @A =I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I @A F=H A ?JHE? O A? E? I AIJ=> AI 5E = =K A J=H = ?=HC= A? E?= @EI E KOA A F=H A ?JHE? = @EI E KEH = ?=HC= A? E?= =K A J= A F=H FH @K?E@ F H = GKE = A FK J @A FAH=?E AI E AIJ=> A O = = A H FAHJKH>=?E = GKE = IA @AJA @H >KI?=H K FK J @A FAH=?E AIJ=> A

$&

- FK J

E =

= ? HHEA JA E = @A K = GKE = AIJ @AJAH E =@= F H = ? =IA @A =EI = EA J @A IKI > >E =I =I F H@E@=I CA AH=@=I F H AIJ= ? HHEA JA O A IEIJA = @A HABHECAH=?E A ?=HC=@ @A @EIEF=H = A@E = >EA JA AIJ=I F H@E@=I I =JAHE= AI =EI = JAI GKA HA?K>HA I ? @K?J HAI @A =I > >E =I IA @ACH=@= I H FE@= A JA A HA =?E @EHA?J= ? = JA FAH=JKH=  = AIJA BA A IA ? ?A ? A LA A?E EA J - ?= H CA AH=@ F H F H@E@=I HAIEIJEL=I A I ? @K?J HAI ?HA?A ? A ?K= @H=@ @A = ? HHEA JA GKA ?EH?K = F H =I > >E =I = JA FAH=JKH= A A E JAHE H @A = GKE = O I ? ?HAJ= A JA A A =EI = EA J @A =I > >E =I AIJ @AJAH E =@ F H = ?=F=?E@=@ @A = GKE = F=H= JH= I EJEH A ?= H = A@E = >EA JA -IJ= ?=F=?E@=@ IA ? ?A ? E FA@= ?E= J H E?= O @AFA @A @A = CA AJH = @A = GKE = @A I =JAHE= AI O @A IEIJA = @A A BHE= EA J = ? HHEA JA E = F H J= J AI =GKA = ? HHEA JA GKA = ?EH?K =H F H =I > >E =I FH @K?A F H@E@=I GKA E ?HA A J= = JA FAH=JKH= E JAHE H @A = GKE = D=IJ= A L= H NE + A L= H NE @A = JA FAH=JKH= E JAHE H A A LA A?E EA J @A =JAHE= @A =EI = EA J AI J= A J GKA FAH EJA = ?= =H = = GKE = IK FAH @ @A LE@= JE IE GKA IA FH @K ?= B= =I A A EI = ? HHEA JA @A AIJ=J H Ie IA FKA@A >JA AH = F=HJEH @A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA $ 'KJE E = @ A IECKEA JA FH ?A@E EA J Zm Vth Zm +Ze Ve = $ # Ir = r r Zth + R Rth + R s s + jXth
 ) =O H JA FAH=JKH= = LE E@=@ A A?JH E?= B=?E EJ= = HA=??E GK E?= @A I =JAHE= AI O AIJ I = E ? KEH E FKHA =I A =I HA@AI ?HEIJ= E =I @ACH=@= =I FH FEA@=@AI @EA ?JHE?=I HECE = AI - JHA K I 15 O 30 = I @A LE@= A@E= = EJ=@ @A =I GKE =I D=>H B= =@ @KH= JA = LE@= A@E=

&

+)2 67

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

.ECKH= $ !

=C EJK@AI @A =I ? HHEA JAI @A AIJ=J H Ie O @A H J H Ir A BK ?E

@A @AI E = EA J $ # $ #  $ #!

Vm = Im = Ie = Im + Ir =
Rr s

Rr + jXr Ir s
Rr s

Vm = Zm

+ jXr Ir Zm

Rr + jXr + Zm s + jXr + Zm Ir = Ve r Zm (Zm + Ze )(Zth + R s )

= ? HHEA JA E = In @A A A @AI E = EA J E = sn @A = GKE = ? IA KAIJH= A = CKH= $ ! 7 = LA @A E@ A @AI E = EA J E = J= >E GKA@= @AJAH E =@ A F=H A ?JHE? E = Ten O = F JA ?E= E = A A A A Pejen + ?E@= = JA FAH=JKH= NE = @A FAH=?E tmax A IEIJA = @A A BHE= EA J @AJAH E = = ? HHEA JA E = O AIJ= ? HHEA JA @A A A @AI E = EA J E = ? HHAIF @EA JA = K = JA IE @=@= >JA E@ A @AI E = EA J E = J= >E GKA@= @A E@ I A F=H A ?JHE? E = O = F JA ?E= E = A A AA = JA IE E = @A = GKE = JEA A HA =?E ? =I F H@E@=I A A DEAHH O ? = =C EJK@ @A = ? HHEA JA @A =C AJE =?E +K= @ IA =F E?= = JA IE E = = =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H A K FH @K?E@ A A A JHADEAHH @A>A AN?A@AH I L= HAI NE I @A = @A IE@=@ @A ?= F =C JE? Bmax GKA J AH= A =JAHE= IE E ?HA A J=H @H IJE?= A JA =I F H@E@=I A A DEAHH 5E = @A IE@=@ @A ?= F =C JE? IKFAH= AIJA L= H =I F H@E@=I A A DEAHH ?HA?A H FE@= A JA =K A J= = ? HHEA JA @A =C AJE =?E Im @A>E@ = = I=JKH=?E @A =JAHE= O IA E ?HA A J= = JA FAH=JKH= E JAHE H @A = GKE = F H A ?E = @A L= H NE @A @EIA I L= HAI E = AI @A = GKE = E F E?= A B H = = CK = GKA = GKE = @A>A BK ?E =H IEA FHA A AIJ= ? @E?E -IJ I L= HAI I IE F A A JA K = HABAHA ?E= GKA E @E?= K FK J @A FAH=?E A A ?K= = GKE = FKA@A = JA AHIA A H CE A FAH = A JA @KH= JA J @ A FAH @ @EIA =@ @A LE@= JE ! -N?A@AH AIJ I L= HAI E ?HA A J= =I F H@E@=I O = JA FAH=JKH= E JAHE H @A = GKE = FAH IE = JA FAH=JKH= FHALE= AI E BAHE H = = JA FAH=JKH= NE = @A @EIA = E AH?E= J H E?= @A I =JAHE= AI HAJ=H@= A FH ?AI ,KH= JA AIJA JEA F AI F IE> A FAH=H = GKE = F H A ?E = @A IKI FK J I E = AI IE HA@K?EH = LE@= JE @A ? LAHJE@ H " 1 ? KI AI F IE> A J AH=H K FAGKA E ?HA A J @A = JA FAH=JKH= I >HA = JA FAH=JKH= NE = IE HA@K?EH IEC E ?=JEL= A JA = LE@= JE @A = GKE =
! -I A?AI=HE HA? H@=H GKA = LE@= JE AI A HA= E@=@ LE@= A@E= JE K = L=HE=> A @A JEF = EJ=@ @A =I GKE =I A AIJ=I ? @E?E AI = ?= =H = = FAH=H IE B= =I @KH= JA AIJA JEA B=>HE?= JA AIFA?E ?=H = CK =I ? @E?E AI @A = JA E EA J E F=H= = ?= =H AIJA FAH " -IJ AI K = ? @E?E CA AH= L E@= F=H= J @=I =I GKE =I A ?JHE?=I E ? KE@ I I JH=

AIJ=@ IJE? 5 = A JA F 2H >=> A A JA A @ @A LE@= JE IB H =@ HAI

$ ' 5156- ) -

2 4 7 1,),

&

,KH= JA A FH ?AI @A =HH= GKA =I ? HHEA JAI FKA@A = ?= =H @A JHAI = IAEI LA?AI A L= H E = O AIJ FH @K?A K E ?HA A J @A =I F H@E@=I ? A ?K=@H=@ @A AIJA L= H =I F H@E@=I FKA@A ?HA?AH @A KALA = JHAE J= O IAEI LA?AI IK L= H ? HAIFA?J = FK J E = 5E AIJ= IEJK=?E IA = JEA A E @A E@= A JA = JA FAH=JKH= IA E ?HA A J=H KO H FE@= A JA O IA A LA A?AH A =EI = EA J H FE@= A JA - JEA F @A =HH= GKA @AFA @A @A = E AH?E= ? A?J=@= = A A @A = GKE = O @A = @EBAHA ?E= A JHA A F=H A ?JHE? O A F=HA A? E? @A = ?=HC= +K= @ A =HH= GKA AI A J IA HA= E = JEF AI LA?AI = JA FAH=JKH= NE = IA FKA@A AN?A@AH 5E AIJ ?KHHA BHA?KA JA A JA E @E?= GKA = AIFA?E ?=?E E = @A = GKE = AIJ F H @A>= @A I HAGKAHE EA J I @A = ?=HC= - AIJ=I ? @E?E AI AI F IE> A GKA @KH= JA I FAH @ I @A FAH=?E A H CE A FAH = A JA = GKE = FAHA F H @A>= @A IK AIFA?E ?=?E E = O IE A >=HC = JA FAH=JKH= E JAHE H AN?A@= = NE = FAH EJE@= 2 H AIJ= H= AI KO E F HJ= JA A ?E? @A ?=HC= =?A AH=?E O BHA =@ = GKA AIJ I AJE@= K = GKE = A IK AIFA?E ?=?E @A EJEL=

$'

5EIJA = A F H K E@=@

4AIK J= ? LA EA JA KJE E =H A IEIJA = @A L= HAI A F H K E@=@ A = HAFHAIA J=?E @A = GKE = @A E @K??E ) HAFHAIA J=H =I =C EJK@AI F=H AJH I O A?K=?E AI A K IEIJA = =@E A IE = @A K E@=@AI IA IE F E ?= O ? FHA @A K?D A H I ? ?K I O ? @E?E AI @A FAH=?E @A = GKE = )@A I A F H K E@=@ I F=H AJH I @A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA L=H = ALA A JA ? A ELA @A F JA ?E= O J= = @A = GKE = @EBAHA ?E @ IA K = @A JH= FHE ?EF= A JA F H IKI ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I ? IJHK?JEL=I 4AIK J= LA J= I E @E?=H ?K= J=I LA?AI AI =O H = ? HHEA JA @A =HH= GKA ? HAIFA?J = = ? HHEA JA E = GKA KJE E =H @EHA?J= A JA = E B H =?E A K E@=@AI B IE?=I 2=H= @A EH =I >=IAI @A IEIJA = A F H K E@=@ @A K IEIJA = A ?JHE? AI A?AI=HE AIFA?E ?=H = F JA ?E= >=IA O = JA IE >=IA I JH= IB H =@ HAI AI A?AI=HE @A EH K = JA IE >=IA A K =@ @A JH= IB H =@ H O KJE E =H = HA =?E @A AH @A LKA J=I @A AGKEF F=H= @A EH = >=IA @A JA IE @A JH =@ I JH= IB H =@ HAI =I A=I @A JH= I EIE O =I CH= @AI GKE =I F IAA HA @E EA J I KO = J I -IJ I A A A J I @A IEIJA = JEA A @EBAHA ?E=I E F HJ= JAI A JHA =I F JA ?E=I @A A JH=@= O I= E@= =I GKE =I @A E @K??E KJE E =@=I E @KIJHE= A JA JEA A K HA @E EA J A H O F H J= J ANEIJA @EBAHA ?E=I A JHA = F JA ?E= @A A JH=@= O I= E@= 2 H AIJ= H= AI A?AI=HE @A EH ?K= @A AIJ=I F JA ?E=I AI I ? LA EA JA -IJ F H IKFKAIJ @AFA @A @A = =F E?=?E O @A A B GKA FHABAHE@ F H A = = EIJ= - CA AH= A JHA =I E EJ=I F IE>E E@=@AI ANEIJA JAI I JHAI =I F JA ?E=I >=IA I KJE E =@=I = F JA ?E= =F=HA JA E = @A AIJ=J H SB = Sn = F JA ?E= =?JEL= E = @A AIJ=J H SB = Pen = Sn cos n O = F JA ?E= A? E?= E = A A A A A? E? @A = GKE = SB = Pejen = IA A??E @A = JA IE >=IA FHAIA J= A I FH > A =I A IK AIFA?E ?=?E IA KJE E = D=>EJK= A JA ? >=IA = JA IE E = A= = A= AIFA?E ?=@= A I @=J I @A F =?= @A = GKE = VB = Vn =I @A I >=IAI @A>A ?= ?K =HIA F=HJEA @ @A AIJ=I @ I @A E?E AI SB O VB 7 = LA IA A??E =@= = F JA ?E= >=IA O = JA IE >=IA A ?=@= K = @A =I JHAI = JAH =JEL= IA JEA A =I IECKEA JAI >=IAI @AHEL=@=I  SB = Sn O VB = Vn - AIJA ?=I = ? HHEA JA >=IA IB @A>A ?= ?K =HIA = F=HJEH @A = @A @A F JA ?E= =F=HA JA A K IEIJA = JHEB IE? >= = ?A=@ E?E

SB =

SB 3 VB IB IB = 3VB

$ #"

= E FA@= ?E= >=IA @A IEIJA = ZB IA ?= ?K = B IE?= A JA @A>E@ = GKA A ?EH?KEJ AGKE L= A JA HAFHAIA J= K = B=IA @A = GKE = @A AIJ= B H = = F=HJEH @A = JA IE >=IA VB O = ? HHEA JA >=IA IB IA >JEA A

ZB =

V B 3

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5E A = EJAH=?E k A @K @A LA?J H Xk AI A H GKA K ?EAHJ AHH H AIFA?E ?=@ A FH > A = ? LAHCA = E ?= I ?AH?= @A = BK ?E @A ? IJ I -IJA J @ FHAIA J= ?EAHJ I FH > A =I @A ? LAHCA ?E= A F=HJE?K =H ?K= @ A FAI @A =I IACK @=I @AHEL=@=I A = =JHE 0AIIE= = AI E F HJ= JA! 2=H= C=H= JE =H = ? LAHCA ?E= @A J @ AI HA? A @=> A @E ?=H = A?K=?E $ %% @A = IECKEA JA B H =

Xk+1 = Xk + Xk

$ %'

5KIJEJKOA @ = A?K=?E $ %' A A LA?J H @A AHH HAI F @AH=@ I f (Xk+1 ) IA FKA@A >JA AH A@E= JA = A?K=?E $ %# K = BK ?E @A ? IJ I F=H= = EJAH=?E k + 1 A BK ?E @A =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ >JA E@=I A = EJAH=?E k O A F=H AJH K E@E A IE =

(Xk+1 ) = (Xk + Xk ) = f (Xk + Xk )t f (Xk + Xk ) = ()

$ &

2=H= >JA AH A KAL LA?J H @A ? HHA??E Xk AI A?AI=HE @AJAH E =H A L= H @A F=H AJH GKA E E E = = BK ?E @A ? IJ I 7 = LA >JA E@ A L= H @A =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ GKA E E E = = BK ?E @A ? IJ I A = EJAH=?E k + 1 IA FH IECKA A ? ?K @AJAH E = @ K = KAL= @EHA??E A@E= JA = A?K=?E $ & O K KAL FH ?AI @A > IGKA@= @A E +K= @ A @K @A LA?J H @A @EHA??E AI E BAHE H = = FHA?EIE HAGKAHE@= A I ? ?K I JAH E = A FH ?AI @A E E E =?E ? = A H AIJE =?E @A I F=H AJH I @A @A 7 @A I E ? LA EA JAI GKA FHAIA J= A J @ @A /=KII AMJ @E ?=@ AI = A?AIE@=@ @A ?= ?K =H K L= H E E?E= @A I F=H AJH I = BK ?E @A ? IJ I FKA@A JA AH JEF AI E I ?= AI = A H I K?E F=H= A @A AI =GKA = GKA FH @K?A A A H @A I E I ?= AI I L= HAI E E?E= AI @A I F=H AJH I FKA@A IAH CA AH=@ I A@E= JA K = AIJE =?E E E?E= @A JEF @AJAH E IJE? GKA FKA@A IAH HA= E =@= A@E= JA I A I=O I @A L=? O H J H > GKA=@ ,A ?K= GKEAH B H = A J @ @A /=KII AMJ HAGKEAHA =HH= ?=H ? K L= H E E?E= ?AH?= = = I K?E F=H= C=H= JE =H = ? LAHCA ?E= = = I K?E FJE = - = CKH= $ # IA FHAIA J= A @E=CH= = @A K @A J @ @A E E E =?E @A /=KII AMJ 5E IA @AIA= =IACKH=H = ? LAHCA ?E= @A J @ AI ? LA EA JA E EJ=H = ? HHA??E NE = Xk F=H= GKA E CK @A I F=H AJH I @A = GKE = @A E@ I A A LA?J H Xk FKA@= =K A J=H @EI E KEH A I @A K 50  -IJ FKA@A HA@K?EH = LA ?E@=@ @A = C HEJ FAH =IACKH= GKA I F=H AJH I D= @A IAH IEA FHA F IEJEL I O ALEJ= @ELAHCA ?E=I @A>E@ = =I E A= E@=@AI @A @A J @ @A /=KII AMJ AI KO A ?EA JA F=H= = @AJAH E =?E @A I F=H AJH I ?K= @ = BK ?E @A ? IJ I IA @A A F H E I ?K=@H=@ I JH I J @ I @A FJE E =?E E A= J= >E FKA@A >JA AH I K?E AI ? I A I @E ?K J=@ + A A F IA FHAIA J= EIJ=@ " @A K FH CH= = @A AIJE =?E @A I F=H AJH I @A K = GKE = @A E @K??E HA= E =@ A A A J H @A @EIJHE>K?E E>HA 5?E => ! I F=H AJH I @A @A @A = GKE = I FHALE= A JA ? ?E@ I F=H= FAH EJEH = ? FH >=?E @A AIJ= J ? E?= + AIJ I F=H AJH I IA AL= = =I E FA@= ?E=I @A A JH=@= @A = GKE = F=H= =I ? @E?E AI @A = FHKA>= @A L=? ?=HC= O H J H > GKA=@ A@E= JA = BK ?E @A ? IJ GKA IA FHAIA J= A A EIJ=@ 4 2 H A J @ ? LA ?E = @A I A I=O I @A L=? O H J H > GKA=@ IA HA= E = = AIJE =?E E E?E= @A I F=H AJH I x0 5A KJE E = = HKJE = @A FJE E =?E @A BK ?E AI E A= AI IE HAIJHE??E AI! optim F=H= A ? JH=H A ? K J @A F=H AJH I @A = GKE = X GKA E E E = = BK ?E @A ? IJ I 2=H= ALEJ=H = @AJAH E =?E @A CH=@EA JA G HAGKAHE@ F H = HKJE = @A FJE E =?E ! AIJ= IA E L ?= E ? KOA @ A FH CH= = ANJAH N Dcost GKA HA= E = IK AL= K=?E K HE?= - A ?K=@H $ ! IA FHAIA J= K = ? F=H=?E A JHA I HAIK J=@ I @A ? ?K @A I F=H AJH I @A = GKE = @A E @K??E HA= E =@ I A@E= JA A J @ @A I A I=O I @A L=? O H J H > GKA=@ ? =I AIJE =?E F=H= JHE?= HA= E =@= A@E= JA = E E E =?E @A = BK ?E @A ? IJ I )K ?K= @ I HAIK J=@ I @A = AIJE =?E I I ?AH?= I = I L= HAI AN=?J I A ? ?K = F=HJEH @A I
! 7 = =FH NE =?E = = =JHE 0AIIE= = AI H At A ! = HKJE = optim @A A J H 5?E => FKA@A = A =H HAIJHE??E AI @A BH JAH= ! - AIJA ?=I =I E A= E@=@AI @A @A @A E FA@= ?E= @A A JH=@= @A =

= = JE?= @A = BK ?E

CH=@EA JA

GKE = ?

F E?=

= AL= K=?E

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) C HEJ

" -IJE =?E

@A

I F=H

AJH I @A =

GKE = @A E @K??E

-IJE =?E @A I F=H AJH I @A K = GKE = @A E @K??E A@E= JA = J ? E?= @A I E I ?K=@H=@ I FH CH= = F=H AJH I

2=H= AIJA A A F IA KJE E A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA F=H= @AJAH E =H = E FA@= ?E= @A A JH=@= F=H= JHAI @AI E = EA J I @EBAHA JAI L=? I  ?=HC=I  ! O H J H > GKA=@ I  I F=H AJH I @A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A AIJ= 4A  F K :A  F K 4 # F K : !  F K :H # F K 4H ! F K GKE = I

I A I=O I HA= E =@ I @EAH A@E@=I  A@E@=I  ! A@E@=I  4A

I IECKEA JAI HAIK J=@ I ''!# ! &' F K &!!%" "'" F K "%$! " '$ F K  F K  A@E@= @EHA?J= I IECKEA JAI

7JE E = @ A J @ =FH NE =@ IA ? IECKA L= HAI @A =HH= GKA :A  F K 4 "&  F K : ! ! F K :H  F K 4H  %$ F K -IJ I L= N

HAI IA ?=HC= A A LA?J H @A =HH= GKA N  %$  HAI

 "& ! ! 

.E = A JA IA = = = = HKJE = FJE GKA ?= ?K = I L= @A I F=H AJH I N GKA E E E = = BK ?E @A ? IJ 2IE N C FJE  EIJ ,? IJ ? IJ  N I F=H AJH I FJE I @A =

- A LA?J H N IA D= ?=HC=@ AIJE =?E = I K?E AI 4ABE :ABE 4 BE : BE 4HBE :HBE 2IE   N N  N! N" N#

$  ,-6-4 1 )+1

,-

5 2)4

-64 5

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) C HEJ

# .K ?E
BK ?JE 2IE

@A ? IJ I = IAH AL= K=@= F H = HKJE = optim

? IJ N E I ?K=@H=@ I

-L= K=?E @A = BK ?E @A ? IJ I F H 2IE 5K =J HE=AHH HAI HA =JEL I ,AI E = EA J I ? HHAIF ?=HC= O H J H > GKA=@ I 4A :A 4 : 4H :H A  !    N N  N! N" N#  @EA JAI =

I A I=O I @A L=?

A@E?E @EHA?J= @A = HAIEIJA ?E= AIJ=J H 4A=?J= ?E= @A @EIFAHIE @A AIJ=J H 4AIEIJA ?E= @A =C AJE =?E 4A=?J= ?E= @A =C AJE =?E 4AIEIJA ?E= @A H J H HABAHE@= = AIJ=J H 4A=?J= ?E= @EIFAHIE H J H HABAHE@= = AIJ=J H I

8A?J H @A =I E FA@= ?E=I @A A JH=@= A@E@=I A A I=O I E E E A@E@= '''!# ! &' E &!!%" "'" E "%$! " '$ E 

-L= K=?E @A =I E FA@= ?E=I ?= ?K =@=I A@E= JA = AIJE =?E @A I F=H AJH I @A @A A JD 8A 8JD 1H 8 1 1A ?= + :A :  4 :  A  A  :H   8A  A 8JD  JD 4H I 1H 4H I :H 8 1 1H ?K =@= 8A 1A 4A 4 1 FA@= 1 FA@= 1 FA@= 6A IE 6A IE + HHEA 6A IE + HHEA + HHEA 1 FA@= ?E= AIJ=J H ?E= =C AJE =?E ?E= @A 6DALA E @A AIJ=J H @A 6DALA E JA @A H J H HABAHE@= H= = =C AJE = JA JA @A =C AJE =?E JA @A AIJ=J H ?E= @A A JH=@= ?= ?K =@= @A

?K

@A AHH H HA =JEL A JHA =I A@E@=I O A  A@E@= ?= ?K =@= A@E@= E

AHH + ?K

@A = BK ?E =>IAHH AHH

@A ? IJ F H

I ?K=@H=@ I

2IE

A @BK ?JE

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@A

J @ @A

E E E =?E

@A /=KII

AMJ

Re Xe Rm Xm Rr Xr (X)
+K=@H $ ! + F=H=?E

- I=O I 0, 0200 0, 1200 48, 000 3, 3000 0, 0276 0, 1200 2, 66977

-IJE =?E 0, 0200 0, 1006 49, 8184 2, 9994 0, 0299 0, 1493 6, 2 106

-N=?J 0, 0200 0, 1000 50, 000 3, 0000 0, 0300 0, 1500 3, 5 108 @A F=H AJH I

A JHA A

J @ =FH NE =@ O = AIJE =?E

A I=O I =@A I @A BHA?AH K FK J @A F=HJE@= F=H= A = C HEJ A K?D=I =F E?=?E AI @A = E CA EAH = A ?JHE?=

FKA@A IAH KJE E =@ @EHA?J= A JA

$ 
=

@E?E

AI @A FAH=?E

GKE = @A E @K??E AI K ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH A? E? @A A AHC = GKA FKA@A FAH=H ? J H CA AH=@ H BHA -IJ=I JHAI ? @E?E AI =I @A FAH=?E IA ? HHAIF @A ? H= C I @EBAHA JAI @A @AI E = EA J - = FAH=?E ? J H = GKE = A JHAC= F=H O F JA ?E= A A A A A? E? ? IK EA @ F JA ?E= A A A A A ?JHE? - = ? @E?E @A CA AH=@ H ?KHHA = IEJK=?E E LAHI= IA =>I H>A F JA ?E= O F=H @A A A A? E? O IA A JHAC= F JA ?E= F H A A A A ?JHE? - = ? @E?E @A BHA =@ = > I A AI E JH @K?A F JA ?E= = ? LAHJE@ H = ?K= AI GKA =@= A F H@E@=I 7 = @AI?HEF?E I @AJ= =@= @A AIJ=I =I @A FAH=?E @A = GKE = @A E @K??E IA FHAIA J= = ? JE K=?E 

J H 2=H= GKA = F JA ?E= O A F=H A A A A IA= F IEJEL I AI A?AI=HE GKA = F JA ?E=

$

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Rr s

'

JH= IBAHE@= = =I HAIEIJA ?E=I

1 s s Rr

@A>A IAH F IEJEL=I!! $ & IK A F JA ?E= @A

1s 1 0 ; 0 0s1 s s
- = = HA@ = @A J HE =?E = ?=HC= AI =??E =@= F H = GKE = O IA ?

= FAH=?E ? CA AH=@ H HAGKEAHA GKA = GKE = A JHACKA F JA ?E= F H A AIJ=J H = A AHC = A JH= F H A A A A? E? =JH=LEAI= A A JHADEAHH O AC= = AIJ=J H - A s ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA AIJA BA A IA >JEA A ?K= @ = HAIEIJA ?E= @A ?=HC= 1 s Rr AI AC=JEL= = F JA ?E= CA AH=@= F H AIJ= HAIEIJA ?E= FH LEA A @A =??E = EA J A? E? ANJAH AIJA ?=I s0 $ &  +K= @ A @AI E = EA J @A H J H AI AC=JEL = HAIEIJA ?E= AI AC=JEL= J= >E 7 @AI E = EA J AC=JEL E F E?= GKA = LA ?E@=@ @A H J H AI =O H GKA = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= A AIJ=I ? @E?E AI A ?= F =C JE? H J=J HE GKA IA FH @K?A A A H J H =@A = J= = ?= F =C JE? H J=J HE @A AIJ=J H A F=H A ?JHE? IA E LEAHJA @A IA JE@ O = F JA ?E= KOA @AI@A A H J H D=?E= A AIJ=J H ! .HA 5E = GKE = CEH= A IA JE@ ? EA J AI =O H GKA K JH=HE = @A ?= F =C JE? H J=J HE A @AI E = $ &!

/A AH=@ H

s>1

s 2=H= AIJ= ? @E?E = HAIEIJA ?E= @A ?=HC= AI AC=JEL= 1 s Rr 2 H JH= F=HJA = F JA ?E= Rr JH= IBAHE@= @AI@A A AIJ=J H = H J H GKA @AFA @A @A s AI F IEJEL= - AIJ=I ? @E?E AI = GKE = ? IK A F JA ?E= J= J @A = BKA JA ? @A A A A? E? 6 @= AIJ= F JA ?E= IA @EIEF= ? F H@E@=I A =I HAIEIJA ?E=I F=IEL=I @A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA - AIJA ?=I = GKE = KJE E = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= @A = BKA JA F=H= F AHIA = IA JE@ @A LE EA J -IJ I FK J I @A FAH=?E FKA@A KJE E =HIA F=H= BHA =H K J H ? IK EA @ F=H= AIJA = A AHC = ?E JE?= =?K K =@= A = ?=HC= A? E?= ,KH= JA A BK ?E = EA J ? BHA = GKE = @EIEF= E JAH = A JA K?D= A AHC = O AIJ ?=IE = K ?= A J= EA J E F HJ= JA F H AIJ= H= AIJA JEF @A FAH=?E J= I @A>A KJE E =HIA @KH= JA ? HJ I FAH @ I @A JEA F 2=H= GKA = GKE = @A E @K??E FAHA A = ? @E?E @A BHA AI A?AI=HE GKA IA E LEAHJ= A IA JE@ @A CEH @A ?= F =C JE? H J=J HE ? HAIFA?J = = LA ?E@=@ @A H J H -IJ IA FKA@A CH=H E LEHJEA @ = ? ANE @A @ I B=IAI @A AIJ=J H A IA JE@ @A CEH @A ?= F IA E LEAHJA O = GKE = A JH= A = ? @E?E @A BHA - F=H A ?JHE? GKA FH @K?A = GKE = JEA A IA JE@ ? JH=HE = LE EA J @A H J H O = ?=HC= A? E?= @EI E KOA IK LA ?E@=@ +K= @ A H J H IA @AJEA A IA @AI? A?J= = GKE = @A = HA@ O ?K E = A FH ?AI @A BHA =@

- = CKH= $ $ IA D= HAFHAIA J=@ =I CA AH=@ H J H O BHA HAIFA?JEL= A JA

=I @A FAH=?E

? HHAIF

@EA JAI = = FAH=?E

$

+=H=?JAH IJE?=I

H = E =@=I

- CH ? F=H @AI E = EA J @A = GKE = @A E @K??E AI K = BK ?E GKA FKA@A IAH H = E =@= ? HAIFA?J = F=H NE O = @AI E = EA J ? HHAIF @EA JA = F=H NE -IJ= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= H = E =@= JEA A CH= KJE E@=@ ?K= @ AI A?AI=HE @AJAH E =H A ? F HJ= EA J @A K = GKE = = = ?K= IA A ? ?A IKI F=H AJH I ,KH= JA = AJ=F= @A @EIA AIFA?E ?=?E @A K =? ?E = EA J AIJA JEF @A DAHH= EA J= AI @A KJE E@=@ = A?K=?E $ !' @AJAH E = A F=H A ?JHE? A
A AA
!! = F JA ?E= JH= IBAHE@= = Rr @AJAH E = A F=H A ?JHE? O = JH= IBAHE@= = 1s R @A r s s

A?

E?

A = F JA ?E= @EIF

E> A A

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=I @A FAH=?E O A F=H

? NE

CA AH=@ H

J H O BHA

@A =

GKE = @A E @K??E =? @E?E

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IA >JEA A IKIJEJKOA @ A AIJ= ANFHAIE

Rr 3 e sTmax 2 Vth 2 2 + Xth

Temax

Rth + =
3 e

sT max

Rr

2 + X2 V 2 Rth th th 2 + X2 Rth th 3 2 e Vth 2 2 + Xth

Rth + =

2 Rth +

2 + X2 Rth th

$ &" @AJAH E =@ A = ANFHAIE $ &# A ? ?EA JA A JHA = E FA@= ?E= $ &$

,ELE@EA @ = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A F=H @AI E = EA J $ !' F H A F=H NE $ &" IA >JEA A 2 + X2 2 Rth + Rth th Te Rr = Rr 2 2 Tmax s Rth + s + Xth ,A EA @ A B=?J H @A ?= E@=@ Q!" @A = O = HAIEIJA ?E= @A 6D LA E GKE = @A E @K??E ?

Q
1 JH @K?EA @ = @A E?E $ &$ O = ? @E?E E =@ $ &# IA >JEA A = IECKEA JA HA =?E

Xth Rth
NE $" A = ANFHAIE @A F=H

@A F=H

H =

Te Tmax

1+ 1+
1 2 s sTmax

1 + Q2 +
sTmax s

1 + Q2

$ &%

= ANFHAIE $ &% @AJAH E = A F=H A ?JHE? @A K = GKE = @A E @K??E @=@ A F=H A ?JHE? NE Tmax A @AI E = EA J ? HHAIF @EA JA = F=H NE sTmax A B=?J H @A ?= E@=@ @A =I
F H@E@=I GKA JEA A
!" - B=?J H @A ?= E@=@ AI K

F=H AJH KJE E =@ BHA?KA JA A JA A =I E @K?J= ?E=I O I ? @A I=@ HAI

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Te = Tmax

s sTmax

2 +

sTmax s

$ && H =E = F H A

7 = ANFHAIE IE E =H = = $ &% IA >JEA A F=H= = ? HHEA JA @A H J H ?K= @ IA L= H @A = ? HHEA JA O @A @AI E = EA J ? HHAIF @EA JA = F=H NE

Ir IrT max

2 1+ 2
sTmax s

1 + Q2
sTmax 2 s

+ 1+

1 + Q2
$ &' JEA @A =

$ &'

+K= @ A B=?J H @A ?= E@=@ JEA @A = E

EJ Q = ANFHAIE

Ir = IrT max
- = CKH= IA ?= E@=@ Q KAIJH= = ? HHEA JA

2 1+
sTmax 2 s

$ '

H = E =@= @A H J H F=H= L=HE I L= HAI J FE? I @A B=?J H @A

$ !

,E=CH= = @A ? H?K

- ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A = GKE = @A E @K??E AI K = DAHH= EA J= A ?= O A ?EA JA F=H= = AL= K=?E @A IK ? F HJ= EA J A ?K= GKEAH FK J @A FAH=?E 0 O A @ = IA @EIF A @A ?=
!# 2 H K E@=@

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H = E =@= @A H J H @A =

GKE = @A E @K??E

?K =@ H=I O ? FKJ=@ HAI @A CH= ?=F=?E@=@ F JA JAI O H FE@ I GKA B=?E EJ= = =F E?=?E @A AIJA @A A A = EIEI FH ?JE? O FH BAIE = @A = GKE = @A E @K??E 5E A >=HC D=?A = CK I = I AIJ=I DAHH= EA J=I AIJ=>= @EIF E> AI IK ? IJ KIJE ?=>= IK =F E?=?E A ? ?K I HKJE =HE I 2 H AIJA JEL IA @AI=HH A J @ @A @E=CH= = @A ? H?K ? DAHH= EA J= @A ? ?K CA JHE? I KC=HAI CA JHE? I HA@K?A A AH @A FAH=?E AI =HEJ JE?=I ? L=HE=> AI ? F A =I O FAH EJA LEIK= E =H A K I CH ? CH= ?= JE@=@ @A E B H =?E I >HA A ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = @A E @K??E A J @ IK H= C FAH=JEL )?JK= A JA IA D= A E E =@ ? F AJ= A JA =I @E ?K J=@AI @A ? ?K GKA ANEIJ = A A F=I=@ O F @H = F=HA?AH E A?AI=HE A KI @A @E=CH= = @A ? H?K 5E A >=HC = F IE>E E@=@ @A LEIK= E =H A A EI CH ? J @=I =I ? HHEA JAI F IE> AI IK ? HHAIF @EA JAI @AI E = EA J I F=HAI O F JA ?E=I BHA?A = AIJ= DAHH= EA J= K HAIFAJ=> A E JAH I F=H= E ?HA A J=H = ? FHA IE @A @A @A = GKE = O HA =?E AI ?=KI= ABA?J ANEIJA JAI A JHA =I @EBAHA JAI L=HE=> AI - @E=CH= = @A ? H?K FAH EJA A = EIEI ?K= JEJ=JEL @A ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = @A E @K??E E JAHFHAJ= @ H=?E = A JA IKI FHE ?EF= AI ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I O ? AIJ=I I =BA?J=@=I F H L=HE=?E AI A I F=H AJH I A = BKA JA @A = E A J=?E - @E=CH= = @A ? H?K @A = GKE = @A E @K??E AI A KC=H CA JHE? @A B=I H ? HHEA JA @A AIJ=J H Ie KJE E = @ ? F=H AJH A @AI E = EA J s - AIJHE?J= JA H = A KC=H CA JHE? @A =I ? HHEA JAI @A AIJ=J H AI K ? H?K AN=?J =K ?K= @ =I @EBAHA ?E= ? AIJ= CKH= AI KO HA@K?E@= A = FH ?JE?= 2 H JH= F=HJA A KC=H CA JHE? @A = ? HHEA JA @A H J H Ir HAFHAIA J= K ? H?K =JA JE?= A JA FHA?EI !$ ?K= @ IA HAFHAIA J= A A F = AIJA B=I H F=H= J @ I I F IE> AI @AI E = EA J I @A = GKE = @A E @K??E ) F=HJEH @A AGKEL= A JA @A 6D LA E @AI=HH =@ A = CKH= $ ' IA >JEA A = ? HHEA JA @A H J H Ir ?

Ir =
= ANFHAIE

Vth Vth Vth Vth = = = sen (r (s)) r (s) Rr r | Z ( s ) | ( s ) X + jX Zth + R R + r th th th s s

$ ' IA ANFHAI= A ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I @A = IECKEA JA B H =

$ '

Ir = IrRe + j IrIm =
K JEF E?= @ = ? HHEA JA Ir F H IK ?
2

Vth sen (r (s)) cos (r (s)) jsen2 (r (s)) Xth

KC=@= IA >JEA A
2 Vth sen2 (r (s)) 2 Xth

$ ' 

2 2 |Ir | = Ir + Ir = Re Im

$ '!
@A @A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A =

!$ +

IE@AH= @ ? GKE = @A E @K??E

L E@=I =I DEF JAIEI IE F E ?=@ H=I E ? KE@=I A

$ ! ,1)/4) ) ,- + 4+7

'#

.ECKH= $ ' ,A = F=HJA E =CE =HE= @A = ANFHAIE

KC=H CA

JHE? @A = ? HHEA JA @A H J H

$ ' IA @A@K?A

sen2 (r (s)) =
5KIJEJKOA @ AIJA HAIK J=@ A >JEA A = A?K=?E $ '! O ?

IrIm Xth Vth

F AJ= @
2

$ '" I ?K=@H=@ I ? HHAIF

2

@EA JAI IA $ '#

2 Ir + IrIm + Re

Vth 2Xth

Vth 2Xth

= ANFHAIE
Vth 2Xth

$ '# AI = A?K=?E

@A K ? H?K

?A JH=@ A A FK J

th 0, 2V Xth

O ?KO H=@E L= A

J= ? IA FKA@A >IAHL=H A = CKH= $ ' - A HECA @A ? H@A =@=I @A AIJA @E=CH= = A @AI E = EA J @A = GKE = @A E @K??E ? HHAIF @A = = ? @E?E @A L=? s = 0 2=H= AIJA @AI E = EA J A @A @A ?=HC= HAIEIJEL= GKA HAFHAIA J= = F JA ?E= JH= IBAHE@= = A A JEA @A = E EJ O = ? HHEA JA GKA ?EH?K = F H A H J H AI ?AH - FK J @E= AJH= A JA FKAIJ = @A L=? A = CKH= $ ' ? HHAIF @A = = NE = ? HHEA JA @A H J H = NE = ? HHEA JA IA >JEA A ?K= @ = GKE = FAH= A K @AI E = EA J F=H= A ?K= = F=HJA HAIEIJEL= @A = E FA@= ?E= AI ?AH - AIJ= ? @E?E = E FA@= ?E= AI ECK= = = HA=?J= ?E= @A 6D LA E Xth Rr Rr + jXth = jXth sIr max = $ '$ Z(Irmax ) = Rth + s Rth - A @AI E = EA J ? HHAIF @EA JA = H J H > GKA=@ s = 1 = HA=?J= ?E= @A 6D LA E AI =O H GKA = IK = @A = HAIEIJA ?E= @A 6D LA E O = HAIEIJA ?E= @A = ?=HC= - AIJA @AI E = EA J = ? HHEA JA @A H J H HABAHE@= = AIJ=J H AI A =C EJK@ KO F=HA?E@= = = ? HHEA JA NE = O IK CK J= >E AI ?AH?= = FAH E BAHE H = 90 2=H= I @AI E = EA J I F IEJEL I A B=I H ? HHEA JA A = CKH= $ ' @A>A AIJ=H A A ?K=HJ ?K=@H= JA @A @E=CH= = - AIJA ?K=@H= JA =I F JA ?E=I =?JEL=I O HA=?JEL=I ? IK E@=I F H = GKE = I

'$

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.ECKH= $  4AFHAIA J=?E

@A =I F JA ?E=I =?JEL=I HA=?JEL=I O =F=HA JAI A A @E=CH= = @A ? H?K

F IEJEL=I - A JAH?AH ?K=@H= JA = F JA ?E= HA=?JEL= AI AC=JEL= FAH = F JA ?E= =?JEL= AI F IEJEL= 6 @ I I FK J I @A FAH=?E @A KC=H CA JHE? @A = ? HHEA JA @A H J H ? IK A F JA ?E= HA=? JEL= E @K?JEL= -IJ IA @A>A = = A?AIE@=@ @A = E A J=H @AI@A A AIJ=J H =I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI @A = GKE = = F JA ?E= =?JEL= HA=?JEL= A A @E=CH= = @A ? H?K IA FKA@A @AJAH E =H JH= = @ K IAC A J F=H= A = A A HA= E =CE =HE HAIFA?JEL= A JA -IJ I IAC A J I =?A A A ? HJA ? I A AI ? H@A =@ I HJ C = AI O = E = A A FK J @A FAH=?E @AIA=@ -IJ I IAC A J I I FH F H ?E = AI = ?=@= K = @A =I F JA ?E=I =?JEL= HA=?JEL= O = ? IJ= JA @A FH F H?E = E@=@ GKA FAH EJA A ? ?K ?K= JEJ=JEL AI A L= H @A = JA IE @A 6D LA E = F JA ?E= =F=HA JA F H JH= F=HJA AI FH F H?E = = @K @A = ? HHEA JA @A H J H HABAHE@ = AIJ=J H ,A =?KAH@ ? I FK J I A B O C @A E@ I A = CKH= $  =I F JA ?E=I =F=HA JA =?JEL= O HA=?JEL= F=H= K FK J ?K= GKEAH= @A ? H?K IA >JEA A @A = IECKEA JA B H = SR = 3Vth Ir = 3Vth AB AB $ '% PR = 3Vth Ir cosr = 3Vth BC BC $ '& QR = 3Vth Ir senr = 3Vth AC AC $ '' =I ANFHAIE AI $ '% $ '& O $ '' FAH EJA ?= ?K =H = F JA ?E= =?JEL= PR HA=?JEL= QR =F=HA JA SR @A ?K= GKEAH FK J @A FAH=?E @A = GKE = @A E @K??E E@EA @ = CEJK@ @A I IAC A J I ? HHAIF @EA JA AB BC AC - IAC A J BC @A = CKH= $  AI FH F H?E = = = F JA ?E= GKA A JH= = = GKE = F=H= A @AI E = EA J @A H J H > GKA=@ s = 1 - AIJ= ? @E?E @A FAH=?E J @= = F JA ?E= GKA =JH=LEAI= A A JHADEAHH IA @EIEF= A = HAIEIJA ?E= @A H J H Rr O A = HAIEIJA ?E= @A 6D LA E Rth ?K= GKEAH JH FK J @A FAH=?E A IAC A J AI FH F H?E = = = IK = @A =I F JA ?E=I @EIEF=@=I A = HAIEIJA ?E= @A 6D LA E Rth A = HAIEIJA ?E= @A H J H Rr O A = HAIEIJA ?E= AGKEL= A JA @A = s EIEI IA FKA@A >JA AH =I IECKEA JAI ANFHAIE AI ?=HC= 1 s Rr ,A AIJA =
2 PRr = 3Ir Rr 2 Pth = 3Ir Rth

$  $ 

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'%

.ECKH= $  *= = ?A @A F JA ?E=I A A @E=CH= = @A ? H?K

2 Rr Peje = 3Ir

1s s
AI

$  

,A =I ANFHAIE

AI $  $  O $  IA FKA@A @A@K?EH =I IECKEA JAI HA =?E

PRr Rr = Pth Rth Rr 1 s Peje = Pth Rth s Peje 1s = P Rr s

$ ! $ " $ #

=I HA =?E AI = JAHE HAI E @E?= GKA =I F JA ?E=I IA A ?KA JH= A JHA I A = EI = FH F H?E GKA =I HAIEIJA ?E=I @ @A @EIEF= -IJ=I F H@E@=I FKA@A IAH HAFHAIA J=@=I A A @E=CH= = @A ? H?K 2=H= AIJA AI A?AI=HE @AJAH E =H A FK J ? HHAIF @EA JA = @AI E = EA J E EJ s = AIJA FK J J @=I = F JA ?E= IA @EIEF= A = HAIEIJA ?E= @A 6D LA E + A H J H > GKA=@ s = 1 = F JA ?E= IA HAF=HJA A JHA = HAIEIJA ?E= @A H J H O = HAIEIJA ?E= @A 6D LA E A = FH F H?E @A AIJ=I HAIEIJA ?E=I IAC IA @A KAIJH= A = A?K=?E $ ! ,A = IA A = = @A FH F H?E AI I JHE CK I

OBC O

OEG A

= CKH= $  IA AIJ=> A?A

=I IECKEA JAI $ $ $ % $ &

BD OD OA sen (r (sx )) = = EG OG OE sen (r (s = 1)) OA = OJ sen (r (sx )) OE = OJ sen (r (s = 1))

5KIJEJKOA @ =I HA =?E AI $ % O $ & A = FH F H?E $ $ HAA F = = @ ?=@= IAC A J GKA HAFHAIA J= K = ? HHEA JA A A @E=CH= = F H IK ? HHAIF @EA JA L= H O K JEF E?= @ A K AH=@ H O A @A E =@ H F H = HAIEIJA ?E= @A 6D LA E I = HAIEIJA ?E= @A H J H Rth + Rr IA >JEA A A IECKEA JA HAIK J=@

BD = EG

OA OE

2 Ir (sx ) (Rth + Rr ) 2 Ir (s = 1) (Rth + Rr )

Pth+Rr (sx ) Pth+Rr (s = 1)

$ '

A@E= JA = ANFHAIE $ ' IA @A KAIJH= GKA = FH F H?E A JHA I IAC A J I BD O EG @A @E=CH= = @A ? H?K AI ECK= = = HA =?E A JHA =I F JA ?E=I @A F H@E@=I A I ? @K?J HAI @A = GKE = A =I @ I ? @E?E AI @A FAH=?E E @E?=@=I - = ? @E?E @A H J H > GKA=@ J @= = F JA ?E= IA ? IK A A F H@E@=I A = HAIEIJA ?E= @A 6D LA E O A = HAIEIJA ?E= @A H J H

'&

+)2 67

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

- ?K= GKEAH JH @AI E = EA J A IAC A J BD AI FH F H?E = = AIJ=I EI =I F H@E@=I ,A ECK= B H = IA @A KAIJH= GKA A IAC A J CD AI FH F H?E = = =I F H@E@=I A = HAIEIJA ?E= @A 6D LA E = FH F H?E = E@=@ @A I @EBAHA JAI IAC A J I @A @E=CH= = @A ? H?K F=H= K @AI E = EA J @AJAH E =@ AI

AD CD BC BD AB AC

= = = = = =

= F JA ?E= @A A JH=@= Pe =I F H@E@=I A Rth =I F H@E@=I A Rr =I F H@E@=I J J= AI Pp tot. = F JA ?E= A A A A Peje = F JA ?E= P Rr O = F=H A ?JHE? Te
s

= HA?J= GKA F=I= F H A HECA @A ? H@A =@=I O F H A FK J s = 1 IA @A E = A A @A = F JA ?E= A? E?= @A>E@ = GKA ?K= GKEAH IAC A J F=H= A = A A HA= ? K ANJHA A K FK J @A FAH=?E ?= E =@ I >HA A ? H?K O IK JH ANJHA I >HA AIJA A A AI FH F H?E = = = F JA ?E= A A A A @A = GKE = ,A ECK= B H = = HA?J= GKA F=I= F H A HECA @A ? H@A =@=I O F H A FK J ? HHAIF @EA JA = @AI E = EA J s = IA @A E = A A @A F=H A ?JHE? 2=H= @AJAH E =H A @AI E = EA J @A K FK J @A @E=CH= = @A ? H?K AI F IE> A KJE E =H @EBAHA JAI AJ @ C =I = B H = I IE F A FKA@A IAH @AIFA =H A @AI E = EA J @A = ANFHAIE $ #

sx =

PRr (sx ) BC BC = = Peje (sx ) + PRr (sx ) AB + BC AC

$ 

-IJA J @ JEA A @ I E ? LA EA JAI F H K = F=HJA = @E ?K J=@ FH ?JE?= F=H= A@EH @AI E = EA J I ?AH?= I = ?AH !% O F H JH= A FH ?A@E EA J AI F ? CH ? @A>E@ = GKA HAGKEAHA FAH=?E AI =HEJ JE?=I F=H= @AJAH E =H A @AI E = EA J sx A ?=@= FK J @A FAH=?E !& 7 J @ FH ?JE? F=H= HAI LAH AIJ I FH > A =I ? IEIJA A JH= =H = HA?J= @A @AI E = EA J -IJA J @ IA BK @= A J= A JH= =H A A @E=CH= = @A ? H?K K = HA?J= F=H= A = = A A @A F=H A A @A @AI E = EA J E EJ s = -IJ= HA?J= IA JH= = = K = @EIJ= ?E= =H>EJH=HE= @A AIJA A A FAH ? = ? @E?E @A GKA A A A @A = F JA ?E= A? E?= s = 1 = ? HJA A K FK J @A JH @A HA= @A JH=>= -IJ= ? IJHK??E IA KAIJH= A = CKH= $ = FH F H?E A JHA A IAC A J AB O AJ @AJAH E = A @AI E = EA J @A FK J @A FAH=?E ? IE@AH=@ 5E = IAC A J IA A =IEC = K L= H K EJ=HE =KJ JE?= A JA A IAC A J E @E?= A L= H @A @AI E = EA J 2=H= @A IJH=H AIJ= =IALAH=?E IA KJE E = = IA A = = ANEIJA JA A JHA I JHE CK I OCE O OAB @A = CKH= $ -IJ I JHE CK I I IA A = JAI O F H AIJA JEL CE OA = $  EO AB I JHE CK I ODE O OAJ J= >E I IA A = JAI O IA FKA@A AIJ=> A?AH = IECKEA JA FH F H ?E DE OA = $   EO JA ,ELE@EA @ = HA =?E @A IAC A J I $  F H = $  IA >JEA A A IECKEA JA HAIK J=@

DE AB PRr (sx ) = = = sx Peje (sx ) + PRr (sx ) CE JA

$ !

= HA?J= @A @AI E = EA J IA H = E = ? HAIFA?J = IAC A J O F IJAHE H A JA IA ?= E>H= 5E IA @AIA= ? ?AH A @AI E = EA J @A K FK J ?K= GKEAH= @A @E=CH= = AI IK ?EA JA ? JH= =H K = HA?J= GKA K = A HECA @A ? H@A =@=I ? A FK J @A E JAH I I >HA A ? H?K = E JAHIA??E @A AIJ= HA?J= =KNE E=H I >HA = HA?J= @A @AI E = EA J FHALE= A JA ?= E>H=@= E @E?= @EHA?J= A JA A L= H @A @AI E = EA J sx @A FK J @A FAH=?E
!% - AIJA ?=I A IAC A J AI KO FAGKA O = FHA?EIE @A = A@E@= AI HA@K?E@= !& -IJ HA@K?A =I LA J= =I @A @E=CH= = @A ? H?K ? ?= ?K =@ H CA JHE?

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.ECKH= $

IJHK??E

@A = HA?J= @A @AI E = EA J

.ECKH= $ ! ,AJAH E =?E ? H?K

@A

I FK J I @A F=H

NE

O F JA ?E=

NE = ?

A @E=CH= = @A

I F=HAI O =I F JA ?E=I A? E?=I IA >JEA A = F=HJEH @A @E=CH= = JH= = @ HA?J=I F=H= A =I = A A HA= GKA ? EA = A A FK J @A FAH=?E O ?K E = A I A AI @A F=H A ?JHE? s = @A = F JA ?E= A? E?= s = 1 2=H= @AJAH E =H A FK J @A @E=CH= = @A ? H?K @ @A IA >JEA A A F=H = F JA ?E= A? E?= NE = AI A?AI=HE A ? JH=H =I HA?J=I J= CA JAI = ? H?K O F=H= A =I = I A AI @A F=H F JA ?E= HAIFA?JEL= A JA - = CKH= $ ! IA FHAIA J= A FH ?A@E EA J @A ? ?K CH ? F=H= = @AJAH E =?E @A AIJ I FK J I - @E=CH= = @A ? H?K ? JEA A J @= = E B H =?E HABAHA JA = I @ I @A FAH=?E ? J H CA AH=@ H O BHA = E@A= BK @= A J= GKA FAH EJA KJE E =H = E B H =?E @A @E=CH= = @A ? H?K A J @ A H= C @A @AI E = EA J ? IEIJA A GKA =@A I @A A@EH = CEJK@ @A I IAC A J I IA @A>A E JAHFHAJ=H IK IEC 5E K IAC A J HAFHAIA J= F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= @A A JH=@= O AIJ F H @A>= @A A A E =CE =HE AIJ= F JA ?E= AI AC=JEL= O = GKE = A JHAC= F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= = = HA@ 5E = @AJAH E =H K @AI E = EA J A FK J =F=HA?A = = E GKEAH@= @A HECA AI K = E @E?=?E @A GKA = GKE = FAH= ? @AI E = EA J AC=JEL - = CKH= $  IA D= E @E?=@ =I =I @A FAH=?E A A @E=CH= = @A ? H?K - @E=CH= = @A ? H?K >JA E@ HAFHAIA J= I = A JA A KC=H CA JHE? @A =I ? HHEA JAI @A H J H -IJ= ? HHEA JA IK E EIJH= K = CH= ?= JE@=@ @A E B H =?E I >HA = FAH=?E @A = GKE = FAH AI =??AIE> A F=H= IAH A@E@= @EHA?J= A JA = GKE = IA = E A J= F H A AIJ=J H O AIJ= ? HHEA JA AI = GKA A KIK=HE FKA@A A@EH 2=H= >JA AH A KC=H CA JHE? @A = ? HHEA JA @A AIJ=J H Ie (s) AI A?AI=HE IK =H = = ? HHEA JA @A H J H Ir (s) = ? HHEA JA @A =C AJE =?E Im (s) -IJA KC=H CA JHE? AI K ? H?K =FH NE =@ @A>E@ = GKA =K ?K= @ = ? HHEA JA @A =C AJE =?E @AFA @A @A @AI E = EA J AI FH ?JE?= A JA ? IJ= JA F=H= K H= C KO = F E @A @AI E = EA J I ,A AIJ=



+)2 67

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.ECKH= $ " ,E=CH= = @A ? H?K

@A = ? HHEA JA @A AIJ=J H O IK

@A

AGKEL= A JA

.ECKH= $ # +EH?KEJ @A 6D LA E =FH NE =@ @A =

GKE = @A E @K??E

B H = IA FKA@A KJE E =H F=H= = ? IJHK??E @A @E=CH= = @A ? H?K ? F AJ K ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA A A ?K= = ? HHEA JA @A H J H IA @A = A@E= JA A AGKEL= A JA @A 6D LA E GKA IA D= LA E@ KJE E = @ FAH GKA A F=H= A ? = JA IE @A 6D LA E IA = =@A = H= = @A =C AJE =?E - = CKH= $ " IA KAIJH= AIJA ?EH?KEJ O A @E=CH= = @A ? H?K GKA IA >JEA A ?K= @ IA IK = = ? HHEA JA @A =C AJE =?E O = ? HHEA JA @A H J H - AIJ= CKH= A IAC A J F G HAFHAIA J= =I F H@E@=I A A DEAHH @A = GKE = -I A?AI=HE HA? H@=H GKA I AGKEL= A JAI @A 6D LA E I ? IAHL=JEL I A F JA ?E= F HGKA = F JA ?E= AI K = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= E A= @A ?EH?KEJ 2 H AIJ= H= = HAIEIJA ?E= @A 6D LA E E ? KOA = E B H =?E I >HA =I F H@E@=I A A DEAHH -IJA ?EH?KEJ JEA A K ? F HJ= EA J IE E =H = @A @A ? IE? A GKA HAIFA?J= = =I F JA ?E=I +K= @ IA ? ?= = H= = @A =C AJE =?E @A = JA @A = HAIEIJA ?E= O HA=?J= ?E= @A @EIFAHIE @A AIJ=J H IA >JEA A K ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA =FH NE =@ IA A = JA = ?EH?KEJ @A 6D LA E FHAIA J=@ A = CKH= $ " -IJA ?EH?KEJ IA FKA@A @AJAH E =H @A K = B H = I IE F A O I HAIK J=@ I >JA E@ I ? @E AHA IEC E ?=JEL= A JA @A @A ? IE? @A = GKE = - ?EH?KEJ =FH NE =@ IE F E ?= A ? ?K @A = JA IE A E FA@= ?E= @A 6D LA E - IK KC=H IA KJE E = @EHA?J= A JA = JA IE @A = E A J=?E O = HAIEIJA ?E= O HA=?J= ?E= @A @EIFAHIE @A = GKE = - = CKH= $ # IA D= HAFHAIA J=@ A ?EH?KEJ @A 6D LA E =FH NE =@ @A = GKE = - = CKH= $ $ IA FHAIA J= K = ? F=H=?E A JHA I KC=HAI CA JHE? I @A = ? HHEA JA @A AIJ=J H KJE E = @ A ?EH?KEJ @A 6D LA E A ?EH?KEJ @A 6D LA E =FH NE =@ O A @A ? IE? @A = GKE = @A E @K??E -I A?AI=HE HA? H@=H GKA A A @A ? IE? = ? HHEA JA @A AIJ=J H

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.ECKH= $ $ + F=H=?E A JHA I @E=CH= =I @A ? H?K KJE E = @ A ?EH?KEJ 6D LA E @A 6D LA E =FH NE =@ O A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA ? F AJ

A ?EH?KEJ

AI K ? H?K AN=?J FAH IA =FH NE = KO AIJHA?D= A JA F=H= ?=IE J @ I I @AI E = EA J I AIJ= CKH= IA >IAHL= GKA F=H= @AI E = EA J I ?AH?= I = FK J E = = ? HHAIF @A ?E= A JHA I @ I ?EH?KEJ I AI FH ?JE?= A JA FAHBA?J= 5E A >=HC ?K= @ I @AI E = EA J I I CH= @AI I AHH HAI IA =?HA?EA J= -IJ IA @A>A = GKA = L= HAI @A @AI E = EA J CH= @AI = ? HHEA JA HAIK J= IAH L=HE=I LA?AI IK L= H E = O FH @K?A ?= @=I E F HJ= JAI A =I HA=?J= ?E=I @A @EIFAHIE 2 H AIJ= H= = JA IE A = H= = =C AJE = JA AI A H O = ? HHEA JA @A =C AJE =?E J= >E AI I FAGKA = - ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA HA@K?E@ F H 6D LA E ? IE@AH= GKA = JA IE Vth = E A J= = = H= = @A =C AJE =?E F=H= J @ I I @AI E = EA J I O F H AIJ= H= AIJA @A @AJAH E = ? HHEA JAI ECAH= A JA =O HAI GKA A ?EH?KEJ ? IE? = @EBAHA ?E= A JHA AIJ I @E=CH= =I AN?A@A A = FH ?JE?= = EJ=@ @A = ? HHEA JA @A L=? @A = GKE = @A>E@ = GKA = HA=?J= ?E=I @A @EIFAHIE @A AIJ=J H O H J H I =FH NE =@= A JA ECK= AI + AIJ=I ? HHEA JAI ?EH?K = @ F H =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H O H J H @A = GKE = = JA IE A = H= = @A =C AJE =?E IA @AFHE A =FH NE =@= A JA = = EJ=@ O = ? HHEA JA @A =C AJE =?E F H AIJ= H= IA HA@K?A A = EI = FH F H?E = ? IJHK??E @A @E=CH= = @A ? H?K ? F AJ @A = GKE = @A E @K??E IA FKA@A HA= E =H = F=HJEH @A ? ?E EA J @A I F=H AJH I @A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA A@E= JA A I=O I I >HA = GKE = A @EBAHA JAI ? @E?E AI @A FAH=?E /A JHE?= O = = JE?= A JA K ? H?K AIJ @A E@ F H = F IE?E @A IK ?A JH O = CEJK@ @A IK H=@E 6= >E IA FKA@A JH= =H K ? H?K = F=HJEH @A JHAI FK J I ?= E =@ I I >HA A ? H?K A AIJA ?=I AI IK ?EA JA ? JH= =H =I >EIA?JHE?AI A JHA @ I ?K= GKEAH= @A AIJ I FK J I O = E JAHIA??E @A AIJ=I >EIA?JHE?AI AI A ?A JH @A ? H?K - H=@E IA >JEA A E@EA @ = @EIJ= ?E= @AI@A A ?A JH @A ? H?K = K ?K= GKEAH= @A I JHAI FK J I E E?E= AI JH= F IE>E E@=@ F=H= JH= =H K ? H?K ? IEIJA A ? ?AH @ I FK J I @A ? H?K O K = HA?J= GKA F=IA = JH=L I @A K @E AJH @A ? H?K 2=H= JH= =H A @E=CH= = @A ? H?K @A = FKA@A KJE E =H A IECKEA JA FH ?A@E EA J GKE = @A E @K??E = F=HJEH @A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA IA

  5A JH= = K ? H?K @A @E AJH ? H?K FKA@= IAH HAFHAIA J=@ A

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5A ?= ?K = A B=?J H @A F JA ?E= @A = ? HHEA JA @A H J H F=H= = ? @E?E @A H J H > GKA=@ cos (r (s = 1)) 5A JH= = ? AIJA CK A A A @A = F JA ?E= A? E?= -I ? LA EA JA A@EH AIJA CK A@E= JA HA =?E AI JHE= CK =HAI O ? JH= IF HJ=@ HAI GKA FH @K?A AHH HAI @A A@E@= E F HJ= JAI ! ,ELE@EA @ A IAC A J ? FHA @E@ A JHA A FK J @A @E=CH= = s = 1 F=H= A = A A HA= O GKA = E = A A A A E =CE =HE A = FH F H?E ANEIJA JA A JHA = HAIEIJA ?E= @A 6D LA E Rth O = HAIEIJA ?E= @A H J H Rr IA JH= = A A A @A F=H A ?JHE? K EA @ AIJA FK J ? A HECA @A ? H@A =@=I " 5A JH= = = HA?J= @A @AI E = EA J F=H= A = = A A @A F=H A ?JHE? @A J= B H = GKA E JAH?AFJA = A A @A = F JA ?E= A? E?= @A JH @A = D = @A F=FA 2 IJAHE H A JA IA ?= E>H= AIJ= HA?J= @ELE@E @ = A J= J=I F=HJAI ECK= AI ? IA= A?AI=HE # 5A IK = = @E=CH= = = JAHE H = ? HHEA JA @A =C AJE =?E A KC=H CA JHE? @A =I ? HHEA JAI @A AIJ=J H Ie

Im @AJAH E = @ @A AIJ= B H =

$ 7 = LA HA= E =@ I J @ I I F=I I = JAHE HAI IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H A F=H A ?JHE? = F JA ?E= @A A JH=@= A HA @E EA J O = ? HHEA JA F=H= ?=@= K @A I F IE> AI FK J I @A FAH=?E @A = GKE = = AI?= = @A F JA ?E= IA >JEA A K JEF E?= @ = AI?= = @A ? HHEA JA F H 3Vth = AI?= = @A F=H IA @AJAH E = @ELE@EA @ = AI?= = @A F JA ?E= A JHA = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= @A = GKE = ? JH J @ F=H= JH= =H A @E=CH= = @A ? H?K ? IEIJA A HAFHAIA J=H A A F=FA JHAI FK J I ?E@ I @A @E=CH= = -IJ I JHAI FK J I FKA@A IAH ?K= GKEAH= @A I E EJ I FK J I F IE> AI -I KO BHA?KA JA @EIF AH @A FK J ? HHAIF @EA JA = = ? @E?E L=? !' s = 0 A FK J @A FAH=?E E = " s = sn O A FK J @A =HH= GKA @A H J H > GKA=@ " s = 1 - = FH ?JE?= IE K @A I FK J I ? HHAIF @A = = ? @E?E @A FAH=?E A L=? ? I JH FK J IA FKA@A JH= =H A ? H?K -IJ IA @A>A = DA?D @A GKA A @E AJH @A ? H?K ? HHAIF @EA JA = @AI E = EA J @A = ? @E?E @A L=? AI F=H= A = A A E =CE =HE + IA ? ?A AIJA FK J ? JH FK J ?K= GKEAH= IA FKA@A @AJAH E =H A ?A JH @A ? H?K - = CKH= $ % IA FHAIA J= K = ? IJHK??E CA JHE?= ? AIJ=I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I

$ "
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@A @A = GKE = @A E @K??E JHEB IE?= A ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I HAGKEAHA JHAI A?K= AI F=H= @A =H =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H JHAI F=H= =I @A H J H O K = A?K=?E F=H= A A A A? E? - IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI >JA E@ @AFA @A @A = F IE?E E IJ= J A= @A H J H O A AIJA ? JANJ = I K?E =JA JE?= AI K FH > A = @A @EB ?E I K?E O ? FHA IE
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A@E= JA A I=O I @A => H=J HE HACEIJH= @ =I ? HHEA JAI E IJ= J

@A =

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" ) HABAHEH A IEIJA = @A HABAHA ?E= @A H J H = AIJ=J H @AI=F=HA?A = @AFA @A ?E= @A = F IE?E = CK =H @A =I A?K=?E AI @A = GKE = - A KAL IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I @ @A J @=I =I L=HE=> AI AIJ HABAHE@=I = AIJ=J H =I A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI @A = GKE = JEA A ? A ?EA JAI ? IJ= JAI IE = LA ?E@=@ A? E?= IA ? IE@AH= ? IJ= JA -IJA @A FAH EJA A = EIEI JH= IEJ HE =H E? O A H CE A FAH = A JA @A = GKE = @A E @K??E I @AIAGKE E>HE I FKA@A IAH JH=J=@ I FAH AI A?AI=HE E ? KEH @A I @A IA?KA ?E= AC=JEL= O ?AH A A = EIEI # = F=HJE?K =HE =?E = H CE A FAH = A JA @A =I A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI ANFHAI=@=I A LA? J HAI AIF=?E= AI @AJAH E = A @A ?EH?KEJ= @A E =@ ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A = GKE = @A E @K??E - ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA T FKA@A = = E =H A ? F HJ= EA J AIJ JE? @A ? LAHJE@ H IE IA ? ?A I IAEI F=H AJH I GKA ? IJEJKOA (Re , Rr , Rm , Xe , Xr , Xm ) = JA IE =F E?=@= Ve O A @AI E = EA J @A FAH=?E sop

$ 2=H= @AJAH E =H A @AI E = EA J @A FAH=?E sop AI A?AI=HE HAI LAH A AGKE E>HE @E E? ? A IEIJA = A? E? -IJA FK J @A AGKE E>HE @A A A FK J @A FAH=?E - FK J @A FAH=?E GKA = ?= = I EJAI J H E? I @A = GKE = IA ? ?A ? A FK J E = EJA J H E? AI =GKA = JA FAH=JKH= @A FAH=?E A H CE A FAH = A JA GKA = JA @H = =I FH FEA@=@AI B IE? GK E?=I" @A I =JAHE= AI @A = GKE = @A JH @A F=H AJH I @A @A CH=@=?E =@A?K=@ I F=H= IK >KA BK ?E = EA J @KH= JA A JEA F @A LE@= A@E= @A E@ F H A B=>HE?= JA % - IEIJA = =@E A IE = @A K E@=@AI AI K = DAHH= EA J= JE A A = EIEI @A =I GKE =I A ?JHE?=I @A>E@ = GKA I F=H AJH I @A @A A AIJA IEIJA = JEA A FAGKA =I L=HE=?E AI
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I A I=O I @A L=? O H J H > GKA=@ FAH EJA HA= E =H K ? ?K =FH NE =@ @A I F=H AJH I @A @A @A = GKE = @A E @K??E D=?EA @ IE F E ?=?E AI IA A = JAI = =I GKA IA KJE E = A A JH=J= EA J @A I JH= IB H =@ HAI )K ?K= @ AIJ=I ? IE@AH=?E AI I A I =FH NE =@=I A = GKE = @A E @K??E GKA A I JH= IB H =@ HAI F H A A JHADEA HH GKA FH @K?A =O H ? HHEA JA @A =C AJE =?E O =O HAI @EIFAHIE AI @AI@A A FK J @A LEIJ= FH ?JE? BHA?A K J @ L E@ @AI@A A FK J @A LEIJ= @A = E CA EAH = F=H= K CH= AIFA?JH @A =F E?=?E AI 5E A >=HC ?K= @ IA HAGKEAHA =O H FHA?EIE A I HAIK J=@ I O = EIEI AI F IE> A KJE E =H A J @ @A = AIJE =?E F=H= JHE?= F=H= = KIJ=H I F=H AJH I I J @ I @A AIJE =?E F=H= JHE?= IA BK @= A J= A = E E E =?E @A K = BK ?E @A ? IJ AIJ=> A?E@= ? I AHH HAI A JHA L= HAI A@E@ I O L= HAI ?= ?K =@ I A@E= JA A @A = GKE = @A E @K??E JEA A IK FHE ?EF= >EJ @A =F E?=?E ? J H IE A >=HC AI F IE> A KJE E =H = ? CA AH=@ H BHA = FAH=?E ? CA AH=@ H IA AIJ=> A?A ?K= @ = LA ?E@=@ IKFAH= = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= O A BHA HAGKEAHA GKA = LA ?E@=@ A? E?= IA F C= = = LA ?E@=@ @A ?= F =C JE?

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$ #
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soper. 0 0, 03 1

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Yent (s = 0) = Rm

1 Zent

1 1 + = 0, 0208 j 0, 3224 Rm jXm

1 1 = 48 pu ; Xm = 3, 1 pu 0, 0208 0, 3224

2=H= A @AI E = EA J @A H J H > GKA=@ s = 1 AI F IE> A @AJAH E =H =I HA=?J= ?E=I O HAIEIJA ?E=I IAHEA

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7 = = JAH =JEL= F=H= @AJAH E =H = HAIEIJA ?E= @A H J H O =I HA=?J= ?E=I @A @EIFAHIE ? IEIJA A KJE E =H A @AI E = EA J s = 0, 03 - AIJA ?=I AI ? LA EA JA @AJAH E =H = ? HHEA JA @A H J H Ir HAIJ= @ = = ? HHEA JA @A AIJ=J H Ie = ? HHEA JA @A =C AJE =?E Im

Ir = Ie Im
5KF

1 1 = 0, 8694 j 0, 2023 pu Zent (s = 0, 03) Zent (s = 0)

EA @ GKA Vth Ve Rth Re O Xth Xe + Xr

1 Rr + Re + j (Xe + Xr ) = 1,0912 + j 0, 2539 pu s Ir Rr 0, 0321 pu ; Xe Xr 0, 1270 pu

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Y F IAA nn 1746 rpm

I @=J I @A F =?=

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Pn eje 5, 0 kW

Vn 416 V

cosn 0, 8

n 0, 85

f 60 Hz
I EJAI JA HE? I + AIJ=

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GKE = IA = E A J= ?

@A 380 V = 50 Hz

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 2=H AJH I @A @A @A = GKE = I @=J I @A F =?= IK E EIJH= E B H =?E I >HA A FK J @A FAH=?E E = F=H= F @AH >JA AH I IAEI F=H AJH I GKA @AJAH E = A ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = @A E @K??E AI A?AI=HE KJE E =H DEF JAIEI =@E?E = AI - AIJA ?=I IA FKA@A =IK EH GKA = ? HHEA JA @A L=? AI K JAH?E @A = ? HHEA JA E = O GKA =I F H@E@=I A A DEAHH I @AIFHA?E=> AI

Sn Pn eje In = = = 10, 2 A Im = 3, 4 A 3Vn 3Vn n cosn

=I >=IAI @A IEIJA = =@E A IE = @A K E@=@AI I

SB = Pn eje = 5 kW ; VB = Vn = 416 V ; SB V2 IB = = 6, 9393 A ; ZB = B = 34, 6112 SB 3VB

= HA=?J= ?E= @A =C AJE =?E A F H K E@=@ AI

Xm =
+

Vth 1 = 2, 04 pu Im 0, 48995
EJ= Rm

IA @AIFHA?E= =I F H@E@=I A A DEAHH = HAIEIJA ?E= @A =C AJE =?E AI E = ? HHEA JA @A H J H A A FK J @A FAH=?E E = FKA@A ?= ?K =HIA ?

Ir = Ie Im = 1, 4699 36, 87 0, 4899 90 = 1, 2396 18, 44 Rr 1 + Re + j (Xe + Xr ) = 0, 7653 + j 0, 2552 s Ir Xe Xr 0, 1276 pu Rr Rr + Re + Rr 0, 7653 pu Rr 0, 0223 pu sn 0, 03
7 = AIJE =?E I FHA?EI= IA FKA@A >JA AH HA? H@= @ GKA A A FK J E = = ?=H=?JA H IJE?= F=H @AI E = EA J AI E A= O @AFA @A E LAHI= A JA @A = HAIEIJA ?E= @A H J H

Tn =

Pneje V2 = th sn n e Rr
2

V 2 sn n Rr = th = e Pneje

2,04 2,04+0,1276

0, 03 0, 97

11

= 0, 0257 pu

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2

NE

"!

Tmax =

2 1 Vth (0, 9411) = = 1, 7354 pu 2e Xth 2 1 0, 2552

sTmax =

2 Rth

Rr = 2 + Xth

0, 0257 0, 02572 + 0, 25522

= 0, 10

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2 Ie +

Vth 2Xth

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Ie =
2

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2

Vth 2Xth

Ie (min ) = tan min =

1, 4699 0, 9411 + 3 2 0, 2552

= 0, 7 pu

2 0, 7 0, 2552 2Ie Xth = = 0, 3798 cos min = 0, 9349 Vth 0, 9411

NE A @AI E = EA J IA ?= ?K =

+ ?E@= = ? HHEA JA ? HHAIF @EA JA = B=?J H @A F JA ?E= HAI LEA @ = A?K=?E IECKEA JA

1 1 Ir = Ie Im = Ie min In 90 = Ie cos min + j ( In Ie sin min ) 3 3 Ir = 1 (Ie cos min )2 + ( In Ie sin min )2 = 0, 6976 = 3 Rr
2 Vth 2 Ir

Vth (Rth +
Rr 2 s ) 2 + Xth

s(min ) =
"

0, 0257
0,94112 0,69762

= 0, 0194

2 R Xth th

0, 25522 0, 02572

I KAL I L= HAI @A F =?= IE = GKE = IA = E A J= ? K = JA IE @A 380 V = 50 Hz =I KAL=I ? @E?E AI @A FAH=?E = ? HHEA JA E = IA @A>A = JA AH =FH NE =@= A JA ? IJ= JA F=H= FH @K?EH F H@E@=I IA A = JAI = FK J E = AIFA?E ?=@ A = F =?= =I HA=?J= ?E=I @A = GKE = ?= >E= ? = BHA?KA ?E= @A J= B H = GKA IA >JEA A

Ie =

380 Ve = In = 1, 4699 |Zent (sn )| = 416 = 0, 6215 pu |Zent (sn )| 1, 4699

Zent (sn ) = Ze +
>=IA ? HHAIF
"! >IAHLA GKA A

Zm Zr ( s ) Zm + Zr ( s )

@EA JA

= A?K=?E

@A F=H

NE

ANFHAI=@= A F H K E@=@ @AI=F=HA?A A ? A ?EA JA 3 = @ELE@EH F H =

&

+)2 67

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

sn 0, 040 0, 041 0, 042 0, 043

+K=@H $ " ,AJAH E =?E

|Zent (sn )| 0, 6564 0, 6440 0, 6322 0, 6209

E = F=H= = KAL= JA IE O BHA?KA ?E=

@A @AI E = EA J

Ze = Re + je Le = 0, 0257 + j Zm = je Lm Zr (sn ) =

2 50 0, 1276 = 0, 0257 + j 0, 1063 pu 2 60 2 50 =j 2, 04 = j 1, 7 pu 2 60

0, 0257 Rr + je Lr = + j 0, 1063 pu sn sn

- = J=> = $ " IA FHAIA J= I L= HAI @A @K @A = E FA@= ?E= @A A JH=@= A BK ?E @A @AI E = EA J - L= H I ?AH?= = 0, 6215 pu AI A ? HHAIF @EA JA = @AI E = EA J 0, 043 A ?K= IAH = A @AI E = EA J E = A =I KAL=I ? @E?E AI @A FAH=?E 7 = LA ? ?E@ A @AI E = EA J =@ I @A = B H = IECKEA JA E = A HAIJ @A I L= HAI E = AI GKA@= @AJAH E

nn = (1 sn )ns = (1 0, 043) 1800 = 1722, 6 rpm Zent (sn ) = 0, 5029 + j 0, 3642 = 0, 620935,92 P e ( sn ) = Ir ( sn ) = Vth Rth +
Rr sn 2

cos n = 0, 8099

380 1, 4699 0, 8099 = 1, 0874 pu 416 =

380 416

0, 9411
2

= 1, 305 pu
2

2 Xth

0, 0257 +

0,0257 0,043

+ (2 0, 1063)

2 Peje (sn ) = Ir ( sn ) R r

1 0, 043 1 sn = 1, 3052 0, 0257 = 0, 9744 pu sn 0, 043 Peje (sn ) 0, 9744 = = 0, 896 Pe (sn ) 1, 0874
= F H@E@=I A? E?=I E =I F H@E@=I A A DEAHH O F H HAIFA?J = I L= HAI E = AI E E?E= AI

( sn ) =
- AIJA ? ?K IA D= ? IE@AH=@ AIJ= H= A HA @E EA J =K A J= ?

-A F

! )

EIEI @A =

GKE = @A E @K??E

= F=HJEH @A @ I FK J I @A FAH=?E

7 J H @A E @K??E ? LA ?E@=@ @A 1656 rpm ? @A L=? ? IK A 4, 542 A AI 0, 3456 =I F H@E@=I 

ANE AIJHA = @A 5 kW 240 V 60 Hz FAH= A A FK J E = =K = K B=?J H @A F JA ?E= @A 0, 803 O K HA @E EA J @A 85, 9  - A A I=O O 110 W = HAIEIJA ?E= @A AIJ=J H IA D= A@E@ @EHA?J= A JA O IK L= H A? E?=I FKA@A IAH @AIFHA?E=@=I ,AJAH E A GKE = A F H K E@=@ @A = >=IA @A F JA ?E=

I F=H AJH I @A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A AIJ= @A I= E@= I L= HAI A@E@ I F H

I E IJHK A J I @KH= JA K A I=O = H J H > GKA=@ NE A F=H NE A F=H O = ? HHEA JA @A =HH= GKA @E?E @A FAH=?E

! - @AI E = EA J = F=H " - @AI E = EA J

E = ?

CA AH=@ H O A HA @E EA J A AIJ= ?

$ # - - 2

5 4-57- 6 5

'

5 K?E
 ,AJAH E =?E @A I F=H AJH I @A = GKE = ,A A I=O @A L=? AI F IE> A @AJAH E =H =FH NE =@= A JA = HAIEIJA ?E= O HA=?J= ?E= @A AJE =?E Rm O Xm =C

Rm =

V2 V2 = 523, 64 ; Xm = = 30, 56 Po So
V2

B = E FA@= ?E= >=IA AI ZB = SB = 11, 52 O = ? HHEA JA >=IA AI IB = P = 12, 028 A = B 3VB HAIEIJA ?E= O HA=?J= ?E= @A =C AJE =?E A F H K E@=@ @A = F JA ?E= A A A A O @A = JA IE A > H AI AI

Rm = 0, 06783 pu ; Xm = 2, 6527 pu
= HAIEIJA ?E= @A H J H IA @AJAH E = @A F=H E =

Tn =

PB PB = 26, 526 N m ; Tn = 1, 0869 pu 1656 = 28, 832 N m ; TB = 2 60 2 1800 60

1656 = 0, 08) = HA =?E A JHA A F=H O A @AI E = EA J AI - A FK J E = (sn = 1800 1800 =FH NE =@= A JA E A= O @A A = IA IA FKA@A @AJAH E =H = HAIEIJA ?E= @A H J H 2 Vth V2 (0, 96)2 sn Rr th sn = 0,08 = 0,06783 pu s Rr s Tn 1,0869

Tn

= HAIEIJA ?E= @A AIJ=J H A F H K E@=@ @A =I >=IAI IA A??E =@=I AI Re = 0, 03 pu = @AJAH E =?E @A = HA=?J= ?E= @A @EIFAHIE FKA@A @AJAH E =HIA ? A AGKEL= A JA @A 6D LA E @A = GKE = F=H= AIJ IA ?= ?K = = ? HHEA JA F H A H J H Ir = Ie Im = ? HHEA JA @A AIJ=J H A A FK J E = AI

Ien

= =

5000 cos1 (0, 803) = 3240 0, 859 0, 803 17, 5 36,582 A = 1, 4549 36,582 pu

= ? HHEA JA @A =C AJE =?E IA FKA@A @AJAH E =H @A A I=O @A L=? O AI =FH NE =@= A JA Im = 4, 542 86, 66 A = ? HHEA JA H J HE?= A A FK J E = AI

Irn = Ien Im = 14, 995 23, 15 A = 1, 2467 23, 15 pu

+ ?E@= = ? HHEA JA F H A H J H A A FK J E = AI F IE> A @AJAH E =H K = =FH NE =?E = = HA=?J= ?E= @A 6D LA E A@E= JA = ANFHAIE IECKEA JA

Rth +

Rr Vth + j Xth = = 0, 708 + j 0, 3028 Xth = 0, 3028 Sn Irn

= HA=?J= ?E= @A 6D LA E AI =FH NE =@= A JA = IK = @A =I @ I HA=?J= ?E=I @A @EIFAHIE )IK EA @ GKA = @EIFAHIE @A H J H AI =FH NE =@= A JA ECK= = = @A H J H IA >JA @H = A IECKEA JA HAIK J=@

Xe Xr
I HAIK J=@ I >JA E@ I IA KAIJH= A

Xth = 0, 1514 pu 2

= CKH= $ '



+)2 67

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

.ECKH= $ ' 2=H

AJH I @A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA A F H K E@=@

8= HAI A@E@ I A = FHKA>= @A H J H > GKA=@ = FHKA>= @A H J H > GKA=@ IA HA= E = = ? HHEA JA ?K = @ = E FA@= ?E= AGKEL= A JA A > H AI @A = >JEA A

E = In = 17, 5 A = 1, 4549 pu += GKE = F=H= K @AI E = EA J s = 1 IA

Zeq (s = 1) = Ze +

Zr Zm = 0, 091065 + j 0, 293050 pu Zr + Zm

Vrb = |Zeq (s = 1)| In Vb = 107 V Prb = 3Vrb In cosrb = 962 W

! ,AI E = EA J O F=H NE ? HHEA JA O F=H @A =HH= GKA - B=?J H @A ?= E@=@ Q AI ?AH?= = 10 A AIJA ?=I IA FKA@A =FH NE =H = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A T F=H ? HAIFA?J = F=H NE @EA JA = Q @A = CKH= $ % Tmax ? HHAIF

sTmax =
sn sTmax

2 Rth

Rr = 0, 2321 2 + Xth
0,08 0,2321

Tmax = Tn

sTmax sn

Ts=1 = Tmax Is=1 =

1 sTmax

2 2 + =

= 1, 0869

0,2321 0,08

sTmax 1

2 2 = 1, 7587 1 0,2321 +

= 1, 7587 pu = 0, 7747 pu

0,2321 1

V Ze +
Zm Zr Zm +Zr

1 = 3, 2587 72,7 pu 0, 091065 + j 0, 29305

IA >JEA A ?K= @ ? @AI E = EA J AC=JEL s < 0 IA E = @A AIJ=J H In = 1, 4549 pu = ? HHEA JA @A AIJ=J H

" 2K J E = ? CA AH=@ H = ? @E?E E = @A CA AH=?E = ?= = A @K @A = ? HHEA JA IA @AJAH E = A@E= JA = ANFHAIE

| Ie | =

V Ze +
Zm Zr (s) Zm +Zr (s)

A@E= JA K = J=> = AI F IE> A E@A JE ?=H H FE@= A JA A @AI E = EA J GKA ? HHAIF ? HHEA JA E = @A = GKE = I  #  "  !   - @AI E = EA J E = @A =?KAH@ ?

@A ?

| Ie |  "&#  "$''  "#&"  ""$%

@A =

= J=> = IAH = sGn = 0, 103 GKA ? HHAIF

$ $ - -4+1+1 5 24 27-56 5 K = LA ?E@=@ @A 1985 rpm H=@ H AI = ? HHEA JA @A AIJ=J H F=H= A @AI E = EA J E = ?

 CA A

Ie = 1, 13573 j 0, 91489 pu
= F JA ?E= @A I= E@= IA @AJAH E = A@E= JA

Ps = 1, 0 |Ie | cose = 1, 0 1, 4584

1, 13573 = 1, 13573 pu 1, 45839

= F JA ?E= @A A JH=@= IA @AJAH E = = F=HJEH @A = ? HHEA JA @A H J H

|Ir | =

Vth (Rth +
Rr 2 s ) 2 + Xth

0, 945 (0, 6313)2 + (0, 292)2

= 1, 3587 pu

P e = | Ir | 2 R r

1 + 0, 103 1s = (1, 3587)2 0, 0678 = 1, 3403 pu s 0, 103 Gn = Ps 1, 13573 = = 0, 8474 Pe 1, 3403

$ $

- AH?E?E I FH FKAIJ I
I A I=O I @A L=? O H J H > GKA=@ ?KO I

 ) K = GKE = @A E @K??E IA A HA= E =H HAIK J=@ I IA KAIJH= A = J=> = - I=O 8=? 4 J H > GKA=@

P 3602 W 3200 W

V 416 V 85 V

I 30 A 100 A

n 3598 rpm 0 rpm

= GKE = IA A ?KA JH= ? A?J=@= A AIJHA = O = HAIEIJA ?E= F H B=IA @A =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H AI @A 53 m 5E = FHKA>= @A H J H > GKA=@ IA HA= E KJE E = @ = NE = ? HHEA JA F IE> A A H CE A FAH = A JA ,AJAH E A

=  - HA @E EA J A A FK J >  - F=H
NE E = ?

E =

?  - F=H @A =HH= GKA @  - B=?J H @A F JA ?E= A

= LA ?E@=@ E = F AJ @A = GKE = AJH I @A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA A F H K E@=@ @A = GKE = GKA IA FHAIA J= A = CKH= $ ! = = A= AKJH AI @A 240 V = F JA ?E= A? E?= 3500 rpm = GKE = IA A ?KA JH= FAH= @ A = F JA ?E= A? E?= A A A A @A 9 kW ,AJAH E A GKE = A ?KAIJE FAH EJA A BK ?E = EA J A

B  - @E=CH= = @A ? H?K

7 = GKE = @A E @K??E F IAA I F=H =I >=IAI @A JA IE O F JA ?E= E = @A GKE = F IAA @ I F I O IK JA IE E E = AI @A 10 kW ? K = LA ?E@=@ @A K IEIJA = @A 208 V = AKJH A JHAC= @ K

=  5E = ? @E?E @A FAH=?E H CE A FAH = A JA > ?

= ?KHL= @A A ?EA ?E= ?

@A =

= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= F=H LA ?E@=@ HAIFA?J = = F JA ?E= @A I= E@=

+)2 67

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

.ECKH= $ ! 2=H

AJH I @A ? F AJ

@A

@A =

GKE = @A FH > A =

@  - @E=CH= = @A ? H?K

! 7 = GKE = @A E @K??E @A H J H @A =K = @A =H@E = @A 416 V ? ANE A @A J= 60 Hz O 5 kW @A F JA ?E= E = @AI=HH = A A FK J E = @A FAH=?E K = LA ?E@=@ @A 1130 rpm ? K = A ?EA ?E= @A 84, 25  O K B=?J H @A F JA ?E= @A 73, 14  ) AIJ= GKE = IA A D= HA= E =@ K = FHKA>= A L=? ? JA IE E = =??E = @ A A A = = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= O A AIJ= ? @E?E ? IK A 156 W O 3, 52 A ,AJAH E A

=  - F=H @A =HH= GKA GKA @AI=HH >

= AIJ=

GKE = NE = JA EA @ A A K

= A ?EA ?E= O A @AI E = EA J A A FK J @A F=H

?  - FK J E = @A FAH=?E IE = BHA?KA ?E= IA HA@K?A = # 0 ? IJ= JA A A A JHADEAHH @A = GKE = @  - L= H @A I F=H ?E= @A I= E@= @A =
" ,A K J H @A E @K??E JA ?E= A A A A O L J= A AJH I @A GKE = @A @A = GKE = @A E @K??E

= >=IA @A = F JA

IA ? ?A I IECKEA JAI F=H E = @A = GKE =

AJH I @A

E@ I A

=I >=IAI @A F

Re = 0, 015 pu Xe = 0, 2 pu
,AJAH E A

Rr = 0, 035 pu Xr = 0, 2 pu

Rm = 25 pu Xm = 2, 5 pu

= > ?

= ? HHEA JA O A B=?J H @A F JA ?E= I @AI E = EA J I GKA ? HHAIF = JA IE @A = E A J=?E F=H NE F=H= GKA ?

E = @A =

GKE = ? NE = ?

J HO?

CA AH=@ H

@A = F=H O F JA ?E=

J H O CA AH=@ H GKE = IA BHA A ?

A @AI E = EA J s = 2 =

# 7 J H @A 12 kW 456 V A @A J= F IAA K = A ?EA ?E= A A FK J E = @A 85  =I F H@E@=I A A DEAHH I 5  @A = F JA ?E= A? E?= E = - B=?J H @A F JA ?E= E = @A = GKE = AI 0, 85 = ? HHEA JA @A =HH= GKA AI 5 LA?AI = ? HHEA JA E = = LA ?E@=@ E = AI 1710 rpm ,AJAH E A

=

= ? HHEA JA O A B=?J H @A F JA ?E= A L=? NE ? J H IE = JA IE O = BHA?KA ?E= @EI E KOA

>  - F=H @A =HH= GKA O A F=H @  - HA @E EA J @A FK J = 380 V O 50 Hz

?  - HA @E EA J F=H= K = LA ?E@=@ @A 1600 rpm O 2000 rpm

E = @A FAH=?E

$ $ - -4+1+1 5 24 27-56 5

!

A  - @E=CH= = B=I HE= ?

F AJ F=H= K = LA ?E@=@ @A 1900 rpm

$ 7 = GKE = @A E @K??E @A 416 V 60 Hz A = ? ANE @A J= ? IK A 100 A A A FK J @A FAH=?E E = ? K B=?J H @A F JA ?E= @A 0, 85 E @K?JEL - AIJ=I ? @E?E AI = GKE = A JHAC= 50, 8 kW A A A A A? E? = K = LA ?E@=@ @A 1710 rpm = GKE = ? IK A K 2  @A F H@E@=I A = >=IA @A = F JA ?E= =F=HA JA @A A JH=@= ?K= @ A H J H CEH= = = LA ?E@=@ @A 1800 rpm = ? HHEA JA @A =HH= GKA AI ECK= = 6 LA?AI = ? HHEA JA E = = HAIEIJA ?E= @A AIJ=J H ? IK A K = F JA ?E= @A 1  A = >=IA @A = F JA ?E= =F=HA JA @A A JH=@= ,AJAH E A

=

I F=H

AJH I @A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @EA JA @A = GKE = @A E @K??E GKE = GKA ? HHAIF ?K= @ IA ?=HC= ? @A = FK J =
3 4

>  - @AI E = EA J ? HHAIF F=H E =

@A

?  - F=H NE O A @AI E = EA J @A = EI = IA ? A?J= A AIJHA = @  5E AIJ= F =?=

% 7 =

E = IE =

GKE = D= @A IAH KJE E =@= A K IEIJA = @A 50 Hz @A

I KAL I @=J I @A

GKE = @A E @K??E

@A $ 0 ?

A?J=@= A @A J= F IAA

I IECKEA JAI @=J I @A F =?=

Pn = 100 kW

Vn = 416 V

In = 170 A

cos n = 0, 85

nn = 1750 rpm

/EH= @ = = LA ?E@=@ @A 1799 rpm = GKE = ? IK A 44 A O 850 W = HAIEIJA ?E= @A ?=@= K = @A =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H = JA FAH=JKH= = >EA JA AI @A 42 m ,AJAH E A

= >
F

I F=H

AJH I @A

@A

@A ?

LAHJE@ H A

= >=IA @A = F JA ?E= NE =

E =

= ? HHEA JA @A =HH= GKA A F=H @A =HH= GKA A F=H @EA JA

O IK @AI E = EA J ? HHAI GKE = IA A ?KA JH= A A EI IEIJA =

?  - HA @E EA J B=?J H @A F JA ?E= O @AI E = EA J ?K= @ FK J E = ? CA AH=@ H @  - @E=CH= = @A ? H?K @A JA IE AI

? F AJ IE = GKE = IA ?

A?J= A AIJHA = A A

& )K = GKE = @A E @K??E JHEB IE?= @A $ 0 ? > >E =@ IA A D= HA= E =@ A A => H=J HE @A - I=O 8=? 4 J H > GKA=@ I =I F H@E@=I D E?=I @A AIJ=J H O H J H I E@ JE?=I ,AJAH E A

ANE @A J= @ I F=HAI @A F I @A H J H GKE =I A ?JHE?=I I IECKEA JAI A I=O I

Vmed 208 V 35 V
IE E =HAI

Imed 10 A 35 A

Pmed 540 W 320 W

=I H= KH=I @A AIJ=J H O @A H J H

=  2=H

AJH I @A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA A

= >=IA @A = F JA ?E= E = @A = E = ?

E = A A AA GKE = CA AH=@ H

>  ,AI E = EA J

B=?J H @A F JA ?E= O HA @E EA J ? F AJ E ? KOA @

?  4A @E EA J O B=?J H @A F JA ?E= A A FK J @  ,E=CH= = @A ? H?K

= ?= E>H=?E

@A = HA?J= @A @AI E = EA J

"

+)2 67

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

*E> E CH=B =
 ) AH 5E F A =JHEN AJD @ J 1 JH @K?A 5F=JE= 8A?J H 6H= IB H =JE I = @ HEA JA@ .EA @ -GK=JE I E - A?JHE? =?DE A + KHIAI  1+- '$ 2H ?AA@E CI 8 111 FF #' # " 5AFJA >AH ''$ 8EC 5F=E . * =I A 6DA 2HE ?EF A B .EA @ HEA J=JE =I )FF EA@ J AM 64)5 8- 6 4 + IA@ F + JH 5OIJA B H 4 J=JE C .EA @ =?DE AI  5EA A I 4ALEAM 8 !" FF %  =O '% . * =I A 6DA 2HE ?EF A B .EA @ HEA J=JE =I )FF EA@ J AM 64)5 8- 6 4 + IA@ F + JH 5OIJA B H 4 J=JE C .EA @ =?DE AI  5EA A I 4ALEAM 8 !" FF %  =O '% ! + HJ I +KHI )I ?E=@ I ''" ''# +D=F =  @AH @A GKE =I - ?JHE?=I 4 J=JEL=I  *=H?A ?/H=M 0E '&% = -@EJ HAI 6 ? E? I

" 5

GKE =I - ?JHE?=I 

# ) - .EJ CAH= @ + E CI AO H  ) KI - A?JHE? =?DE AHO 6DA 2H ?AIIAI ,ALE?AI = @ 5OIJA I B - A?JH A?D= E?= - AHCO + LAHIE  ?/H=M 0E 6DEH@ -@EJE '% $ 2 IJA I?K '%'  2E JH LI E  GKE =I - ?JHE?=I  8 11 -@EJ HE= EH 5A? 5A? @ A@EJE @ -@EJE

% ) 5 = CI@ HB 6DA HO B ) JAH =JE C +KHHA J '%" & 9 A D=H@ + JH

=?DE AHO  6=J=

?/H=M 0E

B - A?JHE?= ,HELAI  5FHE CAH 8AH =C *AH E

0AE@A>AHC '&# J HI  )1-- 6H= I=?

' . 5 =CE E I  4 5?DK J 6H= IEA J 2AHB H = ?A B 1 @K?JE JE I 8 $" FF $# $#$ '""  / ?2DAHI  4 , =H= D 9E AO  5 I ''  4 4E?DJAH - A JHEI?DA  ! " 5=  HA ) 1 JH @K?JE 8 J - A?JHE?=

=?DE AI = @ 6H= IB H AHI 

=I?DE A

18  8AH =C *EH D KIA )/ *=IA '#" -IF= = 

GKE =I - ?JHE?=I  2HA JE?A 0=

5AHH= .K @= A J I @A A ?E= '&'

GKE =I - ?JHE?=I 4 J=JEL=I  7 ELAHIE@=@ 2 EJ ? E?= @A 8=

5AHH= 6DA @AH 5F=?A 2D=I H 6DA HO 2=HJ 1 1JI + DAHA J . H K =JE = @ EJI )@ L= J=CAI B H 6H= IEA J ) = OIEI B + LAHJA@ .A@ )+ =?DE AI  -KH FA= 6H= I=?JE I - A?JHE?= 2 MAH - CE AAHE C -6-2 8 ! =H )FH ''! FF % & 8,- 8-4 )/ 5AHH= 6DA @AH 5F=?A 2D=I H 6DA HO 2=HJ 11 + F=HEI MEJD JDA /A AH= E A@ =?DE A 6DA HO = @ JDA 5F=?A 8A?J H 6DA HO  -KH FA= 6H= I=?JE I - A?JHE?= 2 MAH - CE AAHE C -6-2 8 ! ! =O K A ''! FF ! ' 8,- 8-4 )/ #

#

$ $ . 6E>AHE '$# 2HKA>=I I >HA JH B )+

*1* 1 /4). ) GKE =I - ?JHE?=I  -@EJ HE= 8E?A I 8ELAI 2HE AH= -@E?E =?DE AI  NB H@ 7 ELAHIEJO 2HAII '' NB H@ 7 ELAHIEJO 2HAII  D 9E AO  5 I

% 2 8=I 8A?J H + & 2 8=I - A?JHE?= ''

=?DE AI = @ ,HELAI ) 5F=?A 8A?J H )FFH =?D  - A?JH A?D= E?= - AHCO + AJHE?= + F LAHIE A J

' , + 9DEJA  0 0 9 @I AM ; H '#'

 5 ;= = KH= 5FEH= 8A?J H AJD @ = @ 5O )?=@A O 8 $%* FF  $ ''"

AJD @  2H ??

=F=

+=F JK

FAH=?E 1 @K??E
% 1 JH @K??E

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- = CK =I GKE =I ?=@= K = @A =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H IA @ELE@A A @ I F=HJAI ? = E JA ?E @A KJE E =H @EBAHA JAI JA IE AI @A = E A J=?E F H A A F 208 V 416 V 5E =I > >E =I @A ?=@= B=IA IA ? A?J= A IAHEA = GKE = IA FKA@A ? A?J=H = K IEIJA = @A 416 V 5E F H A ? JH=HE =I @ I > >E =I @A ?=@= B=IA IA ? A?J= A F=H= A A IEIJA = @A = E A J=?E @A>A IAH @A 208 V -NEIJA AIGKA =I IE E =HAI = @A = CKH= % & F=H= =HH= ?=H A J H @A E @K??E A K IEIJA = @A 208 V ? =I > >E =I @A ?=@= B=IA ? A?J=@=I A IAHEA O F IJA HE H A JA HA? A?J=H AIJ=I > >E =I A F=H= A F=H= = ?= =H A FK J @A FAH=?E @A H CE A FAH = A JA -IJA AIGKA = JEA A K ? F HJ= EA J IE E =H = @A =HH= ?=@ H AIJHA = @A J= ? = I= LA@=@ @A GKA =I ? HHEA JAI IA HA@K?A = = EJ=@ O A F=H A ?JHE? = = ?K=HJ= F=HJA @KH= JA = =?A AH=?E " )HH= ?=@ HAI IK=LAI A@E= JA ? LAHJE@ HAI A A?JH E? I @A F JA ?E= IA FKA@A HA= E =H K =HH= GKA IK=LA @A = GKE = E ?HA A J= @ = JA IE A B H = ? JE K= = A@E@= GKA = ?=HC= A? E?= =?A AH= -IJA JEF @A =HH= ?=@ H FKA@A E EJ=H = ? HHEA JA @A =HH= GKA O HA@K?EH ? IE@AH=> A A JA I AIBKAH I A? E? I ?=IE =@ I F H I =HH= GKAI >HKI? I I FHE ?EF= AI FH > A =I @A AIJ I =HH= ?=@ HAI I A ? IJ O = E OA??E @A ? HHEA JAI =H E?=I = = HA@ - = CKH= % ' IA @AJ= = K @E=CH= = @A K =HH= ?=@ H IK=LA = JEHEIJ HAI

%#

4 CE A @AIAGKE E>H=@ @A =I

GKE =I @A E @K??E

5E K = GKE = @A E @K??E IA A ?KA JH= CEH= @ A H CE A FAH = A JA = = LA ?E@=@ r A = EI = @EHA??E @A ?= F =C JE? H J=J HE O A AIA FHA?EI E IJ= JA IA E LEAHJA = ? ANE @A @ I B=IAI @A AIJ=J H A ?= F H J= JA E LEAHJA A IA JE@ @A H J=?E O A @AI E = EA J @A = GKE = ?= >E= >HKI?= A JA = LA ?E@=@ @A = GKE = @KH= JA AIJA FH ?AI FH ?JE?= A JA E IJ= J A L=H = =FHA?E=> A A JA @A>E@ = = E AH?E= @A IEIJA = A A?JH A? E? 2 IJAHE H A JA A H J H @A = GKE = IA BHA = D=IJ= @AJA AHIA O IA =?A AH= KAL= A JA A = @EHA??E @A KAL ?= F H J= JA D=IJ= = ?= =H K = KAL= ? @E?E @A AGKE E>HE - @AI E = EA J @A = GKE = A A E IJ= JA FHALE = = E LAHIE @A =I B=IAI AI

s1 =
+K= @ IA E LEAHJA A IA JE@ @A H J=?E LA ?E@=@ A @AI E = EA J AI

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=C JE? H J=J HE FAH =

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A@E= JA JEHEIJ HAI

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@A B=IAI

s1 + s2 = 2

% "

- ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A = GKE = ?= >E= = E LAHJEH A ?= F =C JE? H J=J HE E? GKA L=H = AI A @AI E = EA J @A = GKE = A AIA E IJ= JA = ANFHAIE % " @AJAH E = A @AI E = EA J @AIFK I @A = E LAHIE @A =I B=IAI = F=HJEH @A @AI E = EA J FHALE

s2 = 2 s1

% #

- F=H =?A AH= JA IA ?= ?K = IAC IA >IAHL= A = CKH= %  F H = @EBAHA ?E= A JHA A F=H A ?JHE? O A F=H A? E? - F=H A ?JHE? A = KAL= ? @E?E E LEAHJA IK IA JE@ F H A E JAH?= >E @A =I B=IAI A F=H AJ =?A AH= JA AI AC=JEL O = GKE = IA BHA = FAH@EA @ LA ?E@=@

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- FH ?AI @AI?HEJ = JAHE H A JA IA FKA@A HAFHAIA J=H A@E= JA A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA GKA IA KAI JH= A = CKH= % (b) -IJA ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA AI E@ JE? = ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA = = E =@ A A ?=F JK $ AN?AFJ F H A @AI E = EA J 5E =I JA IE AI @A = E A J=?E @A K = GKE = @A E @K??E I >= = ?A=@=I =I ? HHEA JAI GKA KOA F H =I > >E =I J= F ? IAH +K= @ A IEIJA = @A ? HHEA JAI GKA ?EH?K = F H =I > >E =I I AGKE E>H=@=I A ?= F =C JE? A A E JAHE H @A = GKE = AI H J=J HE 5E IA = JEA A =I ? @E?E AI @A E A= E@=@ A A @A @A = GKE = AI F IE> A IKIJEJKEH A IEIJA = @A JA IE AI JHEB IE?=I @AIAGKE E>H=@=I F H JHAI IEIJA =I AGKE E>H=@ I @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= AC=JEL= O ?AH D=?EA @ KI @A = JH= IB H =?E @A ? F A JAI IE JHE?=I +=@= K @A AIJ=I ? F A JAI IA = = E = E @AFA @EA JA A JA O F IJAHE H A JA IA IKFAHF A =I JHAI ? F A JAI F=H= @AJAH E =H = I K?E = 2=H= @AI? F AH K IEIJA = JHEB IE? A ? ?E ? IAHL=JEL= A F JA ?E=

A JAI IE

JHE?=I IA KJE E = = IECKEA JA JH= IB H =

1 2 Va 1 2 Vb Vc

1 V0 1 V+ = 1 3 V 1
= JH= IB H =?E E LAHI= @A ?

1 ej 3 4 ej 3
F
2

1 ej 3 2 ej 3
4

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JHE?=I =

% %

A JAI IE

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1 ej 2 ej 3
4 3

1 ej 4 ej 3
2 3

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1 V0 V+ 2 V

% &

@A @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= @A = GKE = @A E @K??E IA @AI=HH A A ?=F JK $# - ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A IA?KA ?E= AC=JEL= @E AHA @A @A @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= J= I A A @AI E = EA J +K= @ K = GKE = @A E @K??E AI = E A J=@= A@E= JA K IEIJA = JHEB IE? AGKE E>H=@ @A IA?KA ?E= AC=JEL= A ?= F =C JE? H J=J HE CEH= A IA JE@ ? JH=HE = =I =CK =I @A HA = LA ?E@=@ @A ?= F AIJ=I ? @E?E AI AI e 5E IA = E A J= = GKE = @A E @K??E ? K IEIJA = @A ? HHEA JAI ?E@ I F H JHAI ? HHEA JAI ECK= AI IA AKJH= E = @A JH @A = GKE = IKI A AI =C JE? I @AIB=I=@ I 120 K =I @A JH=I - ?= F A A H= = GKE = AIJ =C AJE =@= E? K GKA FH @K?A AI A @A @EIFAHIE @A =I > >E =I @A @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH J= @A ?EH?KEJ AIJ=J HE? D F =HAI$ I K I FH @K @A>E@ = GKA =I > >E =I JEA A A JHADEAHH AI K O F H AIJ= =I ? HHEA JAI @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH >E @A>A E ? KEH = HAIEIJA ?E=

+ ?E@=I =I JA IE AI @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= AC=JEL= O ?AH GKA IA D= =F E?=@ = = GKE = IA ?= ?K = A F=H A ?JHE? @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= O @A IA?KA ?E= AC=JEL= = IA?KA ?E= ?AH ? JHE>KOA = F=H A ?JHE? @A>E@ = GKA FH @K?A ?= F =C JE? A A A JHADEAHH = IKFAHF IE?E @A I F=HAI @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= O AC=JEL= GKA AIJ A F IE?E @AJAH E = A F=H HAIK J= JA A A A A @A = GKE = - F=H A ?JHE? @EI E KOA ?K= @ ANEIJA @AIAGKE E>HE I A = BKA JA @A = E A J=?E = HA@ @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH FH @K?A F=H FAH E ?HA A J= =I ? HHEA JAI =I F H@E@=I O A ?= A J= EA J HA@K?EA @ A HA @E EA J @A = GKE = 2 H AIJ= H= AI F ? BHA?KA JA ? A?J=H A AKJH @A = GKE = @A E @K??E = = HA@ =I ? F A JAI IE JHE?=I I K = DAHH= EA J= A ?= F=H= A = EIEI @A I @AIAGKE E>HE I I BHA?KA JAI = GKA FKA@A AIJ=H I AJE@= = GKE = @A E @K??E % 2=H= HAI LAH I @AIAGKE E>HE I AI A?AI=HE @A EH =I ? @E?E AI @A ? J H @A FH > A = A A @ E E @A =I B=IAI O JH= IB H =H AIJ=I HA =?E AI = @ E E @A = IA?KA ?E= =I ? @E?E AI @A ? J H JH= IB H =@=I O I @A I @A IA?KA ?E= @A = GKE = @A E @K??E FAH EJA AIJ=> A?AH A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @A ?K= IA >JEA A =I JHAI JA IE AI @A IA?KA ?E= I >HA = GKE = + AIJ= E B H =?E IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H
# 3KA@= HAFHAIA J=@ F H A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA $ -IJ= F= =>H= IEC E ?= ? = EI = F =HE@=@ -IJ IA HA AHA = = ? F A JA @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH % = =F E?=?E =@A?K=@= @A AIJ= DAHH= EA J= HAGKEAHA GKA A ? LAHJE@ H IA= IE JHE? I @AIAGKE E>HE I = E JAHE H

@A =

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IE ?

ANE

@A AKJH

A F=H @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= O A @A IA?KA ?E= AC=JEL= 6 @ AIJ F=H= K = @AJAH E =@= LA ?E@=@ @AI E = EA J @A = GKE = - = CK I ?=I I A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI IA FKA@A HAFHAIA J=H A @E= JA K ?EH?KEJ A ?JHE? B=?E EJ= @ @A AIJ= B H = = I K?E @A FH > A = ) CK I @AIAGKE E>HE I BHA?KA JAI A K = GKE = @A E @K??E I  )FAHJKH= @A BKIE> A @A K = B=IA IE ? ANE @A AKJH

- = CKH= IA D= HAFHAIA J=@ K = GKE = @A E @K??E GKA IA A ? JH=>= FAH= @ A K FK J AIJ=> A O HAFA JE = A JA IA =>HA A BKIE> A @A = B=IA a GKA@= @ ? A?J=@=I =I JH=I @ I B=IAI = = HA@ -IJ= GKE = JEA A K = ? ANE IE AKJH ? HHE@ =I JHAI ? @E?E CKH= %  I AI @A ? J H @A = GKE = @A E @K??E A =I ? @E?E AI @AI?HEJ=I A =

Ia = 0 Ib + Ic = 0 Vb Vc = V 120 V 240 = 3V 90 = j 3V

% ' %  % 

7JE E = @ = ANFHAIE % % B=IA = ? @E?E AI @A IA?KA I0 I+ = I

F=H= ? LAHJEH =I ? @E?E AI @A ? J H I >HA =I ? HHEA JAI @A ?E= IA >JEA A 1 1 1 Ia 0 1 1 1 2 Ib = 2 Ib %   3 1 2 3 2 Ic

= ANFHAIE %  E @E?= GKA = IK = @A =I ? F A JAI IE JHE?=I @A ? HHEA JA F=H= = IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= O AC=JEL= AI ?AH )@A I = ? F A JA @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH J= >E AI K = @A>E@ = GKA = GKE = JEA A A AKJH ? A?J=@

I0 = 0 I+ + I = 0
,A = JH= IB H =?E %&O =? @E?E @A ? J H

% ! % "

% ' IA AIJ=> A?A A IECKEA JA HAIK J=@ % #

1 Vb Vc = (V0 + 2 V+ + V ) (V0 + V+ + 2 V ) = j 3V 3
= A?K=?E = JAHE H @AJAH E = K = HA =?E @A E@= A JHA =I JA IE O AC=JEL= A = GKE = V+ V = 3V

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GKE = @A E @K??E

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V0 V+ V
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= Z0 I0 = Z+ (s) I+ = Z (s) I

=I ANFHAIE AI % % O % " A % $ IA >JEA A A IECKEA JA HAIK J=@ 3V = Z+ (s) I+ Z (s) I = [Z+ (s) + Z (s)] I+

% &

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)FAHJKH= @A BKIE> A @A = B=IA a ?

AKJH ?

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ANE

@A

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AKJH ?

A?J=@ % 

Vc = V 240
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% % IA >JEA A A

Va Va + V + 2 V 1 2 V = Va + 2 V 3 2 V Va + V + V

%

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V = V0 V+ V = V+ V0 =
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% !

3V

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Va = V 0 = V Ib = Ic = 0
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% % % & % '

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% #

cos e t + (2k 1)

k ) AI K AH A JAH = IKFAHF IE?E @A =I m BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI @A IA?KA ?E= 5E 2(1 m k F IEJEL= IA A ?KA JH= A B=IA F=H= ?=@= K = @A =I =H E?=I AIF=?E= AI 2 H JH= F=HJA IE 2 m AI K AH A JAH A J ?AI =I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI @A IA?KA ?E= AC=JEL= I =I GKA AIJ A B=IA F=H= ?=@= K @A I H@A AI =H E? I +K= @ IA ?K F A AIJ=I ? @E?E AI IA IKFAHF A m ? IA I F H ?=@= =H E?= ECK= A JA @AIB=I=@ I K I @A JH O = IK =J HE= @A AIJ I J H E m > >E =I 2 2 cos [e t (2k 1)] 1k FT2k1 (, t) = mN I ; si 2 Z % #  2k 1 m 2 2 cos [e t + (2k 1)] 2k FT2k1 (, t) = mN I ; si Z % #! 2k 1 m

FT2k1 (, t) = 0 ; si 2
= BKAH = =C AJ JHE =H ?KO= LA ?E@=@ @A B=IA AI

1k 2k /Z /Z % #" m m E?= % # FH @K?A K ?= F =C JE? H J=J HE @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= d e = dt 2k 1

% ## =C JE? H J=J HE @A IA?KA ?E= AC=JEL= % #$

= BKAH = =C AJ JHE =H O IK LA ?E@=@ @A B=IA AI

E?= % #! FH @K?A K ?= F

e d = dt 2k 1

=I =H E?=I AIF=?E= AI CA AH= ?= F I =C JE? I H J=J HE I GKA CEH= = LA ?E@=@AI GKA I IK> JEF I @A = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= =I =H E?=I AIF=?E= AI IA ? F HJ= A A E JAHE H @A = GKE = ? IE AIJ= JKLEAH= A AH @A F=HAI @A F I ? HHAIF @EA JA = H@A @A = =H E?= = = F EJK@ @A ?=@= =H E?= @AFA @A @A = @EIJHE>K?E @A =I > >E =I A =I H= KH=I @A = GKE = - K = GKE = ?KO=I > >E =I IA A ?KA JH= ? ?A JH=@=I A K F=H @A H= KH=I = = F EJK@ @A = BKAH = =C AJ JHE @EI E KOA @EHA?J= A JA ? A H@A @A = =H E?= A F=H A ?JHE? IA ?= ?K =

%&

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

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"

.ECKH= % % -BA?J @A =I ?

A JAI =H

E?=I AIF=?E= AI A A F=H A ?JHE? @EI E KOA ? A ?K=@H=@

= F=HJEH @A FH @K?J @A =I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI O F H AIJ= H= @A H@A @A = =H E?= AIF=?E= ? HHAIF @EA JA

- =I GKE =I HA= AI =I > >E =I @A ?=@= B=IA IA @EIJHE>KOA A L=HE=I H= KH=I O A ? JA E@ =H E? AIF=?E= IA FKA@A HA@K?EH =K I )@A I AI F IE> A A E E =H = CK =I =H E?=I A@E= JA A =? HJ= EA J @A F=I ' -IJA =? HJ= EA J HA@K?A = ? JHE>K?E @A =I BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI FH @K?E@=I F H =I > >E =I - B=?J H @A F=I A K = > >E = ? =? HJ= EA J @A F=I F=H= = FHE AH= =H E?= AIF=?E= AI kp1 = cos % #% 2 = =H E?= AIF=?E= 2k 1 IA HAFEJA 2k 1 LA?AI A A E JAHE H @A = GKE = ) ?=@= FAH @ 2 AIF=?E= @A HAFAJE?E @A ?= F =H E? A ? HHAIF @A K CK A? E? ECK= = 2k 1 ,AI@A A FK J @A LEIJ= @A =I =H E?=I AIF=?E= AI A =? HJ= EA J @A F=I AI K CK 2k 1 LA?AI =O H 2 H AIJ= H= IA JEA A (2k 1) kp(2k1) = cos % #& 2 2=H= A E E =H = BKAH = =C AJ JHE?AI ? HHAIF @EA JA = K = =H E?= @AJAH E =@= IA FKA@A KJE E =H = HA =?E % #& 5E IA GKEAHA A E E =H = =H E?= 2k 1 IA JEA A

kp(2k1) = cos

(2k 1) (2k 1) =0 = = 2 2 2 2k 1

% #'

- = CKH= % % IA KAIJH= = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= F=H A ?E JHEB IE?= ? =I > >E =I @A ?=@= B=IA ? ?A HAFHAIA J=@ A A EI CH ? =I ? JHE>K?E AI AIF=?E= - =I GKE =I HA= AI AIJ I ABA?J I IA LA @A I ? @K?J HAI A = FAHEBAHE= @A = GKE =

?JHE? @AI E = EA J @A K = GKE = @A E @K? JH=@=I A K F=H @A H= KH=I 6= >E IA D= = F=H A ?JHE? @A = GKE J= O I FJE = =H E?= HA@K?E@ I ? IE@AH=> A A JA F H = @EIJHE>K?E

%&

GKE = @A E @K??E

>EB IE?=

- A IA?J H E @KIJHE= ? AH?E= O HAIE@A ?E= IA KJE E = K = CH= L=HEA@=@ @A GKE =I @A E @K??E B IE?=I -IJ=I GKE =I IA A ?KA JH= A A H= C @A F JA ?E= ? FHA @E@ A JHA BH=??E AI @A kW O K NE @A 2 kW =FH NE =@= A JA )??E = A A?JH @ IJE? I > >=I LA JE =@ HAI ANJH=?J HAI ? FHAI HAI ?=@A =I @A J= A JH= IF HJA @A =JAHE=I FHE =I AJ? )K ?K= @ IA
' - HAJ H

@A ?=@= > >E = IA HA= E = A K

CK

E BAHE H = &

"

+)2 67

2-4)+1

,- )

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

AI @A E = GKE =I B IE?=I AIJA >HA IA HA AHA = = BKA JA @A = E A J=?E F HGKA A IK AIJHK?JKH= E JAH = @A>A F IAAH = A I @ I B=IAI F=H= GKA IA= F IE> A FH @K?EH F=H A ?JHE? = ?K= GKEAH @AI E = EA J 7 = GKE = B IE?= FH @K?A K ?= F =C JE? FK I= JA ?K= @ IA AN?EJ= IK @AL= =@ ? ? HHEA JA = JAH = - K = GKE = >EB IE?= =I B=IAI IA A ?KA JH= = 180 O A ?= F =C JE? GKA FH @K?A =I ? HHEA JAI E OA?J=@=I A AIJ=I @ I > >E =I J= >E I FK I= JAI - ?=I JHEB IE? HAGKEAHA ANF E?=?E AI =@E?E = AI F HGKA D= IE@ = = E =@ A @AJ= A = =HC @A JANJ = GKE = JAJH=B IE?= AI KO FA?K E=H A E JAHAI= JA F IAA ?K=JH B=IAI IAF=H=@=I AIF=?E= A JA K =I @A JH=I ' =I ? HHEA JAI >= = ?A=@=I E OA?J=@=I A K = GKE = JAJH=B IE?= J= >E AIJ @AIB=I=@=I A ' A A JEA F -IJ I @ I DA?D I E F E?= GKA =I > >E =I a O c FH @K?A K I ECK= AI O ? =I > >E =I b O d IK?A@A AN=?J= A JA EI - @A EJEL= ANEIJA @ I CH=@ I @A E>AHJ=@ IA CA AH= ?= F A = @EHA??E @A =I > >E =I a O c A = @EHA??E @A =I > >E =I b O d = GKE = >EB IE?= ? LA ?E = AI K = GKE = JAJH=B IE?= @ @A J= J =I B=IAI a O c ? =I B=IAI b O d AIJ ? A?J=@=I A IAHEA = GKE = >EB IE?= @AI=HH =@= = F=HJEH @A K = GKE = JAJH=B IE?= BK ?E = A H CE A AGKE E >H=@ AN=?J= A JA ECK= GKA K = GKE = JHEB IE?= ? LA ?E = - = FH ?JE?= AI BHA?KA JA FAH=H AIJ=I GKE =I ? K = BKA JA B IE?= -IJ FH @K?A @AIAGKE E>HE I A = GKE = GKA @A>A IAH = = E =@ I A@E= JA =I JH= IB H =?E AI @A ? F A JAI IE JHE?=I - AIJ= IA??E IA F=H JE?K =HE =H = JA H = @A =I ? F A JAI IE JHE?=I F=H= A = EIEI @A = GKE = @A E @K??E >EB IE?= 7 IEIJA = E A= FKA@A IAH = = E =@ A@E= JA = B H K =?E @A K IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI E A= AI -IJ= B H K =?E ANFHAI= =I E JAHHA =?E AI ANEIJA JAI A JHA =I @EBAHA JAI L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ @A IEIJA = O CA AH= A JA AIJ=I L=HE=> AI FKA@A AIJ=H BKAHJA A JA E JAHHA =?E =@=I 5A @E?A A AIJ= IEJK=?E GKA A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI AIJ =? F =@ I IEIJA =I E A= AI = CA>H=E? I AI HA =JE L= A JA IA ?E E LAHJEH = =JHE @A =? F = EA J I F=H= ?= ?K =H =I L=HE=> AI @A E JAH I I IEIJA =I @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI E A= AI AIJ= J ? E?= AI I ? F A = - = EIEI @= A@E= JA =KJ L= HAI O =KJ LA?J HAI FAH EJA @AI=? F = K IEIJA =I E A= @A n A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI @A FHE AH H@A A n IEIJA =I ? F AJ= A JA E @AFA @EA JAI - = @A =?E @A =I GKE =I @A E @K??E =F=HA?A IEA FHA =? F = EA J I GKA FKA@A IAH ANFHAI=@ I A@E= JA =JHE?AI ? ? E?=I = @E=C = E =?E @A AIJ=I =JHE?AI A@E= JA J @ I @= AI AI @A CH= KJE E@=@ FH ?JE?= - ?=I JHEB IE? FKA@A HEA J=H I >HA = CA AH= E =?E @A AIJA J @ = ?=I JAJH=B IE? 2=H= @E=C = E =H K = =JHE ? ? E?= JHEB IE?= IA @A>A >JA AH A FHE AH KC=H I JHAI =KJ L= HAI =I ?E=@ I a b c a b =0 det([C ] [I ]) = 0 det c b c a

(a )2 + b2 + c2 3bc(a ) = 0 0 = a+b+c
2 3 4 3

% $
4 3 2 3

1 = a + bej 1 = a + bej

+ cej + cej

% $ % $  DAH EJE= = @A ? F

= =JHE @A =KJ LA?J HAI =I ?E=@= ? = =JHE ? ? E?= AI = JH= IB H =?E A JAI IE JHE?=I ([C ] [I ]) [V ] ; [V ] = [V1 ] [V2 ] [V3 ] [Vn ]
 /A AH= A JA HJ C = AI F=H= =NE E =H = FH @K??E @A F=H A ?JHE?  *EB IE?=I AGKE E>H=@=I I = I, I = I a b  6= >E =F=HA?A =JHE?AI ? F AJ= A JA IE JHE?=I GKA FKA@A I K

IEIJA = @A A?K=?E

AI $  IA FKA@A @AIJ=?=H AIJ I JEF I @A

=JHE?AI

?=I F=HJE?K =H @A =I ? ? E?=I - A

%&

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

*1. 51+)

"!

1 1 1 2 1 ej 3 [V ] = 4 3 1 ej 3

1 ej 2 ej 3
4 3

1 1 = 1 3 1

1 2

1 2 2 , = ej 3

% $!

5ECKEA @ K FH ?A@E EA J IE E =H = HA= E =@ A % $ = % $! FAH EJA @AJAH E =H = JH= IB H =?E @A ? F A JAI IE JHE?=I JAJH=B IE?=I ? HHAIF @A = = =JHE @A =KJ L= HAI @A = =JHE ? ? E?= JAJH=B IE?= a b c d d a b c =0 det([C ] [I ]) = 0 det c d a b b c d a

0 1 = a + bej + ce 2 = a + be 3 = a + be
j2 2 j3 2
2

=
j2 2

a+b+c+d + de
j3 2

% $" % $# % $$ % $%

= (a c) + j (b d) =ab+cd = (a c) + j (d b)

+ ce

j4 2

+ de

j6 2

+ ce

j6 2

+ de

j9 2

 = =JHE DAH EJE= = @A =KJ LA?J HAI ? 1 1 j 2 1 1 e [V ] = j2 2 1 e 4 1 ej 3 2

HHAIF

ej 2 2 ej 4 2 j6 e 2

@EA JA AI 1 1 1 1 ej 3 2 = ej 4 2 2 1 1 ej 9 2

1 1 1 j 1 j 1 1 1 j 1 j

% $&

= FHE AH= O JAH?AH= = @A = =JHE @A =KJ L= HAI % $& @AJAH E = =I @ I F IE> AI ? F A JAI @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH @A K IEIJA = JAJH=B IE? = IACK @= = @A A = ? F A JA @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= = JE = = @A = ANFHAIE % $& @AJAH E = = ? F A JA @A IA?KA ?E= AC=JEL= A A IEIJA = JAJH=B IE? -IJ= E B H =?E IA @A@K?A =F E?= @ = JH= IB H =?E = K LA?J H @A A JH=@= @A = IA?KA ?E= =@A?K=@= 2 H A A F IE IA @AIA= @A IJH=H GKA = IACK @= = CA AH= = IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= IA =F E?= = JH= IB H =?E = LA?J H @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= x0 1 1 1 1 1 0 x1 1 1 j 1 j j 2 % $' x2 = 2 1 1 1 1 1 = 0 x3 1 j 1 j j 0 - =I GKE =I >EB IE?=I @A E @K??E = ? HHEA JA @A = B=IA a AIJ A F IE?E ? = B=IA c O = ? HHEA JA @A = B=IA b A F IE?E = = @A = B=IA d 1 ? KOA @ AIJ=I ? @E?E AI @A ? J H A = JH= IB H =?E % $' O AI? CEA @ I ? A ?EA JAI =FH FE=@= A JA F=H= GKA = KAL= JH= IB H =?E IA= DAH EJE= = IA >JEA A x0 1 1 1 1 0 0 xa x1 1 1 j 1 j xb 1 2 2j xa x2 = 2 1 1 1 1 xa = 2 0 0 xb x3 1 j 1 j 2 2j xb

x+ x

1 = 2 xa xb

x1 x3

1 = 2

1 1

j j

xa xb

% %

1 1 1 x+ % % = j j x 2 =I ANFHAIE AI % % O % % IA ? ?A ? = JH= IB H =?E @EHA?J= A E LAHI= @A ? F A JAI IE JHE?=I >EB IE?=I - = CKH= $' IA FHAIA J= @ I CHKF I @A B=I HAI A @A = E GKEAH@= CEH= A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= O A @A = @AHA?D= A IA?KA ?E= AC=JEL=

""

+)2 67

2-4)+1

,- )

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

.ECKH= % & .=I HAI @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= O AC=JEL= A K IEIJA = >EB IE? AGKE E>H=@

.ECKH= % ' +

JH

@A F=H A ?JHE?

A@E= JA K =

GKE = @A E @K??E

>EB IE?=

5E = I @AL= =@ I @A = GKE = >EB IE?= @A E @K??E IA AI =F E?= JA IE AI >EB IE?=I @AIAGKE E>H=@=I = ANFHAIE % % FAH EJA @AI? F AH A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= O AC=JEL= =I JA IE AI @A B=IA + = GKE = >EB IE?= AGKE E>H=@= IA @EBAHA ?E= A IK ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = @A E @K??E JHEB IE?= AGKE E>H=@= =I HA@AI @A IA?KA ?E= @A = GKE = >EB IE?= I ECK= AI = =I HA@AI @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= O AC=JEL= @A K = GKE = JHEB IE?= - = CKH= % ' IA FHAIA J= K = =F E?= ?E @A = GKE = >EB IE?= @A E @K??E F=H= A ? JH @A LA ?E@=@ A@E= JA K JH= IB H =@ H ? HA =?E L=HE=> A IA FKA@A = KIJ=H = JA IE @A = E A J=?E A K = @A =I B=IAI @A = GKE = -IJA ? JH FAH EJA = KIJ=H A F=H O = LA ?E@=@ @A J H =I JA IE AI @A IA?KA ?E= A = GKE = @A = CKH= % ' I

V+ V

1 = 2

1 1

j j

V 0 kV 90

1 = 2

1+k 1k

% % 

8=HE= @ = HA =?E @A JH= IB H =?E k IA ? JH = A F=H A ?JHE? @A = GKE = +K= @ k = 1 A IEIJA = AIJ = E A J=@ I F H IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= ) A@E@= GKA k @EI E KOA =K A J= A F=H @A IA?KA ?E= AC=JEL= HA@K?EA @ A F=H ABA?JEL 5E A L= H @A k E LEAHJA IK F =HE@=@ = GKE = CEH=H A IA JE@ ? JH=HE I @AI E = EA J I @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= O AC=JEL= IA ?= ?K = ? = EI = AJ @ C = A F A=@= A = GKE = JHEB IE?= s+ + s = 2 - F=H IA AL= = IKFAHF EA @

%&

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

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"#

.ECKH= % ! ,AI?

F IE?E

@A = BKAH =

=C AJ >JA E@=I

JHE FK I= JA A @ I H J= JAI A@E= JA I ?EH?KEJ I AGKEL= A JAI @A ? =I B=IAI = JA AH F=H AI KJE E =@ =HH= GKA @A

=I ? JHE>K?E AI @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= O AC=JEL= = IA?KA ?E= ? HHAIF @EA JA

- = F CE = ! IA = = E A ? F HJ= EA J @A K = GKE = @A E @K??E JHEB IE?= b O c @AI? A?J=@=I -IJ= GKE = FH @K?A F=H @A =HH= GKA FAH AI ?=F= @A A ?JHE? A FK J I @A FAH=?E ?KO I @AI E = EA J I AIJ FH NE I = ?AH -IJA DA?D F=H= FAH=H =I GKE =I @A E @K??E = E A J=@=I A@E= JA HA@AI B IE?=I AIJ I J HAI E F E?= ? IE@AH=?E AI =@E?E = AI GKA IAH @EI?KJE@=I F IJAHE H A JA

- = CKH= % ! IA FHAIA J= A AIGKA = @A K = GKE = B IE?= @A E @K??E O = @EIJHE>K?E @A = BKAH = =C AJ JHE FH @K?E@= F H K = ? HHEA JA IE KI E@= GKA ?EH?K = F H IK > >E = = B H = @A = BKAH = =C AJ JHE IA = JEA A ? IJ= JA FAH = =C EJK@ L=H = A A JEA F FH F H?E = = = ? HHEA JA E OA?J=@= E IJ= J A= A JA = BKAH = =C AJ JHE FH @K?E@= F H AIJ= GKE = AI FK I= JA IA = JEA A = B H = A A AIF=?E FAH L=H = IK = F EJK@ A A JEA F 7 ?= F FK I= JA IA FKA@A @AI? F AH A @ I ?= F I H J= JAI ? LA ?E@=@AI @A B=IA ? JH=HE=I Fa (, t) = N ia (e t) cos = 2N I cos(e t) cos

Fa (, t) =

2N I [cos(e t ) + cos(e t + )] 2

% %!

- = CKH= % ! IA KAIJH= ? = ? F IE?E @A @ I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI H J=J HE=I @A IA JE@ I @A CEH ? JH=HE I A ECK= AI A = F EJK@ FH @K?A K = BKAH = =C AJ JHE FK I= JA = @AI? F IE?E @A = BKAH = =C AJ JHE FK I= JA A @ I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI H J= JAI ECK= AI O ? JH=FKAIJ=I A IK IA JE@ @A CEH FAH EJA >JA AH K ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA F=H= = GKE = @A E @K??E B IE?= +=@= K = @A =I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI H J= JAI JEA A = EJ=@ @A = F EJK@ @A = BKAH = =C AJ JHE FK I= JA =I BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI CA AH=@=I F H ?=@= K = @A =I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI H J= JAI AI = EJ=@ @A = BKAH = A A?JH JHE J J= A = > >E = @A = GKE = ,KH= JA A =HH= GKA (s = 1) ANEIJA F=H A ?JHE? A = GKE = @A>E@ = GKA = ? F A JA @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= AI ECK= O ? JH=HE= = = ? F A JA @A IA?KA ?E= AC=JEL= (Te = T+ T = 0) =I @ I HA@AI @A IA?KA ?E= A AIJ= ? @E?E I ECK= AI O @A>A ?EH?K =H = EI = ? HHEA JA F H ?=@= K = @A A =I =I HA@AI @A IA?KA ?E= @A>A AIJ=H ? A?J=@=I A IAHEA F=H= C=H= JE =H = ECK= @=@ @A ? HHEA JA O = IKFAHF IE?E @A =I BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI I F=H AJH I @A ?=@= HA@ @A IA?KA ?E= @A>A IAH = EJ=@ @A I F=H AJH I @A = > >E = F=H= FH @K?EH = EJ=@ @A = BKAH = A A?JH JHE @A = GKE = A ?=@= IA?KA ?E= ?K= @ A H J H AIJ @AJA E@ - = CKH= % ! IA FHAIA J= A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA FH FKAIJ F=H= = GKE = B IE?= @A E @K??E =I ? F E @K??E A JAI IE JHE?=I >EB IE?=I FAH EJA @AJAH E =H A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A = GKE = @A B IE?= + A?J= @ K = BKA JA B IE?= = = B=IA a @A K = GKE = >EB IE?= IA

"$

+)2 67

2-4)+1

,- )

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

.ECKH= % ! +EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A = >JEA A =I IECKEA JAI ? @E?E AI @A ? J H

GKE =

B IE?= @A E @K??E

Va = V 0 = V Ib = 0
6H= IB H = @ =I ? @E?E AI @A ? J H % %" O % %# A@E= JA = JH= IB H =?E IE JHE?=I >EB IE?=I % % IA >JEA A =I IECKEA JAI HA =?E AI V+ + V = Z+ (s)I+ + Z (s)I = 2V @A ? F

% %" % %# A JAI % %$ % %% E LAHI= @A ? F A JAI IE JHE?=I % %

I+ = I
,A =I ANFHAIE IA >JEA A AI % %$ O % %% =F E?= @ = JH= IB H =?E

Ia 2V = [Z+ (s) + Z (s)] I+ = [Z+ (s) + Z (s)] 2 V =

Z+ (s) + Z (s) Ia % %& 2 = ANFHAIE % %& ? E ?E@A ? A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA FHAIA J=@ A = CKH= % ! ,A AIJ= B H = A H= = EA J E JKEJEL KJE E =@ F=H= >JA AH AIJA ?EH?KEJ = F=HJEH @A = @AI? F IE?E @A = BKAH = =C AJ JHE FK I= JA A BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI H J= JAI GKA@= @A IJH=@
5E A H J H AIJ @AJA E@ =I E FA@= ?E=I @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= O AC=JEL= I @EBAHA JAI )F=HA?A K = @EBAHA ?E= A =I JA IE AI @A IA?KA ?E= O A I ?= F I =C JE? I H J=J HE I @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= O AC=JEL= = IKFAHF IE?E @A @ I ?= F I =C JE? I H J=J HE I ? JH= H J=JEL I FH @K?A K ?= F FK I= JA 5E AIJ I ?= F I H J= JAI @E AHA A = F EJK@ IA >JEA A K ?= F =C JE? A FJE? - A A A =C JE? @A = > >E = A ?= F A FJE? >JEA A K = = F EJK@ NE = O = 90 >JEA A = = F EJK@ E = - = CKH= % ! IA KAIJH= = B H = @A ?= F =C JE? A FJE? FH @K?E@ @KH= JA = FAH=?E @A = GKE = @A E @K??E B IE?= +K= @ A H J H @A = GKE = AIJ @AJA E@ =I @ I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI I ECK= AI O I F=HAI IA AKJH= E = 5E ANEIJA K = LA ?E@=@ A ?K= GKEAH= @A I @ I IA JE@ I A ?= F FK I= JA E @K?A BKAH = A A?JH JHE A A H J H AIJ= BKAH = A A?JH JHE BKAH = = ?EH?K =?E @A ? HHEA JA F H AIJA ?EH?KEJ ?HA= @ K ?= F =C JE? GKA HABKAH = K = @A =I ? F A JAI O @A>E EJ= = = JH= - = CKH= % !! IA FHAIA J= = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= F=H @AI E = EA J @A AIJA JEF @A GKE =I

%&

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

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"%

.ECKH= % !

+= F

=C

JE? A FJE? @A =

GKE =

B IE?=

.ECKH= % !! +=H=?JAH IJE?= F=H @AI E = EA J @A =

GKE =

B IE?= @A E @K??E

"&

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371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

.ECKH= % !"

GKE =

B IE?= @A E @K??E

?EH?KEJ =KNE E=H @A =HH= GKA

+ = GKE = @A E @K??E B IE?= FKA@A =HH= ?=H F H IE I = AI A?AI=HE KJE E =H > >E =I =KNE E=HAI F=H= FH @K?EH F=H A ?JHE? @KH= JA A FH ?AI @A =?A AH=?E @A = GKE = O IK ?=HC= EA JH=I GKA A H J H @A = GKE = B IE?= AIJ @AJA E@ A ?= F A A A JHADEAHH AI FK I= JA O FKA@A FH @K?EH F=H -I A?AI=HE K ?= F H J= JA ?EH?K =H A FJE? F=H= A =HH= GKA =KJ @A = GKE = ,KH= JA = =?A AH=?E @A = ?=HC= A? E?= IA = =@A = = GKE = @A E @K??E B IE?= K > >E = =KNE E=H A ?K=@H=JKH= ? = > >E = FHE ?EF= - AIJ=I ? @E?E AI A BK ?E = EA J ? HHAIF @A = @A K = GKE = >EB IE?= @AIAGKE E>H=@= )K ?K= @ = GKE = B IE?= F IAA K @AL= =@ =KNE E=H A ?K=@H=JKH= ? A @AL= =@ FHE ?EF= IA FKA@A =I ?E=H @EHA?J= A JA = K = GKE = >EB IE?= = > >E = =KNE E=H AI A CA AH= KJE E =@= I = A JA @KH= JA A FH ?AI @A =HH= GKA O IA @EIA = ? K = IA??E K?D A H GKA = @A @AL= =@ FHE ?EF= 7 = LA GKA = GKE = = ?= = K = LA ?E@=@ ? FHA @E@= A JHA K 70 O K 80  @A = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= K E JAHHKFJ H ?A JH BKC @AI? A?J= = > >E = =KNE E=H ? = = E@=@ @A =K A J=H A HA @E EA J @A = GKE = A A FK J @A FAH=?E =I @EBAHA ?E=I B IE?=I A JHA = > >E = =KNE E=H @A =HH= GKA O A @AL= =@ FHE ?EF= @A = GKE = FAH EJA >JA AH A@E= JA K = BKA JA @A JA IE B IE?= ? HHEA JAI @EBAHA JAI O @AIB=I=@=I A =I @ I > >E =I ) AIJ=H @AIB=I=@=I AIJ=I ? HHEA JAI IA FH @K?A K ?= F A FJE? O IA >JEA A F=H A ?JHE? - @AIB=I= A A JHA =I ? HHEA JAI IA FKA@A E ?HA A J=H KJE E = @ HAIEIJA ?E=I E @K?J= ?E=I ? @A I=@ HAI A IAHEA ? = > >E = =KNE E=H I BHA?KA JA AI ? A?J=H ? @A I=@ HAI A IAHEA ? = > >E = =KNE E=H F=H= FH @K?EH A NE @AIB=I= A F IE> A A JHA =I @ I ? HHEA JAI E ?HA A J= @ @A AIJ= B H = A F=H @A =HH= GKA - = CKH= % !" IA FHAIA J= A @E=CH= = @A AIJ= I K?E =I GKE =I B IE?=I ? AH?E= AI HAGKEAHA ? @A I=@ HAI KO CH= @AI @KH= JA A =HH= GKA (50 200 F ) -IJ I ? @A I=@ HAI IA @EIA = AIFA?E= A JA F=H= GKA IA= A? E? I = AIFAI=I @A FH @K?EH F H@E@=I ? IE@AH=> AI ?K= @ AIJ A FAH=?E 2=H= E ?HA A J=H A HA @E EA J @A = GKE = IA @AI? A?J= A ? @A I=@ H @A =HH= GKA O A @AL= =@ =KNE E=H F IJAHE H A JA = = =?A AH=?E @A = ?=HC= ) @AI? A?J=H A ? @A I=@ H O = > >E = =KNE E=H A@E= JA A E JAHHKFJ H ?A JH BKC = GKE = ? JE = IK FAH=?E ? J H B IE? - = EIEI @A = GKE = @A E @K??E B IE?= ? @AL= IA HA= E = A@E= JA = JH= IB H =?E @A ? F A JAI IE =H = CK =I ? IE@AH=?E AI FHALE=I =I ? F A JAI IE ? ? E? I IE JHE? I! -IJ E F E?= GKA = HA@ @A>A IAH IE
!

=@ =KNE E=H O ? @A I=@ H @A =HH= GKA JHE?=I >EB IE?=I FAH AI A?AI=HE HA= E JHE?=I @E=C = E = IEIJA =I =? F =@ I JHE?= F=H= GKA I @ I @A IA?KA ?E=

I IEIJA =I IE

JHE? I

IEIJA =I ? ? E? I @

@A a = b = c = d

%&

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"'

.ECKH= % !#

@A

AGKE E>H=@ @A =

GKE =

B IE?= ?

@AL= =@ =KNE E=H @A =HH= GKA

HAIK JA @AI=? F =@ I = GKE = @A E @K??E B IE?= ? @AL= =@ =KNE E=H @A =HH= GKA AI K = GKE = IE JHE?= IKI > >E =I IA @EIA = ? @EBAHA JAI AH @A LKA J=I =I HAIEIJA ?E=I @A =I > >E =I J= >E FKA@A IAH @EBAHA JAI A = >=I > >E =I 2=H= GKA A J @ @A =I ? F A JAI IE JHE?=I @AI=? F A =I HA@AI @A IA?KA ?E= AI A?AI=HE AGKE E>H=H = GKE = 2=H= AIJA IA IKF A GKA = GKE = AIJ ? IJEJKE@= F H @ I > >E =I ECK= AI IAF=H=@=I AIF=?E= A JA 90 O GKA = @EBAHA ?E= A A AH @A LKA J=I @A = > >E = =KNE E=H IA >JEA A A@E= JA K JH= IB H =@ H ANJAH @A HA =?E Naux = Np =I @EBAHA ?E=I A HAIEIJA ?E=I A E FA@= ?E=I ? A?J=@=I A IAHEA ? A @AL= =@ =KNE E=H IA ? HHECA ? = ? ANE ANJAH = @A K = E FA@= ?E= Zx GKA HA= E = A >= = ?A 5E = GKE = IA JH= IB H = = K = GKE = >EB IE?= >= = ?A=@= IKI > >E =I JA @H A AH @A LKA J=I Np @A A H =@ FHE ?EF= O J @ I I @AIAGKE E>HE I IA JH= I AHA ? ? ANE AI ANJAH =I = ? LAHJE@ H - KAL AIGKA = IA HAIKA LA A@E= JA = @AI? F IE?E A ? F A JAI IE JHE?=I >EB IE?=I - = CKH= % !# IA FHAIA J= A AIGKA = @A ?EH?KEJ FH FKAIJ ? = GKE = AGKE E>H=@= O =I ? ANE AI ANJAH =I A?AI=HE=I F=H= HAFH @K?EH = IEJK=?E HECE = @A = GKE = >EB IE?= @AIAGKE E>H=@= 2=H= = JA AH = BKAH = =C AJ JHE @A = > >E = =KNE E=H A = GKE = >EB IE?= AGKE E>H=@= IA @A>A ?K F EH = IECKEA JA HA =?E

Faux = Naux Iaux = Np Iaux Iaux Naux 1 = = Iaux Np a

? = E FA@= ?E= @A A JH=@= D=?E= A @AL= =@ =KNE E=H LEIJ= @AI@A = HA@ JEA A GKA IJ= JA = JAI O @AIFK I @A AGKE E>H=H = GKE = % %' = JA AHIA

Zarranque + Zaux =

Zx + Zp a2
% & ? @A I=@ H @A =HH= GKA IA FKA@A >JA AH =I JA IE AI @A IA?KA ?E= I

Zx = a2 (Zarranque + Zaux ) Zp
- ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A = GKE = B IE?= ? =D H= KJE E = @ =I ? F A JAI IE JHE?=I >EB IE?=I

V+ V

1 = 2

1 1

j j

Vp Vaux

1 = 2

1 1

j j

V aV Zx Iaux

% &

#

+)2 67

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,- )

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

.ECKH= % !$ +EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A = =I ? HHEA JAI @A B=IA IA ANFHAI= A BK ?E ?E E LAHI= 1 Ip 1 = j Iaux 2 5KIJEJKOA @ A L= H @A Iaux >JA E@ A >JEA A A IECKEA JA HAIK J=@

GKE =

B IE?= @A E @K??E

@AL= =@ =KNE E=H A@E= JA = JH= IB H = % &  AI % & IA

@A =I ? HHEA JAI @A IA?KA ?E=

1 j

I+ I

1 = 2
%& A

I+ + I j (I I+ )
A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E

= ANFHAIE
Zx (I 2 + Zx (I 2 +

V+ V
)CHKF= @ J H E IA

1 = 2

(1 + ja)V (1 ja)V

I ) + I )

Z+ I+ Z I
AI

% &!

= ANFHAIE
1+ ja V 2 1 ja V 2

% &!# IA >JEA A A IECKEA JA IEIJA = @A A?K=?E

x x ( Z+ + Z Z 2 ) 2 Zx x 2 (Z + Z 2 )

I+ I

% &"

- IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI % &" HAFHAIA J= A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A = CKH= % !$ , @A Z+ O Z I =I E FA@= ?E=I @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= O AC=JEL= @A = GKE = @A E @K??E >EB IE?= AGKE E>H=@= A@E= JA A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A = GKE = @A E @K??E B IE?= @KH= JA A =HH= GKA ? A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI % !$ IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H =I ? HHEA JAI @A IA?KA ?E= O =I JA IE AI @A IA?KA ?E= + =I BKA JAI @A JA IE =F E?=@=I A =I @ I = =I @A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA I @EBAHA JAI =I ? HHEA JAI @A IA?KA ?E= J= >E I =K ?K= @ A H J H AIJ @AJA E@ O =I E FA@= ?E=I @A IA?KA ?E= IA= ECK= AI -IJ ANF E?= = =F=HE?E @A F=H @A =HH= GKA A = GKE = B IE?= @A E @K??E ? @AL= =@ =KNE E=H = E FA@= ?E= Zx AI HAIF I=> A @A = @EBAHA ?E= ANEIJA JA A JHA =I ? HHEA JAI @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= O AC=JEL= 2 H AIJ= H= A = KIJA @A AIJ= E FA@= ?E= FAH EJA L=HE=H A F=H A ?JHE? @A =HH= GKA -IJ= E FA@= ?E= E ? KOA = E FA@= ?E= =@E?E = F=H= E ?HA A J=H A @AIB=I= A A JHA =I ? HHEA JAI @A IA?KA ?E= O K J H E GKA AGKE E>H= = GKE = HECE = F=H= GKA =I HA@AI @A IA?KA ?E= GKA@A @AI=? F =@=I O IA= L E@= = ANFHAIE % &! ) ? A?J=H K ? @A I=@ H F=H= E ?HA A J=H A F=H @A =HH= GKA = ? HHEA JA A = > >E = =KNE E=H =@A = J= = = ? HHEA JA @A = > >E = FHE ?EF= - K IEIJA = >EB IE? @A ? HHEA JAI ? =@A = J @A = B=IA =KNE E=H ? HAIFA?J = = FHE ?EF= A ?= F =C JE? @A IA?KA ?E= AC=JEL= AI =O H GKA A @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= O = GKE = CEH= A A IA JE@ ? JH=HE = @A =I =CK =I @A HA 2=H= E LAHJEH A IA JE@ @A CEH AI IK ?EA JA ? E LAHJEH = F =HE@=@ @A K = @A =I @ I > >E =I - = CKH= % !% IA KAIJH= =I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I F=H A ?JHE? @AI E = EA J @A K = GKE = B IE?= @A E @K??E ? A @AL= =@ =KNE E=H ? A?J=@ O @AI? A?J=@ - IAHEA ? A @AL= =@ =KNE E=H IA D= ? A?J=@ K ? @A I=@ H GKA FAH EJA E ?HA A J=H A F=H @A =HH= GKA @A = GKE =

%' )

1515 64) 516 41

#

.ECKH= % !% + O @AI? A?J=@

F=H=?E

@A =I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I F=H @AI E = EA J ?

A @AL= =@ =KNE E=H ?

A?J=@

+K= @ = GKE = = ?= = K 70  @A = LA ?E@=@ @A IE ?H EI IA @AI? A?J= A @AL= =@ =KNE E=H O ? JE = = FAH=?E ? J H B IE? ) CK =I GKE =I IA @EIA = F=H= = JA AH K ? @A I=@ H I FAGKA O ? A I F H@E@=I FAH GKA IA = JEA A ? A?J=@ E @A E@= A JA = GKE = @A E @K??E B IE?= ? @AL= =@ =KNE E=H AI ?=F= @A FH @K?EH F=HAI @A =HH= GKA =O HAI GKA A F=H E = -IJ= E F HJ= JA LA J= = AI JE A =F E?=?E AI @ @A = ?=HC=I A? E?=I A HAF I HAGKEAHA F=H @A =??E = EA J KO CH= @A I ? FHAI HAI I K A A F @A AIJA JEF @A ?=HC= F H AIJ= H= AI BHA?KA JA A KI @A J HAI B IE? I ? @AL= =@ I =KNE E=HAI A I AGKEF I @A HABHECAH=?E ? AH?E= O HAIE@A ?E= JH A A F @A =F E?=?E AI A CH =I FAGKA I A AL=@ HAI 5E = F JA ?E= HAGKAHE@= F H = ?=HC= A? E?= IKFAH= I 2 kW A =??E = EA J B IE? AI ? LA EA JA F H H= AI @A A ?EA ?E= O AI I =? IA => A KJE E =H GKE =I JHEB IE?=I

%'

EIEI JH= IEJ HE

- = IA??E $ ! IA >JKL A @A @E E? @A = GKE = @A E @K??E ANFHAI=@ A A IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I @A I LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI HABAHE@ I = IEIJA = @A HABAHA ?E= @A AIJ=J H" -IJ= HAFHA IA J=?E JEA A =I LA J= =I @A IAH E @AFA @EA JA @A = F IE?E = CK =H # O HA@K?EH = @E A IE @A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI 2 H JH= F=HJA =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ A AIJA @A AIJ =? F =@=I 7 ELA @A IE F E ?=?E O @AI=? F = EA J =O H IA >JEA A A A @A = FH OA?J=H I @ELAHI I B=I HAI AIF=?E= AI ? HAIFA?J = K = HABAHA ?E= @AJAH E =@= -IJ=I FH OA??E AI I AGKEL= A JAI = HA= E =H K = H J=?E @A I LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI = =I ? H@A =@=I dq = = E =@= A A ?=F JK " = JH= IB H =?E ? IE?= = ? H@A =@=I dq A CK @A H J=?E IA @A A A JHA = HABAHA ?E= @A AIJ=J H$ O = F IE?E @A H J H - CA AH= IA FKA@A IA A??E =H E EJ=I HABAHA ?E=I @A H J=?E ? F AJ= A JA =H>EJH=HE=I J= AI ? = F IE?E @A B=I H AIF=?E= @A = ? HHEA JA @A AIJ=J H = ? HHEA JA @A H J H = ? HHEA JA @A =C AJE =?E O = IA A??E @A ?K= GKEAH= @A AIJ I F=JH AI @AFA @A @A = EIEI = =F E?=?E GKA IA AIJ HA= E = @  - LA?J H AIF=?E= @A = ? HHEA JA @A AIJ=J H FKA@A IAH A@E@ @EHA?J= A JA A K

- LA?J H AIF=?E= @A = ? HHEA JA @A =C AJE =?E AIJ =I ?E=@ @EHA?J= A JA ? HAIK J= JA A A A JHADEAHH O ? = FH @K??E @A F=H A ?JHE?
" 5EIJA = @A A?K=?E AI % '! O CKH= $ $ # )K ?K= @ IA = JEA A = @AFA @A ?E= ? $ /A AH= A JA A A A =C JE? @A = B=IA a

= LA ?E@=@ = CK =H r

+)2 67

2-4)+1

,- )

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

.ECKH= % !& 2=H A ?JHE? O LA ?E@=@ = CK =H @A = @A JA IE AI JHEB IE?=I >= = ?A=@=I

GKE = @A E @K??E

AN?EJ=@= ?

K IEIJA =

! - LA?J H AIF=?E= @A = ? HHEA JA @A H J H JEA A E ?E@A ?E= I >HA A HA @E EA J @A = O = JH= IBAHA ?E= @A F JA ?E= = A A A? E?

GKE =

" 2 IE?E =H>EJH=HE= FAH EJA =?A AH=H = E JACH=?E K HE?= @A =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ @A @A ?K= @ IA IE J E = AIJ= HABAHA ?E= ? =I K?JK=?E AI @A =I BKA JAI @A = LA ?E@=@ @A H J=?E # - LA?J H AIF=?E= @A = ? HHEA JA @A =C AJE =?E @E ?=@= FKA@A @AI=? F =H =I @AHEL=@=I @A I LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI @A =I ? HHEA JAI @A AIJ=J H O H J H FH F H?E = @ K @A @A = GKE = @A E @K??E @ @A IA FKA@A E @AFA @E =H = CA AH=?E @A K O = FH @K??E @A F=H% -I K = @A =I HABAHA ?E=I I KJE E =@= A = EJAH=JKH= O IA ? ?A ? @A @A ?= F HEA J=@ - = CKH= % !& IA KAIJH= A F=H A ?JHE? O = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H FH @K?E@= F H K = GKE = @A E @K??E AN?EJ=@= A@E= JA K IEIJA = @A JA IE AI JHEB IE?=I >= = ?A=@=I KJE E = @ A @A % '! @A E@ A A IEIJA = ? H@A =@=I @A =I ? HHEA JAI @A AIJ=J H - ? @EC BKA JA $ @AI=HH = A @A K HE? @A = GKE = @A E @K??E A AIJA IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I = ? HHEA JA @A =C AJE =?E @E ?=@= GKA @AJAH E = = HABAHA ?E= @A @A @A ?= F HEA J=@ IA @A A ?

im ie +

Lr e i = im (t) ej(t) Mer r

% &#

Lr - J H E =C JE? FH @K?E@ F H Mer HA AHA = IEIJA = @A HABAHA ?E= @A AIJ=J H J @ A ?= F =I ? HHEA JAI @A H J H GKA =JH=LEAI= A A JHADEAHH @A = GKE = - = CKH= % !' IA FHAIA J= K @E=CH= = @A I LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI ? HHAIF @EA JAI = =I ? HHEA JAI @A = GKE = - LA?J H AIF=?E= @A = ? HHEA JA @A AIJ=J H IA FKA@A HAFHAIA J=H A@E= JA @ I ? F A JAI HJ C = AI K = F=H= A = = B=I H AIF=?E= @A = ? HHEA JA @A =C AJE =?E im O = JH= A ?K=@H=JKH= @A E =@=I ide A iqe HAIFA?JEL= A JA ,A =?KAH@ ? = CKH= % !' IA JEA A

ide (t) + jiqe (t) = ie ej(t) = (ie + jie ) (cos j sin )

?
% = @EBKIE

% &$
GKE =I @A ? HHEA JA

@A AIJA @A IA @A>A = = F IE>E E@=@ @A KJE E =H JE K= F=H= HACK =H = LA ?E@=@ @A =I GKE =I @A E @K??E

I AIGKA =I @A ?

JH

@A =I

%' )

1515 64) 516 41

#!

) C HEJ

@A

@A =

GKE = @A E @K??E

A LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI HABAHE@ I = AIJ=J H

@A @E E? @A = GKE = @A E @K??E 2H CH= = FHE ?EF= 5?E => !  C >= 4  / 6 8A 85 AH E 85 IGHJ !  ANF FE ! ANF " FE ! 4A  4H  $ A !  H !  AH !  # 8A  6  4 4A   4H A AH AH H /   AH H N       J  J    !%% # !%% N @AN J J =GKE = IK>F J   F JJ !%% N#  6A AH E =CN  N  N!  N"  NCHE@ IK>F J   F JJ !%% 6A NCHE@ .E @A FH CH= = FHE ?EF= + ?K @A @AHEL=@=I @A @A @A = GKE =

 E L 

BK ?JE FN =GKE =J N C >= 4  / 6 8A 85 AH E=A N E>A N  E=H N! E>H N" M N# JDAJ= N$ EA E=A E>A EH E=H E>H LA 8A 85 ? IJ ? IJ FE ! ? IJ " FE ! LH   FEE   LA LH 4 M / EA EH  FM  AH E =CEA EH 6  FN HA= FEE FN  E =CFEE FN! HA= FEE  FN" E =CFEE  FN# FM FN$ M A @BK ?JE .E @A ? ?K @A =I @AHEL=@=I

#"

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.ECKH= % !' 8A?J HAI AIF=?E= AI @A =I ? HHEA JAI @A

@A

@A =

GKE = @A E @K??E

ide iqe ie ie
@ @A

cos sin cos sin

sin cos sin cos

ie ie ide iqe

% &% % &&

ie = ie + jie = ie ie iae ibe iae =

4 2 2 (iae + ej 3 ibe + ej 3 ice ) 3

% &'

3 2 1 2 2 3 1 6

0
2 2

iae ibe ie ie
4 2 e(ie ej 3 ) 3

% '

0
1 2

% '

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= AIJE =?E @A I F=H AJH I @A @E?D ? =@=I A A FK J = JAHE H

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5 K?E
 - @AI E = EA J @A FK J E = IE IA =IK A GKA >=IA @A = F JA ?E= E = A A AA +K= @ = GKE = = ?= = A @AI E = EA J E = 1, 0 ,A AIJ= B H = IA JEA A I F=H AJH I IA D= AIFA?E ?=@ A =

E = sn A A A A JHAC= = = ?=HC= = F JA ?E= % !

Pejen =
@ @A

1 sn 2 2 Rr1 |Ir1 (sn )| + Rr2 |Ir2 (sn )| = 1, 0 sn Zth + Rr1 s1 n Rr1 s1 n Rr1 s1 n (Rr1 + Rr2 ) s1 + jX2 n
1

Ie (sn ) Ir2 (sn )

Vth 0

Ir1 (sn ) = Ie (sn ) Ir2 (sn ) Vth = Ve Zm Ze Zm ; Zth = + jX12 Ze + Zm Ze + Zm

jXm Rm Rm + jXm - A ? @EC % IA FHAIA J= K FH CH= = A A?KJ=> A A@E= JA = =F E?=?E 5?E => ! GKA FAH EJA @AJAH E =H A @AI E = EA J E = = F=HJEH @A = ANFHAIE % ! - HAIK J=@ >JA E@ AI Ze = Re + jXe ; Zm = sn = 0, 01886
!" -I HA?

>JA AH

A @=> A HA= E =H K FH CH= = A K = =F E?=?E I HAIK J=@ I @A AIJA A A F

@A = J

ELA J= ?

5?E =>

=J => K

?J=LA F=H=

$$

+)2 67

2-4)+1

,- )

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

) C HEJ
4A :A 8A A

% ,AJAH E =?E @A @AI E = EA J E = F=H= K = GKE = @A E @K??E @A =K = FH BK @= ?KO I @=J I IA ANFHAI= A A IEIJA = =@E A IE = @A K E@=@AI
E E FE FE AHH H =N A ! ,ABE E?E @A ? IJ= JAI   4  4H  & 4H   2=H AJH I HAIEIJEL I   : " :  $ :  $ 2=H AJH I E @K?JEL I  2 A A  6A IE O F JA ?E= E = 4A :A 1 FA@= ?E= @A AIJ=J H : 4 4 :  1 FA@= ?E= @A =C AJE =?E JD A  A  : 1 FA@= ?E= @A 6D LA E 8JD 8A  A  6A IE @A 6D LA E I     *=HHE@ @A @AI E = EA J IE AI 6= = @A LA?J H @AI E = EA J I  2  1 E?E= E =?E @A L=HE=> AI B H E    *=HHE@ @A @AI E = EA J 1AH E L JD 4H IE 4H IE 4H IE 4H 4H  IE :  8JD  H 4H IE :  4H IE 4H IE :  4H IE 8 1AH H + ?K @A = JA IE @A =C AJE =?E 1AE 1AH 8 ) =?A = = ? HHEA JA @A AIJ=J H 1H =>I1AH 1AH  + HHEA JA F H 4H 1H =>I1AH  + HHEA JA F H 4H 6AE  IE 4H 1H 4H 1H  + ?K @A F=H A ?JHE? 2A AE  IE IE 4H 1H 4H 1H  + ?K @A = F JA ?E= 2A JE HA= 8A 1AE 2 JA ?E= @A A JH=@= ABE?EA ?E=E 2A AE 2A JE -BE?EA ?E= EB =>I2A AE 2 A A 2 A A AHH H =N  IE  JDA I IE 2 2A AE E E ) =?A = A FK J E = A @ EB =>IIE  & AHH H =N JDA I6 =N IE 6 =N 6AE E 6 =N E 1A6 =N 1AE ) =?A = FK J @A F=H NE A @ A @ 4AIK J=@ I I 2 1 1AE  2K J E = I6 =N 1A6 =N 2=H NE 1A L=? 1A 1A =HH 1A   + HHEA JAI @A L=? O H J H > GKA=@ IK>F J   F JI 6A /H BE? @A F=H IK>F J   F JI  ABE?EA ?E=  /H BE? @A HA @E EA J

H J H

%

- - 2

5 4-57- 6 5 2=H AJH Re Xe Rm Xm X12 Rr1 X2 Rr1 (X) 1 E?E= 0, 0200 0, 12 92 3, 6 0, 05 0, 09 0, 05 0, 03 0, 2007 -IJE =?E 0, 0200 0, 0999802 100, 00115 4, 0000196 0, 0600199 0, 0799995 0, 0600002 0, 0200001 1, 84 1013 -N=?J 0, 02 0, 1 100 4 0, 06 0, 08 0, 06 0, 02 7, 39 1014

$%

+K=@H % ! 2=H =I ? HHEA JAI @A AIJ=J H A + A EI CKEA JAI = C HEJ

AJH I >JA E@ I @E?E

A@E= JA A FH CH= = & AI

=I IECKEA JAI ?

@AI=HH

=@ A A ? @EC % AI F IE> A @AJAH E =H =I ? HHEA JAI IE

=  )HH= GKA s = 1 m = 0 Ie1 = 5, 2915 74, 7 p.u. >  2K J ?  8=? @  2=H

! NE E = s = sn m = mn  Ien = 5, 2915 74, 7 p.u. s = 0 m = e = 1 Ie0 = 1, 1821 24 p.u. s = 0, 0809 ITmax = 1, 4784 44, 3 p.u. LAHJE@ H A >=IA = =I ?K=JH ? HHEA JAI @AJAH E

= AIJE =?E @A I F=H AJH I @A @E?D ? =@=I A A FK J = JAHE H

2=H= AIJA IA FKA@A =@=FJ=H A = C HEJ " FHAIA J=@ A A ?=F JK $ F=H= HAI LAH = AIJE =?E @A I F=H AJH I @A GKE =I ? H J H @A =K = @A >=HH= FH BK @= - = C HEJ & AI K = =@=FJ=?E GKA FAH EJA HAI LAH AIJA JEF @A FH > A =I - = J=> = % ! IA KAIJH= I HAIK J=@ I >JA E@ I

" - F=H A ?JHE? O A HA @E EA J FH @K?E@ F H A ?

LAHJE@ H A BK ?E

@A @AI E = EA J @A @AI E

- = CKH= % "& IA FHAIA J= I CH ? I @A F=H A ?JHE? O HA @E EA J A BK ?E = EA J F=H= = GKE = = = E =@=

-A F

ANE

@AIAGKE E>H=@= @A =

GKE = @A E @K??E

7 = GKE = @A E @K??E AIJ = E A J=@= A@E= JA K = BKA JA IE KI E@= @A BHA?KA ?E= E @KIJHE= A = B=IA a = B=IA b JEA A ? A?J=@= K ? @A I=@ H @A L= H ? ?E@ C = B=IA c IA A ?KA JH= A ?EH?KEJ =>EAHJ ,AJAH E A = ANFHAIE @A F=H A ?JHE? A BK ?E @A @AI E = EA J

5 K?E
2=H= @AJAH E =H A F=H A ?JHE? A BK ?E @A @AI E = EA J AI A?AI=HE ? LAHJEH =I ? @E?E AI @A ? J H A =I B=IAI = @ E E @A = IA?KA ?E= - K IEIJA = JHEB IE? @A>A >JA AHIA JHAI

$&

+)2 67

2-4)+1

,- )

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

) C HEJ

& -IJE =?E

@A F=H

AJH I @A =

GKE = @A E @K??E

H J H @A >=HH= FH BK @=

I F=H AJH I @A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A AIJ= GKE = I 4A  F K :A  F K 4  F K : "  F K : $ F K 4H & F K : $ F K 4H  8A?J H @A =HH= GKA N :A 4 : : 4H : 4H N  ' ! $ # ' # !  = =@= = = HKJE = FJE GKA ?= ?K = I L= HAI @A I F=H AJH I N GKA E E E = = BK ?E @A ? IJ 2IE N C FJE  EIJ ,? IJ ? IJ  N I F=H AJH I FJE I @A =

- A LA?J H N IA D= ?=HC=@ AIJE =?E = I K?E AI 4ABE :ABE 4 BE : BE : BE 4HBE : BE 4H BE 2IE BK ?JE   N N  N! N" N# N$ N% 2IE

A@E?E @EHA?J= @A = HAIEIJA ?E= AIJ=J H 4A=?J= ?E= @A @EIFAHIE @A AIJ=J H 4AIEIJA ?E= @A =C AJE =?E 4A=?J= ?E= @A =C AJE =?E 4A=?J= ?E= BKC= AIJ=J H H J H 4AIEIJA ?E= @A = >=HH= IKFAHBE?E= 4A=?J= ?E= @A BKC= @A = >=HH= FH BK @= 4AIEIJA ?E= @A = >=HH= FH BK @= + IJ BE = ? IJ N @A ? IJ I F H E I ?K=@H=@ I HA =JEL I @EA JAI = I A I=O I @A L=? H > GKA=@

-L= K=?E @A = BK ?E 2IE 5K =J HE=AHH HAI ,AI E = EA J I ? HHAIF ?=HC= F=H NE O H J 4A :A 4 : : 4H : 4H   N N  N! N" N# N$ N%

A@E?E @EHA?J= @A = HAIEIJA ?E= AIJ=J H 4A=?J= ?E= @A @EIFAHIE @A AIJ=J H 4AIEIJA ?E= @A =C AJE =?E 4A=?J= ?E= @A =C AJE =?E 4A=?J= ?E= BKC= AIJ=J H H J H 4AIEIJA ?E= @A = >=HH= IKFAHBE?E= 4A=?J= ?E= @A BKC= @A = >=HH= FH BK @= 4AIEIJA ?E= @A = >=HH= FH BK @= A@E@=I A I A I=O I GKE = I

8A?J H @A =I E FA@= ?E=I @A A JH=@= E

,ABE E?E @A ? AH ? F A I F=H AJH I AN=?J I @A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A AIJ= 4A  F K :A  F K 4  F K : "  F K : $ F K 4H & F K N $ F K 4H  F K

I A I=O I HA= E =@ I @EAH I IECKEA JAI HAIK J=@ I    &&$  &'   A@E@= %%!%  " &! #!! %''%%&  !$!$#%  '#$  &'" # ! #  &'!"!# -L= K=?E @A =I E FA@= ?E=I ?= ?K =@=I A@E= JA @A I F=H AJH I @A @A A 4A :A 4 :  4 :  A  A  :   8A  A E  " 1AH E L JD 4H IE 4H IE 1HE 1AH 1 FA@= 1 FA@= 1 FA@= 6A IE 6A IE ?E= ?E= ?E= @A @A = AIJE =?E

JD 8A 8JD B H

AIJ=J H =C AJE =?E @A 6D LA E AIJ=J H 6DALA E 8JD 

4H IE 4H 4H  IE :   ) =?A = = ? HHEA JA @A H J H :  4H I 6A IE H= = =C AJE = JA + HHEA JA @A =C AJE =?E + HHEA JA @A AIJ=J H 1 FA@= ?E= @A A JH=@= ?= ?K =@= A@E@=I O A @A

A @ H 4H I :  4H I 4H I 8 1H H 1 8 1A 1 1H ?= ?K =@= 8A 1A + ?K @A AHH H HA =JEL A JHA =I AHH  A@E@= ?= ?K =@= A@E@= A @BK ?JE

%

- - 2

5 4-57- 6 5

$'

.ECKH= % "& 2=H A ?JHE? O HA @E EA J ? ? H J H @A >=HH=I FH BK @=I ? @E?E AI @A ? J H

HAIFA?J = @AI E = EA J @A =

GKE = @A E @K??E

E @AFA @EA JA GKA A AIJA ?=I FKA@A ANFHAI=HIA ?

Va = V ; Vb = j
7JE E = @ = JH= IB H =?E @A ? A A @ E E @A = IA?KA ?E= F A JAI IE

Ib ; Ic = 0 C
=I ? @E?E AI @A ?

% " J H

JHE?=I % % IA >JEA A

1 Va = V = (V0 + V+ + V ) 3 1 j Vb = (V0 + 2 V+ + V ) = (I0 + 2 I+ + I ) 3 3C 1 Ic = 0 = (I0 + I+ + 2 I ) 3

% # % $ % %

- =I ANFHAIE AI % # % $ O % % IA HA =?E = =I JHAI JA IE AI @A IA?KA ?E= ? =I JHAI ? HHEA JAI @A IA?KA ?E= 2=H= ? F AJ=H A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI GKA FAH EJ= @AJAH E =H A ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = @A E @K??E I AJE@= = AIJ=I ? @E?E AI @AIAGKE E>H=@=I AI A?AI=HE = =@EH =I JHAI ANFHAIE AI GKA HA =?E = =I JA IE AI @A IA?KA ?E= ? =I ? HHEA JAI @A IA?KA ?E= A K = GKE = @A E @K??E JHEB IE?= AGKE E>H=@=

V+ = Z+ (s) I+ ; V = Z (s) I ; V0 = Z0 I0
,A AIJ= B H = IA >JEA A A IECKEA JA IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI 1 1 1 V0 (s) 3V j j 1+ j 2 (1 + CZ ) (1 + CZ ) V+ (s) = 0 CZ0 + (s) (s) 1 1 1 V ( s ) 0 Z0 Z+ Z

% &

% '

,A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI % ' IA >JEA A =I JHAI JA IE AI @A IA?KA ?E= A BK ?E @A @AI E = EA J + ?E@=I V+ (s) O V (s) IA @AJAH E = A F=H A ?JHE? GKA FH @K?A ?=@= IA?KA ?E=!#

Te = Te+ Te =
!# -I

Rr 2 Vth + (s) s

(Rth +

Rr 2 s )

2 + Xth

Rr 2 Vth ( s ) 2 s

(Rth +

Rr 2 2 s )

2 + Xth

% 

A?AI=HE HA? H@=H A AIJA FK J GKA = IA?KA ?E= ?AH

FH @K?A F=H A ?JHE?

% @ @A

+)2 67

2-4)+1

,- )

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

Vth+ (s) =

Zm Zm V+ (s) ; Vth (s) = V (s) Zm + Ze Zm + Ze

-A F

! )H

E?=I JA F H= AI @A K =
GKA FH @K?A

GKE = @A E @K??E
=I =H

FA J=B IE?=
GKE =

,AJAH E A = @EHA??E A FA J=B IE?= @A E @K??E

F=H A ?JHE?

E?=I JA F H= AI @A K =

5 K?E
 2HE AH= =H E?= =I FHE AH=I =H JEA A = AIJHK?JKH= IECKEA JA E?=I @A =I ? HHEA JAI @A K = GKE = FA J=B IE?=

ia (t) ib (t) ic (t) id (t) ie (t)

= BKAH = =C AJ

= =

2I1 cos(t) 2I1 cos(t

2 ) 5 4 = 2I1 cos(t ) 5 6 = 2I1 cos(t ) 5 8 = 2I1 cos(t ) 5

% 

JHE FH @K?E@= F H =I ? HHEA JA %  AI

FR1 (t, ) =
GKA AI K ?= F b = 1 e = 4
6AH?AH= =H

2N I1
k =a

cos(t

2k 2k )cos( )= 5 5
d dt

25N I1 cos(t ) 2 a=0

=C

JE? H J=J HE @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL=

= - AIJ= ANFHAIE

JHE @A JAH?AH= =H

E?=

- AIJA ?=I IA >JEA A = ANFHAIE E?=

IECKEA JA F=H= = BKAH =

=C AJ

FR3 (t, ) =
GKA AI K ?= F ! 3KE J= =H @A GKE J= =H
E?=

2N I3
k=a

cos3(t

2k 2k )cos( )=0 5 5

=C

JE? H J=J HE @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH IECKEA JA F=H= = BKAH = =C AJ JHE

E?=

- AIJA ?=I IA >JEA A = ANFHAIE

F (t, ) =
GKA AI K ?= F =C

2N I5
k =a

cos5(t

2k 2k )cos( )=0 5 5

JE? H J=J HE @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH IECKEA JA F=H= = BKAH = =C AJ

" 5 FJE = =H E?= - AIJA ?=I IA >JEA A = ANFHAIE JHE @A I FJE = =H E?=

FR7 (t, ) =
GKA AI K ?= F =C

2N I7
k=a

cos7(t

2k 2k )cos( )=0 5 5

JE? H J=J HE @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH

% #

- - 2

5 4-57- 6 5
E?=

% IECKEA JA F=H= = BKAH = =C AJ

JHE @A I FJE = =H

LA = =H

- AIJA ?=I IA >JEA A = ANFHAIE E?=

e

F (t, ) =
GKA AI K ?= F

2N I9
k =a

cos9(t

2k 2k )cos( )= 5 5

25N I9 cos(9t + ) 2
d dt

=C

JE? H J=J HE @A IA?KA ?E= AC=JEL= @A LA ?E@=@

= 9

$ , ?E FHE AH= =H E?= - AIJA ?=I IA >JEA A = ANFHAIE IECKEA JA F=H= = BKAH = =C AJ JHE @A I FJE = =H E?= e 2k 2k 25N I11 F (t, ) = 2N I11 )cos( )= cos(11t ) cos11(t 5 5 2
k =a

GKA AI K ?= F

=C

JE? H J=J HE @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= @A LA ?E@=@ E?=I JA F H= AI F=H= K =

d dt

= 11

- HAIK A = IA?KA ?E= @A =I =H AGKE E>H=@= AI = IECKEA JA

GKE = @A E @K??E

FA J=B IE?=

1= +

3= 0

5= 0

7= 0

9=

11= +

13= 0

15= 0

17= 0

19=

21=

- A F " 5A A??E B IE?=

7 = GKE = @A E @K??E @A FHE ?EF= O ? K ? @=J I @A AIJ= GKE = I

@A ?

@A I=@ H @A =HH= GKA @A K =

GKE = @A E @K??E

B IE?= F IAA K @AL= =@ =KNE E=H ? IJHKE@ ? = EJ=@ @A LKA J=I @K?J H @A ECK= IA??E F=H= FAH EJEH A =HH= GKA F H ? @A I=@ H I I IECKEA JAI

Pn eje 500 W
,AJAH E A A L= H @A ?

Vn 110 V

n 65 

nn 1700 rpm
NE

cos n 0,80

f 60 Hz

@A I=@ H GKA FH @K?A A

F=H @A =HH= GKA!$

5 K?E
- FHE AH KC=H AI A?AI=HE @AJAH E =H I F=H AJH I @A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A AIJ= GKE = - A FK J E = @A FAH=?E =?J = I = A JA A @AL= =@ FHE ?EF= O A ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA A AIJA ?=I AI A GKA IA D= E KIJH=@ A = CKH= % ! ,AIFHA?E=H = H= = @A =C AJE =?E IE F E ?= I ? ?K I A?AI=HE I F=H= = @AJAH E =?E F=H= JHE?= - AIJA ?=I

Ia

= =

Vn
1 Re + 2 Rr 1 sn

1 2sn

+ j (Xe + Xr )

=
%  

Pn eje arc cos(0, 80) = 8, 741 36, 87 A Vn cos n n

I =I IECKEA JAI HA =?E AI

,A = ANFHAIE

% 

>JA A

Re + 9, 257Rr = 10, 06 Xe + Xr 2Xe = 7, 55

!$ 2KA@A @AIFHA?E=H A ABA?J @A =I F H@E@=I O @A = H= = @A

=C AJE =?E

% - A FK J

+)2 67 E = IA A JHAC= A F=H

2-4)+1

,- )

371 ) ,- 1 ,7++1

E = A A AA
2 = 2, 8086 N m = Ie n

Te n =

Pn eje = n

500
2 1700 60

Rr 1 1 2s sn 2 sn

Rr =

2 Te n s |Ie n |
2 1 sn

1 2 s n

= 0, 7925

Re = 10, 06 9, 257 0, 7925 = 2, 7238 Xe Xr 3, 775

- @AL= =@ =KNE E=H JEA A = EJ=@ @A LKA J=I @A A H =@ FHE ?EF= O = IA??E @A ? @K?J H AI = EI = F H J= J IK HAIEIJA ?E= @A>A IAH = EJ=@ @A = HAIEIJA ?E= @A AIJ=J H = HA=?J= ?E= @AFA @A @A ?K=@H=@ @A AH @A LKA J=I O F H J= JEL = HA=?J= ?E= @A AIJ= > >E = AI = ?K=HJ= F=HJA @A = HA=?J= ?E= @A @AL= =@ FHE ?EF= - HAIK A

Rep 2, 7238
= HA =?E = ANFHAIE @A JH= IB H =?E % & ?

Xep 3, 775 a=

Rr 0, 7925

Xr 3, 775

Raux 1, 3619

Xaux 0, 94375

Np Naux

= 2 FAH EJA @AJAH E =H = E FA@= ?E= Zx @A =?KAH@ ?

Zx

j + Zaux ) Zp = C = 4(jXc + 1, 3619 + j 0, 94375) 2, 7238 j 3, 775 = = 2, 7238 j 4Xc = a2 (

ECK= AI O IK L= H AI

=I E FA@= ?E=I @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= O AC=JEL= A A =HH= GKA I

Z+ = Z = Re + Rr + j (Xe + Xr ) = 3, 5163 + j 7, 55
1 JH @K?EA @ AIJ I L= HAI A A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI % &" IA FKA@A >JA AH =I ? HHEA JAI @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= I+ O AC=JEL= I F=H= K @AJAH E =@ L= H @A ? @A I=@ H C @A = HA=?J= ?E= Xc - F=H @A =HH= GKA IA >JEA A @A = IECKEA JA B H =

Te (s = 1) =
- = IECKEA JA J=> = IA FHAIA J= ?=F=?EJEL= Xc

Rr 2 2 |I+ | |I | s
>=HHE@ @A = HA=?J= ?E=

I HAIK J=@ I >JA E@ I = D=?AH K

Xc Te

1, 8 2, 06 N m

2, 0 2, 17 N m

2, 2 2, 22 Nm

2, 4 2, 20 N m

2, 6 2, 12 N m

= HA=?J= ?E= GKA FH @K?A A NE F=H A A =HH= GKA AI =FH NE =@= A JA 2, 2 F H AIJ= H= = GKE = @A>AH = KJE E =H K ? @A I=@ H @A 1, 2 mF

%

- - 2

5 4-57- 6 5

%!

-A F
7JE E = @

# 8A?J H AIF=?E= @A =I JA IE
= JH= IB H =?E

AI

A=

A=

= LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI @AJAH E A AI @A AIJ=J H @A K = A= GKE = @A E @K??E = F=HJEH @A =I

 - LA?J H AIF=?E= @A =I JA IE JA IE AI A= = A=

= F JA ?E= =?JEL= O HA=?JEL= E IJ= J

5 K?E
 - LA?J H AIF=?E= @A =I JA IE JA IE AI A= = A= AI @A AIJ=J H @A K = GKE = @A E @K??E = F=HJEH @A =I AI

- LA?J H AIF=?E= @A =I JA IE AI @A AIJ=J H IA >JEA A @EHA?J= A JA = F=HJEH @A =I JA IE A= = AKJH A@E= JA = ANFHAIE $ %

ve =
5E IA =F E?= AIJ= JH= IB H =?E
LL ve

2 (va + vb + 2 vc ) 3
AI A= = A= IA >JEA A A IECKEA JA HAIK J=@

= =I JA IE

= = = =

2 (vab + vbc + 2 vca ) 3 2 (va + vb + 2 vc ) (vb + vc + 2 va ) = 3 2 (va + vb + 2 vc ) 2 3 2 (vb + 2 vc + 3 va ) = 3

ve 2 ve = (1 2 )ve j 2 1 2e 6 LL = ve = v (vab + vbc + 2 vca ) 1 2 e 3

A=

= F JA ?E= =?JEL= O HA=?JEL= E IJ= J

2=H= >JA AH = F JA ?E= =?JEL= O HA=?JEL= E IJ= J A= A@E= JA I LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI IA HA= E = A FH @K?J @A LA?J H AIF=?E= @A = JA IE AIF=?E= F H A ? KC=@ @A LA?J H AIF=?E= @A = ? HHEA JA

s = ve i e = =

2 (va + vb + 2 vc ) 3

2 (ia + 2 ib + ic ) = 3

2 (va ia + vb ib + vc ic ) + (va ic + vb ia + vc ib ) + 2 (vc ia + vb ic + va ib ) = 3 2 1 = (va ia + vb ib + vc ic ) (va ic + vb ia + vc ib + vc ia + vb ic + va ib ) + 3 2 2 3 + j (va ic + vb ia + vc ib vc ia vb ic va ib ) = 3 2 1 1 1 2 (va ia + vb ib + vc ic va (ic + ib ) vb (ia + ic ) vc (ia + ib ) + 3 2 2 2 2 3 + j (vab ic + vbc ia + vca ib ) = 3 2 1 = (va ia + vb ib + vc ic ) + j (vab ic + vbc ia + vca ib ) = p + jq 3

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AI K = ? IJ= JA @A FH F H?E = E@=@ GKA @AFA @A @A = CA GKE = O @A = @EIF IE?E B IE?= @A =I > >E =I AI = = F EJK@ @A = @EIJHE>K?E AIJ=J H AI = = F EJK@ @A = @EIJHE>K?E H J H IE KI E@= @A = BKAH = IE KI E@= @A = BKAH = =C AJ =C AJ =C AJ

AJH = @A = JHE @A JHE @A ?E@

AI A CK A JHA =I = F EJK@AI @A =I @ I BKAH =I CA AH= A JA ? CK @A ?=HC=

JHE?AI ?

=I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI @A AIJ=J H Fe O @A H J H Fr JEA A K = = F EJK@ ? IJ= JA O F=H= GKA A = ANFHAIE & A F=H A@E HAIK JA ? IJ= JA AI A?AI=HE GKA A CK A JHA =I @ I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI IA= ? IJ= JA A A JEA F @KH= JA = FAH=?E A H CE A FAH = A JA 2=H= CH=H AIJ =I @ I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI @A>A CEH=H = = EI = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H +K= @ = GKE = IE ?H E?= IA A ?KA JH= @AIAGKE E>H=@= A ?= F =C JE? H J=J HE FH @K?E@ F H =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H AI A FJE? -IJA ?= F IA FKA@A @AI? F AH A @ I ?= F I =C JE? I H J=J HE I ?EH?K =HAI @A IA JE@ I ? JH=HH J=JEL I 2=H= GKA IA= F IE> A = FH @K??E @A F=H A ?JHE? A@E A AIJ=I ? @E?E AI AI A?AI=HE GKA = LA ?E@=@ @A H J H AIJ IE ?H E =@= ? K @A I @ I ?= F I =C JE? I ? JH=HH J=JEL I - ?= F GKA AIJ BKAH= @A IE ?H EI O CEH= A A IA JE@ ? JH=HE @A H J H FH @K?A F=H A ?JHE? JH= IEJ HE FAH IK L= H A@E AI ?AH 5E IA ? HJ ?EH?KEJ= = > >E = @A ?= F A A H J H @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= AI F IE> A A ?EAHJ I ?=I I =?A AH=H A H J H ? IE BKAH= K J H @A E @K??E ? H J H @AL= =@ - A ?= F IA E @K?A BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI ? = BHA?KA ?E= @A @AI E = EA J ?K= @ A ?= F =C JE? H J=J HE @A AIJ=J H ? HJ= = I ? @K?J HAI @A ?= F = BKAH = A A?JH JHE E @K?E@= A A H J H BKAH = = ?EH?K =?E @A ? HHEA JAI F H AIJA @AL= =@ )K ?K= @ A F=H A ?JHE? FKA@A IAH KO HA@K?E@ A = CK =I ?=IE AI AIJA J @ FKA@A IAH KJE E =@ F=H= =HH= ?=H A = GKE = IE ?H E?= IE ?=HC=I A? E?=I =? F =@=I

&

@A

@A =

GKE = IE ?H

E?=

) =E = @ A ? @A =@=I ? HHAIF

F HJ= EA J @A I A AI A ?JHE? I @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= A A IEIJA = @A ? H @EA JA = =I > >E =I HA= AI B IE?=I IA I=JEIB=?A A IECKEA JA IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI

[vabc,f ] = [Rabc,f ] [iabc,f ] +

K

d [abc,f ] dt

& ! I A =?AI @A & "

I IEIJA =I E A= AI = HA =?E A JHA =I ? HHEA JAI GKA ?EH?K = F H =I > >E =I O GKA =I A = = LEA A @=@ I F H = HA =?E

[abc,f (, i)] = [Labc,f ()] [iabc,f ]

5KIJEJKOA @ AIJ= HA =?E A = ANFHAIE & ! IA >JEA A A HAIK J=@ IECKEA JA

[vabc,f ]

d d d [iabc,f ] + [Labc,f ] [iabc,f ] = dt dt dt [abc,f ] [iabc,f ] = [Rabc,f ] [iabc,f ] + [Labc,f ] p [iabc,f ] + [Rabc,f ] [iabc,f ] + [Labc,f ]

& #

- IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI & # HAFHAIA J= A ? F HJ= EA J @E E? @A =I > >E =I @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= A ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I -IJA IEIJA = IA ANFHAI= A B H = ?= E?= ?

p [iabc,f ] = [Labc,f ]

[abc,f ] [iabc,f ] [vabc,f ] [Rabc,f ] +

& $

&"

+)2 67

&

371 ) 51 +4

1+)

= =JHE @A E @K?J= ?E= [Labc,f ] @AFA @A @A = F IE?E HA =JEL= @A H J H ? HAIFA?J = AIJ=J H F H AIJ= H= = =JHE @A JH= IE?E @A AIJ=@ J= >E @AFA @A @A = F IE?E = CK =H @A H J H 5E = LA ?E@=@ @A = GKE = AI ? IJ= JA = F IE?E = CK =H @A H J H AI

= 0 + m t

& %

= I K?E @A IEIJA = & $ FKA@A >JA AHIA A@E= JA J @ I K HE? I @A E JACH=?E KJE E = @ = C HEJ I J= AI ? -K AH 4K CA KJJ= )@= I A JHA K?D I JH I - FHE ?EF= E ? LA EA JA GKA IA FHAIA J= AI = A?AIE@=@ @A AL= K=H A E LAHJEH = =JHE @A E @K?J= ?E=I @A = GKE = A ?=@= F=I @A E JACH=?E @A>E@ = = @AFA @A ?E= @A AIJ= =JHE ? = F IE?E = CK =H @A H J H I ? FKJ=@ HAI FAHI = AI =?JK= AI I ?=F=?AI @A HAI LAH AIJA FH > A = =K ?K= @ A A F=I=@ AIJ I ? ?K I HAFHAIA J=>= CH= @AI @E ?K J=@AI 2 H AIJA JEL @KH= JA L=HE=I @ ?=@=I IA @AI=HH =H JH= IB H =?E AI @A ? H@A =@=I GKA IE F E ?= A FH > A = =?A AH= J=> A A JA I ? ?K I O FAH EJA E JAHFHAJ=H I B ?E A JA A ? F HJ= EA J @E E? O AIJ JE? @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= ,KH= JA I FAH @ I JH= IEJ HE I = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H @A = GKE = ?= >E= O = F IE?E = CK =H @A H J H AI K = KAL= L=HE=> A @A AIJ=@ GKA @A>A IAH AL= K=@= F=H= @AJAH E =H IK @AFA @A ?E= JA F H= - AIJA ?=I AI A?AI=HE E ? HF H=H K = A?K=?E =@E?E = = IEIJA = & $ F=H= @AJAH E =H A ? F HJ= EA J @E E? @A A A A? E? @A = GKE =

1 t + [iabc,f ] [abc,f ] [iabc,f ] Tm = J 2

& &

-IJ= ANFHAIE HAFHAIA J= A >= = ?A @A F=H A ?JHE? O A? E? A A A A @A H J H - F=H =?A AH= JA AI ECK= = F=H A ?JHE? @A ? LAHJE@ H A I A F=H HAIEIJA JA FKAIJ F H = ?=HC= O F H =I F H@E@=I A? E?=I = A?K=?E @EBAHA ?E= & & FKA@A IAH ANFHAI=@= A@E= JA @ I A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI @A FHE AH H@A t 1 1 m = J 2 [iabc,f ] [abc,f ] [iabc,f ] Tm & ' = m @ @A

J Tm

AI A AI A F=H

A J @A E AH?E= @A H J H A? E? HAIEIJA JA @E E?=

AI A ? A ?EA JA @A BHE??E

- IEIJA = @A IAEI A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI B H =@ F H =I ?K=JH A?K=?E AI @A IEIJA = & $ O =I @ I A?K=?E AI A? E?=I HAFHAIA J=@=I F H = ANFHAIE & ' @A A A ? F HJ= EA J @E E? O JH= IEJ HE ? F AJ @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A = CKH= & ! -IJA IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI AI E A= O I ? A ?EA JAI I L=HE=> AI A A JEA F F H AIJA JEL AI A?AI=HE HA?KHHEH = J ? E?=I K HE?=I F=H= AL= K=H A ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = IE F E ?=H A FH > A = A@E= JA = J ? E?= @A JH= IB H =?E @A ? H@A =@=I - = =JHE @A E @K?J= ?E= @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= IA A ?KA JH= J @= = E B H =?E A?AI=HE= F=H= @AJAH E =H IK ? F HJ= EA J - = =JHE @A E @K?J= ?E= IA HAIK A = E B H =?E I >HA = @EIF IE?E CA JHE?= @A =I > >E =I IKI =? F = EA J I AH I @A LKA J=I O HA K?J= ?E=I @A I @EBAHA JAI ?= E I =C JE? I 7 = LA ? ?E@= = =JHE @A E @K?J= ?E=I IA FKA@A AL= K=H = =JHE @A F=H ?= ?K = @ = @AHEL=@= F=H?E= @A AIJ= =JHE ? HAIFA?J = = F IE?E = CK =H @A H J H = =JHE @A E @K?J= ?E=I @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= AIGKA =JE =@= A = CKH= & ! F IAA = IECKEA JA AIJHK?JKH= [Lee ()] [Ler ()] [Labc,f ()] = &  [Lre ()] Lf Laa () Mab () Mac () Maf () t [Lee ()] = Mba () Lbb () Mbc () ; [Lef ()] = [Lf e ()] = Mbf () Mca () Mcb () Mcc () Mcf ()

& @ @A

,-

,- )

371 ) 51 +4

1+)

&#

e f a, b, c

AI IK> @E?A HABAHE@ = =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H AI A IK> @E?A HABAHE@ = =I > >E =I @A ?= F I I IK> @E?AI @A =I JHAI > >E =I B IE?=I @A AIJ=J H

2=H= AL= K=H ?=@= K = @A =I E @K?J= ?E=I @A E@=I A = ANFHAIE &  AI A?AI=HE KJE E =H =I ANFHAIE AI !  O !  @AI=HH =@=I A A ?=F JK ! +=@= K = @A =I E @K?J= ?E=I @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= IA FKA@A HAFHAIA J=H ? K = BK ?E @A CK -IJ= BK ?E AI FAHE @E?= F HGKA IA HAFEJA KAL= A JA ?=@= LA GKA A H J H HA= E = K CEH ? F AJ -IJ= FH FEA@=@ FAH EJA HAFHAIA J=H AIJ=I BK ?E AI A@E= JA ANF= IE AI A IAHEAI @A . KHEAH ? A CK ? L=HE=> A 5E = FEA = F =H IA @EIA = ? LA EA JA A JA% AI F IE> A HAFHAIA J=H =I E @K?J= ?E=I @A = GKE = ? K AH HA@K?E@ @A I J H E I @A = IAHEA = ANFHAIE @A = =JHE @A E @K?J= ?E=I I IE F A ? IEIJA A ? IE@AH=H J H E I @AFA @EA JAI D=IJ= A 2 F=H= =I E @K?J= ?E=I AIJ=J H AIJ=J H O J H E I A F=H= =I E @K?J= ?E=I AIJ=J H H J H = E @K?J= ?E= @A H J H Lf AI E @AFA @EA JA @A = F IE?E @A H J H @A>E@ = GKA A AIJ=J H @A = GKE = AI =FH NE =@= A JA EI & - HAIJ @A =I E @K?J= ?E=I FH FE=I O KJK=I @AFA @A @A = F IE?E = CK =H IE A H J H @A = GKE = AI @A F I I= EA JAI =I FAH A= =I @A I ?= E I =C JE? I @A =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H O @A I =? F = EA J I AIJ=J H H J H I @AFA @EA JAI @A = F IE?E = CK =H +K= @ = FEA = F =H @A H J H IA A ?KA JH= = E A=@= ? K = @A =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H A ?= E =C JE? F IAA = NE = FAH A= = 5E = FEA = F =H IA A ?KA JH= A ?K=@H=JKH= ? = > >E = A A JHADEAHH AI KO CH= @A O @EI E KOA = FAH A= = = L=HE=?E @A = FAH A= = @AFA @A @A CK 2 F HGKA K = > >E = = E A=@= ? A F HJA @A H J H JEA A A EI ?= E =C JE? ?K= @ A = E A= EA J ?KHHA ? A F IKH -IJ=I E @K?J= ?E=I IA FKA@A HAFHAIA J=H =FH NE =@= A JA A@E= JA =I IECKEA JAI BK ?E AI

Laa () = L1e + M2e cos 2 + 2 ) + 3 4 Lcc () = L1e + M2e cos 2( ) + 3 Mab () = Mba () = M1e M2e cos 2( + ) + 6 Mac () = Mca () = M1e M2e cos 2( ) + 6 Mbc () = Mcb () = M1e M2e cos 2( ) + 2 Lbb () = L1e + M2e cos 2(
@ @A'

&  &   & ! & " & # & $

Ld

3 3 (L1e + M2e ) ; Lq (L1e M2e ) ; Ldf 2 2 Ld + Lq Ld Lq L1e = ; M2e = 3 3 L1e M1e 2

3 Mef 2

& % & & & '

GKA IA HA AHA = I =? F = EA J I KJK I AIJ=J H H J H = BK ?E = E@=@ @A =I E @K?J= ?E=I AI @EBAHA JA F HGKA = CEH=H A H J H 180 = > >E = @A ?= F E LEAHJA IK F =HE@=@ =I E @K?J= ?E=I @A
% 8=HE= @ A A JHADEAHH F=H= FH @K?EH K = @A IE@=@ @A ?= F =C JE? @EIJHE>KE@ IE KI E@= A JA & 2=H= AIJ= ? IE@AH=?E AI A?AI=HE @AIFHA?E=H A ABA?J @A =I H= KH=I @A AIJ=J H ' - AIJA ?=I = =FH NE =?E IA @A>A = GKA = @EIFAHIE @A = > >E = AIJ IEA @ ? IE@AH=@= = @EIFAHIE

FKA@A IAH ?

IE@AH=@= A A

@A

IE AIJKLEAIA ?

A?J=@= ANJAH = A JA =

I > H AI @A =

GKE =

&$

+)2 67

&

371 ) 51 +4

1+) CK =H IEJEL GKE = JA =I & 

AIJ=J H L=H = A JHA K L= H NE OK E IEA FHA F IEJEL @A H J H 5E A >=HC I =? F = EA J I KJK I AIJ=J H H J H L=H = D=IJ= K L= H NE AC=JEL GKA A L= H =>I KJ I E@ JE? I CEH= 180 =I E @K?J= ?E=I KJK=I A JHA A AIJ=J H O A H J H FKA@A IECKEA JAI BK ?E AI Maf () = Mf a () = Mef cos +

HAIFA?J = = F IE?E = A JHA K L= H NE F ?K= @ A H J H @A = IAH =FH NE =@=I A@E=

2 ) + &  3 4 Mcf () = Mf c () = Mef cos( ) + &  3 5E A H J H @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= AI EI J @=I =I E @K?J= ?E=I @A AIJ=J H I E @AFA @EA JAI @A = F IE?E @A H J H - AIJ= IEJK=?E = =JHE @A E @K?J= ?E=I [Labc,f ()] IA ANFHAI= @A = IECKEA JA B H = L1e M1e M1e Mef cos M 1e L1e M1e Mef cos( 23 ) [Labc,f ()] = & ! 4 M 1e M1e L1e Mef cos( 3 ) 2 4 Mef cos Mef cos( 3 ) Mef cos( 3 ) Lf Mbf () = Mf b () = Mef cos(
)K F=H= A ?=I @A K = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A H J H EI = I K?E @A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI GKA @AJAH E = A ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= HAGKEAHA A KI @A J @ I K HE? I @A>E@ = = @AFA @A ?E= @A =I E @K?J= ?E=I KJK=I A JHA A AIJ=J H O A ?= F ? = F IE?E @A H J H @A @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A H J H EI @A F I I= EA JAI IA FKA@A >JA AH A@E= JA JH= IB H =?E AI @A IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I = JH= IB H =?E = LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI O = JH= IB H =?E = ? H@A =@=I dq 0 E JH @K?E@=I A I ?=F JK I # O $ FAH EJA IE F E ?=H J=> A A JA AIJ I @A I

&!

6H= IB H =?E

= LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI

2=H= =F E?=H = JH= IB H =?E @A LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI = =I A?K=?E AI & # O & & GKA HAFHAIA J= A ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= A ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I AI ? LA EA JA ANFHAI=H F H IAF=H=@ =I A?K=?E AI @A AIJ=J H O @A H J H

[ve ] = [Re ] [ie ] + p {[Lee ] [ie ] + [Lef ] if } vf = Rf if + p {[Lf e ] [ie ] + Lf if }

)F E?= @ AIJ= JH= IB H =?E HAIK J=@ @A LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI = = ANFHAIE

& " & # & " IA >JEA A A IECKEA JA

3 ve = Re ie + p (L1e + M1e ) ie + M2e ej 2 i e + 2

3 Mef ej if 2

& $

@A

ve = 2 3 2 3 =

2 va + vb + 2 vc 3 2 1 2 [Re ] [ie ] = Re ie [Lee ] [ie ] = 2

& % & &

1 1 2 3

& " 64) 5. 4 )+1

)+

4,- ),)5 4 6 41+)5

&%

L1e M1e M1e

M1e L1e M1e

cos 2 cos 2( + M1e 6 ) cos 2( 6 ) [ie ] = M1e + M2e cos 2( + cos 2( 23 ) cos 2( 6) 2) L1e cos 2( 43 ) cos 2( 6 ) cos 2( 2 ) 3 (L1e + M1e ) ie + M2e ej 2 i e = 2 1 1 = (Ld + Lq ) ie + (Ld Lq )ej 2 i e 2 2 2 3 1 2 [Lef ] if = 3 Mef ej if = Ldf ej if 2
= A?K=?E & # IA >JEA A & !

& ' & !

4AA F = = @

=I @A

E?E

AI @A

I LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI A

vf = Rf if + p Ldf
- F=H A ?JHE? AI

j ie ej i e +e + Lf if 2

1 1 t t t [iabc,f ] [abc,f ] [iabc,f ] = [ie ] [ee ] [ie ] + [ie ] [ef ] if = 2 2 1 ej 3 1 ej 3 ej 3 ej 3 M 2e 4 4 t ej ej 2 ej 3 ej 3 ej [ie ] + =j [ie ] ej 2 ej 3 ej 3 8 8 2 ej ej 3 ej ej 3 ej 3 ej 3 1 1 Mef 2 2 t + j [ie ] ej ej 3 ej ej 3 if = 4 4 2 ej 3 ej 3 Te = = 3 Mef 2 M2e (ej ie )2 (ej i +j e) 4j 2 = 3 j e ie ej ie if = 2
& ! 

1 (Ld Lq ) m (ej ie )2 + Ldf m ej ie if 2

=I ANFHAIE AI & $ & ! O & ! @A = = GKE = IE ?H E?= KJE E = @ LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI = FHE ?EF= LA J= = @A AIJ= JH= IB H =?E ? IEIJA A = HA@K??E @A =I JHAI A?K=?E AI @A AIJ= J H = K = I = A L=HE=> A ? F A = 2 H JH= F=HJA =K ?K= @ = @AFA @A ?E= = CK =H A IA = JEA A A AIJA IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I =I ? HHAIF @EA JAI ANFHAIE AI D= IE@ IE F E ?=@=I ? LA EA JA A JA = KJE E =H I J H E I ej - = ANFHAIE & ! ? HHAIF @EA JA = F=H A ?JHE ? FKA@A >IAHL=HIA @ I ? F A JAI A F=H @A HA K?J= ?E= O A F=H FH @K?E@ A JHA =I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI @A AIJ=J H O @A ?= F

&"

6H= IB H =?E

=?

H@A =@=I H J HE?=I

2=H= A E E =H = @AFA @A ?E= A ANEIJA JA A A @A @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= A LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI AI F IE> A HABAHEH =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=J H = IEIJA = @A HABAHA ?E= @A H J H A ?K= IA A ?KA JH= AN=?J= A JA A = F IE?E ? HAIFA?J = IEIJA = I E@=HE ? A AIJ=J H 2 H AIJ= H= AI F IE> A K JEF E?=H = A?K=?E @A AIJ=J H F H ej F=H= HABAHEH AIJ=I A?K=?E AI = K IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I IE ?H E =@ ? A A A @A ?= F -IJA KAL IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I AI ? ?E@ ? A AI d O q - A A @EHA?J d =FK J= A = EI = @EHA??E GKA A A A @A ?= F f - A A ?K=@H=JKH= q IA A ?KA JH= = 90 A =@A = J ? HAIFA?J = A A d ,A AIJ= B H = IA FKA@A E JH @K?EH =I IECKEA JAI @A E?E AI dq ve vd + jvq = ve ej & !!
j idq e id + jiq = ie e

& !"

&& ,AHEL= @ = ANFHAIE & !" IA >JEA A = HA =?E

+)2 67 IECKEA JA

&

371 ) 51 +4

1+)

idq ej pie = pid + jpiq + j e

) K JEF E?=H = A?K=?E & $F HA J H E @A H J=?E

& !#

ej IA >JEA A
& !$

ej ve = Re ie ej + ej p

1 1 j (Ld + Lq ) ie + (Ld Lq )ej 2 i e + Ldf e if 2 2

1 dq dq dq + 1 (Ld Lq ) pidq + j idq + Ldf ve = Re idq e + (Ld + Lq ) pie + j ie e e 2 2

,AI? F EA @ = ANFHAIE & !$ A F=HJA HA= O F=HJA E =CE =HE= HAIK J=

f pif + j i

q iq = Re id + pd q vd = Re id + p (Ld id + Ldf if ) L (Ld id + Ldf if ) = Re iq + pq + d vq = Re iq + p (Lq iq ) +

4A= E = @ JH= IB H =?E AI IA A = JAI A = A?K=?E & ! IA >JEA A A HAIK J=@ IECKEA JA

& !% & !&

vf = Rf if + p

Ldf dq ie + idq e 2

+ Lf if

=
& !' @EA JA = F=H A ?

vf = Rf if + p (Lf if + Ldf id ) = Rf if + pf
.E = A JA JH= IB H = @ JHE? IA >JEA A =I L=HE=> AI AIF=?E= AI @A = ANFHAIE & ! ? HHAIF

Te =

1 2 + Ldf m ej ie if = (Ld Lq ) m (idq e ) 2

& " E? @A = GKE =

dq = (Ld Lq ) id iq + Ldf iq if = d iq q id = dq e ie

- IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI GKA @AJAH E = A ? F HJ= EA J @E IE ?H E?= IA FKA@A ANFHAI=H @A = IECKEA JA B H = vd = Re id + pd q vq = Re iq + pq + d v f = Rf if + pf dq J = dq e ie Tm ( ) @ @A

& "

d = Ld id + Ldf if q = Lq iq f = Lf if + Ldf id dq e = d + jq

&#

6H= IB H =?E

@A 2=H

- = GKE = IE ?H E?= A ?= F =C JE? H J=J HE FH @K?E@ F H =I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI @A I @AL= =@ I AIJ=J HE? I CEH= = = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= e - H J H @A = GKE = J= >E CEH= = = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= r = e 2 H AIJ= H= AI ? LA EA JA HABAHEH =I A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI GKA @A A A ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = = K IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I I E@=HE ? A H J H ,A =?KAH@ ? AIJ I E A= EA J I IA @A A I IECKEA JAI A AI =C JE? I -Ad: /EH= ? HAIFA?J = AIJ=J H = = LA ?E@=@ @A H J H O A J @ ? E A= ? A A A =C JE? @A ?= F A J IA A ?KA JH=

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,- 2)4

&' A J IA A ?KA JH= I A AI @A =

4 J= ? HAIFA?J = AIJ=J H = = LA ?E@=@ @A H J H O A J @ A ?K=@H=JKH= ? A A A =C JE? @A ?= F .E A A AIJ=J H O IA A ?KA JH= @AI=? F =@ GKE = A IEIJA = H J HE? O ? E A= ? =C

JE?= A JA @A HAIJ @A =C

5 E@=HE ?

A AA

JE? @A = > >E = @A ?= F

)K ?K= @ I A AI d O q CEH= = ECK= LA ?E@=@ GKA A H J H AIJ I A AI HAFHAIA J= L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=J H - A A 0 AI A?AI=HE F=H= FAH EJEH GKA = JH= IB H =?E @A ? H@A =@=I IA= >E@EHA??E = AI @A?EH IA FKA@= JH= IB H =H @A L=HE=> AI FHE EJEL=I = L=HE=> AI dq 0 O LE?ALAHI= - A A 0 JEA A K = AIJHA?D= HA =?E ? =I L=HE=> AI @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH @A = JH= IB H =?E @A ? F A JAI IE JHE?=I - = FH ?JE?= A A A 0 FAH EJA HAFHAIA J=H K I @A @EIFAHIE GKA AIJ =? F =@ I ? JH=I > >E = @A = GKE = - = CKH= & !(b) IA D= HAFHAIA J=@ A IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I dq 0 f = =JHE @A JH= IB H =?E HA =?E @A ? H@A =@=I dq 0 f = ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I IA @A A A@E= JA = & " 

[iabc,f ] = [A] [idq0,f ]

5E = JH= IB H =?E = JAHE H IA AI? CA @A J= B H = GKA = =JHE [A] IA= DAH EJE= = = JH= IB H =?E AI ? IAHL=JEL= A F JA ?E= +K= @ = =JHE AI DAH EJE= = O HA= IA >JEA A

[idq0,f ] = [A]

[iabc,f ] = [A] [iabc,f ]

& "!

= =JHE @A JH= IB H =?E [A] IA FKA@A >JA AH K JEF E?= @ = JH= IB H =?E @A ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I = ? H@A =@=I HJ C = AI 0 F H = JH= IB H =?E @A ? H@A =@=I 0 = ? H@A = @=I dq 0 1 1 0 2 ia i 2 1 3 1 ib = i & "" 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 ic i 0 2 2 2 i cos sin 0 id i = sin cos 0 iq & "# i0 0 0 1 i0 1 cos sin id ia 2 2 cos 2 1 ib = sin 23 iq & "$ 3 2 3 4 4 1 i0 ic cos 3 sin 3
2

= =JHE @A = ANFHAIE & "$ IA ? JH= IB H =?E FHE EJEL=I abc, f = ? H@A =@=I dq 0, f AI

@A 2=H

= JH= IB H =?E

@A ?

H@A =@=I

id iq i0 = if
= JH= IB H =?E

cos 2 sin 1 2 3 0

cos 23 sin 23 1 2

cos 43 sin 43 1 2

0 0 0
3 2

ia ib ic if

& "%

@A 2=H KJE E =@= AI DAH EJE= = O F H J= J AI E L=HE= JA A F JA ?E=

p(t) = [vabc,f ] [iabc,f ] = [[A] [vdq0,f ]] [[A] [idq0,f ]] = = [vdq0,f ] [A] [A] [idq0,f ] = [vdq0,f ] [idq0,f ] = p(t)
 1 LAHI= @A = =JHE @A JH= IB H =?E [A] ECK= = IK JH=IFKAIJ= ?  6H= IB H =?E @A + =H  4 J=?E A E JH @K?E@= A A ?=F JK 4
t t t

& "&

KC=@=

' )F E?= @ = JH= IB H =?E

+)2 67 & "% = IEIJA = @A A?K=?E

&

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AI & # IA >JEA A & "' & # & #

t

[Gdq0,f ] [idq0,f ] [vdq0,f ] = [Rdq0,f ] [idq0,f ] + [Ldq0,f ] p [idq0,f ] +

@ @A

[Rdq0,f ] = [A] [Rabc,f ] [A] [Ldq0,f ] = [A] [Labc,f ] [A] [Gdq0,f ] = [dq0,f ] + [Hdq0,f ] = [A] [abc,f ] [A] + [A] [Rabc,f ]
t t

d [ A] d

& # 

2 H JH= F=HJA = A?K=?E

@E

E?= @A

LE EA J IA FKA@A ANFHAI=H @A = IECKEA JA B H = & #! AI

+ = 1 [idq0,f ]t [dq0,f ] [idq0,f ] Tm J 2

-L= K= @ ANF ?EJ= A JA @EBAHA ?E= AI & "' O & #! IA vd vq v0 = vf

=I ANFHAIE AI & # = & # O IKIJEJKOA @ A HAIK J=@ A =I A?K=?E >JEA A Re + Ld p Lq 0 Ldf p id iq Ld Re + Lq p 0 Ldf i0 0 0 R0 + L0 p 0 Ldf p 0 0 Rf + Lf p if

Jp

= (Ld Lq ) id iq + Ldf iq if Tm

& #"

@A @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= >JA E@ = F=HJEH @A = JH= IB H =?E @A LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI HABAHE@ I = =I ? H@A =@=I @A H J H & " ? E ?E@A ? A @A & #" >JA E@ =F E?= @ = JH= I B H =?E @A 2=H & # = JH= IB H =?E = LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI & % O = JH= IB H =?E @A + =H & "" AIJ JE = A JA HA =?E =@=I EI IK?A@A A JHA = H J=?E & "# O HABAHEH =I L=HE=> AI AIF=?E= AI @A AIJ=J H = IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I @A H J H K JEF E? @ =I F H A J H E ej - K IEIJA = JHEB IE? IE AKJH ?EH?K = ? HHEA JA @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH FAH ?K= @ =I JHAI ? HHEA JAI @A B=IA A ?KA JH= K ?= E @A HAJ H AI A?AI=HE ? IE@AH=H AIJ= ? F A JA = ? F A JA @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH HAFHAIA J= = ?EH?K =?E @A ? HHEA JAI ECK= AI O A B=IA F H =I > >E =I @A = GKE = -IJ=I ? HHEA JAI FH @K?A =C AJE =?E @A>E@ = GKA = IK = @A =I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI @A =I JHAI > >E =I AI ?AH 5E A >=HC I K I @A @EIFAHIE IE F IAA ? F A JA @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH - A @A @A = GKE = ANEIJA =? F = EA J =C JE? @A AIJ= IA?KA ?E= ? A HAIJ @A =I > >E =I -IJ= ? F A JA FKA@A FH @K?EH F=H A ?JHE? FAH E KOA A =I F H@E@=I @A = GKE = O A =I BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI I >HA =I > >E =I - = ANFHAIE & #" =F=HA?A BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI @A CA AH=?E I >HA = > >E = @A ?= F -IJ IA @A>A = GKA A IEIJA = @A ? H@A = @=I dq 0 AI I E@=HE = A A f @A ?= F I K I @A =I > >E =I d O q ?HK = J= CA ?E= A JA = I ? @K?J HAI @A ?= F 5E A >=HC A AIJA A A FKA@A =F=HA?AH BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI F H JH= IB H =?E @A>E@ = GKA A K @A = > >E = @A A A @EHA?J =JH=LEAI= A @AL= =@ @A ?= F 2 H A ? JH=HE A A A ?K=@H=JKH= FKA@A FH @K?EH E C ABA?J I >HA A ?= F @A>E@ = GKA IA A ?KA JH= FAH = A JA A JA A K = F IE?E HJ C = = GKE = IE ?H E?= FKA@A IAH HAFHAIA J=@= A@E= JA K @A B IE? A ? H@A =@=I dq 0 f IE E =H = >JA E@ A A ?=F JK " F=H= = GKE = CA AH= E =@= - = CKH= IA FHAIA J= A @A A ? H@A =@=I dq 0 f GKA I=JEIB=?A =I A?K=?E AI & #" - = GKE = HA= =I ? HHEA JAI id A iq ?EH?K = F H E C @AL= =@ B IE? F=H= @AJAH E =H =I ? HHEA JAI HA= AI AI A?AI=HE =F E?=H = JH= IB H =?E E LAHI= @A ? H@A =@=I dq 0 f = ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I +=@= F=HA = @A AI? >E =I IAF=H= =I ?=F=I @A ? HHEA JA @A =I > >E =I AGKEL= A JAI = BKAH = A A? JH JHE @A J @ I I ? @K?J HAI GKA B H = ?=@= K = @A =I > >E = IA >JEA A A > H AI @A =I AI? >E =I +K= @ F H K F=H @A AI? >E =I IA E OA?J= K = ? HHEA JA AIJ= ?EH?K = A JH= @ = I ? @K?J HAI = = @AHA?D= @A A A GKA @A A = F IE?E @A AIJ=I AI? >E =I O I= EA @ A I ? @K? J HAI = = E GKEAH@= -IJ= ? CKH=?E FH @K?A K = BKAH = =C AJ JHE HEA J=@= A A A A @A =I AI? >E =I J= ? IA KAIJH= A = CKH= & "

& # 64) 5. 4 )+1

,- 2)4

'

.ECKH= & "

@A

A ?

H@A =@=I dq 0 f @A =

GKE = IE ?H

E?=

=I BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI @A CA AH=?E GKA =F=HA?A I >HA I ? @K?J HAI IA HA? A?J= A I ?EH?KEJ I GKA IA A ?KA JH= A ?K=@H=JKH= ? A K GKA =I FH @K?A - ?= F O = > >E = @A A A d FH @K?A CA AH=?E I >HA = > >E = @A A A q O = > >E = @A A A q FH @K?A CA AH=?E I >HA A A A d FAH I >HA = > >E = @A ?= F IA FH @K?A CA AH=?E F H GKA AIJA @AL= =@ AI ? HJ=@ F H A K @A I @A I A AI - A IEIJA = @A HABAHA ?E= KJE E =@ =I BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI @A CA AH=?E =F=HA?A =@A = J=@=I 90 ? HAIFA?J = I K I GKA =I FH @K?A 5E A =I > >E =I FHE EJEL=I IA E OA?J= K IEIJA = >= = ?A=@ @A ? HHEA JAI JHEB IE?=I IA >JEA A =I IECKEA JAI ? HHEA JAI A A IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I dq 0

id iq = i0

cos 2 sin 3 1
2

cos(t + ) 2Ie cos(t + 2 ) = 3 1 1 cos(t + 43 ) 2 2 id cos( t ) iq = 3Ie sin( t ) & ## i0 0

cos 23 sin 23 cos 43 sin 43

5E = F IE?E = CK =H @A H J H IA IE ?H E =! ? = L=HE=?E = CK =H @A =I ? HHEA JAI A = ANFHAIE & ## =I ? HHEA JAI A =I ? H@A =@=I dq 0 I E @AFA @EA JAI @A JEA F - AIJ= ? @E ?E I J H E I GKA @AFA @A @A =I @AHEL=@=I @A =I ? HHEA JAI IA = K = + HHEA JAI ? IJ= JAI A A JEA F A AIJA IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I FH @K?A BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI ? IJ= JAI A =I > >E =I dq 0 JH= IB H =@=I + = JH= IB H =?E AIJ IE ?H E =@= ? = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H @A =I ? HHEA JAI @KH= JA A H CE A FAH = A JA A ?= F =C JE? FH @K?E@ F H =I > >E =I d O q CEH= ? = EI = LA ?E@=@ O ? HAIK J=@ IA >JEA A A EI ?= F =C JE? H J=J HE @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= A ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I AN?EJ=@= A@E= JA K IEIJA = JHEB IE? >= = ?A=@ @A ? HHEA JAI - F=H A A?JH =C JE? @A = GKE = AIJ @AJAH E =@ F H = E JAH=??E A JHA BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI = E A=@=I 2 H K = F=HJA = BKAH = =C AJ JHE @A ?= F FH @K?A F=H = E JAH=?JK=H ? A K @A = > >E = GKA HAFHAIA J= = A A q = BKAH = =C AJ JHE @A A A d FH @K?A F=H A IK E JAH=??E ? = BKAH = =C AJ JHE @A A H =@ ?K=@H=JKH= -N=?J= A JA ECK= FAH ? IA JE@ ? JH=HE = BKAH = =C AJ JHE @A A A q FH @K?A F=H ? = BKAH = =C AJ JHE @A A A d 5E = HA K?J= ?E= @A I ?= E I =C JE? I d O q I ECK= AI AIJ I @ I F=HAI IA AKJH= E = +K= @ = HA K?J= ?E= @A A A d AI A H GKA = @A A A q A F=H GKA FH @K?A = BKAH = =C AJ JHE
! (t) = t + 0

'

+)2 67

&

371 ) 51 +4

1+)

@A A A d I >HA A A A q AI =O H GKA A = @EHA??E ? JH=HE= O IA FH @K?A K F=H AJ HAIK J= JA @A>E@ = = L=HE=?E @A HA K?J= ?E= A JHA I @ I A AI ,AI@A JH FK J @A LEIJ= IA FKA@A E JAHFHA J=H GKA = FEA = F =H E JA J= = E A=HIA ? = BKAH = A A?JH JHE HAIK J= JA A = GKE = 5E = GKE = F IAA K H J H ?E @HE? AIJA F=H AI K - = A?K=?E & " A F=H A ?JHE? IA @ELE@A A @ I ? F A JAI = FHE AH= AI FH F H?E = = FH @K?J @A = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F if F H = ? HHEA JA @A = > >E = ?K=@H=JKH= iq O = IACK @= ? F A JA @AFA @A @A FH @K?J @A =I ? HHEA JAI id A iq -IJ= JE = ? F A JA IA = K = IE = E @K?J= ?E= Ld AI ECK= = = E @K?J= ?E= Lq = E @K?J= ?E= Ld AIJ @A E@= F H = FAH A= = @A A A @EHA?J EA JH=I GKA = E @K?J= ?E= Lq AIJ @A E@= F H = FAH A= = @A A A ?K=@H=JKH= - = CKH= & " IA D= HAFHAIA J=@ =I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI A ? H@A =@=I dq 0 5A >IAHL= GKA I >HA = FEA = F =H =F=HA?AH K F=H A ?JHE? GKA E JA J=H = E A=H A H J H ? = BKAH = =C AJ JHE J J= +K= @ IA = = E = =I BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI @A CA AH=?E A A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI & #" IA >IAHL= @ I J H E I IE E =HAI A FHE AH @AFA @A @A = E @K?J= ?E= Lq GKA AI FH F H?E = = = FAH A= = @A ?= E ?K=@H=JKH= O @AJAH E = = CA AH=?E I >HA A A A @EHA?J A IACK @ J H E @AFA @A @A Ld O AI FH F H?E = = = FAH A= = @A ?= E @EHA?J O @AJAH E = F=HJA @A = CA AH=?E I >HA A A A ?K=@H=JKH=

&$

4 CE A FAH = A JA

2=H= = = E =H A ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= A H CE A FAH = A JA AI A?AI=HE AN?EJ=H I ?EH?KEJ I @A =H =@KH= ? K IEIJA = AGKE E>H=@ O IE JHE? @A ? HHEA JAI )@A I A AIJ=I ? @E?E AI A H J H @A = GKE = @A>A CEH=H = = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= = F IE?E HA =JEL= @A H J H ? HAIFA?J = IEIJA = @A HABAHA ?E= I E@=HE = AIJ=J H AI

= t + 0
5KIJEJKOA @ = ANFHAIE & #$ A = JH= IB H =?E = ? H@A =@=I dq 0 @A E@= & ## IA >JEA A A IECKEA JA HAIK J=@ id = 3Ie cos(0 ) ; iq = 3Ie sin(0 ) ; id = 0

& #$ A@E= JA = HA =?E & #%

=I ? HHEA JAI @A H CE A FAH = A JA A ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I JH= IB H =@=I = IEIJA = @A ? H @A =@=I dq 0 I E @AFA @EA JAI @A JEA F - =HCK A J @A =I BK ?E AI JHEC JHE?=I (0 ) FH OA?J= = BKAH = =C AJ JHE FH @K?E@= F H A IEIJA = >= = ?A=@ @A ? HHEA JAI FHE EJEL=I IA C =I @EHA??E AI @A I KAL I A AI ? H@A =@ I - = CKH= & " IA HAFHAIA J= A ABA?J @A = JH= IB H =?E F=H= K IEIJA = A H CE A FAH = A JA O AGKE E>H=@ + =I ? HHEA JAI id iq A i0 I E @AFA @EA JAI @A JEA F I J H E I @A JH= IB H =?E I K I A A KAL IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I O A AIJ=I ? @E?E AI =I A?K=?E AI @A @A & #" IA HA@K?A =

vd = Re id Lq iq = Re id Xq iq vq = Re iq + Ld id + Ldf if = Re iq + Xd id + ef vf = Rf if Te = (Ld Lq )id iq + Ldf iq if

& #& & #' & $ & $

&%

,E=CH= = B=I HE=

E LAHI= @A 2=H & "$ IA FKA@A >JA AH = JA IE @A = B=IA a & $ 

A@E= JA = JH= IB H =?E

va (t) =

2 1 (vd cos vq sin + v0 ) 3 2

& % ,1)/4) ) .)5 41)

'!

= JA IE v0 AI K = @A>E@ = GKA ANEIJA ? HHEA JA @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH A A IEIJA = JHEB IE? >= = ?A=@ " 2 H JH= F=HJA = JH= IB H =?E @A ? H@A =@=I CEH= = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= IAC IA @AI?HE>A A = ANFHAIE & #$ - AIJ=I ? @E?E AI IA @AJAH E = = JA IE A > H AI @A = B=IA a @A = GKE = ?

va (t) =

2 2 vd [cos(t + 0 ) vq sin(t + 0 )] = e (vd + jvq ) ej (t+0 ) = 3 3 = e 2 (Vd + jVq ) ej (t+0 ) = e 2Ve ej (t+0 )
A

& $!

,A =?KAH@ ? AIJ=J H @A =

AIJ= ANFHAIE A B=I H GKA HAFHAIA J= A L= H ABA?JEL @A = JA IE GKE = IE ?H E?= A H CE A FAH = A JA AI

= B=IA = @A & $"

vd vq Ve = Vd + Vq = Vd + jVq = + j 3 3
+ K H= A JA = EA J IE E =H IA >JEA A = IECKEA JA ANFHAIE

F=H= =I ? HHEA JAI A H CE A FAH = & $# =I IECKEA JAI & $$ & $%

4AA F = = @ =I ANFHAIE HA =?E AI B=I H= AI

id iq Ie = Id + Iq = Id + jIq = + j 3 3 AI & $" O & $# A =I A?K=?E AI & #& O & #' IA >JEA A Vd = Re Id + jXq Iq

1 Vq = Re Iq + jXd Id + j ef = Re Iq + jXd Id + Ef 3 Ve = Vd + Vq = Re (Id + Iq ) + jXd Id + jXq Iq + Ef Ve = Re Ie + jXd Id + jXq Iq + Ef

& $&

- =I ANFHAIE AI & $$ = & $& I B=I HAI ? IK> @E?A d AIJ HEA J=@ I IAC = @EHA??E @A A A @EHA?J O I B=I HAI ? IK> @E?A q =FK J= A = @EHA??E @A A A ?K=@H=JKH= - B=I H Ef IA HEA J= A = @EHA??E @A A A q @A>E@ = GKA HAFHAIA J= = BKAH = A A?JH JHE FH @K?E@= F H = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F if I >HA A A A q - = A?K=?E & $% IA >IAHL= GKA A B=I H Ef IA >JEA A K JEF E?= @ F H j # = BKAH = A A?JH JHE ef FH @K?E@= F H A ?= F O @ELE@EA @ AIJA HAIK J=@ 1 F H A B=?J H 6 @=I =I =C EJK@AI @A I B=I HAI @A =I ANFHAIE AI = JAHE HAI IA D= @A E@ 3 A J H E I @A L= HAI ABA?JEL I F H AIJ= H= =F=HA?A A = @A E?E @A ?=@= K @A I J H E I A ? A ?EA JA 2 - = A?K=?E B=I HE= & $& =F=HA?A I J H E I jXd Id O jXq Iq =K ?K= @ =F=HA J= IAH ?= @=I @A JA IE HA=?JEL=I A HA= E@=@ HAFHAIA J= BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI @A CA AH=?E -I A?AI=HE HA? H@=H GKA A FAH=@ H E =CE =HE j FH @K?A K = H J=?E @A 90 + A B=I H Xd Id AIJ @EHECE@ IAC A A A @EHA?J A B=I H jXd Id IA HEA J= IAC = @EHA??E @A A A ?K=@H=JKH= - JH=I F= =>H=I A K FH @K?E@ F H = > >E = @A A A @EHA?J @A = GKE = ? HJ= = I ? @K?J HAI I @A AIJ=J H A E @K?A BKAH = A A?JH JHE @A CA AH=?E A A A A ?K=@H=JKH= ,A B H = IA A = JA A J H E Xq Iq HAFHAIA J= K B=I H ? @EHA??E ?K=@H=JKH= jXq Iq H J= 90 O A B=I H HAIK J= JA =FK J= A = @EHA??E AC=JEL= @A A A @EHA?J - = CKH= & # IA HAFHAIA J= A @E=CH= = B=I HE= @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= A H CE A FAH = A JA 5E A H J H @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= AI EI =I HA=?J= ?E=I @EHA?J= O ?K=@H=JKH= I ECK= AI A AIJA ?=I IA @A A K = I = HA=?J= ?E= @A E =@= HA=?J= ?E= IE ?H E?= Xs 2=H= = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A H J H EI = A?K=?E B=I HE= & $& IA IE F E ?= ?K= @ IA =CHKF= I J H E I @A CA AH=?E

Ve = (Re + jXs ) Ie + Ef

& $'

=I HA =?E AI = JAHE HAI AIJ AI?HEJ=I A = ? LA ?E J H - JH=I F= =>H=I =I ? HHEA JAI GKA ?EH?K = F H =I > >E =I @A = GKE = A JH= F H IK FK J @A F =HE@=@ HA =JEL= - = ? LA ?E
" - A IEIJA = JHEB IE? >= = ?A=@ IA JEA A v = v + v + v = 0. a c 0 b # ,EHA??E @A A A ?K=@H=JKH=

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.ECKH= & # ,E=CH= = B=I HE= @A =

GKE = IE ?H

E?= @A F

I I= EA JAI A ?

LA ?E

J H

.ECKH= & $ ,E=CH= = B=I HE= @A =

GKE = IE ?H

E?= @A F

I I= EA JAI A

=?

LA ?E

CA AH=@ H

J H K = F JA ?E= F IEJEL= E @E?= GKA = GKE = ? IK A F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= 5E = F JA ?E= AI AC=JEL= = GKE = CA AH= F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= =I GKE =I IE ?H E?=I I KJE E =@=I ? K?D= BHA?KA ?E= ? CA AH=@ HAI O AI LA J= I A AIJ I ?=I I KJE E =H = ? LA ?E CA AH=@ H A KC=H @A = ? LA ?E J H F=H= @AI?HE>EH IK ? F HJ= EA J - = ? LA ?E CA AH=@ H =I ? HHEA JAI @A =H =@KH= I= A F H A FK J @A F =HE@=@ @A ?=@= > >E = - = >=I ? LA ?E AI = @EHA??E @A HABAHA ?E= @A = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F IA @A A A JH= @ F H A FK J @A F =HE@=@ HA =JEL= F H GKA AIJA A A A ?JHE? AI F=IEL O A CA AH= ? IK A F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= - ?= >E @A ? LA ?E IA HA= E = E LEHJEA @ A IA JE@ @A ?EH?K =?E @A =I ? HHEA JAI @A I A AI @EHA?J O ?K=@H=JKH= F=H= AIJA IA ?= >E= A IEC @A =I ? HHEA JAI Ie Id A Iq A =I A?K=?E AI & $$ & $% O & $& = BKAH = A A?JH JHE GKA FH @K?A A ?= F ?= >E= @A IEC A = KAL= ? LA ?E @A>E@ = GKA = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F if = JEA A = EI = HABAHA ?E= A =I @ I ? LA ?E AI ,A AIJ= B H = = A?K=?E @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JAI A H CE A FAH = A JA O A ? LA ?E CA AH=@ H IA FKA@A ANFHAI=H ?

Ef = Ve + Re Ie + jXd Id + jXq Iq
- = CKH= & $ A JHE CK AIJ=> A?AH = IECKEA JA HA =?E

& % IA FKA@A

ABC AI IA A = JA = JHE

CK

DEF F H AIJ= H=

Vz jXq Iq EF DF = = Vz = jXq Ie I Iq AC AB e

& %

= JA IE Vz =K ?K= @ F IAA K = E JAHFHAJ=?E B IE?= ? ?HAJ= AI K = DAHH= EA J= KO JE A = ? IJHK??E @A @E=CH= = B=I HE= @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JAI +K= @ IA IK = B=I HE= A JA = JA IE @A =H =@KH= A > H AI @A = GKE = Ve = ?= @= HAIEIJEL= Re Ie

& & 2 6- +1) ; 2)4 -

+641+

'#

A A ?EH?KEJ @A =H =@KH= O A B=I H Vz A B=I H HAIK J= JA AIJ HEA J=@ A = @EHA??E @A A A ?K=@H=JKH= J= ? IA >IAHL= A = CKH= & $ + ?EA @ = F IE?E @A A A ?K=@H=JKH= @A = GKE = AI F IE> A FH OA?J=H = ? HHEA JA Ie A IKI @ I ? F A JAI Id A Iq + ?E@ A B=I H Id IA @AJAH E = = BKAH = A A?JH JHE FH @K?E@= F H A ?= F IK = @ A J H E j (Xd Xq )Id = ANJHA @A B=I H GKA HAFHAIA J= = JA IE Vz A A @E=CH= = B=I HE= -NFHAI= @ =JA JE?= A JA A F = JA= EA J = JAHE H IA JEA A

AE = D = Ve + Re Ie + jXq Ie = arctan D= Xq Ie cos e Re Ie sin e Ve + Re Ie cos e + Xq Ie sin e

& %  & %! & %" & %# & %$ & %%

(Ve + Re Ie cos e + Xq Ie sin e )2 + (Xq Ie cos e Re Ie sin e )2 |Id | = Id = |Ie | sin(e + ) Ef = AE + j (Xd Xq )Id = D + j (Xd Xq )Id Ef = D + (Xd Xq )Ie sin(e + )

A@E= JA =I ANFHAIE AI = JAHE HAI IA @AJAH E = A @E=CH= = B=I HE= @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JAI ? ?E@= = HAIEIJA ?E= @A AIJ=J H Re =I HA=?J= ?E=I @EHA?J= Xd O ?K=@H=JKH= Xq = JA IE @A =H =@KH= Ve = ? HHEA JA @A =H =@KH= Ie O A CK @A B=?J H @A F JA ?E= A A FK J @A FAH=?E e

&&

2 JA ?E= O F=H A ?JHE?

2=H= ?= ?K =H @A F=H A ?JHE? IA FKA@A KJE E =H =I ANFHAIE AI & " & $ 5E A >=HC =I L=HE=> AI E @AFA @EA JAI @A AIJ= A?K=?E I ?JE?E=I F H AIJ= H= AI ? LA EA JA ANFHAI=H A F=H O = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= A@E= JA L=HE=> AI =I ?E=@=I ? A @E=CH= = B=I HE= =I GKE =I IE ?H E?=I JEA A HA @E EA J I KO = J I F=HJE?K =H A JA ?K= @ I @A CH= F JA ?E= - K = GKE = IE ?H E?= J FE?= = F JA ?E= A? E?= A A A A AI FH ?JE?= A JA ECK= = = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= A > H AI @A = GKE = - F A= @ AIJ= =FH NE =?E AI F IE> A @AI=HH =H ANFHAIE AI @A F=H O @A = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= @AFA @EA JAI @A L=HE=> AI AIKH=> AI A = FH ?JE?= + AIJ=I ? @E?E AI IA JEA A Pm = Tm m Pe = Te e & %& = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= IA @AJAH E = @A = IECKEA JA B H =

Pe (t) = va ia + vb ib + vc ic = vd id + vq iq + v0 i0

& %'

- H CE A FAH = A JA AGKE E>H=@ =I ? HHEA JAI O =I JA IE AI A ? H@A =@=I JH= IB H =@=I I E @AFA @EA JAI @A JEA F = ? HHEA JA O = JA IE @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH I K =I = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= IA ?= ?K = ? Pe (t) = vd id + vq iq = 3Vd 3Id + 3Vq 3Iq = 3(Vd Id + Vq Iq ) & & ,AIFHA?E= @ = ?= @= @A JA IE A = HAIEIJA ?E= Re A A @E=CH= = B=I HE= HAFHAIA J=@ A CKH= & $ IA @A@K?A =I IECKEA JAI HA =?E AI =

Ve cos + Xd Id = Ef Id = Ve sin = Xq Iq Iq = Vd = Ve sin

Ef Ve cos Xd Ve sin Xq

& & & &  & &!

'$

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= 2 JA ?E= =?JEL=

> 2 JA ?E= HA=?JEL=

.ECKH= & % 2 JA ?E= A ?JHE?= @A =

GKE = IE ?H

E?= @A F

I I= EA JAI & &"

Vq = Ve cos
4AA F = = @ =I A?K=?E AI & & = & &" A = ANFHAIE & & IA >JEA A A IECKEA JA HAIK J=@

Pe = 3

Xd Xq 2 Ef Ve sin + 3 V sin 2 Xd 2Xd Xq e

& &#

- IACK @ J H E @A = ANFHAIE = JAHE H @AFA @A @A = @EBAHA ?E= A JHA =I HA=?J= ?E= @A A A @EHA?J O ?K=@H=JKH= - JH=I F= =>H=I @AFA @A @A = L=HE=?E @A HA K?J= ?E= @A ?EH?KEJ =C JE? - FHE AH J H E @AFA @A @A = BKAH = A A?JH JHE Ef FH @K?E@= F H = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F - K = GKE = @A H J H EI AIJA AI A E? J H E @A = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= GKA E JAHLEA A A A FH ?AI @A ? LAHIE @A A AHC = - F=H A ?JHE? IA ?= ?K = @ELE@EA @ = ANFHAIE & &# F H = e LA ?E@=@ = CK =H IE ?H E?= A? E?= m = @ @A p AI A AH @A F=HAI @A F I @A = p GKE = CK IA @A E = CK @A ?=HC= @A = GKE = O HAFHAIA J= = @EBAHA ?E= @A B=IA A JHA = BKAH = A A?JH JHE FH @K?E@= F H A K @A ?= F O = JA IE @A =H =@KH= CK @A ?=HC= @A A A AIJ=@ FK J @A FAH=?E @A = GKE = AI = C = = L=HE=> A @AI E = EA J A A ?=I @A = GKE = @A E @K??E - = CKH= & %(a) IA FHAIA J= A CH ? F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= ? HAIFA?J = CK @A ?=HC= F=H= K = GKE = IE ?H E?= J FE?= E @E?= @ =I @ I ? F A JAI @A = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= O = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= J J= = F JA ?E= =F=HA JA A A AIJ=J H @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= IA ?= ?K = @A = IECKEA JA B H =

Se = 3Ve I e = 3(Vd + jVq )(Id jIq ) = = 3 [(Vd Id + Vq Iq ) + j (Vq Id Vd Iq )] = Pe + jQe

& &$

= A?K=?E = JAHE H @AJAH E = = F JA ?E= =?JEL= O HA=?JEL= @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= = F JA ?E= HA=?JEL= ANFHAI=@= A BK ?E @A =I L=HE=> AI @A @E=CH= = B=I HE= IA >JEA A HAA F = = @ A = ANFHAIE & &# =I HA =?E AI & & = & &"

Qe = 3(Vq Id Vd Iq ) = 3

E f Ve V2 cos 3 e (Xq cos2 + Xd sin2 ) Xd Xd Xq

& &%

- = CKH= & %(b) IA HAFHAIA J= = F JA ?E= HA=?JEL= A BK ?E @A CK @A ?=HC= F=H= K = GKE = IE ?H E?= J FE?= @A F I I= EA JAI - FK J @A FAH=?E @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= GKA@= @A E@ = ? ?AH A L= H @A CK @A ?=HC= - = CKH= & & IA >IAHL= GKA = A@E@= GKA ?K= @ =K A J= = F JA ?E= A JHAC=@= F H = GKE = = IEIJA = A ?JHE? IA E ?HA A J= A L= H @A CK @A ?=HC= 5E A >=HC = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= A BK ?E @A CK @A ?=HC= JEA A K L= H @A F JA ?E= NE = GKA FKA@A A JHAC=H = GKE = 5E F H A IEIJA = A? E? IA A JHAC= K = F JA ?E= =O H AI F IE> A HA= E =H = ? LAHIE @A J @= = F JA ?E= O A AN?AI @EBAHA ?E= =?A AH=H A H J H 5E A H J H @A = GKE = IA =?A AH= A CK @A ?=HC= =K A J=H ? JE K= A JA O = GKE = FAH@AH A IE ?H EI ? A IEIJA = A ?JHE? @A F JA ?E= +K= @ ?KHHA AIJA BA A AI A?AI=HE @AI? A?J=H = GKE =

&' +

8- +1

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1+)

'%

.ECKH= & & 8=HE=?E

@A = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= ?

CK

@A ?=HC= O FK J @A

NE = F JA ?E=

IE ?H E?= @A = HA@ F=H= ALEJ=H =I BKAHJAI I?E =?E AI @A F JA ?E= O = =?A AH=?E @A = GKE = GKA AI ?=F= @A = ?= =H A ELA @A A >= = EA J @A H J H 2=H= @AJAH E =H A CK @A ?=HC= ? HHAIF @EA JA = = NE = F JA ?E= GKA FKA@A A JHAC=H = GKE = IA @AHEL= ? HAIFA?J = AIJA CK = ANFHAIE & &# - A L= H max = @AHEL=@= @A = F JA ?E= ? HAIFA?J = CK @A ?=HC= AI K =

Pe E f Ve Xd Xq 2 = cos + V cos 2 Xd Xd Xq e Pe Ef Ve Xd Xq 2 (max ) = cos max + V cos 2max = 0 Xd Xd Xq e

4A? H@= @ = E@A JE@=@ JHEC ? K = A?K=?E ?K=@H JE?= JHE?= cos 2 2 cos2 1 5A FKA@A ANFHAI=H = A?K=?E

& && & &' & &' & '

2
5E F E ?= @

Xd Xq 2 E f Ve Xd Xq 2 V cos2 max + cos max V =0 Xd Xq e Xd Xd Xq e

= JAHE H IA FKA@A >JA AH

= ANFHAIE

cos2 max +
+KO= I K?E AI

1 Xq Ef 1 cos max = 0 2 Xd Xq Ve 2

& '

max = arc cos

1 Xq Ef + 16(Xd Xq )2 Ve 2 4(Xd Xq )Ve

2E2 Xq f

& '  ECK= AI O A & '!

2=H= =I GKE =I IE ?H E?=I @A H J H EI =I HA=?J= ?E=I @EHA?J= O ?K=@H=JKH= I AIJA ?=I IA >JEA A = F=HJEH @A = ANFHAIE & &'

max = arc cos(0) =

E f Ve Pe max = 2 Xs

&'
-

LA ?E

AI @A =

GKE = IE ?H

E?=

= IA??E & % IA @AI=HH A @E=CH= = B=I HE= @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= F=H= =I ? LA ?E AI J H O CA AH=@ H HAIFA?JEL= A JA -IJ=I @ I ? LA ?E AI IA @EBAHA ?E= J= I A = HABAHA ?E=

'&

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@A ?EH?K =?E @A =I ? HHEA JAI @A =H =@KH= - = ? LA ?E CA AH=@ H K L= H F IEJEL @A = F JA ?E= E F E?= K @A A AHC = @AI@A A IEIJA = A? E? D=?E= A IEIJA = A ?JHE? @A F JA ?E= = ? LA ?E J H I L= HAI F IEJEL I HAFHAIA J= =>I H?E @A F JA ?E= @A = HA@ O IK A JHAC= F H A A A A? E? - = > I ?=I I = F JA ?E= IA ?= ?K = A@E= JA = EI = ANFHAIE B=I HE=

S V I = V I (cos + j sin )
@ @A

& '"

= V I AI A

CK

@A =JH=I @A = ? HHEA JA ?

HAIFA?J = = JA IE

= ANFHAIE & '" @A A ? HABAHA ?E= = F JA ?E= HA=?JEL= E @K?JEL= 5E = ? HHEA JA AIJ HAJH=I=@= B=I HE= A JA ? HAIFA?J = = JA IE = IAH ? KC=@= A J H E E =CE =HE AI F IEJEL $ ,A AIJ= B H = GKA@= ? F AJ= A JA @A E@ I ? HAIFA?J = = F JA ?E= =?JEL= O HA=?JEL= I ?K=JH ?K=@H= JAI A GKA FKA@A ?= E =HIA = ? HHEA JA @A =H =@KH= @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= A =I @ I ? LA ?E AI I KJE E =@=I% - = CKH= & ' (a) O (b) IA HAIK A I =IFA?J I O @A E?E AI I HAI= J= JAI @A AIJ=I @ I ? LA ?E AI - = ? LA ?E CA AH=@ H K CA AH=@ H E @K?JEL A JHAC= F JA ?E= HA=?JEL= = = HA@ O K CA AH=@ H ?=F=?EJEL = ? IK A 7 J H E @K?JEL A ? LA ?E J H ? IK A F JA ?E= HA=?JEL= E @K?JEL= = ? LA ?E @A A A IA JE@ @A HABAHA ?E= @A E JAH?= >E 5EA FHA IA KJE E = A ? ?AFJ @A F JA ?E= HA=?JEL= E @K?JEL= F=H= = JA AH = ? DAHA ?E= @A = @A E?E & '" - = CKH= & ' (c) O (d) IA FHAIA J= I @E=CH= = B=I HE= AI @A K = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JAI A ? LA ?E CA AH=@ H O A ? LA ?E J H ?K= @ IA A ?KA JH= CA AH= @ D=?E= = HA@ F JA ?E= =?JEL= O HA=?JEL= E @K?JEL= 5A >IAHL= A AIJ I @ I @E=CH= =I GKA =K ?K= @ = ? HHEA JA IA E LEAHJA @A IA JE@ A JHA = >=I ? LA ?E AI =I ?= @=I @A JA IE FH @K?E@=I F H = ? HHEA JA @A =H =@KH= J= >E ?= >E= O I @E=CH= =I B=I HE= AI A =I @ I ? LA ?E AI HAFH @K?A I EI I HAIK J=@ I

& 

8= HAI

E = AI @A =

GKE = IE ?H

E?=

6= J I JH= IB H =@ HAI =I GKE =I @A ? HHEA JA ? GKE =I IE ?H E?=I F IAA K ? K J @A L= HAI IKI EJAI @A FAH=?E A H CE A FAH = A JA I EJAI J H E? I @A ? LAHJE@ H 5E AIJ I EJAI @A JA FH C=@ I @A JEA F IA FH @K?A K H FE@ A LA A?E @AJAHE H FHA =JKH @A = EI = I @=J I @A F =?= @A  = ? HHEA JA E = @A =H =@KH=

JE K= =I GKE =I @A E @K??E ? =I E = AI @=J I @A F =?= GKA @AJAH E = L= HAI E = AI AIJ @A E@ I F H I FAH=JKH= I AN?A@E@ I @KH= JA FAH @ I EA J @A =EI = EA J @A = GKE = O K =I GKE =I IE ?H E?=I I I IECKEA JAI

-IJ @AJAH E =@= F H =I F H@E@=I K A @A =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H O F H =I ?=H=?JAH IJE ?=I J H E?=I @A = GKE = =I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I B IE?=I O GK E?=I @A I =JAHE= AI KJE E =@ I A A =EI = EA J @A I @AL= =@ I @A =H =@KH= @A A = NE = JA FAH=JKH= @A FAH=?E GKA FAH EJA AIJ I =JAHE= AI IE GKA IA FH @K ?= K = @ACH=@=?E FHA =JKH= @A I EI I - IEIJA = @A E JAH?= >E @A ?= H KAC= K F=FA E F HJ= JA F HGKA = A@E@= GKA =K A J= = ?=F=?E@=@ @A ANJH=??E @A ?= H AI F IE> A E ?HA A J=H =I F H@E@=I IE =K A J=H = JA FAH=JKH= NE = @A =I > >E =I - B=>HE?= JA @A A @KH= JA = AJ=F= @A @EIA O F IJA HE H A JA A A >= ? @A FHKA>=I A L= H NE @A = ? HHEA JA @A =H =@KH= GKA AN?A@A = JA FAH=JKH= NE = @A =EI = EA J ? A IEIJA = @A HABHECAH=?E KJE E =@ F H = GKE = ,KH= JA = FAH=?E @A = GKE = AIJA L= H FKA@A IAH I >HAF=I=@ F H K ?EAHJ JEA F
$ )K ?K= @ = A?AIE@=@ @A ? KC=H K @A I @ I B=I HAI AI F=H= @AJAH E =H A CK A JHA A I F H @EBAHA ?E= @A IKI HAIFA?JEL=I B=IAI IE IA ? KC= = ? HHEA JA = HABAHA ?E= AI = F JA ?E= HA=?JEL= E @K?JEL= O IE IA ? KC= = JA IE = HABAHA ?E= AI = F JA ?E= HA=?JEL= ?=F=?EJEL= % J H CA AH=@ H E @K?JEL

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LA ?E

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LA ?E

J H

? +

LA ?E

CA AH=@ H

@ +

LA ?E

J H

.ECKH= & ' +

LA ?E

AI

J H O CA AH=@ H E @K?JEL I @A =

GKE = IE ?H

E?=

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=K ?K= @ AN?A@AH = ? HHEA JA E = @A =H =@KH= @KH= JA FAHE @ I FH A H CE A FAH = A JA HA@K?A = LE@= JE @A = GKE = = JA IE E = @A =H =@KH=

C=@ I @A JEA F

= JA IE E = AIJ @AJAH E =@= F H =I F H@E@=I A A =JAHE= =C JE? @A = GKE = =I F H@E@=I F H DEIJ HAIEI O F H ? HHEA JAI F=H IEJ=I @AFA @A @A = @A IE@=@ @A K NE A A DEAHH = JA IE =F E?=@= = =I > >E =I AI =FH NE =@= A JA ECK= = = BKAH = A A?JH JHE A A @AL= =@ ?K= @ IA @AIFHA?E= =I F H@E@=I HAIEIJEL=I = BKAH = A A?JH JHE A =I > >E =I AI ECK= = = @AHEL=@= ? HAIFA?J = JEA F @A I A =?AI @A K 2=H= AN?EJ=?E AI IE KI E@= AI @A =I > >E =I @A = GKE = IA >JEA A = F=HJEH @A = AO @A .=H=@=O = IECKEA JA ANFHAIE Ve = Ee = 2f Ne max = 4, 44f Ne A Bmax & '# + A = ANFHAIE & '# = BHA?KA ?E= f A AH @A LKA J=I @A = > >E = Ne O A HA= A @A = IA??E JH= ILAHI= @A A H =@ I ? IJ= JAI = @A IE@=@ @A K NE @AFA @A @EHA?J= A JA @A = JA IE @A =H =@KH= 2 H AIJ= H= A B=>HE?= JA @A A K L= H E = @A = JA IE @A =H =@KH= GKA FAH EJA KJE E =H K = @A IE@=@ @A K ?AH?= = = ? @ @A I=JKH=?E @A =JAHE= =C JE? @ @A =I F H@E@=I @A DEAHH I HA =JEL= A JA HA@K?E@=I b - = FH ?JE?= =I @A IE@=@AI @A K @A @EIA IA A ?KA JH= A JHA 1, 0 O 1, 4 W I m2 F=H= =JAHE= AI BAHH =C JE? I @A CH= HEA J=@ KJE E =@ I D=>EJK= A JA A = ? IJHK??E @A =I GKE =I A ?JHE?=I H J=JEL=I ! = F JA ?E= =F=HA JA E =

= F JA ?E= =F=HA JA E = HAIK A A K L= H @A HEJ = ? HHEA JA O JA IE E = @A =H =@KH= =K ?K= @ HAFHAIA J= A IE EI K EJA J H E? - A IEIJA = JHEB IE? >= = ?A=@ = F JA ?E= =F=HA JA E = AI ll l ln l Sn = 3Vn In = 3Vn In & '$ = GKE = IE ?H E?= FKA@A FAH=H ? F JA ?E= =F=HA JA E = A E EJ I FK J I ? @EBAHA JAI CK I @A @AIB=I= A A JHA = JA IE O = ? HHEA JA @A =H =@KH= - = CKH= &  IA HAFHAIA J= I @E=CH= =I B=I HE= AI @A = GKE = F=H= @ I B=?J HAI @A F JA ?E= J=> AI K EJ=HE O ?AH E @K?JEL - A IACK @ ?=I IA >IAHL= GKA AI A?AI=HE= K = BKAH = A A?JH JHE =O H " - B=?J H @A F JA ?E= E =

- = CKH= &  IA >IAHL= GKA F=H= = JA AH K B=?J H @A F JA ?E= E @K?JEL AI A?AI= HE= K = =O H BKAH = A A?JH JHE FH @K?E@= F H A K @A ?= F @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= = BKAH = A A?JH JHE @AFA @A @EHA?J= A JA @A = ? HHEA JA if GKA ?EH?K = F H = > >E = @A ?= F )K ?K= @ AIJ= > >E = = A = K = FAGKA = BH=??E @A = F JA ?E= =F=HA JA E = @A =H =@KH= =I F H@E@=I HAIEIJEL=I @A ? @K?J H FH @K?A ?= A J= EA J ?= A = EI = 2 H AIJ= H= AI A?AI=HE E F AH K L= H @A ? HHEA JA @A ?= F GKA C=H= JE?A A BK ?E = EA J A H CE A FAH = A JA @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= IE A LA A?AH FHA =JKH= A JA A =EI = EA J @A AIJ= > >E = + = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F AIJ E EJ=@= = K L= H NE A H CE A FAH = A JA J= >E GKA@= E EJ=@= = NE = BKAH = A A?JH JHE FH @K?E@= F H = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F ) A@E@= GKA IA HA@K?A A B=?J H @A F JA ?E= @A = GKE = @KH= JA = FAH=?E = F JA ?E= =F=HA JA E = IA E ?HA A J= = BKAH = A A?JH JHE A?AI=HE= F=H= = JA AH A FK J @A FAH=?E - B=?J H @A F JA ?E= F=H= A ?K= = BKAH = A A?JH JHE FH @K?E@= F H A ?= F AI NE = IA @A A ? B=?J H @A F JA ?E= E = - B=>HE?= JA

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= ? HHEA JA @A ?= F

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= ? HHEA JA @A ?= F E @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= ?K= -IJ= ? HHEA JA AI E BAHE H = = E = A =I ? @E?E AI $ = LA ?E@=@ E =

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N@ NG 2A

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Ef = Ve + Xd Ie , si cos = 0 Xd =

Ef Ve Ie

& 

7 = = JAH =JEL= ? IEIJA A = K =H = BKAH = A A?JH JHE FH @K?E@= F H A ?= F HA@K?EA @ F=K =JE = A JA = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F = ?AH A AIA A J IA >JEA A = F=HJEH @A = ANFHAIE &  = HA=?J= ?E= @A A A @EHA?J @A = GKE = ? A ? ?EA JA A JHA = JA IE O = ? HHEA JA @A =H = @KH= JH @A I J @ IA BK @= A J= J= >E A = ANFHAIE &  FAH @AJAH E = = BKAH = A A?JH JHE Ef @AI? A?J= @ = =H =@KH= O E@EA @ = JA IE A > H AI = ?K= ? E ?E@A AN=? J= A JA ? = BKAH = A A?JH JHE @A = GKE = A L=? -IJA J @ IA FKA@A IE F E ?=H =K I IE = GKE = IA A ?KA JH= FHALE= A JA A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ CEH= @ = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= ? K = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F J= GKA BKAH?A = ?EH?K =?E @A = ? HHEA JA E = F H = =H =@KH= 5E A AIJA FHA?EI E IJ= JA IA @AI? A?J= = =H =@KH= @A = GKE = = JA IE A > H AI AI ECK= = = BKAH = A A?JH JHE E JAH = @KH= JA A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ O A ? ?EA JA ? = ? HHEA JA E = @A =H =@KH= @AJAH E = = HA=?J= ?E= @A A A @EHA?J @A = GKE = = @EI?KIE = JAHE H AI L E@= J= >E F=H= =I GKE =I IE ?H E?=I @A H J H EI = HA=?J= ?E= @A A A @EHA?J AI ECK= = = HA=?J= ?E= @A A A ?K=@H=JKH= O IE IA =F E?= I A I=O I KJE E =@ I F=H= = @AJAH E =?E @A = HA=?J= ?E= @A A A @EHA?J IA FKA@A >JA AH ? A EI FH ?A@E EA J A L= H @A = HA=?J= ?E= IE ?H E?= @A K = GKE = @A H J H EI = HA=?J= ?E= @A A A ?K=@H=JKH= IA FKA@A @AJAH E =H = F=HJEH @A = A@E?E @A K FK J @A FAH=?E @AJAH E =@ IE IA ? ?A J @=I =I L=HE=> AI O F=H AJH I @A = GKE = + ?E@= = F JA ?E= JA IE @A =H =@KH= BKAH = A A?JH JHE CK @A ?=HC= O HA=?J= ?E= @A A A @EHA?J AI F IE> A >JA AH A L= H @A = HA=?J= ?E= ?K=@H=JKH= @A = GKE = = F=HJEH @A = ANFHAIE & &#

Xq =

Xd 2(Xd Pe Ef Va sin ) 2 sin 2 Ve

+1

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Xd Xq

= Xmd + Xd = Xmq + Xq

& ! @A EH ELA @A EA @ Ee IA & "

5AF=H= @ =I HA=?J= ?E=I @A BKC= O =C AJE =?E E @E?=@=I A = ANFHAIE & ! IA FKA@A K = KAL= BKAH = A A?JH JHE @AJH I @A =I HA=?J= ?E=I @A BKC= @A = GKE = GKA E @E?= A I=JKH=?E = GKA IA A ?KA JH= I AJE@=I =I HA=?J= ?E=I @A =C AJE =?E @A = GKE = )IK GKA =I HA=?J= ?E=I @A BKC= @A I @ I A AI I FH ?JE?= A JA ECK= AI = BKAH = A A?JH JHE AL= = A@E= JA = ANFHAIE IECKEA JA

Ee = Ve + jX Ie

- = CKH= & & IA FHAIA J= K = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A =C AJE =?E ?KHL= A L=? J FE?= @ @A IA D= E @E?=@ =I =I J J=I GKA FAH EJA E A= E =H 2=H= = = E =H = I=JKH=?E @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= AI A?AI=HE @AI? F AH =I BKAH =I =C A J JHE?AI FH @K?E@=I F H ?=@= A A = BKAH = =C AJ JHE @A =H =@KH= AIJ HEA J=@= IAC = @EHA??E @A = ? HHEA JA @A =H =@KH= O IA FKA@A @AI? F AH A @ I ? F A JAI K = A = @EHA??E @A A A @EHA?J =I ?E=@= ? = ? HHEA JA @A A A @EHA?J O JH= IAC = @EHA??E @A A A ?K= @H=JKH= =I ?E=@= ? = ? HHEA JA @A A A ?K=@H=JKH= = BKAH = A A?JH JHE @A ?= F AIJ @EHECE@= IAC A A A ?K=@H=JKH= O @A>A IAH FH @K?E@= F H K = BKAH = =C AJ JHE GKA AIJ =@A = J=@= 90 ? HAIFA?J = A = ,A AIJ= B H = A @E=CH= = @A BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= AI IE E =H = GKA IA >IAHL= A = CKH= & ' =I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI HEA J=@=I A = @EHA??E @A A A ?K=@H=JKH= =?J = I >HA HA K?J= ?E=I CH= @AI @A>E@ = GKA A AIJ= = A A JHADEAHH @A = GKE = AI ? IE@AH=> A 2 H AIJA JEL =I HA=?J= ?E=I @A E@=I F H I K I FH @K?E@ I F H AIJ=I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI AIJ =BA?J=@ I F H I BA A I @A I=JKH=?E - A A A @EHA?J = IEJK=?E AI @EBAHA JA I K I @A A A @EHA?J I FH F H?E = AI = =I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI GKA I FH @K?A @AFA @A @A ELA CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E = ?= =@ F H = GKE = A IK FK J @A FAH=?E - = CKH= IA FHAIA J= K @E=CH= = B=I HE= @ @A IA KAIJH= =I BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI O K I A I @EBAHA JAI A AI @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JAI =I BKAH =I =C AJ JHE?AI @A I A AI @EHA?J O ?K=@H=JKH= IA FKA@A IK =H F HGKA AIJ =F E ?=@=I I >HA ?= E I =C JE? I @EBAHA JAI ? HA K?J= ?E=I @EBAHA JAI 7 = FAGKA = BKAH = =C A J JHE HAIK J= JA I >HA A A A @EHA?J FH @K?A K K @A CH= =C EJK@ @A>E@ = GKA AIJA A A F IAA

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1 1 Ef = Ldf if = Ne Nf df if 3 3

- =I @ I ANFHAIE AI = JAHE HAI IA >IAHL= GKA =I FAH A= =I @A I ?= E I =C JE? I I ECK= AI F H AIJ= H= IA KJE E = = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A =C AJE =?E ?KHL= @A L=? F=H= AL= K=H = FAH A= = @A ?= E =C JE? - = CKH= & ' IA >IAHL= GKA F=H= FH @K?EH K = @AJAH E = BKAH = A A?JH JHE Eq AI A?AI=HE= = ? HHEA JA if 0 F=H= K = GKE = E A= O if sat F=H= = GKE = I=JKH=@= A@E= JA = ANFHAIE & $ IA @A@K?A = IECKEA JA HA =?E A JHA = FAH A= = I=JKH=@= O E A= @A = GKE = F=H= A ?= E =C JE? GKA K A = ?= F ? = > >E = @A A A @EHA?J

1 1 Eeq = Ne Nf df lin if 0 = Ne Nf df sat if sat 3 3

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Xmd lin df lin = s s

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= ANFHAIE = JAHE H E @E?= GKA = HA=?J= ?E= @A =C AJE =?E I=JKH=@= Xmd sat AI A H GKA = HA=?J= ?E= E A= Xmd lin @A>E@ = GKA A CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E s AI IEA FHA =O H ECK= = = K E@=@ IAC = @A E?E & & = HA=?J= ?E= I=JKH=@= J J= @A A A @EHA?J IA ?= ?K = = =@EA @ =

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GKE = -IJ=

Xd sat = Xmdsat + X =

Xmd lin Xd lin X 1 s1 + X = + X = Xd lin + X s s s s

& 

+ ?E@=I =I HA=?J= ?E=I @A = GKE = A K FK J @A FAH=?E @AJAH E =@ IA FKA@A >JA AH A @E=CH= = B=I HE= ? F AJ + ?E@= = =C EJK@ @A = BKAH = A A?JH JHE FH @K?E@= F H A ?= F AI F IE> A ?= ?K =H = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F A?AI=HE= = F=HJEH @A = ANFHAIE & $

1 1 df lin 1 Ldf lin Ef sat = Ne Nf df sat if = Ne Nf if = if s s 3 3 3

F H J= J

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Eeq 1 if 0 if = if Ef sat = Ldf lin if sat if sat 3

&  

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- = EIEI @A = I=JKH=?E @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A H J H EI FHAIA J= K E ? LA EA JA FH ?JE? - = GKE = @A F I I= EA JAI = HA=?J= ?E= @A A A ?K=@H=JKH= IA I=JKH= @A>E@ = GKA A AIJA A A = HA K?J= ?E= AI KO CH= @A I H J HAI EI I AIJA DA?D AI @EBAHA JA O = HA=?J= ?E= @A A A ?K=@H=JKH= J= >E IA I=JKH= 5E AIJ= HA=?J= ?E= AIJ I=JKH=@= O A CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E @AFA @A @A FK J @A FAH=?E @A = GKE = AI F IE> A AL= K=H @EHA?J= A JA A L= H @A AIJ= HA=?J= ?E= IE @AJAH E =H FHALE= A JA = F IE?E @A A A ?K=@H=JKH= + AIJ= F IE?E AIJ E @AJAH E =@= IA KJE E = K FH ?AI EJAH=JEL F=H= ?= E =H A A A - FHE ?EFE IA FKA@A ? IE@AH=H GKA = GKE = AIJ I=JKH=@= A A A A ?K=@H=JKH= O ?= ?K =H ? AIJ= =FH NE =?E = FH OA??E @A = BKAH = A A?JH JHE Ee I >HA A A A @EHA?J + AIJ= FH OA??E IA @AJAH E = A CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E @A A A ?K=@H=JKH= A@E= JA A FH ?A@E EA J @AI?HEJ = JAHE H A JA F=H= A A A @EHA?J -IJ= FHE AH= =FH NE =?E = CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E IA KJE E = F=H= ? HHACEH = HA=?J= ?E= @A A A ?K=@H=JKH= O HA?= ?K =H = F IE?E @A AIJA A A + = KAL= F IE?E IA HAFEJA J @ I I F=I I = JAHE HAI D=IJ= GKA A CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E A = EJAH=??E = JAHE H O = =?JK= ? LAH = = K L= H @A AHH H E BAHE H = GKA IA D= AIFA?E ?=@ FHALE= A JA ) F=HJEH @A AIJA FK J A @E=CH= = B=I HE= IA @AJAH E = @A ECK= B H = GKA A A ?=I @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JAI @A>E@ = GKA = F IE?E @A I A AI @A = GKE = GKA@= ? F AJ= A JA @A E@= - FHAIA ?E= @A I=JKH=?E =I HA=?J= ?E=I @A A A @EHA?J O ?K=@H=JKH= @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A H J H EI I @EBAHA JAI

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& $

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E?= A A IEIJA = A ?JHE?

= GKE = IE ?H E?= IA FKA@A KJE E =H ? CA AH=@ H J= J F=H= = E A J=H ?=HC=I =EI =@=I ? F=H= A JHAC=H F JA ?E= = K IEIJA = A ?JHE? @A F JA ?E= 2=H= E ?HA A J=H = ?= JE@=@ @A F JA ?E= AI A?AI=HE =K A J=H A K @A L=F H =CK= C=I GKA AIJ ?EH?K = @ F H = JKH>E = @A =??E = EA J ) E ?HA A J= = F JA ?E= @A =??E = EA J @A K CA AH=@ H GKA = E A J= = K = ?=HC= =EI =@= =I =I=I H J= JAI @A IEIJA = IA =?A AH= O =K A J= = BHA?KA ?E= O = BKAH = A A?JH JHE -IJ=I KAL=I ? @E?E AI @A FAH=?E @A>A IAH ? HHACE@=I A@E= JA K ? JH =@ H @A LA ?E@=@ O JA IE GKA = JA C= @A JH @A I EJAI J AH=> AI = AIJ=I L=HE=> AI -IJA ? JH =@ H @A>A HA= E =H IKI BK ?E AI = JA JH I JEF I @A FAHJKH>=?E AI ? FKA@A IAH L=HE=?E AI @A = ?=HC= A ?JHE?= @A IEIJA = - ? JH =@ H @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A>A =?JK=H I >HA A IEIJA = @A =??E = EA J A? E? F=H= HACK =H = LA ?E@=@ O I >HA = AN?EJ=JHE ?= F F=H= HACK =H = JA IE A > H AI = JA L=HE=?E AI @A = ?=HC= + AIJ=I @ I =??E AI @A ? JH AI F IE> A C=H= JE =H K IK E EIJH @A JA IE O BHA?KA ?E= ? IJ= JA = K = ?=HC= =EI =@= E @AFA @EA JA A JA @A ELA @A @A = @= @A F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= = GKA AIJ IEA @ I AJE@ A CA AH=@ H - = CKH= &  IA D= HAFHAIA J=@ A @E=CH= = @A K CA AH=@ H IE ?H E? GKA = E A J= = K = ?=HC= =EI =@= O AI ? JH =@ A LA ?E@=@ O JA IE +K= @ = GKE = IE ?H E?= E OA?J= F JA ?E= = K IEIJA = A ?JHE? @A F JA ?E= AI E @EI FA I=> A HACK =H = JA IE O LA ?E@=@ F HGKA AIJ=I BK ?E AI I HA= E =@=I F H A =? F = EA J GKE = IEIJA = ) =K A J=H A ?=K@= @A KE@ A AHC JE? GKA ?EH?K = F H = GKE = JHE IA E ?HA A J= A F=H @A =??E = EA J O = F JA ?E= A? E?= E OA?J=@= F H A A A A? E? = LA ?E@=@ A? E?= FAH = A?A FH ?JE?= A JA ? IJ= JA @KH= JA AIJA FH ?AI E ?HA A J @ IA =

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J=@=I = DA ? E? GKE F O

# +K= @ IA AIFA?E ?= A K @A F JA ?E=I =?JEL=I HA=?JEL=I @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= AI A ?AI=HE A F A=H =I ANFHAIE AI @A F=H F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= A BK ?E @A I F=H AJH I @A CK @A ?=HC= @A = BKAH = A A?JH JHE @A ?= F O = JA IE @A IEIJA = A ?JHE? @A F JA ?E= F=H= @AJAH E =H = ? @E?E @A FAH=?E -IJ=I ANFHAIE AI I K = DAHH= EA J= KO E F HJ= JA F=H= = = E =H A ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = ?K= @ IA ? ?A = JA IE @A = HA@ = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F A K @A F JA ?E= O I F=H AJH I

=I A?K=?E AI @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= IA FKA@A ANFHAI=H J= J A ? LA ?E J H? CA AH=@ H A = > I ?=I I AI D=>EJK= KJE E =H = ? LA ?E @A F JA ?E= HA=?JEL= E @K?JEL= = @EBAHA ?E= @A = >=I ? LA ?E AI HAIE@A A = @EHA??E IA A??E =@= @A =I ? HHEA JAI @A AIJ=J H - A ?=I @A J H IA IKF A GKA =I ? HHEA JAI A JH= @AI@A A IEIJA = @A F JA ?E= D=?E= = GKE = EA JH=I GKA A = ? LA ?E CA AH=@ H =I ? HHEA JAI @A = =H =@KH= IA @EHECA @AI@A = GKE = D=?E= = HA@ - = >=I ? LA ?E AI IA ? IE@AH= GKA = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F A JH= D=?E= A FK J @A F =HE@=@ @A = > >E =

= GKE = IE ?H E?= @A A ? FK J E = L=HE=I =C EJK@AI GKA @AJAH E = K FK J @A FAH=?E A H CE A FAH = A JA GKA A AL= = JA FAH=JKH= D=IJ= A FK J @ @A A B=>HE?= JA FKA@A C=H= JE =H A ?K F E EA J @A = LE@= A@E= @A AGKEF 6A IE ? HHEA JA F JA ?E= LA ?E@=@ BHA?KA ?E= O B=?J H @A F JA ?E= E = I I @=J I FHE ?EF= AI I FK J I E = AI AIJ=> A?A EJAI J H E? I O FAH=JEL I GKA FKA@A IAH HAFHAIA J=@ I ? KC=HAI CA JHE? I GKA @A A =I @ @A = FAH=?E @A = GKE = AI B=?JE> A

&

= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A L=? @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= FAH EJA HAFHAIA J=H A ABA?J @A = I=JKH= ?E @A ?EH?KEJ =C JE? 2=H= K FK J @A FAH=?E @AJAH E =@ IA >JEA A A CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E ? F=H= @ = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F HAGKAHE@= F=H= = JA AH A A =?A @A K A ? @E?E AI @A E A= E@=@ O @A I=JKH=?E + A CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E >JA E@ IA ? HHECA =I HA=?J= ?E=I @A A A @EHA?J O IA FH IECKA ? A = EIEI KJE E = @ >EA IA= A @E=CH= = B=I HE= =I A?K=?E AI @A F JA ?E=

'

I ? JH AI @A F JA ?E= =?JEL= O HA=?JEL= GKA I F IE> AI ? =I GKE =I IE ?H E?=I @A A JHAI JEF I @A >=HH=I @EBAHA JAI A I AIJK@E I @A K @A ?=HC= P Q P V O I =? +K= @ = JKH>E = ? JH = = F JA ?E= =?JEL= O = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F = F JA ?E= HA=?JEL= = >=HH= IA @A A ? P Q 5E A KC=H @A ? JH =H A K @A HA=?JEL I IA ? JH = = JA IE @A = >=HH= IA JEA A K = P V O ?K= @ IA A JHAC= = F JA ?E= A?AI=HE= F=H= = JA AH = BHA?KA ?E= @A = HA@ AIJ= I A FHAIA ?E= @A K = >=HH= I =? = IA A??E =FH FE=@= @A AIJ=I >=HH=I A I FK J I @A CA AH=?E @AJAH E = A K @A F JA ?E= =?JEL= O HA=?JEL= F H = HA@

!&

+)2 67

&

371 ) 51 +4

1+)

& &
-A F
7 =

- A F I HAIKA J I
 ) EIEI @A =
E?= @A F

GKE = IE I=JKH=?E
I I= EA JAI F IAA I IECKEA JAI @=J I @A F =?=

GKE = IE ?H

Sn 10 kV A

Vn 230 V

cos n 0, 7

if n 5A

if max 8, 33 A

f 60 Hz

+ ? @A I=@ H IE ?H E? = GKE = A JHAC= = = HA@ 8, 319 kV AR ?K= @ AI AN?EJ=@= ? = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F NE = ,AJAH E A  =I HA=?J= ?E=I Xd O Xq @A = GKE = = GKE = E OA?J= = = HA@ 5 kW ? E = ?

I HA=?JEL I GKA =F HJ= = GKE = = IEIJA = ?K= @ =I ? HHEA JAI @A ?= F E = O NE = !

= ? HHEA JA @A ?= F A?AI=HE= F=H= = JA AH = 240 V = F JA ?E= =?JEL= J H ? A B=?J H @A F JA ?E= E = O ? B=?J H @A F JA ?E= K EJ=HE

5 K?E
 =I HA=?J= ?E=I Xd O Xq @A = GKE = = HA=?J= ?E= @A A A @EHA?J Xd IA FKA@A @AJAH E =H @EHA?J= A JA @A ? ? @A I=@ H IE ?H E? I @=J I @A FAH=?E

Xd =

Ef max Ven = Ie

if max if n

Ven

0jQcond Ven

1, 666 1 = 0, 8 pu 0, 8319

= @AJAH E =?E @A = HA=?J= ?E= ?K=@H=JKH= IA FKA@A >JA AH A@E= JA = FAH=?E A A FK J E = ,A>E@ = = =JKH= A = E A= @A =I A?K=?E AI E L K?H=@=I AI I IE F A HA= E =H K = J=> = @ @A IA ?= ?K A A L= H @A = BKAH = A A?JH JHE @A ?= F Ef A BK ?E @A F IE> A L= H @A AIJ= HA=?J= ?E= - HAIK J=@ >KI?=@ IA >JEA A ?K= @ F=H= K @AJAH E =@ L= H @A Xq ? E ?E@A Ef ? Ef max F=H= =I ? @E?E AI ? HHAIF @EA JAI = FK J E = - = C HEJ FH FKAIJ HAGKEAHA I IECKEA JAI ? ?K I

Ien =

2 P2 Pen Sen Pen Qen en = = 1 45, 57 Ven Ven

Dn = Ven + jXq Ien sin n = m(Dn ) n = arcsin(sin n ) |Dn | Id = |Ien | sin(n n ) Ef = |Dn | + (Xd Xq ) Id
- = IECKEA JA J=> = IA FHAIA J= =I BKAH =I A A?JH HA=?J= ?E= ?K=@H=JKH= A JHA 0, 4 O 0, 8 pu JHE?AI >JA E@=I F=H= K >=HHE@ @A =

cos n = 0, 7 n = arc cos(cos n ) = 45, 57

Xq Ef
-

0, 4 1, 655

0, 5 1, 662

0, 6 1, 666

0, 7 1, 668

0, 8 1, 669

= J=> = = JAHE H IA >IAHL= GKA F=H= K L= H @A = HA=?J= ?E= Xq = 0, 6 pu = BKAH = A A?JH JHE @A ?= F ? E ?E@A ? = CA AH=@= F H = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F NE = if max = 1, 666 pu ? HHAIF @EA JA = L= H AIFAH=@ F=H= = FAH=?E A A FK J E =

& & - - 2

5 4-57- 6 5 =

!' GKE = E OA?J= = = HA@ 5 kW ? & &#'

I HA=?JEL I GKA =F HJ= = GKE = = IEIJA = ?K= @ =I ? HHEA JAI @A ?= F E = O NE = 2=H= ?= ?K =H AIJ I HA=?JEL I IA FKA@A KJE E =H = ANFHAIE

Pe =

Ef Ve V2 1 1 sin + e ( ) sin 2 Xd 2 Xq Xd
E = if n

+K= @ F H A ?= F ?EH?K = = ? HHEA JA

0, 5 = 1, 25 sin + 0, 2083 sin 2 (if n ) = 0, 3085 rad = 17, 67

5E A ?= F AIJ AN?EJ=@ ? = ? HHEA JA NE = if max

0, 5 = 2, 0825 sin + 0, 2083 sin 2 (if max ) = 0, 2022 rad = 11, 58

+ I CK I @A ?=HC= IA FKA@A >JA AH =I F JA ?E=I HA=?JEL=I ? HHAIF = ANFHAIE & &% Ve2 E f Ve cos (Xq cos2 + Xd sin2 ) Qe = Xd Xd Xq @EA JAI KJE E = @

Qe (if n ) = 1, 25 cos 17, 67 2, 0818 (0, 6 cos2 17, 67 + 0, 8 sin2 17, 67 ) = 0, 0974 pu Qe (if max ) = 2, 0825 cos 11, 58 2, 0818 (0, 6 cos2 11, 58 + 0, 8 sin2 11, 58 ) = 0, 7727 pu
= ? FH >=?E @A AIJ=I I K?E AI FKA@A IAH >JA E@= HA= E = @ CH= =I B=I HE= AI J= ? IA KAIJH= A =I CKH=I IECKEA JAI I ? HHAIF @EA JAI @E=

=I ? HHEA JAI @A ?= F A?AI=HE= F=H= = JA AH = 240 V = F JA ?E= =?JEL= J H ? B=?J H @A F JA ?E= E = O ? B=?J H @A F JA ?E= K EJ=HE

E = ?

- AIJA ?=I A @E=CH= = B=I HE= AI = DAHH= EA J= I =FH FE=@= F=H= @AJAH E =H =I ? HHEA JAI @A ?= F A?AI=HE=I F=H= = JA AH I FK J I @A FAH=?E IA = =@ I = JA IE GKA AI A?AI=HE = JA AH A = >=HH= AI 1, 0435 pu =I ? HHEA JAI A?AI=HE=I F=H= = JA AH = F JA ?E= =?JEL= E = ? B=?J H @A F JA ?E= E = O K EJ=HE I

Ie (Pn , cos n ) =
IE
' -

0, 7 j 0, 71 Pn jPn tan n = = 0, 9583 134, 43 pu Ve 1, 0435

AIJ= ANFHAIE = @A K E@=@AI

A J H E

3 @AI=F=HA?A ?K= @ IA KJE E = K = >=IA JHEB IE?= @A F JA ?E= A A IEIJA = =@E A

! 

+)2 67

&

371 ) 51 +4

1+)

Ie (Pn , cos = 1) =

Pn j 0 0, 7 j 0 = = 0, 6708180 pu Ve 1, 0435
JHE?AI

2=H= @AJAH E =H =I ? HHEA JAI @A ?= F AI A?AI=HE ?= ?K =H =I BKAH =I A A?JH

D(cos n ) = Ve + jXq Ie (Pn , cos n ) = 1, 4106 j 0, 4025 pu = 1, 4669 15, 93 D(cos = 1) = Ve + jXq Ie (Pn , cos = 1) = 1, 0000 j 0, 4025 pu = 1, 0780 21, 92
=I ? HHEA JAI Id F=H= ?=@= K = @A AIJ=I ? @E?E AI @A FAH=?E I

Id (cos n ) = |Ie (Pn , cos n )| sin( n ) = 0, 9583 sin(15, 93 + 134, 43 ) = 0, 8422 pu Id (cos = 1) = |Ie (Pn , cos = 1)| sin( ) = 0, 6708 sin(21, 09 + 180 ) = 0, 2414 pu
=I BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI I

Ef (cos n ) = |D(cos n )| + (Xd Xq ) Id (cos n ) = 1, 6353 pu Ef (cos = 1) = |D(cos = 1)| + (Xd Xq ) Id (cos = 1) = 1, 1263 pu
=I ? HHEA JAI @A ?= F HAGKAHE@=I F=H= = JA AH I FK J I @A FAH=?E I E?EJ=@ I I

if (Pn , cos n ) = 1, 6353 pu = 8, 1765 A if (Pn , cos = 1) = 1, 1263 pu = 5, 6314 A

- =I CKH=I IECKEA JAI IA FHAIA J= ?= ?K =@ I I @E=CH= =I B=I HE= AI @A I @ I FK J I @A FAH=?E

-A F

EIEI @A =

GKE = ?

I=JKH=?E

,A K = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JAI @A 100 M V A 10 kV 60 Hz 6 F=HAI @A F I if n = 200 A cos n = 0, 85 IA D= @AJAH E =@ GKA =I HA=?J= ?E=I E A= AI @A A A @EHA?J O ?K=@H=JKH= I 1, 0 pu O 0, 7 pu HAIFA?JEL= A JA O = HA=?J= ?E= @A @EIFAHIE AI 0, 2 pu = BKAH = A A?JH JHE A L=? AI E A= D=IJ= A L= H @A = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F E = O = FA @EA JA @A AIJ= BK ?E @A?=A = = ?K=HJ= F=HJA F=H= ? HHEA JAI IKFAHE HAI = L= H E = ,AJAH E A  = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F NE = O A CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E = @A FK J GKE = ? E = IK A @A = HA@ 50 M W ?

- B=?J H @A F JA ?E= O A CK @A ?=HC= ?K= @ = ? HHEA JA NE = A A ?= F

5 K?E

& & - - 2 

5 4-57- 6 5 NE = O A CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E KAIJH= A CH @A FK J E = ? HHAIF

! 

= ? HHEA JA @A ?= F = = IECKEA JA CKH= IA GKE = A ?KAIJE

? @A = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A L=?

@EA JA =

,A =?KAH@ ? I @=J I @A FH > A = = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A L=? ANFHAI=H @A = IECKEA JA B H =

F H K E@=@ IA FKA@A & !

Ef (if ) =
+

if , si if 1 1 3 4 if + 4 , si if > 1

= HA=?J= ?E= @A A A ?K=@H=JKH= IA I=JKH= @A>E@ = GKA IK A JHADEAHH AI K?D I CH= @A GKA A ? HHAIF @EA JA = A A @EHA?J AI F IE> A >JA AH = F IE?E @A AIJ I A AI @EHA?J= A JA

D = Ve + jXq Ie = 1 + j 0, 7 1 arc cos(0, 85) = 1, 492523, 5

6= >E = F IE?E @A = BKAH = A A?JH JHE @AJH I @A = HA=?J= ?E= @A @EIFAHIE Ee AI A?AI=HE= F=H= = @AJAH E =?E @A L= H @A Eq GKA @A A A CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E = JH=L I @A = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A L=? @A = GKE =

Ee = Ve + jX Ie = 1 + j 0, 2 1 arc cos(0, 85) = 1, 11848, 74

= BKAH = A A?JH JHE Eq IA @AJAH E = @A = IECKEA JA B H =

Eq = |Ee | cos(D Ee ) = 1, 1184 cos(23, 5 8, 74 ) = 1, 0815

7JE E = @ =I ANFHAIE AI & ! GKA D= E A= E =@ A CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E ? HHAIF @EA JA = FK J = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A L=? E = AI F IE> A >JA AH

3 1 if sat + = Eq = 1, 0815 if sat = 1, 3260 4 4 if lin = Eq = 1, 0815

+)2 67

&

371 ) 51 +4

1+)

s=

if sat 1, 3260 = = 1, 2261 if lin 1, 0815

GKE = A A FK J E = @A FAH=?E AI F IE> A

+ ?E@ A CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E @A = ? HHACEH = HA=?J= ?E= @A A A @EHA?J

Xd sat =

1 s1 1 0, 2261 Xd + X = 1+ 0, 2 = 0, 8525 s s 1, 2261 1, 2261

JHE @A ?= F IA IECKA I IECKEA JAI F=I I

2=H= >JA AH = BKAH = A A?JH

Idn = Ien sin(n n ) = 1 sin(23, 5 + 31, 79 ) = 0, 8220 Ef max = Dn + (Xd sat Xq ) Idn = 1, 4925 + (0, 8525 0, 7) 0, 8220 = 1, 6179
= ? HHEA JA @A ?= F FK J E = NE = IA @AJAH E = @A = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= E A= E =@= @A ?= F F=H= A

Ef max =

1 if max if max = sEf max = 1, 2261 1, 6179 = 1, 9837 = 396, 7 A s

= GKE = ? IK A @A = HA@ 50 M W ?

- B=?J H @A F JA ?E= O A CK @A ?=HC= ?K= @ = ? HHEA JA NE = A A ?= F

- AIJA ?=I AI A?AI=HE KJE E =H = A?K=?E @A F JA ?E= =?JEL= A BK ?E @A CK @A ?=HC= FAH AI @AI? ?E@= = HA=?J= ?E= I=JKH=@= @A A A @EHA?J O = BKAH = A A?JH JHE ? HHAIF @EA JA = = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F NE = A AIJ= ? @E?E @A I=JKH=?E 7 = J ? E?= GKA FAH EJA HAI LAH AIJA FH > A = ? IEIJA A =IK EH K = ? @E?E E E?E= @A I=JKH=?E s  ? AIJA @=J IA = KIJ= A L= H @A = HA=?J= ?E= I=JKH=@= @A A A @EHA?J Xd sat O IA ?= ?K = = BKAH = A A?JH JHE Ef sat ? HHAIF @EA JA = = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F NE = if max ,A = ANFHAIE @A = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= Pe ( ) IA >JEA A A CK @A ?=HC= O ? AIJA = F JA ?E= HA=?JEL= Qe ( ) + ?E@=I =I F JA ?E=I =?JEL=I O HA=?JEL=I IA @AJAH E = = ? HHEA JA @A =H = @KH= Ie -IJ= ? HHEA JA FAH EJA >JA AH I LA?J HAI D O Ee @A I ?K= AI IA ?= ?K = = BKAH = A A?JH JHE Eq FH @K?E@= F H A K HAIK J= JA @A A A @EHA?J = BKAH = A A?JH JHE Eq IA KJE E = F=H= ? HHACEH A L= H @A CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E =IK E@ E E?E= A JA + A KAL CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E IA HAE E?E= J @ A ? ?K = JAHE H O IA HAFEJA D=IJ= GKA @E?D= L=HE=> A ? LAH = = K L= H @A AHH H AIJ=> A?E@ FHALE= A JA )IK EA @ GKA = GKE = E E?E= A JA IA A ?KA JH= I=JKH=@= A A FK J @A FAH=?E AIFA?E ?=@ IA JA @H = 8= HAI E E?E= AI

s = 1 ; Ef =
+ ?K @A CK @A ?=HC=

1 if = 1, 9837 ; Pe = 0, 5 ; Xd = 1, 0 s

0,5 = 1,9873 sin + 0, 2143 sin 2 = 12, 01

+ ?K @A = F JA ?E= HA=?JEL=

Qe = 1, 9873 cos(12, 01 ) 1, 4286 (0, 7 cos2 (12, 01 ) + 1, 0 sin2 (12, 01 )) = 0, 9217 pu

EI CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E L= H @A =HH= GKA @A FH ?AI EJAH=JEL
 2KA@A IAH A

@A FK J

E =

=IK EH K = ?

@E?E

@A FAH=?E

E A= s = 1 ?

& & - - 2

5 4-57- 6 5

! !

+ ?K

@A = ? HHEA JA @A =H =@KH=

Ie = 0, 5 j 0, 9217 = 1, 0486 118, 5

,AJAH E =?E @A CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E

D =Ve + jXq Ie = 1, 6820 12, 01 ; Ee = Ve + jX Ie = 1, 1886 4, 83 Eq = 1, 1886 cos(12, 01 + 4, 83 ) = 1, 1793 3 1 if sat + = Eq = 1, 1793 if sat = 1, 7172 ; if lin = Eq = 1, 1793 4 4 if sat 1, 7172 = 1, 4318 s= = if lin 1, 1793
+ A CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E CKEA JA FH ?AI EJAH=JEL 2HE AH= EJAH=?E AI @EBAHA JA = =IK E@ E E?E= A JA AI A?AI=HE HA= E =H A IE

(s = 1, 4318) = 14, 99 Qe = 0, 4385

Ie = 0, 6650 138, 75 D =1, 3530 14, 99 ; Ee = 1, 0923 5, 25 Eq = 1, 0923 cos(14, 99 + 5, 25 ) = 1, 0766 s=

5ACK @= EJAH=?E

if sat 1, 3064 = = 1, 2135 if lin 1, 0766

(s = 1, 2135) = 13, 38 Qe = 0, 6728

Ie = 0, 8383 126, 62 D =1, 5120 13, 38 ; Ee = 1, 1390 5, 03 Eq = 1, 1390 cos(13, 38 + 5, 03 ) = 1, 1269 s=

6AH?AH= EJAH=?E

if sat 1, 5077 = = 1, 3379 if lin 1, 1269

(s = 1, 3379) = 14, 27 Qe = 0, 5369

Ie = 0, 7337 132, 96 D =1, 4197 14, 27 ; Ee = 1, 1119 5, 16 Eq = 1, 1119 cos(14, 27 + 5, 16 ) = 1, 0979 s=

+K=HJ= EJAH=?E

if sat 1, 3915 = = 1, 2674 if lin 1, 0979

(s = 1, 2674) = 13, 76 Qe = 0, 6131

Ie = 0, 7911 129, 19

! "

+)2 67

&

371 ) 51 +4

1+)

D =1, 4714 13, 76 ; Ee = 1, 1271 5, 09 Eq = 1, 1271 cos(13, 76 + 5, 09 ) = 1, 1142 s=

3KE J= EJAH=?E

if sat 1, 4568 = = 1, 3070 if lin 1, 1142

(s = 1, 3070) = 14, 05 Qe = 0, 5701

Ie = 0, 7583 131, 25 D =1, 4422 14, 05 ; Ee = 1, 1185 5, 13 Eq = 1, 1185 cos(14, 05 + 5, 13 ) = 1, 1050 s=

5ANJ= EJAH=?E

if sat 1, 4149 = 1, 2850 = if lin 1, 1050

(s = 1, 2850) = 13, 88 Qe = 0, 5939

Ie = 0, 7763 130, 09 D =1, 4584 13, 87 ; Ee = 1, 1185 5, 13 Eq = 1, 1232 cos(13, 89 + 5, 11 ) = 1, 1100 s=

5 FJE = EJAH=?E

if sat 1, 4402 = = 1, 2974 if lin 1, 1100

(s = 1, 2974) = 13, 98 Qe = 0, 5805

Ie = 0, 7662 130, 73 D =1, 4493 13, 98 ; Ee = 1, 1206 5, 12 Eq = 1, 1206 cos(13, 98 + 5, 12 ) = 1, 1072 s= if sat 1, 4289 = = 1, 2906 if lin 1, 1072

- JHA I @ I JE I L= HAI >JA E@ I @A CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E A AHH H HA =JEL AI E BAHE H = 0, 53  ? ?K= GKA@= @AJAH E =@ A B=?J H @A F JA ?E= @A FK J @A FAH=?E ? 0, 6478 O A CK @A ?=HC= 13, 92 - = IECKEA JA J=> = IA HAIK A I FHE ?EF= AI HAIK J= @ I @A ? ?K EJAH=JEL

EJAH=?E 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

s 1, 0000 1, 4318 1, 2135 1, 3379 1, 2674 1, 3070 1, 2850 1, 2974 1, 2906

12, 01 14, 99 13, 38 14, 27 13, 76 14, 05 13, 88 13, 98 13, 92

Qe ( ) 0, 9217 0, 4385 0, 6728 0, 5369 0, 6131 0, 5701 0, 5939 0, 5805 0, 5878

|Ie | 1, 0486 0, 6650 0, 8383 0, 7337 0, 7911 0, 7583 0, 7763 0, 7762 0, 7717

e 118, 5 138, 75 126, 62 132, 96 129, 19 131, 25 130, 09 130, 73 130, 38

Eq 1, 1793 1, 0766 1, 1269 1, 0979 1, 1142 1, 1050 1, 1100 1, 1072

5E IA KJE E = ? CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E A FH A@E @A I L= HAI >JA E@ I A EJAH=?E AI ? IA?KJEL=I A FH ?AI @A ? LAHCA ?E= FKA@A IAH =?A AH=@ -IJ IA @A>A BK @= A J= A JA

& ' - -4+1+1 5 24 27-56 5 = GKA A IEIJA = I?E = = A IECKEA JA CH ? HJECK=@= A JA I >HA A L= H @A = I K?E J= ?

! # IA >IAHL= A

s 1.40 1.30 1.20 1.10 1.00 0

Oscilaciones en el proceso iterativo

Iter.

& '

- AH?E?E I FH FKAIJ I

 7 = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JAI @A 800 M V A 13, 8 kV B=?J H @A F JA ?E= E = 0, 87 O 3, 0 kA @A ? HHEA JA E = @A ?= F JEA A E FA@= ?E=I @A 1, 0 pu O 0, 7 pu A I A AI @EHA?J O ?K=@H=JKH= HAIFA?JEL= A JA 5E A ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = AI ? F AJ= A JA E A=

=  ,AJAH E A = NE = F JA ?E= HA=?JEL= GKA AIJ= GKE = FKA@A A JHAC=H = K = >=HH= E EJ= ? 1, 05 pu @A JA IE ?K= @ CA AH= 650 M W >
= ? HHEA JA @A AN?EJ=?E J=HE O 0, 97 @A = JA IE A?AI=HE= F=H= E = J HE =H 500 M W ? B=?J H @A F JA ?E= K E

7 = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JAI @A 100 M V A 10 kV 60 Hz 6 F=HAI @A F I if n = 200 A cos n = 0, 85 ?K= @ AIJ FAH= @ A A FK J E = O IA @AI? A?J= @A = HA@ IA >JEA A 17, 39 kV @A JA IE A= A= +K= @ A JHAC= 56, 5 M W = K = > >= = E A J=@= @A K IEIJA = @A 10, 5 kV ? K B=?J H @A F JA ?E= 0, 707 E @K?JEL HAGKEAHA 342 A A = > >E = @A ?= F ,AJAH E A

= > ?

=I HA=?J= ?E=I @A A A @EHA?J O ?K=@H=JKH= @A AIJ=

GKE = K = JA IE @A 9, 5 kV ?

= ? HHEA JA @A ?= F A?AI=HE= F=H= CA AH=H 90 M W ? B=?J H @A F JA ?E= E O NE

= F JA ?E= HA=?JEL= ? IK E@= CA AH=@= F H = GKE = IE ? IK A 70 M W = JA IE E = ?K= @ IA E OA?J= A A ?= F = ? HHEA JA E = O = ? HHEA JA NE = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JAI 60 Hz F IAA I IECKEA JAI @=J I @A F =?=

! 7 =

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Sn 150 M V A
+

Vn 23 kV

cos n 0, 8192

if n 500 A

if max 794 A
A? E? F H A AIJ=J H @A =

= ? HHEA JA @A ?= F NE = O IE F JA ?E= A A A A GKE = ?EH?K = 2, 772 kA ,AJAH E A

=

=I HA=?J= ?E=I Xd O Xq @A = GKE = O ? FHKA>A A FK J E = ? E ?E@A ? I @=J I @A F =?=

A@E= JA A @E=CH= = B=I HE= GKA =I A?K= E = ? =

>  4AFEJ= = @AJAH E =?E ?E AI @A F JA ?E= ?

@A HA=?J= ?E=I Xd O Xq @A FK J = JAHE H KJE E = @

= ? HHEA JA @A ?= F A?AI=HE= F=H= = JA AH = 24 kV = F JA ?E= =?JEL= J H ? A B=?J H @A F JA ?E= E = O ? B=?J H @A F JA ?E= K EJ=HE @


@  - @E=CH= = B=I HE= ? F AJ ? HHEA JA @A ?= F NE =

?K= @

GKE = ?

IK A @A = HA@ 120 M W ?

" ,AJAH E A =I ANFHAIE AI @A = F JA ?E= =?JEL= O HA=?JEL= A BK ?E @A CK @A ?=HC= F= H= K = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JAI E ? KOA @ A ABA?J @A = HAIEIJA ?E= @A =H =@KH=

# ,A K =

GKE = IE ?H

E?= @A F

I I= EA JAI IA ?

?A

I IECKEA JAI @=J I @A F =?=

Sn = 80 M V A X = 0, 15 pu

Vn = 10 kV Xd = 1, 05 pu

cos n = 0, 8 ind. Xq = 0, 85 pu

if n = 550 A f = 60 Hz

= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A L=? IA FKA@A =FH NE =H A@E= JA =I IECKEA JAI HA?J=I = = E A= @A E@= F=H= ? HHEA JAI E BAHE HAI = = E = O = FA @EA JA @A = = I=JKH=@= AI = EJ=@ @A = FA @EA JA E A=

=

= GKE = A JHAC= 48 M W = = HA@ ? K B=?J H @A F JA ?E= 0, 64 E @K?JEL ,AJAH E A A AIJ= ? @E?E @A FAH=?E = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F A?AI=HE= F=H= = JA AH A FK J -I F IE> A = JA AH AIJ= ? @E?E @A FAH=?E

>  5E IA = JEA A = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F NE = O = F JA ?E= =?JEL= @A = FHACK J= = JAHE H @AJAH E A A B=?J H @A F JA ?E= O = ? HHEA JA @A FAH=?E @A = GKE =

$ ,A K =

GKE = IE ?H

E?= @A F

I I= EA JAI IA ?

?A

I IECKEA JAI @=J I @A F =?=

Sn = 10 kV A X = 0, 2 pu
= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A L=? IA

Vn = 416 V Xq = 0, 7 pu
= CKH=

cos n = 0, 8 ind. f = 60 Hz

if n = 3 A if max = 6 A

KAIJH= A

 -IGKA

JE? FAH ?

= E @E?=?E

@A

I L= HAI AN=?J I ?= ?K =@ I = = JE?= A JA

& ' - -4+1+1 5 24 27-56 5

! %

=  ,AJAH E A = HA=?J= ?E= I=JKH=@= @A A A @EHA?J A >  ,AJAH E A A = ? HHEA JA

=I ?

@E?E

AI

E = AI @A FAH=?E

CK @A ?=HC= O A B=?J H @A F JA ?E= @A = GKE = ?K= @ IA AN?EJ= ? E = @A ?= F O = JEA A = F JA ?E= =?JEL= A ? @E?E J H IE = GKE = CA AH= 8 kW O ? IK A 3 kV A HA=?JEL I J HE =H K = ?=HC= @A 8 kW O A JHAC=H 5 kV AR = = HA@

?  += ?K A A FK J @A FAH=?E

@  ,AJAH E A IE = GKE = FKA@A A H CE A FAH = A JA

% ,A K = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F

I I= EA JAI IA ?

?A

I IECKEA JAI @=J I @A F =?=

Sn = 5 kV A X = 5, 5
= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A L=?

Vn = 416 V n = 18007 rpm

cos n = 0, 85 ind. f = 60 Hz

if n = 5 A if max = 9 A
= @A K E@=@AI ?

IA FKA@A ANFHAI=H A A IEIJA = =@E A IE

Ef 0 = 1 eif +

3 + e0,5if 10

if
GKE = A ?KAIJE J HE = K

=  ,AJAH E A =I HA=?J= ?E=I @A A A @EHA?J O @A A A ?K=@H=JKH= @A = >  += ?K A = F JA ?E= HA=?JEL= A JHAC=@= ? IK E@= F H A ? E @A 4 kW ? = ? HHEA JA @A AN?EJ=?E E = ?  += ?K A = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F FAH = A JA @  4A?= ?K A
I FK J I a, b O c ? E = GKA FAH EJA = FAH=?E IE@AH= @ GKA = GKE =

LAHJE@ H IE @A =

GKE = A H CE A

IA I=JKH=

& 7 = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JAI @A 100 M V A @A F JA ?E= E = O 10 kV @A JA IE @A A= = A= JEA A K B=?J H @A F JA ?E= E = @A 0, 85 E @K?JEL = ? HHEA JA E = @A ?= F AI @A 100 A O = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F NE = AI @A 154 A 1 OA?J= @ ? HHEA JAI @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH A = =H =@KH= @A = GKE = IA @AJAH E GKA = HA=?J= ?E= @A BKC= AI @A 0, 1 - A A I=O @A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ IA >JKLEAH 8,248 A ?EH?K = @ F H = =H =@KH= ?K= @ IA =F E?=>= ? HHEA JA E = A A ?= F ,A K A I=O @A @AI E = EA J IA FK@ @AJAH E =H GKA = HA=?J= ?E= @A A A ?K=@H=JKH= @A = GKE = AH= =FH NE =@= A JA K 70  @A = HA=?J= ?E= I=JKH=@= @A A A @EHA?J = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A L=?E IA FKA@A HAFHAIA J=H ANFAHE A J= A JA @A = IECKEA JA B H =

Ef 0 = 1, 876(1 e0,7615if ) pu

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@ @A = BKAH = A A?JH JHE Ef 0 AIJ A F H K E@=@ @A = JA IE E = @A =H =@KH= O = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F if A F H K E@=@ @A = ? HHEA JA E = @A ?= F + J @ I AIJ I = JA?A@A JAI @AJAH E A

= > ? @

= HA=?J= ?E= @A A A @EHA?J

I=JKH=@= O A CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E

@A FK J

E =

= ? HHEA JA @A ?= F A?AI=HE= F=H= CA AH=H 50 M W O ? ?K= @ = JA IE AI K 4  =O H GKA IK L= H E = = NE = F JA ?E= HA=?JEL= GKA FKA@A A JHAC=H = GKE = ? ?K= @ = JA IE A > H AI @A = GKE = AIJ A IK L= H I HA=?JEL I CA AH=@ I F H = JA @A 120 A A A ?= F GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F GKE = IE

IK EH 25 M V AR @A = HA@ ? @A I=@ H IE ?H E = E?

J HE = K = ?=HC= @A 80 M W ?

K = ? HHEA

' 7 =

I I= EA JAI F IAA

I IECKEA JAI @=J I @A F =?=

Sn 10 kV A
FAH= @ ? ? @A I=@ @= ? K = ? HHEA JA @A ?= @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH O JEA A K A L=? IA FKA@A = KIJ=H

Vn 230 V

cos n 0, 8

if n 5A

if max 9, 147 A

H IE ?H E? = GKE = A JHAC= = = HA@ 5 kV AR ?K= @ AI AN?EJ= F @A 8, 718 A = HA=?J= ?E= @A BKC= IA @AJAH E = @A K = FHKA>= L= H @A 0, 7935 = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A AN?EJ=?E @A = GKE = A@E= JA = IECKEA JA ANFHAIE

Ef = 3, 3014 1 e0,3029if pu
- AIJ=I ? @E?E AI @AJAH E A I=JKH=@=I Xd O Xq @A = GKE = E @A E =

= > ? @

=I HA=?J= ?E=I

I HA=?JEL I GKA A JHAC= = GKE = = IEIJA = ?K= @ = GKE = J HE = K FEA@H=I @A 4 kW ? = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F NE = O ? = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F A?AI=HE= F=H= GKA ?EH?K A ? HHEA JA = GKE = AIJ A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ E = A

= =H =@KH= ?K= @

= F JA ?E= =?JEL= GKA A JHAC= AIJ= GKE = = IEIJA = ?K= @ HA?E>A 2 kV AR @A = HA@ IE FAH= ? JA IE ? HHEA JA @A =H =@KH= E = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JAI F IAA I IECKEA JAI @=J I @A F =?=

 7 =

Sn 10 M V A

Vn 10 kV

cos n 05, 8

if n 1, 5 kA

FAH= @ ? E @K?J H IE ?H E? = GKE = ? IK A @A = HA@ 5 M V AR ?K= @ AI AN?EJ= @= ? K = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F @A 771 kA = FHKA>= @A @AI E = EA J @AJAH E = K = HA =?E @A 1, 2857 A JHA =I HA=?J= ?E=I I=JKH=@=I @A A A @EHA?J O ?K=@H=JKH= = HA=?J= ?E= @A BKC= IA @AJAH E = @A K = FHKA>= @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH O JEA A K L= H @A 0, 2 pu = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A AN?EJ=?E @A = GKE = A L=? IA FKA@A = KIJ=H A@E= JA = IECKEA JA ANFHAIE

Ef = 3, 3014 1 e0,3029if pu
- AIJ=I ? @E?E AI @AJAH E A A CK @A ?=HC= O = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F A A FK J E =

=  - CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E

& ' - -4+1+1 5 24 27-56 5

! ' E = = F JA ?E= =?JEL= E = O JA IE E = =

> ?

= ? HHEA JA @A ?= F

I HA=?JEL I GKA = GKE = A JHAC= = IEIJA = ?K= @ IA = E A J= A ?= F ? ? HHEA JA E = IE = GKE = ? IK A 6 M W @A = HA@ O = JA IE AI @A 9, 5 kV GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JAI 60 Hz F IAA I IECKEA JAI @=J I @A F =?=

 7 =

Sn 400 M V A
= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A L=? @A =

Vn 20 kV

cos n 0, 8

if n 500 A

GKE = IA FKA@A ANFHAI=H A ?= JE@=@AI B IE?=I ?

3

Ef = 40 1 e1,386210

if

kV

- A I=O @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH @AJAH E GKA = HA=?J= ?E= @A @EIFAHIE AI @A 0, 1 - = FHKA >= @A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ ? ? HHEA JA @A ?= F E = ?EH?K F H = =H =@KH= K = ? HHEA JA @A 12 kA = FHKA>= @A @AI E = EA J @AJAH E GKA = HA =?E A JHA = HA=?J= ?E= @EHA?J= O ?K=@H=JKH= AI @A 160  ,AJAH E A

= > ?

= ? HHEA JA E =

NE = @A ?= F

A CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E

OA

CK

@A ?=HC= A A FK J E = ?

= ? HHEA JA @A =H =@KH= ?K= @ = GKE = FAH= ? J H O = ? HHEA JA E = A A ?EH?KEJ @A ?= F =I =I ? NE =I F JA ?E=I HA=?JEL=I GKA FKA@A A JHAC=H @E?E AI @A ? @A I=@ H E @K?J H IE ?H E?

= F JA ?E= =?JEL= =>I H>AH =

GKE = FAH= @ A

,AI=HH A K FH ?A@E EA J GKA FAH EJ= ? IE@AH=H = I=JKH=?E @A =JAHE= =C JE? A =I GKE =I @A H J H EI 4A?KAH@A GKA A AIJA ?=I = > I A AI FKA@A I=JKH=HIA = @EBAHA ?E= @A =I GKE =I @A F I I= EA JAI GKA FKA@A I=JKH=HIA A A A A ?K=@H=JKH= 7 = LA @AI=HH =@ AIJA FH ?A@E EA J @AJAH E A

= >

= ? HHEA JA @A ?= F HAGKAHE@= F=H= =@= A K = >=HH= E EJ=

= JA AH K = F JA ?E= =?JEL= O HA=?JEL= @AJAH E

= F JA ?E= HA=?JEL= E OA?J=@= = K = >=HH= E EJ= ?K= @ IA =??E = = GKE = @A H J H EI = K = F JA ?E= A? E?= O = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F = L= HAI ? IJ= JAI

!!

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*E> E CH=B =
 * )@ E I  4 / 0=H AO 6DA /A AH= 6DA HO B ) JAH =JE C +KHHA J = @ 0= @ '%# + + '# ! ? H@E= 5O ?DH  KI =?DE AI  +D=F = F= O

=?DE AI 6DA HO = @ 2AHB H = ?A  /A AH= - A?JHE? + GKE =I - ?JHE?=I  8 11 -@EJ HE= ?/H=M 0E EH 5A? 5A?

2 IJA I?K '%'

2E JH LI E 

@ A@EJE @ -@EJE

" ) 5 = CI@ HB 6DA HO B ) JAH =JE C +KHHA J '%" # / ?2DAHI  4 , =H= D 9E AO  5 I '' HA ) 1 JH @K?JE

=?DE AHO  6=J= J - A?JHE?=

=?DE AI = @ 6H= IB H AHI  I 8 I 8

$ 4 0 2=H 6M 4A=?JE "& FF %$ %! ' ' % 4 0 2=H 6M 4A=?JE # FF !# !## '!! &

6DA HO B 5O ?DH 6DA HO B 5O ?DH

KI KI

=?DE AI 2J   )1-- 6H= I=?JE =?DE AI 2J  )1-- 6H= I=?JE ?/H=M 0E

1 - CAH@
- A?JHE? - AHCO 5OIJA

6DA HO ) 1 JH @K?JE

 6=J=

'%

!!

!!

*1* 1 /4). )

+=F JK

'

4 CE A 6H= IEJ HE @A = 5E ?H E?=

GKE =

,KH= JA I ?= >E I A = ? @E?E @A FAH=?E @A K = GKE = IE ?H E?= ANEIJA A AHC = =JH= F=@= J= J A I ?= F I =C JE? I ? A = =I= H J= JA - ? LAHJE@ H @A>A =@=FJ=H AIJ= A AHC = @AI@A A FK J @A FAH=?E E E?E= = =I KAL=I ? @E?E AI - ?= >E @AI@A K AIJ=@ A AHC JE? = JH IA @A E = JH= IEJ HE @A = GKE = - = EIEI @A I FH ?AI I JH= IEJ HE I @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= IA FKA@A @ELE@EH A @ I JEF I FHE ?EF= AI I JH= IEJ HE I A A?JH =C JE? I O I JH= IEJ HE I A A?JH A? E? I )K ?K= @ A FH ?AI JH= IEJ HE AI ? JE K = ANEIJA ?E= @A ? IJ= JAI @A JEA F >EA @EBAHA ?E=@=I FAH EJA HA= E =H AIJ=I @ELEIE AI =I ? IJ= JAI @A JEA F A? E?=I I CA AH= A JA KO A J=I A GKE =I @A CH= @AI @E A IE AI ?K= @ IA ? F=H= ? =I ? IJ= JAI @A JEA F A A?JH =C JE?=I - = EIEI @A JH= IEJ HE A A?JH =C JE? AIJK@E= A ? F HJ= EA J @A I K I A =?AI @A K BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI O JA IE AI @A = GKE = @KH= JA FAHJKH>=?E AI H FE@=I ? IE@AH= @ GKA = LA ?E@=@ A? E?= AI FH ?JE?= A JA ? IJ= JA A J @ A FH ?AI I AIJK@E I JH= IEJ HE I A A?JH A? E? I IA @AJAH E = A ? F HJ= EA J @E E? @A IEIJA = A? E? KJE E = @ L= HAI A@E I @A = F JA ?E= -IJ I FH ?AI I AIJ AIJHA ?D= A JA E JAHHA =?E =@ I = IAF=H=?E AI K J= J =HJE ?E= FAH JEA A A FH F IEJ @A IE F E ?=H A = EIEI O = I K?E @A FH > A = - @AI=HH =?JK= @A =I DAHH= EA J=I @A ? FKJ F IE>E EJ= = I K?E C >= @A FH > A = -IJ AI @A CH= KJE E@=@ ?K= @ A JH= IEJ HE JEA A ? IJ= JAI @A JEA F A A?JH =C JE?=I O A A?JH A? E?=I @A EI H@A @A =C EJK@ A@E= JA A = EIEI JH= IEJ HE A A?JH =C JE? IA AL= = =I I E?EJ=?E AI B IE?=I GKA =I @EBAHA JAI FAHJKH>=?E AI FKA@A ?=IE =H I >HA = GKE = + I HAIK J=@ I >JA E@ I A AIJ I AIJK@E I IA = KIJ= I HACK =@ HAI @A = AN?EJ=JHE O A IEIJA = @A FH JA??E - = EIEI JH= IEJ HE I A A? JH A? E? @AJAH E = I EJAI @A AIJ=>E E@=@ @E E?= @A =I @EBAHA JAI GKE =I =? F =@=I = = HA@ A ?JHE?= @A F JA ?E= I AIJK@E I @A AIJ=>E E@=@ IA KJE E = F=H= F = E ?=H = ANF= IE @A = HA@ O ? = = E@=@ @A = KIJ=H I HACK =@ HAI @A LA ?E@=@ @A = GKE = JHE 2=H= = = E =H I JH= IEJ HE I @A =I GKE =I IE ?H E?=I IA KJE E = =I A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI A ? H@A =@=I dq 0 f @AI=HH =@=I A A ?=F JK & =I ? @E?E AI E FKAIJ=I A =I B=IAI IA JH= IB H = = AIJA IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I IA HAIKA LA =I A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI O = A JA IA = JEJH= IB H = AIJ=I I K?E AI F=H= @AJAH E =H A ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = A A IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I - IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI & #" @A A A ? F HJ= EA J A A?JH A? E? O A A?JH =C JE? ? F AJ @A K = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JAI A ? H@A =@=I dq 0 f - AIJ=I A?K=?E AI =I ? HHEA JAI [i] O = LA ?E@=@ A? E?= @A A A m ? IJEJKOA =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ @A IEIJA = =I JA IE AI [v ] O A F=H A? E? Tm HAFHAIA J= =I L=HE=> AI @A ? JH @A FH ?AI 2 H JH= F=HJA A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI & " ANFHAI= A @A @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= A BK ?E @A I A =?AI @A K @A I A AI dq 0 f 2=H= HAI LAH =I A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI GKA @A = !!! = GKE = IE ?H E?= AI A?AI=HE JH= IB H =H

!!"

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=I ? @E?E AI @A ? J H @A =I L=HE=> AI @A ? JH O =I ? @E?E AI E E?E= AI @A =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ = IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I dq 0 f =I ? @E?E AI @A ? J H FKA@A IAH ? HJ ?EH?KEJ I ?= >E I I >EJ I A = ?=HC= A A F=H @A =??E = EA J =FAHJKH= @A E JAHHKFJ HAI B= =I @A IEIJA = A ?JHE? @A F JA ?E= =I ? IJ= JAI @A JEA F @A IEIJA = A? E? I CA AH= A JA K?D =O HAI GKA =I ? IJ= JAI @A JEA F @A IEIJA = A A?JH A? E? 2 H AIJ= H= IA FKA@A =FH NE =H @KH= JA A = EIEI @A I JH= IEJ HE I A A?JH =C JE? I GKA = LA ?E@=@ @A = GKE = FAH = A?A FH ?JE?= A JA ? IJ= JA + AIJ= =FH NE =?E A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI & #" AI E A= O FKA@A IAH HAIKA J = = JE?= A JA - JH= IEJ HE A? E? IA HAIKA LA A@E= JA = A?K=?E @E E?= AL= K= @ A B H = I A I =FH NE =@= = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= A@E= @KH= JA A FH ?AI @E E? A A?JH A? E? 7 = LA GKA IA D= AL= K=@ = LA ?E@=@ F=H= K @AJAH E =@ E IJ= JA @A JEA F IA @AJAH E = K KAL JH= IEJ HE A A?JH =C JE? ,AI=? F = @ AIJ I @ I FH ?AI I AI F IE> A HA= E =H K = E JA CH=?E H FE@= @A =I A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI

'

6H= IEJ HE I A A?JH

=C

JE? I

=I A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= I E A= AI IE IA ? IE@AH= GKA = LA ?E@=@ @A H J H AI ? IJ= JA I IEIJA =I @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI E A= AI @A FHE AH H@A ? ? A ?EA JAI ? IJ= JAI IA HAIKA LA A@E= JA J ? E?=I = = JE?=I >EA ? ?E@=I =KJ L= HAI =KJ LA?J HAI A@E= JA = JH= IB H =@= @A =F =?A = J ? E?= @A =KJ L= HAI =KJ LA?J HAI >JEA A HAIFKAIJ=I JA F H= AI @EHA?J=I = JH= IB H =@= @A =F =?A @AJAH E = = HAIFKAIJ= A A @ E E @A = BHA?KA ?E= F IJAHE H A JA AI A?AI=HE = JEJH= IB H =H F=H= >JA AH =I I K?E AI JA F H= AI

'

5 K?E

A@E= JA =KJ L= HAI =KJ LA?J HAI

AI & #" IA FKA@A @AI? Re 0 0 0 0 Re 0 0 0 0 R0 0 0 0 0 Rf AH @A = IECKEA JA B H id Ld 0 0 0 Lq 0 iq + i0 0 0 L0 if Ldf 0 0 0 Lq 0 Ld 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 F

- IEIJA = @A A?K=?E vd vq = v0 vf

Ldf 0 p 0 Lf id 0 iq 0 0 i0 if 0
F=?J= ?

id iq + i0 if
' 

- IEIJA = @A A?K=?E

AI @EBAHA ?E= AI '  IA FKA@A ANFHAI=H A B H = ?

[v ] = [[R] + [G]] [i] + [L] p [i]

,AIFA = @ @A = ANFHAIE '

' 

A LA?J H @A @AHEL=@=I @A =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ p [i] IA >JEA A

p [i] = [L]

{[v ] [[R] + [G]] [i]}

' !

I =KJ L= HAI @A = =JHE ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A = A?K=?E = JAHE H @AJAH E = I @ I =JKH= AI @A = HAIFKAIJ= D C A= @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= A ? H@A =@=I dq 0 f 2=H= >JA AH = =JHE ?=H=?JAH IJE?= AI A?AI=HE E LAHJEH = =JHE @A E @K?J= ?E=I [L] 1 1 0 0 L1 Ld Ld 0 0 Ldf d f 1 0 Lq 0 0 0 0 0 1 Lq ' " [L] = = 1 0 0 L0 0 0 L 0 0 0 1 1 Ldf 0 0 Lf 0 0 L L
d f f

 -?K=?E

@A

AMJ

'  64) 516 41 5 - -+64 @ @A

)/

61+ 5

!!#

Ld Ld
= =JHE ?=H=?JAH IJE?= [A] AI

L2 L2 Ld Lf df df ; Lf Lf ; Ldf Ldf Lf Ld Ldf

Re Ld Ld Lq

' #

[A] = [L]

[[R] + [G]] =

Lq Ld Re Lq

0 0
R0 L0

Rf Ldf Ldf Lq

' $

0
Re Ldf

0 L
Lq
d f

0
Rf Lf

I =KJ L= HAI i @A = >H=E?=

=JHE ?=H=?JAH IJE?= ' $ IA >JEA A = HAI LAH = IECKEA JA A?K=?E

= CA ' %

det [[A] i [I ]] = 0

+ A A A 0 IA A ?KA JH= @AI=? F =@ @A HAIJ @A IEIJA = AI F IE> A HA@K?EH A K A CH=@ @A F E E ?=H=?JAH IJE? @A E@ F H = ANFHAIE ' % =I HAIEIJA ?E=I @A =I > >E =I I KO FAGKA =I = ? F=H=HIA ? =I HA=?J= ?E=I @A = GKE = ,AIFHA?E= @ A ABA?J @A =I HAIEIJA ?E=I @A AIJ=J H O H J H @A = GKE = IA >JEA A @A =I ANFHAIE AI ' $ O ' % A F E E ?=H=?JAH IJE? @A IEIJA = R0 + 3 + 2 = 0 ' & L0 - =KJ L= H ? HHAIF @EA JA = A A 0 AI

0 =
O I JH I JHAI =KJ L= HAI I

R0 L0

' ' ' 

1 = 0 ; 2,3 = j

) @AIFHA?E=H = HAIEIJA ?E= @A =I > >E =I @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= IA >JEA A @ I =KJ L= HAI ? F A I ? KC=@ I 2 O 3 ?KO= =C EJK@ AI ECK= = = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= @A = GKE = -IJ I @ I =KJ L= HAI IA @A>A = =I HA= E A J=?E AI @A BKAH = A A?JH JHE @A CA AH=?E ANEIJA JAI A JHA I A AI @EHA?J O ?K=@H=JKH= @A ? LAHJE@ H - =KJ L= H A A HECA 1 IA @A>A BK @= A J= A JA = = > >E = @A ?= F 5E IA @AIFHA?E= = HAIEIJA ?E= @A =I > >E =I A F @A HECA O I =KJ L= HAI ? F A I ? KC=@ I IA @AIF = = ECAH= A JA D=?E= A IA EF = E GKEAH@ O IA HA@K?A = BHA?KA ?E= =JKH= @A I?E =?E 2=H= >JA AH = I K?E D C A= @A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI ' ! AI A?AI=HE @AJAH E =H = =JHE @A =KJ LA?J HAI ? HHAIF @EA JA = I ?K=JH =KJ L= HAI @AJAH E =@ I @A F E E ?=H=?JAH IJE? ' & +=@= K @A I =KJ L= HAI IA ?= ?K = >JA EA @ =I I K?E AI JHELE= AI @A IECKEA JA IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI [[A] i [I ]] [Vi ] = [0] '  = =JHE @A =KJ LA?J HAI GKA@= B H =@= @A = IECKEA JA B H = Lf 0 Ld d [ V ] = [ V0 ] [ V1 ] [ V2 ] [ V3 ] = 0 0 1 0 0 1 D C A= @A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E
Ldf Ld Lf j Ld q Ldf Ld Lf j Ld q

'  

0 1

0 1

= I K?E

idh (t) iqh (t) [ih (t)] = i0h (t) = if h (t)

ki [Vi ] ei t
i=0

AI @EBAHA ?E= AI AI Ldf Ldf Lf 0 Ld d Ld Ld L Lf d f = 0 j Lq j Ld 0 q 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

0 t k0 e t k1 e 1 k2 e2 t k3 e3 t

' !

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1+)

) IKFAHF AH = I K?E D C A= O = I K?E F=HJE?K =H ? HHAIF @A H CE A FAH = A JA IA @AJAH E = I ? A ?EA JAI ki GKA I=JEIB=?A =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@

@EA JA = = ? @E?E = =I ? @E?E AI E E?E= AI @A

[i(t = 0)] = [ih (0)] + [ip (0)] = [V ] [k ] + [ip (0)] [k ] = [V ]

[[i(0)] [ip (0)]]

' "

= I K?E F=HJE?K =H @A FH > A = AIJ B H =@= F H =I L=HE=> AI @A ? JH JA IE AI A > H AI @A =I > >E =I @A = GKE = O F=H A? E? A A A A @A H J H - A ?=F JK & IA = = E A ? F H J= EA J @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= A H CE A FAH = A JA = J ? E?= @A @E=CH= = B=I HE= FAH EJA AL= K=H =I ? @E?E AI B H = JAI @A =I BKA JAI A =I ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I O JH= IB H =@=I I B=I HAI @A>A IAH JH= IB H =@ I = L= HAI E IJ= J A I F=H= >JA AH =I I K?E AI F=HJE?K =HAI A A @ E E @A JEA F 4AFHAIA J=H =C EJK@AI JHEB IE?=I IE KI E@= AI A@E= JA B=I HAI O FH OA?J=H AIJ I IAC I A AI d O q AI AGKEL= A JA = HA= E =H = JH= IB H =?E @A 2=H

'

5 K?E

A@E= JA = JH= IB H =@= @A =F =?A

)F E?= @ = JH= IB H =@= @A =F =?A = IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI '  IA >JEA A A IE CKEA JA IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI = CA>H=E?=I Vd (s) Re + Ld s Lq 0 Ldf s Id (s) d (0+ ) Vq (s) Iq (s) q (0+ ) Ld Re + Lq s 0 Ldf V0 ( s ) = I0 (s) 0 (0+ ) ' # 0 0 R0 + L0 s 0 Vf (s) Ldf s 0 0 Rf + Lf s If (s) f (0+ ) @ @A

d (0+ ) Ld q (0+ ) 0 0 (0+ ) = 0 f (0+ ) Ldf

0 Lq 0 0

0 0 L0 0

Ldf id (0+ ) + 0 iq (0+ ) 0 i0 (0 ) Lf if (0+ )

' $

- B H =?

F=?J= A IEIJA = = JAHE H IA ANFHAI= ?

[Z (s)] [I (s)] = [V (s)] + [Ldq0f ] idq0f (0+ )

@ @A

' %

Z (s)

AI =

=JHE @A E FA@= ?E= FAH=?E

= @A =

GKE = IE ?H

E?=

- @AJAH E = JA @A AIJ= =JHE @A A I F I @A = HAIFKAIJ= JH= IEJ HE= 5A >IAHL= GKA ?=@= K @A I EA >H I @A =I A?K=?E AI ' # O ' % JEA A @E A IE AI B IE?=I @A K =C JE? [W b] = JH= IB H =@= @A =F =?A ? LEAHJA K >= = ?A @A JA IE AI A A @ E E @A JEA F A K AGKE E>HE @A K I A A @ E E @A = BHA?KA ?E= - @AJAH E = JA @A = =JHE @A E FA@= ?E= FAH=?E = @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= [Z (s)] A ? H@A =@=I dq 0 f AI

(R0 + L0 s) [(Re + Ld s)(Re + Lq s)(Rf + Lf s) + 2 2 2 2 L2 df Lq s Ldf s (Re + Lq s) + Ld Lq (Rf + Lf s)

' &

+K= @ IA @AIFHA?E=

=I HAIEIJA ?E=I @A AIJ=J H O @A ?= F

= ANFHAIE

' & IA IE F E ?= = ' '

D = Ld Lq L0 Lf s ( s 2 + 2 ) ( s +
IF I @A AIJA F E E I

R0 ) L0

s0 =

R0 ; s1 = 0 ; s2,3 = j L0

' 

'

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!!%

.ECKH= '  + HJ ?EH?KEJ >HKI? @A =

GKE = IE ?H

E?=

GKA ? HHAIF @A AN=?J= A JA ? I =KJ L= HAI @A = =JHE ?=H=?JAH IJE?= [A] >JA E@ I A = IA??E '   K JEF E?= @ = ANFHAIE ' % F H = E LAHI= @A = =JHE FAH=?E = IA @AJAH E = =I ? HHEA JAI JH= IB H =@=I 7 = LA @A E@=I =I BKA JAI E @AFA @EA JAI O =I ? @E?E AI E E?E= AI IA >JEA A = I K?E @A FH > A = 4AI LEA @ =I A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI A@E= JA = J ? E?= @A =KJ L= HAI O =KJ LA?J HAI AI A?AI=HE >JA AH K = I K?E F=HJE?K =H O = KIJ=H I ? A ?EA JAI E @AJAH E =@ I ? =I ? @E?E AI E E?E= AI )F E?= @ = JH= IB H =@= @A =F =?A = I K?E ? F AJ= IA >JEA A @EHA?J= A JA @A>E@ = GKA =I BK ?E AI @A JH= IBAHA ?E= ? JEA A J @= = E B H =?E A?AI=HE= ) JEJH= IB H = @ ?=@= K = @A =I BK ?E AI IA >JEA A @EHA?J= A JA = HAIFKAIJ= JA F H= @A FH > A =

'

+ HJ ?EH?KEJ >HKI? @A =

GKE = IE ?H

E?=

7 @A I = EIEI JH= IEJ HE @A =O H E JAH I A A AIJK@E @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= AI A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ JHEB IE? >HKI? O BH= ? A > H AI @A =I > >E =I @A =H =@KH= - = CKH= '  IA KAIJH= K @E=CH= = AIGKA JE? @A =I ? @E?E AI FHALE=I O F IJAHE HAI = ? HJ ?EH?KEJ =I ? HHEA JAI @A B=IA I ?AH @KH= JA A JEA F = JAHE H = ? HJ ?EH?KEJ )F E?= @ = JH= IB H =?E @A 2=H & " = AIJ=I ? @E?E AI IA >JEA A GKA =I ? HHEA JAI A ? H@A =@=I dq 0 A = ? @E?E FHALE= = ? HJ ?EH?KEJ J= >E I K =I = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F = JAI @A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ AI vf if (0 ) = '  Rf =I ? @E?E AI E E?E= AI A A E IJ= JA @A JEA F E A@E=J= A JA F IJAHE H = ?EAHHA @A E JAHHKFJ H (t = 0+ ) IA @AJAH E = ? IE@AH= @ GKA I A =?AI @A K A =I > >E =I @A = GKE = IA ? IAHL= A JHA A E IJ= JA E A@E=J= A JA = JAHE H O F IJAHE H = ? HJ ?EH?KEJ ,A AIJ= B H = =I L=HE=> AI JH= IB H =@=I I=JEIB=?A = IECKEA JA ? @E?E d (0+ ) d (0 ) q (0+ ) q (0 ) '  0 (0+ ) = 0 (0 ) f (0+ ) f (0 ) Ld 0 0 Ldf id (0+ ) Ld 0 0 Ldf id (0 ) + 0 Lq 0 0 0 iq (0+ ) = 0 Lq 0 iq (0 ) ' ! 0 0 L0 0 i0 (0 ) 0 0 L0 0 i0 (0 ) Ldf 0 0 Lf if (0+ ) Ldf 0 0 Lf if (0 )

!!& O F H J= J

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id (0+ ) id (0 ) iq (0+ ) iq (0 ) i0 (0+ ) = i0 (0 ) if (0+ ) if (0 )

0 0 = 0
vf Rf

' "

,KH= JA = ? @E?E @A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ =I JA IE AI A > H AI @A = =H =@KH= @A = GKE = I ?AH O =I JA IE AI A ? H@A =@=I dq 0 J= >E I K =I = JA IE A A @AL= =@ @A ?= F FAH = A?A ? IJ= JA A A L= H vf = I K?E F=HJE?K =H IA >JEA A = ? IE@AH=H A ? F HJ= EA J A H CE A FAH = A JA @A = GKE = A K JEA F KO =HC F IJAHE H = ? HJ ?EH?KEJ ) @AIFHA?E=H = HAIEIJA ?E= @A AIJ=J H A B=I H GKA HAFHAIA J= = ? HHEA JA @A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ A H CE A FAH = A JA IA HAJH=I= 90 ? HAIFA?J = = @EHA??E @A A A ?K=@H=JKH= = ? HHEA JA @A =H =@KH= AIJ HEA J=@= IAC = @EHA??E @A A A @EHA?J ? ?K= IA >JEA A @A =I A?K=?E AI B=I HE= AI @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= A = ? LA ?E J H A IECKEA JA HAIK J=@

Ve = Ef + jXd Id + jXq Iq = Ef + jXd Id = 0 id =

,A = ANFHAIE ' " IA @AJAH E =

Ldf vf ; iq = 0 Ld Rf
JAI ki @A = I K?E D C A= @A FH > A =

' #

0 k0 k1 k2 = 0 1 k3 0

f Ld d

Ldf Ld Lf j Ld q

0 0 1

0 1

I ? A ?EA Ldf Ld Lf j Ld q 0 1

Ldf vf Ld Rf 0 0 0 vf 0 Rf vf Rf 0
EA @ = I K?E D

L v 1 df f 2 = Ld Rf 0
1 2

' $

=I ? HHEA JAI E IJ= J JE?K =H ' #

A=I IA >JEA A IKFAHF

A= ' ! O = I K?E

F=H ' % ' & ' ' ' !

id (t) = iq (t) = if (t) = i0 (t) =

Ldf vf (cos t 1) Ld R f Ldf vf sin t Lq Rf 1+ 0 Ldf vf (1 cos t) Rf Ldf

2=H= >JA AH =I ? HHEA JAI A ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I IA HA= E = = JH= IB H =?E = ? HHEA JA E IJ= J A= @A = B=IA a GKA@=

E LAHI= @A 2=H

ia (t) = =

2 1 (id cos iq sin + i0 ) = 3 2

2 [id cos(t + 0 ) iq sin(t + 0 )] = 3

' ! E?=

1 1 1 1 2 vf 1 1 1 cos(t + 0 ) + ( + Ldf ) cos(2t + 0 ) + ( ) cos 0 3 Rf 2 Ld Lq 2 Ld Lq Ld

= ANFHAIE ' ! FKA@A IAH O IA E ? HF H= = @A E?E

A H E JAHFHAJ=@= IE IA K JEF E?= O @ELE@A F H = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H @A = BKAH = A A?JH JHE GKA FH @K?A A ?= F Ef

ia (t) =

2Ef

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ) cos(2t + 0 ) + ( ) cos 0 cos(t + 0 ) + ( + 2 Xd Xq 2 Xd Xq Xd

' ! 

7JE E = @ A J @ @A = JH= IB H =@= @A =F =?A IA >JEA A AN=?J= A JA I EI I HAIK J=@ I - AIJA ?=I AI A?AI=HE @AJAH E =H =I ? HHEA JAI JH= IB H =@=I @A = ANFHAIE ' #

[I(s)] = [Z(s)]

([Ldq0f ] i(0+ ) + [V(s)])

' !!

' ! 1 6-424-6)+1 +K= @ IA @AIFHA?E=

. 51+) ,- )5 1 ,7+6) +1)5 64) 516 41)5 =I HAIEIJA ?E=I @A I @AL= =@ I = =JHE @A E FA@= ?E= E LAHI= AI

!!'

[Z(s)] =
+ @

Ld s Ld = 0 Ldf s

Lq Lq s 0 0

0 0 L0 s 0

1 Ldf s Ldf = 0 Lf s 0 0
1 L0 s

s Ld (s2 + 2 ) Lq (s2 + 2 )

Ld (s2 + 2 ) s Lq (s2 + 2 )

0 0

Ldf d Lf s

' !"

d Lf (s

Ldf s 2 + 2 )

d Lf (s

Ldf 2 + 2 )

1 Lf s

=I JHAI BKA JAI @A JA IE @A =I B=IAI I K =I @KH= JA = =F E?=?E @A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ E E @A = BHA?KA ?E= IA >JEA A =I IECKEA JAI ? HHEA JAI JH= IB H =@=I

A A

Id (s) Iq (s) I0 (s) If (s)

Ldf 2 vf s(s2 + 2 )Ld Rf Ldf vf = 2 (s + 2 )Lq Rf = 0 s 2 Ld v f = + 2 2 2 2 s + s(s + ) Ld Rf =

' !# ' !$ ' !% ' !&

6H= IB H = @ =I ANFHAIE AI = JAHE HAI = @ E E @A JEA F IA >JEA A =I EI =I ? HHEA JAI E IJ= J A=I ' % = ' ! ?= ?K =@=I A@E= JA A J @ @A I =KJ L= HAI O =KJ LA?J HAI =I ? HHEA JAI F H = =H =@KH= O F H A ?= F @AFA @A @A = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H A? E?= @A = GKE = F HGKA @KH= JA A JH= IEJ HE A A?JH =C JE? = LA ?E@=@ FAH = A?A FH ?JE?= A JA ? IJ= JA =I I?E =?E AI @A =I ? HHEA JAI I =KJ = JA E@=I O = HJECK=@=I @A>E@ = GKA IA D= @AIFHA?E=@ =I HAIEIJA ?E=I @A =I > >E =I CK 0 @AJAH E = = F IE?E @A H J H ? HAIFA?J = A A =C JE? @A = B=IA = @A AIJ=J H A A E IJ= JA @A JEA F E E?E= @A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ = ANFHAIE ' ! IA KJE E = BHA?KA JA A JA A A = KIJA @A =I FH JA??E AI ? JH= ? HJ ?EH?KEJ @A =I GKE =I IE ?H E?=I

'!
-

1 JAHFHAJ=?E

B IE?= @A =I E @K?J= ?E=I JH= IEJ HE=I

= ANFHAIE ' # IA D= @A E@ =I E @K?J= ?E=I Ld Lf O Ldf F=H= IE F E ?=H A = EIEI @A I JH= IEJ HE I A A?JH =C JE? I @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= =I E @K?J= ?E=I Ld O Lf JEA A K = E JAHFHAJ=?E B IE?= ? ?HAJ= O HAFHAIA J= F=H AJH I AGKEL= A JAI LEIJ I @AI@A A A A d O f HAI FA?JEL= A JA - = CKH= ' IA HAFHAIA J= = ? CKH=?E AIGKA JE?= @A =I > >E =I @A A A @EHA?J O @A ?= F -IJ=I > >E =I IA A ?KA JH= FAHBA?J= A JA = E A=@=I F H = @A E?E @A = JH= IB H =?E O ? IJEJKOA K ?EH?KEJ =? F =@ =C JE?= A JA IA A = JA = K JH= IB H =@ H @A @ I @AL= =@ I d O f @A =JA JE? GKA @A ' AI A IECKEA JA AA ? F HJ= EA J @A ?EH?KEJ =C JE? HAFHAIA J=@ A = CKH= ' !' IA FKA@A HABAHEH AIJA ?EH?KEJ

vd vf

Ld p Ldf p Ldf p Lf p

id iq

+K= @ A ?EH?KEJ @A ?= F IA AN?EJ= A@E= JA K = BKA JA @A JA IE = A A @EHA?J A@E= JA = HA@K??E @A H

v d = (L d

L2 Ldf Ldf df )pid + vf = Ld pid + vf Lf Lf Lf

' "

!"

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.ECKH= '

)? F = EA J

=C

JE? A JHA =I > >E =I @A A A @EHA?J O @A ?= F

) E A J= @ A A A @EHA?J ? K = BKA JA @A JA IE O HA A = @ AIJA @AL= =@ I >HA A ?= F @A = GKE = A@E= JA = HA@K??E @A H IA >JEA A

vf = (Lf

L2 Ldf Ldf df )pif + vd = Lf pif + vd Ld Ld Ld

' "

- HA A @A =I > >E =I @A ?= F I >HA A A A @EHA?J O @A = > >E = @A A A @EHA?J I >HA A ?= F @A A =I E @K?J= ?E=I JH= IEJ HE=I Ld O Lf HAIFA?JEL= A JA - =? F = EA J A JHA AIJ I @ I ?EH?KEJ I E F E?= K = HA@K??E ABA?JEL= @A = E @K?J= ?E= AGKEL= A JA GKA IA >IAHL= @AI@A ?=@= K = @A =I > >E =I ?K= @ = JH= IA AN?EJ= A@E= JA K = BKA JA @A JA IE = JA IE @A AN?EJ=?E Ldf =F=HA?A HA A =@= A = > >E = @A A A @EHA?J A = FH F H?E GKA AI FH ?JE?= A JA ECK= = Lf
Nd = HA =?E @A LKA J=I A JHA =I @ I > >E =I N - A ?EH?KEJ @A ?= F = IEJK=?E f =F=HA?A A HA A @A = JA IE @A A A @EHA?J vd = JH=L I @A = HA =?E @A JH= IB H =?E N @A LKA J=I Nf d

AI IE E =H O @A AH

5E K ?EH?KEJ =? F =@ =C JE?= A JA ? = > >E = IA A ?KA JH= =>EAHJ IA AN?EJ= A@E= JA K = BKA JA @A ? HHEA JA = E @K?J= ?E= FH FE= @A = > >E = FAH = A?A ? IJ= JA + A A A ?K=@H=JKH= AIJ =? F =@ =C JE?= A JA ? E CK = JH= > >E = = E @K?J= ?E= FH FE= @A AIJA A A AI E @A FA @EA JA @A I BA A I JH= IEJ HE I A A HAIJ @A =I > >E =I - AIJ I ?=I I =I ? IJ= JAI @A JEA F @A =I > >E =I AIJ @AJAH E =@=I F H A ? ?EA JA A JHA = E @K?J= ?E= FH FE= O = HAIEIJA ?E= @A ?=@= A H =@ +K= @ = GKE = IA ? A?J= = BKA JAI @A JA IE A = =H =@KH= A A ?= F =I ? IJ= JAI @A JEA F IA HA@K?A @A>E@ = =? F = EA J =C JE? ANEIJA JA A JHA AIJ=I > >E =I

'"

6A IE

@A =H =@KH= A ?EH?KEJ =>EAHJ

+K= @ = =H =@KH= @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= IA A ?KA JH= A ?EH?KEJ =>EAHJ =F=HA?A A AIJ=I > >E =I BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI FAH ANEIJA =? F = EA J A A?JH =C JE? A JHA AIJ I ?EH?KEJ I O A ?= F = A?K=?E @A ?EH?KEJ @A ?= F AI

vf = Rf if + Lf

dif dt

' "  I @AL= =@ I ' "!

-IJ= A?K=?E @EBAHA ?E= @A A = ? IJ= JA @A JEA F @A ?EH?KEJ @A ?= F ?K= @ @A =H =@KH= IA A ?KA JH= A ?EH?KEJ =>EAHJ

f 0 =
,AIFHA?E= @ I ?= E I @A @EIFAHIE @A ?= F

Lf Rf

' # 5156- ) ),1 - 51

) ,- 7 1,),-5

!"

.ECKH= ' ! 6A IE

@A =H =@KH= A ?EH?KEJ =>EAHJ = JA K = A AHCE =?E

@A ?= F

- = FH ?JE?= = ? IJ= JA @A JEA F @A ?= F ? =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H A ?EH?KEJ =>EAHJ AIJ ? FHA @E@= A JHA 1 O 20 IACK @ I @A>E@ = GKA = HAIEIJA ?E= Rf @A AIJA A H =@ IA @EIA = I FAGKA = F IE> A F=H= HA@K?EH =I F H@E@=I D E?=I =I BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI GKA =F=HA?A I >HA =I > >E =I @A I A AI @EHA?J O ?K=@H=JKH= ? =I > >E =I @A =H =@KH= A ?EH?KEJ =>EAHJ I dif vd = Ldf ' "" dt vq = Ldf if ' "# ,AJAH E = @ = I K?E @A = A?K=?E @EBAHA ?E= ' " O IKIJEJKOA @ AIJ= ? HHEA JA A IE AI = JAHE HAI IA >JEA A I IECKEA JAI HAIK J=@ I vf t if (t) = (1 e f 0 ) Rf t Ldf vf f vd (t) = e 0 f 0 Rf Ldf vf t vq (t) = (1 e f 0 ) f 0 Rf = BKAH = A A?JH 2=H & "$ JHE A = B=IA a @A = GKE = IA >JEA A A@E= JA = JH= IB H =?E =I ANFHA ' "$ ' "% ' "& E LAHI= @A

2 [vd (t) cos(t + 0 ) vq (t) sin(t + 0 )] ' "' 3 ) ? F=H=H =I ANFHAIE AI ' "" O ' "# IA >IAHL= GKA = BKAH = A A?JH JHE E @K?E@= I >HA = > >E = @A A A ?K=@H=JKH= vq AI K?D =O H GKA = E @K?E@= I >HA A A A @EHA?J vd @A>E@ = GKA CA AH= A JA = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= @A = GKE = AI K?D =O H GKA A E LAHI @A = ? IJ= JA @A JEA F f 0 ,AIFHA?E= @ = BKAH = A A?JH JHE @A A A @EHA?J IA >JEA A = IECKEA JA JA IE I >HA = > >E = @A = GKE = va (t) = va (t) = vf 2 t Ldf (1 e f 0 ) sin(t + 0 ) 3 Rf
' # GKE = @KH= JA

- = CKH= ' ! IA FHAIA J= K CH ? @A = BKAH = A A?JH JHE A > H AI @A = = A AHCE =?E @A ?= F ?K= @ = =H =@KH= IA A ?KA JH= A ?EH?KEJ =>EAHJ

'#

5EIJA = =@E A IE

= @A K E@=@AI

) ECK= GKA A =I JH=I GKE =I A ?JHE?=I O A A IEIJA = A ?JHE? @A F JA ?E= AI ? LA EA JA KJE E =H A IEIJA = =@E A IE = @A K E@=@AI J= >E ? ?E@ ? IEIJA = A F H K E@=@ F=H=

!"

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1+)

?K= JE ?=H =I @EBAHA JAI L=HE=> AI GKA @A A A ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= + IK?A@A A I JH= IB H =@ HAI = GKE = IE ?H E?= F IAA K HA @E EA J A AL=@ A A H= C @A FAH=?E E @KIJHE= O AI ? LA EA JA @A EH = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= =F=HA JA @A = GKE = ? F JA ?E= >=IA @A IEIJA = =@E A IE = @A K E@=@AI K?D=I ?=IE AI AI =? IA => A KJE E =H ? >=IA @A F JA ?E= = F JA ?E= =F=HA JA B IE?= @A = =H =@KH= @A = GKE = AIFA?E= A JA ?K= @ IA @A A =I >=IAI @A H J H ? = = E@=@ @A ?A JH=H =I =C EJK@AI A F H K E@=@ @A =I L=HE=> AI O F=H AJH I =I ?E=@ I ? A H J H -IJ=I L=HE=> AI FKA@A >JA AH L= HAI ANJHA I F HGKA A ?EH?KEJ @A ?= F ? IK A K = F JA ?E= GKA AI L=HE I H@A AI @A =C EJK@ E BAHE H = = @A =H =@KH= )@A I @A =H =I >=IAI @A F JA ?E= JA IE O ? HHEA JA A I ? LAHJE@ HAI A A?JH A? E? I AI A?AI=HE @A EH =I >=IAI @A F=H LA ?E@=@ JEA F E FA@= ?E= A E @K?J= ?E= - F=H >=IA IA @A A ? A ? ?EA JA A JHA = F JA ?E= >=IA O = LA ?E@=@ >=IA @A = GKE =

TB =
= LA ?E@=@ >=IA @A =

SB B
E?=

' #

GKE = A CA AH= IA AI? CA ECK= = = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H

B = s =

e f = 2 p p

' # 

@ @A p AI A AH @A F=HAI @A F I @A ? LAHJE@ H O f AI = BHA?KA ?E= @A =I ? HHEA JAI @A =H =@KH= ) @A EH = LA ?E@=@ >=IA @A = GKE = A JEA F >=IA O A CK >=IA IA A ?KA JH= HA =?E =@ I = AI? CAH K A JH GKA@= =KJ JE?= A JA @A E@

B =

B B 1 rad tB = = tB B s

' #!

2=H= ? LAHJEH =I E @K?J= ?E=I = IEIJA = =@E A IE = @A K E@=@AI AI A?AI=HE @A EH = E FA@= ?E= A E @K?J= ?E= >=IA @A ?EH?KEJ @A =?KAH@ ? =I ANFHAIE AI ' # O ' #! IA JEA A
B 2 ZB VB LB = = IB = B B B SB

' #" = AI ' ## ? IJEJKE@=I F H K = ? ' #$ ' #% ' #&

=I >=IAI @A

E@=I = JAHE H A JA = E @K?J= ?E= A E FA@= ?E= =@E A IE

Lpu =
F

L B L Z = = = Zpu LB B LB ZB
GKE = IE ?H E?= AIJ

=I E @K?J= ?E=I FH FE=I @A =I > >E =I @A = A JA @A =C AJE =?E O JH= @A @EIFAHIE

Ld Lq Lf
@ @A

= = =

Lmd + Ld = Lmd (1 + d ) Lmq + Lq = Lmq (1 + q ) Lmf + Lf = Lmf (1 + f )

d =

Ld Lq Lf ; q = ; f = Lmd Lmd Lmf

' #'

=I E @K?J= ?E=I @A =C AJE =?E @A A A @EHA?J O @A ?= F AIJ HA =?E =@=I ? = E @K?J= ?E= KJK= A JHA A A A @EHA?J O A ?= F F HGKA F IAA A EI ?= E =C JE? I L= HAI B IE? I @A AIJ=I E @K?J= ?E=I IA @EBAHA ?E= @A>E@ = GKA ?=@= K = @A A =I AIJ @A E@= F H @EBAHA JAI AH I @A LKA J=I
2 2 Lmd = Nd md ; Lmf = Nf mf ; Ldf = Nd Nf df

' $ ' $

@A

md = mf = df

' # 5156- ) ),1 - 51

) ,- 7 1,),-5

!"!

5E I AH I @A LKA J=I @A =I > >E =I @A ?= F O @A A A @EHA?J I ECK= AI =I JHAI E @K?J= ?E=I @A = ANFHAIE ' $ JEA A A EI L= H ,A EA @ =I >=IAI @A IEIJA = =@E A IE = @A K E@=@AI AI F IE> A >JA AH AIJ= IE F E ?=?E +K= @ IA @A A = F JA ?E= >=IA @A = GKE = F=H= A ?EH?KEJ @A =H =@KH= O = JA IE >=IA @A ?=@= > >E = ? IK JA IE E = A A AIJ=J H = ? HHEA JA >=IAI AI ECK= = = ? HHEA JA E = - A H J H AIJ= IEJK=?E AI @EBAHA JA = JA IE E = @A = > >E = @A ?= F O = F JA ?E= =F=HA JA @A =H =@KH= FH @K?A K = ? HHEA JA >=IA @A EI H@A @A =C EJK@ GKA = ? HHEA JA E = @A ?= F I L= HAI A F H K E@=@ I ANJHA =@= A JA CH= @AI FAGKA I O IA FEAH@A =I LA J= =I @A IEIJA = =@E A IE = @A K E@=@AI 7 = I K?E F IE> A F=H= AIJA FH > A = ? IEIJA A @A EH I A =?AI @A K >=IA @A ?=@= > >E =

Bmd BF m
K JEF E?= @ =I ANFHAIE = =H =@KH= O A ?= F

= =

Lmd IB = Ldf IBF Ldf IB = Lmf IBF

' $  ' $! A JHA =I ? HHEA JAI >=IA A

AI = JAHE HAI IA >JEA A = IECKEA JA HA =?E

2 2 Lmd IB = Lmf IBF

IBF = IB

Lmd Nd = Lmf Nf

' $"

7JE E = @ = >=IA B IE?= @A F JA ?E= =F=HA JA @A =H =@KH= A = > I ?EH?KEJ I IA >JEA A = HA =?E A JHA =I >=IAI @A JA IE @A =H =@KH= O ?= F

SB = VB IB = VBF IBF
= ANFHAIE ' $# @A IEIJA = @A >=IAI IE F E IE ?H E?= ?K= @ AIJ= >=IA FH FE=I O KJK=I A K IEIJA = @A JA ?= J=> A A JA = IA ANFHAI= A F H K A A IEIJA = =@E A

VBF IB Nf = = VB IBF Nd

' $#

IE AI O ? HHEA JAI >=IA A =H =@KH= O ?= F -IJA =JHE @A E @K?J= ?E=I FH FE=I O KJK=I @A = GKE = E@=@ @A =I >=IAI @A A =?A @A K =I E FA@= ?E=I IE = @A K E@=@AI I

ZB = ZBF = ZB DF =
@ @A

VB V2 = B IB SB Nf Nd
2

' $$

2 Nf VBF VB = 2 = IBF Nd IB

ZB

' $% ' $&

Nf VB Nf VBF VB = = ZB = = ZB F D IBF Nd IB Nd IB
ln VB = Vn y SB = Sn1 =

=I E @K?J= ?E=I =@E A IE = AI @A = A =?AI @A K O F JA ?E= =F=HA JA

GKE = IE ?H B IE?= I

1 Sn 3 E?= ANFHAI=@=I A

A IEIJA = @A >=IAI @A

Lmd (pu) = Lmf (pu) = Ldf (pu) =

2 Nd df B 2 = N df LB ZB d 2 df Nf B 2 = N df LBF ZB d

' $' ' % ' %

B 2 Nd Nf df = N df LB DF ZB d

- A IEIJA = =@E A IE = GKA KJE E = =I >=IAI @A A =?A @A K O F JA ?E= =F=HA JA B IE?= =I JHAI E @K?J= ?E=I ?= ?K =@=I A =I ANFHAIE AI ' $' ' % O ' % I ECK= AI - L= H A F H K E@=@ @A AIJ=I E @K?J= ?E=I @AFA @A @A = FAH A= = @A ?= E =C JE? KJK AIJ=J H H J H df

!""

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1+)

+K=@H '  4= C J FE? @A

I L= HAI @A =I E @K?J= 1 @K?J= ?E= Ldf = Lmd = Lmf Lmq Ld Lq = d Ldf Lf = f Ldf Ld = (1 + d )Ldf Lf = (1 + f )Ldf Lq = (1 + q )Lmq

?E=I @A = GKE = IE ?H 4= C A FK 0, 7 1, 1 0, 5 0, 7 (0, 1 0, 2) Ldf (0, 2 0, 3) Ldf (1, 1 1, 2) Ldf (1, 2 1, 3) Ldf (1, 1 1, 2) Lmq

I I= EA JAI

Ld = Ld Lf = Lf

L2 d f Lf 2 Ldf Ld

(0, 27 0, 43)Ldf (0, 29 0, 47)Ldf

.ECKH= ' " + HJ ?EH?KEJ >HKI? @A =

GKE = IE ?H

E?= (0 = 0) IE HAIEIJA ?E= A

I @AL= =@ I

8= HAI J FE? I =@E A IE = AI @A =I E @K?J= ?E=I FH FE=I IE ?H E?=I ? LA ?E = AI IA FHAIA J= A = J=> = ' 

KJK=I O @A @EIFAHIE

=I

GKE =I

7JE E = @ L= HAI K HE? I A@E I @A =I E @K?J= ?E=I AIJE =@=I = JAHE ?K= JEJ=JEL= A JA = ? HHEA JA E IJ= J A= @A = B=IA a F=H= J @ JEA F >HKI? @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= J= ? IA >JKL A = A?K=?E ' ! 5E AI 1, 0 A F H K E@=@ @A>E@ = GKA A = ? @E?E FHALE= = ? HJ ?EH?KEJ A L=? = JA IE E = = ? HHEA JA E IJ= J A= HAIK J= IAH

H A JA AI F IE> A AL= K=H F IJAHE H = ? HJ ?EH?KEJ = BKAH = A A?JH JHE Ef = GKE = IA A ? JH=>=

ia (t) = 4, 29 cos(t + 0 ) + 1, 18 cos(2t + 0 ) + 3, 10 cos 0

' % 

= ? HHEA JA @A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ F IAA K = ? F A JA @A BHA?KA ?E= BK @= A J= ?KO L= H ABA?JEL AI IKFAHE H = 3, 0 A F H K E@=@ @A = ? HHEA JA E = -L= K= @ = ? HHEA JA @A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ A@E= JA A @E=CH= = B=I HE= @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= IA >JEA A GKA A L= H ABA?JEL @A = ? HHEA JA AI =FH NE =@= A JA 0, 95 A F H K E@=@ 7 ? HJ ?EH?KEJ = JA E@ @KH= JA K JEA F IK ?EA JA =HC ? F=H= = ?= =H A H CE A FAH = A JA FH @K?EH A @A?=E EA J @A =I ? HHEA JAI E IJ= J A=I D=IJ= = ?= =H = I K?E >JA E@= A@E= JA A @E=CH= = B=I HE= ,KH= JA I FHE AH I E IJ= JAI @A JEA F A =? F = EA J =C JE? A JHA A ?= F O A A A @EHA?J HA A = K = HA=?J= ?E= JH= IEJ HE= @A A A @EHA?J K?D I FAGKA = GKA = HA=?J= ?E= @A H CE A FAH = A JA O F H AIJ= H= IA E ?HA A J= A ELA @A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= - = CKH= ' " IA HAFHAIA J= = ? HHEA JA @A = ANFHAIE ' % ?K= @ A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ IA E E?E= A A A J A A ?K= A A A =C JE? @A ?= F ? E ?E@A ? A A A =C JE? @A = B=IA a @A AIJ=J H (0 = 0)

'$ )

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'$

EIEI JH= IEJ HE ?

HAIEIJA ?E=I

- =I IA??E AI = JAHE HAI IA D= @AIFHA?E=@ =I HAIEIJA ?E=I @A =I > >E =I F=H= IE F E ?=H = I K?E = = JE?= @A FH > A = )@A I IA ? IE@AH= A J @ A @AI=HH GKA =I JA IE AI A =I > >E =I I =I L=HE=> AI E @AFA @EA JAI O =I ? HHEA JAI I =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ @A IEIJA = 5E A ?= F IA AN?EJ= A@E= JA K = BKA JA @A ? HHEA JA A FH > A = JEA A K F = JA= EA J O I K?E @EBAHA JA =I A?K=?E AI @E E?=I @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= IA FKA@A HAFHAIA J=H @A = IECKEA JA B H = [ie ] [ve ] [Zee ] [Zer ] = = [vr ] [Zre ] [Zrr ] [ir ] Re + Ld p Lq Ldf p vd id = Ld Re + Lq p Ldf vq iq = ' %! Ldf p 0 [vf ] [if ] [Rf + Lf p] + =I ? @E?E AI B H = JAI I D >HE@=I JA IE AI @A AIJ=J H O ? HHEA JAI A A H J H = ANFHAIE ' %! IA FKA@A @AI? F AH O HA H@A =H @A = B H = IECKEA JA

[ve ] = [ vr ] =
,AIFA = @ A LA?J H [ir ] @A = ANFHAIE

[Zee ] [ie ] + [Zer ] [ir ] [Zre ] [ie ] + [Zrr ] [ir ]

' %" ' %# = ' %" IA >JEA A ' %$

1

' %# O HAA F = = @ A HAIK J=@ A

1

[ir ] = [Zrr ]

[Zre ] [ie ] + [Zrr ]

1

[ vr ] [vr ] [ie ] [vr ]

[ve ] = [Zee ] [Zer ] [Zrr ]

-IJ=I @ I A?K=?E

[Zre ] [ie ] + [Zer ] [Zrr ]

' %%

AI IA FKA@A ANFHAI=H @A = IECKEA JA B H = 1 1 [Zee ] [Zer ] [Zrr ] [Zre ] [Zer ] [Zrr ] [ ve ] = 1 1 [ir ] [Zrr ] [Zre ] [Zrr ]

' %&

4A= E = @

=I FAH=?E

AI =JHE?E= AI E @E?=@=I A A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E L2 Ldf p d fp R + Ld R f + Lq Lf p p Rf +Lf p vd e 2 Ldf p Ldf vq = Re + Lq p Rf +L Ld R f + Lf p fp if Ldf p 1 0 Rf + Lf p Rf +Lf p

AI = JAHE H IA >JEA A id ' %' iq v

f

,A = ANFHAIE ' %' IA FKA@A >JA AH @AIFK I @A HA= E =H = JH= IB H =?E @A =F =?A = E FA@= ?E= FAH=?E = FH FE= @A A A @EHA?J A A @ E E @A = BHA?KA ?E= (p s)

Zdd (s) = Re +

Ld

L2 df s Rf + Lf s

' & A @AL= =@ @A ?= F A

5E IA =F E?= K AI?= @A ? HHEA JA A A A A @EHA?J @A = GKE = ? ? HJ ?EH?KEJ IA >JEA A = IECKEA JA JA IE A = > >E = @A A A @EHA?J

Vd (s) = Zdd (s)

= JA IE A A E IJ= JA E JA HA = @A L= H E E?E=

I = s

L2 Re df s + Ld s R f + Lf s

' &

A@E=J= A JA F IJAHE H = ? HJ ?EH?KEJ (t = 0+ ) IA >JEA A =F E?= @ A

2 L2 df s Rf + Lf s

vd (0+ ) = l m s Vd (s) = l m
s

Re + sLd

I sLd I

' & 

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.ECKH= ' # KC=H CA BHA?KA ?E=

JHE?

@A = HAIEIJA ?E= A E @K?J= ?E= FH FE= @A A A @EHA?J

= L=HE=H =

- A E IJ= JA E E?E= A A A @EHA?J IA ? F HJ= ? K ?EH?KEJ =>EAHJ ? K = E FA@= ?E= E EJ= 5E IA E JAH?= >E= A = A?K=?E ' & A FAH=@ H @A =F =?A s F H A FAH=@ H @A H CE A FAH = A JA j IA >JEA A = HAIFKAIJ= A BHA?KA ?E= F=H= = E FA@= ?E= @A A A @EHA?J
2 Rf L2 df 2 + 2 L2 Rf f

Zdd (j ) =

Re +

+ j Ld

2 L2 df Lf 2 + 2 L2 Rf f

' &!

+K= @ = BHA?KA ?E= j AI HA@K?E@= FAH @EBAHA JA @A ?AH = > >E = JEA @A = ? F HJ=HIA @A =?KAH@ ? IKI F=H AJH I @A H CE A FAH = A JA Re O Ld ) A@E@= GKA =K A J= = BHA?KA ?E= A =? F = EA J A JHA A ?= F O A A A @EHA?J E ?HA A J= = HAIEIJA ?E= AGKEL= A JA @A = > >E = O HA@K?A = E @K?J= ?E= - A EJA ?K= @ = BHA?KA ?E= JEA @A = E EJ = HAIEIJA ?E= @A H J H GKA@= HA A =@= A A A A @EHA?J IAC = HA =?E ?K=@H JE?= @A AH @A LKA J=I O = E @K?J= ?E= @A = > >E = JEA @A = L= H JH= IEJ HE Ld

= Re + jLd N2 Zdd ( ) = Re + d 2 Rf + jLd Nf

Zdd ( 0)

' &" ' &#

- = CKH= ' # IA HAFHAIA J= A KC=H CA JHE? @A = E FA@= ?E= FH FE= @A = > >E = @A A A @EHA?J ? = BHA?KA ?E= ? F=H AJH - AIJA @E=CH= = IA FKA@A >IAHL=H GKA = GKE = IE ?H E?= L=H = @KH= JA A JH= IEJ HE IK E FA@= ?E= @A A JH=@= I FHE AH I E IJ= JAI = HA=?J= ?E= JH= IEJ HE= IA = E AIJ= F A = A JA O = A@E@= GKA JH= I?KHHA A JEA F = E FA@= ?E= IA AIJ=>E E = A A L= H @A H CE A FAH = A JA - A EIJ=@  IA HAFH @K?A K FH ?A@E EA J @A ? ?K A A A J H @A FH CH= =?E 5+1 )* 4 GKA FAH EJA AL= K=H =I ? HHEA JAI A ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I O JH= IB H =@=I @KH= JA K ? HJ ?EH ?KEJ >HKI? @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= ? IE@AH= @ =I =JA K=?E AI @A>E@=I = =I HAIEIJA ?E=I @A =I > >E =I - = CKH= ' $(a) IA KAIJH= A K CH ? I HAIK J=@ I >JA E@ I F=H= =I L=HE=> AI A A IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I dqf EA JH=I GKA A = CKH= ' $(b)IA HAFHAIA J= =I ? HHEA JAI A ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I a O f

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@A =I ? HHEA JAI @A =
1+)5

GKE = IE ?H

E?= @A F

I I= EA JA @KH= JA K

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LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= HAIEIJA ?E= @A AIJ=J H O @A ?= F E @K?J= ?E= @A A A @ G B O KJK= @B =JHE @A HAIEIJA ?E=I =JHE @A E @K?J= ?E=I =JHE @A CA AH=?E E LAHI= @A =JHE @A JH= IE?E @A AIJ=@ O IK E LAHI= =KJ LA?J HAI O =KJ L= HAI @A ) ? @E?E AI E E?E= AI FHAB= = JEA F @A = I K?E A FK @A?=E EA J @A AH =KJ L= H @A?=E EA J @A @ =KJ L= H @A?=E EA J @A !AH =KJ L= H I K?E F=HJE?K =H F E  ? HHEA JAI D C A=I A J  ? ABE?EA JAI D C A I I K?E D C A= I K?E J J= E@ EG EB CH BE? @A =I ? HHEA JAI E@ EG A EB JH= IB H =?E E LAHI= @A 2=H CH BE? @A =I ? HHEA JAI E= A EB

F JJ E= J E! 

= + HHEA JAI @EHA?J= ?K=@H=JKH= O @A ?= F

> + HHEA JAI @A =H =@KH= O @A ?= F

.ECKH= ' $ + HHEA JAI @A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ @A =

GKE = IE ?H

E?=

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IJ= JAI @A JEA F A ?EH?KEJ I =? F =@ I A JA

=C

JE?=

- = GKE = IE ?H E?= A A A @EHA?J O = > >E = @A ?= F IA A ?KA JH= =? F =@ I =C JE ?= A JA J= ? IA KAIJH= A = CKH= ' =I A?K=?E AI GKA HAFHAIA J= A ? F HJ= EA J @E E? @A I A AI @EHA?J O ?K=@H=JKH= I

vd vf
- A @

Rd + Ld p Ldf p Ldf p Rf + Lf p

id if

' &$

E E @A = JH= IB H =@= @A =F =?A IA >JEA A

Vd (s) Vf (s)

Rd + Ld s Ldf s Ldf s R f + Lf s

Id (s) If (s)

Ld Ldf

Ldf Lf

id (0+ ) if (0+ )

' &%

5E A A E IJ= JA E E?E= IA ? HJ ?EH?KEJ= IE K J A= A JA = > I JAH E = AI @A JH= IB H =@ H A FHAIA ?E= @A K =JH=F=@ A =I > >E =I =I ? HHEA JAI A A @ E E @A = BHA?KA ?E= HAIK J= IAH

Id (s) If (s)
@ @A

1 D

Ld (Rf + Lf s) L2 Ldf (Rf + Lf s) Lf Ldf s df s Ldf Ld s + Ldf (Rd + Ld s) L2 df s + Lf (Rd + Ld s)

2 D = (Rd + Ld s)(Rf + Lf s) L2 df s

id (0+ ) if (0+ )

' &&

' &' =

+ IE@AH= @ GKA A = > >E = d @A JH= IB H =@ H ?EH?K =>= ? HHEA JA A A E IJ= JA E E?E= ? HHEA JA F H AIJA ?EH?KEJ @AIFK I @A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ AI

Id (s) =

Ldf Rf if (0+ ) 2 (Rd + Ld s)(Rf + Lf s) L2 df s

E =@ H @A = A?K=?E

' ' ' '

=I ? IJ= JAI @A JEA F @A ?EH?KEJ AIJ @AJAH E =@=I F H A @A -IJA @A E =@ H IA FKA@A ANFHAI=H @A = IECKEA JA B H =

D = L2 df (1 + d )(1 + f )(
@ @A

1 1 + s)( + s) s2 d0 f 0

' '

d0 =

Lf Ld Lf Ld ; f 0 = ; d = ; f = Re Rf Ldf Ldf
I ? A ?EA JAI @A @EIFAHIE

' '  ?AH A AIJA ?=I A ' '!

+K= @ A =? F = EA J AI FAHBA?J @A E =@ H ' ' IA HA@K?A =

d O q I

D = L2 df (

1 1 1 1 1 1 + )s + = L2 + )(s + ) df ( d0 f 0 d0 f 0 d0 f 0 d0 + f 0

5E A =? F = EA J AI FAHBA?J A IEIJA = JEA A K = I = ? IJ= JA @A JEA F GKA AI ECK= = = IK = @A =I ? IJ= JAI @A JEA F @A ?=@= K = @A =I > >E =I - ?= >E ?K= @ A =? F = EA J AI KO @ >E I ? A ?EA JAI @A @EIFAHIE I KO CH= @AI O A @A E =@ H ' ' IA HA@K?A =FH NE =@= A JA =

D = L2 df (1 + d )(1 + f )(s +

1 1 )(s + ) d0 f 0

' '"

=I ? IJ= JAI @A JEA F I E@ JE?=I A AIJA ?=I = ?=@= K = @A =I ? IJ= JAI @A JEA F @A I ?EH?KEJ I FH FE I A L=? +K= @ A ?EH?KEJ =C JE? AIJ BKAHJA A JA @AI=? F =@ =I > >E =I =?J = E @AFA @EA JA A JA K = @A = JH= - K ?EH?KEJ =C JE? E@A= A =? F = EA J AI FAHBA?J )K ?K= @ B IE?= A JA AIJ AI F IE> A A = FH ?JE?= A =? F = EA J FKA@A AC=H = IAH FH ?JE?= A JA FAHBA?J I A =?AI @A K

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!"' IA ?K F A

FKA@A ?= >E=H A K JEA F ?AH IE K ? IEA FHA A ?K= GKEAH ?=I

d (0 ) f (0 )
=? @E?E

Ld Ldf

Ldf Lf

id (0 ) if (0 )

Ld Ldf

Ldf Lf

id (0+ ) if (0+ )

d (0+ ) f (0+ )

' '#

E@A= @A =? F = EA J FAHBA?J

A @AJAH E = JA @A =

=JHE @A E @K?J= ?E=I AI ?AH ' '$

2 2 Ld Lf L2 df = Ldf (1 + d )(1 + f ) Ldf 0, si d q 0

7 = @A =I @ I A?K=?E AI @A IEIJA = ' '# AI E A= A JA @AFA @EA JA @A = JH= - FHAIA ?E= @A =? F = EA J FAHBA?J =I ? HHEA JAI A JHA A E IJ= JA t = 0 O t = 0+ IA = JEA A A?AI=HE= A JA ? IJ= JAI - ?= >E I A =?AI @A K I JEA A GKA FAH = A?AH ? IJ= JAI A JHA AIJ I @ I E IJ= JAI 2 H AIJ= H= IEA FHA IA ?K F A GKA

Ld id (0 ) + Ldf if (0 ) = Ld id (0+ ) + Ldf if (0+ )

+ ?K= GKEAH JH =? F = EA J O F IJAHE H = ? HJ ?EH?KEJ IA = JEA A ? IJ= JAI =I ? HHEA JAI A JHA

' '% I E IJ= JAI = JAHE H ' '& ' ''

id (0 ) = if (0 ) =

id (0+ ) if (0 )
+

'&

EIEI JH= IEJ HE =FH NE =@

I J H E I @A JH= IB H =?E A A @A A ? H@A =@=I dqf @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= I @AIFHA?E=> AI A ? F=H=?E ? I J H E I @A CA AH=?E ! - A ?= F J @=I =I BKAH =I A A? JH JHE?AI I @A JH= IB H =?E O F H AIJ= H= AI F IE> A @AIFHA?E=H E C J H E A = A?K=?E ? HHAIF @EA JA = AIJ= > >E = =I A?K=?E AI @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= = @AIFHA?E=H I J H E I @A JH= IB H =?E =I ?E=@ I ? A A A @EHA?J O ?K=@H=JKH= IA FKA@A HAFHAIA J=H @A = IECKEA JA B H = vd Re Xq 0 id vq = Xd iq Re Ldf '  vf Ldf p 0 Rf + Lf p if ,KH= JA I FHE AH I E IJ= JAI @A FAH @ JH= IEJ HE A A =?A @A K @A = > >E = @A ?= F f IA = JEA A FH ?JE?= A JA ? IJ= JA =I ? HHEA JAI id A if @A>A L=HE=H F=H= = JA AH ? IJ= JA AIJA A =?A @A K 5E IA ? IE@AH= GKA A A =?A @A K IA = JEA A A@E= JA K = ? HHEA JA AGKEL= A JA GKA ?EH?K = F H = > >E = @A ?= F IA FKA@A AL= K=H = BKAH = A A?JH JHE GKA AIJA A =?A FH @K?A I >HA A A A ?K=@H=JKH=

ef = Ldf if equi = Ldf

L2 f Lf if + Ldf id df = Ldf = Ldf if + id = ef + (Xd Xd )id '  Lf Lf Lf

= BKAH = A A?JH JHE JH= IEJ HE= ef FAH = A?A ? IJ= JA EA JH=I GKA L=H A A A =?A @A K @A ?= F f = A?K=?E '  @AJAH E = A L= H @A AIJ= BKAH = A A?JH JHE - ? LA ?E CA AH=@ H O A HAFHAIA J=?E B=I HE= = BKAH = A A?JH JHE JH= IEJ HE= Ef AI

Ef = Ef j (Xd Xd )Id = Ve + jXd Id + jXq Iq

'  

= ANFHAIE '  @AJAH E = = BKAH = A A?JH JHE JH= IEJ HE= GKA FAH = A?A FH ?JE?= A JA ? I J= JA EA JH=I @A?=A A A =?A @A K @A ?= F 2=H= AL= K=H = BKAH = A A?JH JHE JH= IEJ HE= AI A?AI=HE @AJAH E =H =I ? HHEA JAI Id A Iq @A H CE A FAH = A JA = JAI @A GKA ?KHH= = FAH JKH>=?E + =I ? HHEA JAI @A H CE A FAH = A JA IA ? IJHKOA A @E=CH= = B=I HE= KJE E = @ ? F=H AJH = HA=?J= ?E= JH= IEJ HE= @A A A @EHA?J Xd A KC=H @A = HA=?J= ?E= @A H CE A

!#

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.ECKH= ' % ,E=CH= = B=I HE= =FH NE =@ @A = BKAH = A A?JH

JHE JH= IEJ HE=

FAH = A JA Xd - A A A ?K=@H=JKH= ANEIJA =? F = EA J =C JE? ? = > >E = @A ?= F O = HA=?J= ?E= @A H CE A FAH = A JA @A AIJA A A ? JE = IEA @ Xq - = CKH= ' % IA HAFHAIA J= A @E=CH= = B=I HE= @A FH ?A@E EA J @AI?HEJ - @E=CH= = B=I HE= @A = CKH= ' % HAFHAIA J= = BKAH = A A?JH JHE JH= IEJ HE= GKA IA = JEA A ? IJ= JA @KH= JA I FHE AH I E IJ= JAI F IJAHE HAI = = FAHJKH>=?E AL= K=@= = F=HJEH @A =I ? @E?E AI @A FAH=?E FHALE=I - @A?=E EA J @A AIJ=I ? @E?E AI AIJ @AJAH E =@ F H = ? IJ= JA @A JEA F JH= IEJ HE= @A ?= F
f Lf Ld Lf L2 df d f = = = d0 Rf Rf Rf Ld

L2

' !

5E = ? @E?E @A FAH=?E K = LA ?KHHE@= = FAHJKH>=?E AI K = L=HE=?E I >EJ= @A = JA IE @A =H =@KH= J= ? IK?A@A A A ?=I @A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ >HKI? IA FKA@A HA?= ?K =H A @E=CH= = B=I HE= JH= IEJ HE =FH NE =@ KJE E = @ = KAL= JA IE @A =H =@KH= = BKAH = A A?JH JHE JH= IEJ HE= = HA=?J= ?E= JH= IEJ HE= @A A A @EHA?J O = HA=?J= ?E= @A A A ?K=@H=JKH= =I ? HHEA JAI HAIK J= JAI @A AIJA = EIEI I =FH NE =@= A JA =I GKA IA >JEA A A I FHE AH I E IJ= JAI @A JH= IEJ HE F=H= = ? F A JA @A BHA?KA ?E= BK @= A J= @A = I K?E ,KH= JA A FAH @ @A L= E@A @A AIJ= =FH NE =?E = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= A@E= IK E EIJH=@= F H = GKE = = = HA@ IA @AJAH E = =FH NE =@= A JA A@E= JA = IECKEA JA ANFHAIE

Pe =

Ve Ef Xd

sin +

Ve2 1 1 sin 2 2 Xq Xd

' "

7JE E = @ AIJA J @ F=H= AL= K=H =I ? HHEA JAI @A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ BH= ? @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= IA @AJAH E = A FHE AH KC=H = BKAH = A A?JH JHE JH= IEJ HE= ? =I ? @E?E AI @A FAH=?E FHALE=I = = FAHJKH>=?E Ef = Ve + jXq Ie + j (Xd Xd )Id ' # 2 IJAHE H A JA IA HAIKA LA A @E=CH= = B=I HE= ? =I KAL=I ? @E?E AI E FKAIJ=I F H = FAHJKH >=?E Ef = Ve + jXd Id + jXq Iq = Ve + jXq Ie + j (Xd Xq )Iq ' $ ,KH= JA A ? HJ 90 ? HAIFA?J GKE = AI ? JH= IEJ HE= @A ? ?EH?KEJ = JA IE @A =H =@KH= Ve AI ?AH = ? HHEA JA IA A ?KA JH= HAJH=I=@= = = BKAH = A A?JH JHE Ef ?K= @ IA ? IE@AH= GKA = E FA@= ?E= E JAH = @A = F AJ= A JA E @K?JEL= = @AIFHA?E=H =I HAIEIJA ?E=I @A I @AL= =@ I = ? HHEA JA HJ ?EH?KEJ IA ?= ?K = @A = IECKEA JA B H =

Ef = Ve + jXq Id + j (Xd Xq )Iq = jXd Id Id =

! 4A?KAH@A GKA A

Ef jXd
?

' %
IJ= JAI

A IEIJA = @A ?

H@A =@=I dqf =I ? HHEA JAI O JA IE

AI @A H CE A FAH = A JA I

' ' 2-37- )5

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''

2AGKA =I I?E =?E

AI @A =

GKE = IE ?H

E?=

I = EIEI JH= IEJ HE I A A?JH =C JE? I HA= E =@ I A =I IA??E AI FHA?A@A JAI IA ? IE@AH= GKA = LA ?E@=@ A? E?= @A H J H @A = GKE = FAH = A?A FH ?JE?= A JA ? IJ= JA @KH= JA J @ A JEA F GKA @KH= A FH ?AI -IJ= =FH NE =?E IA KIJE ?= F H = @EBAHA ?E= ANEIJA JA A JHA =I ? IJ= JAI @A JEA F @A ?EH?KEJ A A?JH =C JE? O @A IEIJA = A? E? +K= @ IA ? IE@AH= GKA = LA ?E@=@ @A = GKE = FAH = A?A ? IJ= JA IA IE F E ?= J=> A A JA A FH > A = F HGKA A ? K J @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI GKA @A A IK ? F HJ= EA J AI E A= O FKA@A IAH HAIKA J A@E= JA J ? E?=I = = JE?=I 5E A >=HC = LA ?E@=@ @A = GKE = @AFA @A @A AGKE E>HE ANEIJA JA A JHA A F=H A ?JHE? O A F=H A? E? -IJA AGKE E>HE IA H FA BHA?KA JA A JA @KH= JA = FAH=?E H = @A = GKE = F H L=HE=?E AI @A F=H A? E? @A =??E = EA J FAHJKH>=?E AI @A = HA@ ?= >E I A = AN?EJ=JHE @A = GKE = K?D=I @A AIJ=I FAHJKH>=?E AI L=HE=?E AI I @A FAGKA = =C EJK@ O =K ?K= @ A @A GKA HAFHAIA J= A ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = AI E A= O @A CH= ? F A E@=@ AI F IE> A IE F E ?=H A FH > A = E A= E = @ =I A?K=?E AI A A A J H @A K @AJAH E =@ FK J @A FAH=?E ,A AIJ= B H = IA = = E = =I I?E =?E AI =JKH= AI @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= I AJE@= = FAGKA =I FAHJKH>=?E AI @A IKI ? @E?E AI @A FAH=?E = A?K=?E @EBAHA ?E= GKA HAFHAIA J= =JA JE?= A JA = @E E?= @A IEIJA = A? E? AI = IECKEA JA d2 d dm J 2 + =J + m = Tm Te ' & dt dt dt @ @A

AI = ?

IJ= JA @A E AH?E= @A =I

=I=I H J= JAI O

AI A ? A ?EA JA @A BHE??E

K JEF E?= @ = ANFHAIE = JAHE H F H = LA ?E@=@ A? E?= O @ELE@EA @ F H = F JA ?E= =F=HA JA >=IA @A = GKE = IA >JEA A A >= = ?A @A F JA ?E=I A A IEIJA = =@E A IE = @A K E@=@AI

Jm dm m + m = Pm (pu) Pe (pu) SB dt SB
K JEF E?= @ O @ELE@EA @ A FHE AH >JEA A = IECKEA JA ANFHAIE EA >H @A = A?K=?E

' '

' ' F H = LA ?E@=@ >=IA B IA

Jm B dm (pu) m B + m (pu) = Pm (pu) Pe (pu) SB dt SB

' 

= LA ?E@=@ A? E?= @A H J H FAH = A?A A J @ A J ?AH?= = = = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= m B GKA AI = >=IA @A LA ?E@=@ @A IEIJA = =@E A IE = @A K E@=@AI KJE E =@ 2 H AIJ= H= = A?K=?E '  IA FKA@A ANFHAI=H A B H = =FH NE =@= ?
2 2 JB dm (pu) B + m (pu) = Pm (pu) Pe (pu) SB dt SB

' 

,A EA @ = ? IJ= JA @A E AH?E= H A A IEIJA = =@E A IE = @A K E@=@AI ? A ? ?EA JA A JHA = A AHC = ?E JE?= Wk =?K K =@= A = =I= H J= JA @A = GKE = CEH= @ = = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= B O = F JA ?E= >=IA SB 1 J 2 Wk (B ) = 2 B '   H= SB SB = A?K=?E '  IA ANFHAI=H ?

2H
@ @A

dm (pu) + Pp (pu)m (pu) = Pm (pu) Pe (pu) dt

' !

!#

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Pp (pu)

HAFHAIA J= =I F H@E@=I = F JA ?E= >=IA

E?=I = = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H

E?= A F H K E@=@ @A

CK @A ?=HC= AIJ @A E@ F H =I F IE?E AI HAIFA?JEL=I @A A A =C JE? @A = FEA = F =H O @A = = F EJK@ @A ?= F =C JE? H J=J HE FH @K?E@ F H =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H - FHE AH CEH= = = LA ?E@=@ A? E?= O A IACK @ = = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= = L=HE=?E @A CK @A ?=HC= AIJ @AJAH E =@ F H = @EBAHA ?E= A JHA AIJ=I @ I LA ?E@=@AI

d m s = m s = B dt B B m (pu) =

= B [m (pu) 1]

' " ' # ' $

1 d +1 B dt

dm 1 d2 = dt B dt2
4AA F = = @ =I ANFHAIE AI ' # O ' $ A = A?K=?E ' ! IA >JEA A

Pp d 2H d2 + = Pm Pe Pp B dt2 B dt
- H CE A FAH = A JA = LA ?E@=@ AI ? CK @A ?=HC= ? HAIFA?J = JEA F I

' %

IJ= JA F H J= J =I @AHEL=@=I FHE AH= O IACK @= @A K =I O F H J= J = ANFHAIE ' % AI ' &

Pm Pe Pp = 0

= ANFHAIE ' & @AJAH E = A FK J @A AGKE E>HE A H CE A FAH = A JA O = A?K=?E @EBAHA ?E= ' % HAFHAIA J= = @E E?= @A IEIJA = A? E? -IJ= A?K=?E @EBAHA ?E= AI E A= @A>E@ = GKA = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= A JHAC=@= F H = GKE = IE ?H E?= JEA A K = @AFA @A ?E= E A= ? A CK @A ?=HC= 5E A >=HC ?K= @ = L=HE=?E @A CK @A ?=HC= AI FAGKA = IA FKA@A E A= E =H = A?K=?E @EBAHA ?E= A A A J H @A FK J @A AGKE E>HE >JA E @ IA =I IECKEA JAI HA =?E AI

= 0 + d d0 d d = + = dt dt dt dt d d d2 d2 = = 2 dt dt dt dt2
= A?K=?E @A = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= E A= E = A A A J H @A FK J @A AGKE E>HE AI

' ' '   '  

Pe = Ve Ef Xd

Ve E f Xd

sin(0 + ) +

Ve2 1 1 sin 2(0 + ) 2 Xq Xd

sin 0 +

Ve Ef Ve2 1 1 1 1 sin 20 + cos 0 + Ve2 cos 2 2 Xq Xq Xd Xd Xd Pe (0 ) + Pe (0 ) Pe (0 + ) Pe ( )

'  

= ANFHAIE = JAHE H =FH NE = = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= A@E= JA K = ANF= IE A IAHEAI @A 6=O H ?A JH=@= A A FK J @A AGKE E>HE @A F JA ?E=I O JHK ?=@= = F=HJEH @A I J H E I @A IACK @ H@A - FHE AH J H E @A = A?K=?E '  HAFHAIA J= = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= A A FK J @A AGKE E>HE O A IACK @ J H E IA @A A ? A E ?HA A J @A = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= ? A CK @A ?=HC= A A A J H @A FK J @A AGKE E>HE ? ?E@ ? F JA ?E= IE ?H E = JA @A = GKE = IE ?H E?=

' ' 2-37- )5 4AA F = = @ HAIK J=@

5+1 )+1

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!#!

= ANFHAIE

AI ' & '   '   O ' 

= A?K=?E

' % IA >JEA A A IECKEA JA '  ! )F E?= @ = JH= I '  "

2H d2 Pp d Pe (0 ) + + = Pm Pe Pp = 0 2 B dt B dt -IJ= ANFHAIE AI K = A?K=?E @EBAHA ?E= E A= O D C A= @A IACK @ CH=@ B H =@= @A =F =?A = = A?K=?E = JAHE H IA >JEA A

Pe (0 ) 2H 2 Pp 2H d (0+ ) Pp s + s+ (0+ ) (s) = + B B B dt B

+ IE@AH= @ GKA = L=HE=?E @A E ?HA A J @A CK ? HAIFA?J = JEA F AI @AIFHA?E=> A A A E IJ= JA E A@E=J= A JA F IJAHE H = = FAHJKH>=?E IA >JEA A = IECKEA JA A?K=?E = CA>H=E?=

(s) =
I F I @A F E O I HAIFA?JEL I = FAHJKH>=?E AI

Pp + 2H (0 ) Pp Pe (0 ) 2H 2 B s + B s +

'  #

E @A @A E =@ H @A = ANFHAIE = JAHE H @AJAH E = =I BHA?KA ?E=I =JKH= AI HJECK= EA J I @A =I I?E =?E AI @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= I AJE@= = FAGKA =I

'  $ 4H + =I F H@E@=I A? E?=I I KO FAGKA =I FKA@A IAH @AIFHA?E=@=I A AIJ= JE = ANFHAIE >JA E @ IA @A AIJ= B H = = BHA?KA ?E= =JKH= @A I?E =?E @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= A A A J H @A K @AJAH E =@ FK J @A AGKE E>HE

s1,2 =

Pp

2 8H Pe (0 ) Pp B

s1,2 = j

e ( 0 ) B P = jnat 2H

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= ANFHAIE = JAHE H FAH EJA E@A JE ?=H @A =I A L LA JAI @A I?E CH= = = ? IJ= JA @A JEA F JH= IEJ HE= O = ? IJ= JA k2 4AIJ= @ @A = A L LA JA = ? JHE>K?E JH= IEJ HE= IA >JEA A K = KAL= BK ?E GKA @AFA @A AN? KIEL= A JA @A = ? IJ= JA @A JEA F IK>JH= IEJ HE= += ?K = @ A C=HEJ AFAHE= @A AIJ= JE = BK ?E IA @AJAH E = A L= H @A = ? IJ= JA @A JEA F IK>JH= IEJ HE= t t t ln (i + i ) k2 e = ln k1 e = ln k1 ' " - = CKH= ' # IA HAFHAIA J= A F=FA IA E C=H J E? = A L LA JA (i + i ) @A @ @A IA @AJAH E = = ? IJ= JA k2 O = ? IJ= JA @A JEA F @A = =I J J= E A= @A AIJ= ?KHL= 4AIJ= @ AIJ= ? F A JA JH= IEJ HE= @A = A L LA JA IA >JEA A = BK ?E i ?KO= HAFHAIA J=?E C=H J E?= AI = HA?J= FK JA=@= @A @E=CH= = = FA @EA JA @A AIJ= HA?J= @AJAH E = = ? IJ= JA @A JEA F IK>JH= IEJ HE= 7 = LA >JA E@=I =I ? IJ= JAI @A JEA F JH= IEJ HE=I O IK>JH= IEJ HE=I IA @AJAH E = =I HAIFA?JEL=I E @K?J= ?E=I JH= IEJ HE=I O IK>JH= IEJ HE=I

Ld Ld = Re Re Ld Ld = Re Re

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I @AIAGKE E>HE I @A I IEIJA =I A ?JHE? I @A F JA ?E= O @A =I GKE =I A ?JHE?=I IA FKA@A = = E =H A@E= JA = JH= IB H =?E = ? F A JAI IE JHE?=I 2=H= AIJA AI A?AI=HE @AJAH E =H I @A I @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JAI A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= AC=JEL= O ?AH @A @A H CE A FAH = A JA @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= = = E =@ A A ?=F JK & IA >JEA A = AN?EJ=H = =H =@KH= @A = GKE = A@E= JA K IEIJA = >= = ?A=@ @A ? HHEA JAI @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= 2 H J= J A @E=CH= = B=I HE= O IKI A?K=?E AI =I ?E=@=I @A = = HA@ @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JAI - = EIEI =FH NE =@ I IA FKA@A @AIFHA?E=H =I @EBAHA ?E=I ANEIJA JAI A JHA = HA K?J= ?E= @A A A @EHA?J O ?K=@H=JKH= @A ? LAHJE@ H IE F E ?= @ A @A @A IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= @A = GKE = = K = BKAH = A A?JH JHE Ef ? A?J=@= A IAHEA ? = HA=?J= ?E= @A A A @EHA?J Xd - ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH AIJ ? IJEJKE@ F H = HA=?J= ?E= @A @EIFAHIE @A I @AL= =@ I @A AIJ=J H Xe 5E IA = E A J= = =H =@KH= ? K IEIJA = @A ? HHEA JAI @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH = BKAH = =C AJ JHE HAIK J= JA A A A JHADEAHH @A K = GKE = IE JHE?= AI K = 2 H AIJA JEL A @A @A IA?KA ?E= ?AH @A = GKE = JEA A BKA JAI @A BKAH = A A?JH JHE @A @A IA?KA ?E= AC=JEL= IA >JEA A AN?EJ= @ I @AL= =@ I @A =H =@KH= @A = GKE = ? K IEIJA = >= = ?A=@ @A ? HHEA JAI @A IA?KA ?E= AC=JEL= ia (t) = 2Ie cos t 2 2Ie cos(t ) ' "" ib (t) = 3 4 ) ic (t) = 2Ie cos(t 3 )F E?= @ = JH= IB H =?E @A 2=H & "$ = AIJ=I ? HHEA JAI IA >JEA A A IECKEA JA HAIK J=@ cos t cos(t 23 ) cos(t 43 ) id ia 2 2 4 iq = sin t sin(t 3 ) sin(t 3 ) ib = 3 1 1 1 i0 ic 2 2 2 cos 2t = 3Ie sin 2t ' "# 0

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vd = Ld

did dif dif Lq iq + Ldf = 3Ie (2Ld Lq ) sin 2t + Ldf dt dt dt

' "$

diq + Ldf if = 3Ie (Ld 2Lq ) cos 2t + Ldf if ' "% dt dif did d vf = Lf + Ldf = (Lf if + Ldf id ) ' "& dt dt dt ,AJAH E = @ @A = A?K=?E ' "& = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F if A BK ?E @A = ? HHEA JA @A A A @EHA?J id A E JH @K?EA @ AIJA HAIK J=@ A =I ANFHAIE AI ' "$ O ' "% IA >JEA A vq = Ld id + Lq if = Ldf vf vf Ldf id + t= ( 3Ie cos 2t) + t Lf Lf Lf Lf
' "' ' # ' # =I ANFHAIE AI

Ldf vd = 3Ie (2Xd Xq ) sin 2t + vf Lf Ldf vq = 3Ie (2Xq + Xd ) cos 2t + vf t Lf

)F E?= @ = JH= IB H =?E ' # O ' # E LAHI= @A 2=H = =I JA IE AI vd O vq @AJAH E =@=I A

va (t) = =

2 (vd cos t vq sin t) = 3

' # 

Xd + Xq 3 Ldf 2Ie sin t + (Xq Xd ) 2Ie sin 3t + vf (cos t t sin t) 2 2 Lf

@A JHEF A BHA?KA ?E= A = ANFHAIE ' #

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IA >JEA A = E FA@= ?E= @A

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' #"

= ? F A JA @A JHEF A BHA?KA ?E= >JA E@= A = ANFHAIE ' #" IA @A>A = GKA A ?= F =C JE? H J=J HE @A IA?KA ?E= AC=JEL= ? HJ= = I ? @K?J HAI @A H J H ? @ I LA?AI = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= HECE = @ BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI O ? HHEA JAI @A @ > A BHA?KA ?E= A =I > >E =I @A H J H -IJ=I ? HHEA JAI L=HE= @ = @ > A @A = BHA?KA ?E= IE ?H E?= FH @K?A K ?= F =C JE? H J=J HE

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' "

-IJ=>E E@=@ @A =

GKE = IE ?H

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- =I IA??E AI FHA?A@A JAI IA = = E A ? F HJ= EA J JH= IEJ HE A A?JH =C JE? @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= ? IE@AH= @ GKA = LA ?E@=@ A? E?= @A H J H AI FH ?JE?= A JA ? IJ= JA @KH= JA K ?EAHJ JEA F 6= >E IA F = JA A FH > A = @A =I I?E =?E AI A? E?=I HECE =@=I F H FAGKA =I FAHJKH>=?E AI A ?JHE?=I A? E?=I A I A AI @A ? LAHJE@ H - AIJ I ?=I I =I A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI GKA @AI?HE>A A ? F HJ= EA J @A IEIJA = I E A= AI O IA FKA@A >JA AH K = I K?E = = JE?= A@E= JA =KJ L= HAI O =KJ LA?J HAI = JH= IB H =@= @A =F =?A A@E= JA E A= E =?E AI HA= E =@=I A A A J H @A K FK J @A FAH=?E 5E A >=HC ?K= @ IA = = E = A ? F HJ= EA J @A IEIJA = A A?JH A? E? I AJE@ = CH= @AI FAHJKH>=?E AI O @AIAGKE E>HE I AI A?AI=HE HA?KHHEH = J ? E?=I E A= AI F=H= = I K?E @A AIJ I FH > A =I = J ? E?= I KJE E =@= ? IEIJA A E JACH=H =I A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI E A= AI A@E= JA J @ I K HE? I J= AI ? -K AH 4K CA KJ= 2HA@E?J H + HHA?J H - = CK =I ?=IE AI HAIK J= ? LA EA JA A A F A @A J @ I = = JE? I @EHA?J I J= AI ? I ?HEJAHE I @A A AHC = I J @ I @A AIJ=>E E@=@ @A E=FK L GKA =K ?K= @ FHA@E?A = JH=OA?J HE= JA F H= @A =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ @A IEIJA = IE FHA@E?A = AIJ=>E E@=@ E AIJ=>E E@=@ @A = I K?E @A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI - ? ?E EA J FHA?EI @A I EJAI @A AIJ=>E E@=@ @A K IEIJA = AI CA AH= A JA I E F HJ= JA GKA = @AJAH E =?E @A = JH=OA?J HE= JA F H= @A =I L=HE=> AI @A AIJ=@ I J @ I @EHA?J I = = JE? I IE F E ?= J=> A A JA AIJA FH > A = I = EIEI IE F E ?=@ I @A AIJ=>E E@=@ @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= IA ? IE@AH= GKA A ? LAHJE@ H IA A ?KA JH= =? F =@ = K = >=HH= E EJ= -IJ IEC E ?= GKA = >=HH= = JEA A ? IJ= JA = JA IE O = BHA?KA ?E= E @AFA @EA JA A JA @A = F JA ?E= GKA IA E OA?J= IA ANJH=A @A = EI = - A = EIEI A A?JH A? E? IA FKA@A ? JA F =H = @E E?= @A IEIJA = A? E? @A HACK =?E @A LA ?E@=@ =I ?E=@ ? A A A @A H J H O = @E E?= @A = AN?EJ=JHE @A ?= F @A = GKE = I = EIEI I IE F E ?=@ I IA IKF A GKA = AN?EJ=JHE AI K = BKA JA @A JA IE ? HHEA JA ? IJ= JA O GKA A C >AH =@ H @A LA ?E@=@ AI ?=F= @A L=HE=H A ?=K@= @A KE@ A AHC JE? @KH= JA A FH ?AI @E E? F=H= A ?=I @A I CA AH=@ HAI GKA = ?=HC= IA = JEA A FH ?JE?= A JA ? IJ= JA IE A ? LAHJE@ H J HE = = K IEIJA = A? E? I = EIEI A A?JH @E E? I I FHA?EI I E JACH= IE K J A= A JA A ? K J ? F AJ @A A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI E A= AI E ? KOA @ J @ I I A AI A ?JHE? I O A? E? I =I ? =I A?K=?E AI =@E?E = AI E JH @K?E@=I F H A C >AH =@ H = AN?EJ=JHE A IEIJA = @A A@E@=I O I ? JH =@ HAI =I ?E=@ I ? = FAH=?E @A = GKE = +K= @ IA IE ?H E = = GKE = = = HA@ = BKAH = A A?JH JHE FH @K?E@= F H A ?= F IA = KIJ= = K L= H ?AH?= = = JA IE @A = HA@ J= J A =C EJK@ ? A B=IA ? = = E@=@ @A >JA AH K = ? HHEA JA FH ?JE?= A JA K = ?K= @ IA ?EAHH= A E JAHHKFJ H 7 = LA GKA = GKE = D= IE@ IE ?H E =@= AI A?AI=HE E ?HA A J=H = F JA ?E= A A A A F=H= GKA A AIJ=J H A JHACKA F JA ?E= = = HA@ 5E AIJ ?KHHA = JA EA @ ? IJ= JA = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F = GKE = IA @AI =C AJE = ? IK EA @ F JA ?E= HA=?JEL= @AI@A A IEIJA = - = CKH= ' $ IA FHAIA J= I @E=CH= =I B=I HE= AI O = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= CK @A ?=HC= @A K = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A H J H EI @AIFK I @A IK =? F = EA J A L=? = = HA@ F=H= @ I L= HAI @A F JA ?E= A? E?= A JHAC=@= A A A A 5E IA =K A J= >HKI?= A JA = F JA ?E= @AI@A Pm1 = Pm2 A AI?= @A F JA ?E= IA JH=@K?A A K AI?= @A F=H A? E? GKA =?A AH= =I =I=I H J= JAI =? F =@=I = A A @A = GKE = CK @A ?=HC= ?HA?A @AI@A A L= H 1 D=IJ= A L= H 2 ? HHAIF @EA JA = = KAL= ? @E?E @A AGKE E>HE A JHA = F JA ?E= A ?JHE?= E OA?J=@= = = HA@ O = F JA ?E= A? E?= =>I H>E@= F H A A A +K= @ = GKE = = ?= = A CK @A ?=HC= 2 = LA ?E@=@ @A H J H AI =O H GKA = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= A CK @A ?=HC= ? JE K= ?HA?EA @ = GKE = A JHAC= I F JA ?E= = = HA@ GKA = HA?E>E@= A IK A A F H J= J A H J H IA BHA = - AIJA FH ?AI = GKE = = ?= = = LA ?E@=@

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Ta = J

Ef Ve dm V2 1 d2 1 sin e = J 2 = Tm Te = Tm sin 2 dt dt 2 Xq m Xd Xd d = m e dt

' ## ' #$ CK AI IA @A = ?=HC=

- = CKH= ' % IA FHAIA J= =I HAIFKAIJ=I JA F H= AI @A = LA ?E@=@ @A H J H O @A @A ?=HC= = JA K AI?= A A F=H A? E? @A =??E = EA J 5A >IAHL= GKA =I I?E =?E = JEA A E @A E@= A JA J= ? ?KHHA A K F @K IE F H@E@=I =I I?E =?E AI LA ?E@=@ A? E?= AIJ ?A JH=@=I A = LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?= O =I I?E =?E AI @A CK @A AIJ ?A JH=@=I I >HA A L= H @A CK 2 ? HHAIF @EA JA = = KAL= ? @E?E @A AGKE E>HE

CK @A ?=HC= A A E IJ= JA t = 0+ IA ? IAHL= F HGKA = E AH?E= @A = GKE = =?K K = A AHC = ?E JE?= O = A AHC = FKA@A L=HE=H E IJ= J A= A JA = A I GKA IA @EIF C= @A K = BKA JA @A F JA ?E= E EJ= = A AHC = ?E JE?= @A K = =I= H J= JA IA AL= = = F=HJEH @A = IECKEA JA ANFHAIE 1 2 Wk = Jm ' #% 2 ,A>E@ = GKA = A AHC = ?E JE?= Wk FKA@A L=HE=H E IJ= J A= A JA IE ? IK EH F JA ?E= E EJ= = LA ?E@=@ m ?= >E= A A FHE AH E IJ= JA CK @A ?=HC= J= F ? FKA@A L=HE=H E IJ= J A= A JA F HGKA IA >JEA A = E JACH=H = @EBAHA ?E= A JHA = LA ?E@=@ A? E?= m O IE ?H E?= e
t

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t

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t t

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d d = d

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I ABA?J I @A

I @AL= =@ I J @

! - L= H @A = ? HHEA JA JH= IEJ HE= O IK>JH= IEJ HE= @A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ >HKI? KJE E = @ A =FH NE =@ " - L= H @A = ? HHEA JA IK>JH= IEJ HE= IE = JA IE = JA E @ IA = F IE?E = CK =H FHALE= # @A = >=HH= E

EJ= IA @AFHE A K 15 

= BHA?KA ?E= = F EJK@ O @KH=?E @A = I?E =?E IE = GKE = IA A ?KA JH= A A FK J @A FAH=?E @A E@ A A A K ?E=@ O IA E ?HA A J= E IJ= J A= A JA A F=H A? E? A K 3 '

5 K?E
 =I A?K=?E AI ? F AJ=I @A = HA JA A F H K E@=@ GKE = ANFHAI= @ J @ I I F=H AJH I A K IEIJA = ? DA

2=H= ANFHAI=H =I A?K=?E AI @A = GKE = A K IEIJA = =@E A IE = @A K E@=@AI AI A ?AI=HE @AJAH E =H =I E @K?J= ?E=I @A A A @EHA?J O @A ?= F A L= HAI B IE? I - A AIJ=J H IA @A A ? >=IAI = F JA ?E= =F=HA JA B IE?= SB = VB IB = JA IE >=IA A= AKJH VB O = LA ?E@=@ = CK =H >=IA B

SB =

5 3 rad M V A ; VB = kV ; B = 2 60 = 377 3 s 3
= E FA@= ?E= A E @K?J= ?E= >=IA @A

5A >JEA A @EHA?J= A JA = ? HHEA JA >=IA IB =I ? AIJ=J H ZB O LB HAIFA?JEL= A JA

IB =

SB VB ZB = 962, 25 A ; ZB = = 1, 8 ; LB = = 4, 775 mH VB IB B
K E@=@AI B IE?=I IA >JEA A @EHA?J= A JA @A I @=J I @A

=I E @K?J= ?E=I Ld O Lmd A FH > A =

Ld = Xd (pu) LB = 4, 775 mH ; Lmd = (Xd Xe ) LB = 4, 058 mH

? = E @K?J= ?E= Ldf IA >JEA A @A = ANFHAIE @E?E @A L=? @A = BKAH = A A?JH JHE @A ?= F A =

m Ef = Vn = Ldf if Ldf = 3

Vn m if 3

= 79, 576 mH

= HA =?E A JHA = E @K?J= ?E= KJK= Ldf O =I E @K?J= ?E=I @A =C AJE =?E Lmd O Lmf FAH EJA @AJAH E =H A L= H B IE? @A = E @K?J= ?E= @A = C AJE =?E @A ?= F

Lmf =
= ? HHEA JA >=IA O = JA IE

L2 df = 1, 5603 H Lmd

>=IA @A ?= F IA >JEA A @A = IECKEA JA B H =

IBF = IB
'+

Lmd VB I B = 49, 074 kA ; VBF = = 33, 962 kV Lmf IBF

HJECK=@ HAI

IE@AHA = FHAIA ?E= @A

I @AL= =@ I =

!%"

+)2 67

' 4 /1 -

64) 516 41 KJK=I I

,- )

371 ) 51 +4

1+)

=I E FA@= ?E=I A E @K?J= ?E=I >=IA FH FE=I O

=I IECKEA JAI

ZBF =

VBF VB VBF = 692, 04 ; ZB F E = = = 35, 29 IBF IBF IB ZBF = 1, 8356 H ; LB F E = LB E F = 93, 6 mH B GKE = A A IEIJA = =@E A IE = @A K E@=@AI I Ld = 1, 0 ; Lq (pu) = Xq (pu) = 0, 7 LB

LBF =
I F=H AJH I @A =

Ld (pu) = Lf (pu) = Lad (pu) =

Lmf Ldf + Xf (pu) = 1, 1 ; Ldf (pu) = = 0, 85 LBF LB E F

Ldf + Xa = Xd Xe + Xa = 0, 92 ; Laq (pu) = Xq Xe + Xa = 0, 62 LB F E

Ldad = Xd Xe = 0, 85 ; Lqaq = Xq Xq = 0, 55 ; Lf ad = Lmf =

+ =I F H@E@=I E?=I @A AIJ=J H I @A 0, 1  @A = F JA ?E= =F=HA JA E = I 0, 3  @A = F JA ?E= >=IA B IE?= ,A ECK= B H = =I F H@E@=I A A ?EH?KEJ @A ?= F I 0, 45  A = >=IA B IE?= @A F JA ?E= = HAIEJA ?E= @A I @AL= =@ I = HJECK=@ HAI IA FKA@A @AJAH E =H @A F=H @A E @K??E = @AI E = EA J 0, 01 ? = =FH NE =?E IECKEA JA

Tn

2 2 Vth s s Vth 0, 01 Rr = = 0, 00333 Rr Tn 3, 0

=I HAIEIJA ?E=I A F H K E@=@ ANFHAI=@=I A

= >=IA IA A??E

=@= I

Re = 0, 003 pu ; Rf = 0, 0045 pu ; Ra = 0, 00333 pu

@A

vd vq vf vad vaq

F AJ @A = GKE = AI Re + Ld p Lq Ldf p Ldad p Ldaq Ld Re + Lq p Ldf Lqad Lqaq p = Ldf p 0 R f + Lf p Lf ad p 0 Ldad p 0 Ladf p Ra + Lad p 0 0 Laqq p 0 0 Ra + Laq p vd 0, 003 + 1, 0p 0, 7 0, 85p vq 1 , 0 0 , 003 + 0 , 7 p 0 , 85 vf = 0 , 85 p 0 0 , 0045 + 1 , 1 p vad 0, 85p 0 0, 85p vaq 0 0, 55p 0 0, 85p 0, 85 id iq 0, 55 0, 55p if 0, 85p 0 iad 0, 0033 + 0, 92p 0 0 0, 0033 + 0, 62p iaq

id iq if iad iaq

Te Tm = 2H
=

dm dm = Ldf if iq + (Ld Lq )id iq + Lqaq iad iq Ldad iaq id Tm = 1, 0 dt dt

IE@AH=H I ABA?J I @A I @AL= =@ I

= ? HHEA JA E IJ= J A= @A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ >HKI? IE ? HJECK=@ HAI O =I HAIEJA ?E=I

= ANFHAIE ' ! @AJAH E = = ? HHEA JA E IJ= J A= @A K = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JA I AJE@= = K ? HJ ?EH?KEJ >HKI? 2=H= >JA AH AIJ= ? HHEA JA IA HAGKEAHA ?= ?K =H =

' % - - 2

4-57- 6 =I ? @E?E AI FHALE=I = = FAHJKH>=?E

!%# O = HA=?J= ?E=

BKAH = A A?JH JHE @A ?= F Ef A JH= IEJ HE= @A A A @EHA?J Xd

S=

P 0, 6 = = 0, 8571 ; Q = + S 2 P 2 = 0, 6121 cos 0, 7

P jQ = 0, 6 j 0, 6121 = 0, 8571 134, 4 Ve D = Ve + jXq Ie = 1, 4282 j 0, 42 = 1, 4890 16,38 Ie = Id = |Ie | sin ( ) = 0, 8571 sin ( ) = 0, 7565 Ef = D + (Xd Xq ) Id = 1, 4890 + 0, 3 0, 7565 = 1, 7159 Xd (pu) = Ld (pu) = Ld ia (t) = 2Ef L2 0, 852 df = 1, 0 = 0, 3432 Lf 1, 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 cos(t + 0 ) + ( ) cos(2t + 0 ) + ( + ) cos 0 2 Xd Xq 2 Xd Xq Xd

J @

ia (t) = 7, 071 cos(377t + 0 ) + 0, 817 cos(754 + 0 ) + 0, 279 cos 0

! - L= H @A = ? HHEA JA JH= IEJ HE= O IK>JH= IEJ HE= @A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ >HKI? KJE E = @ A =FH NE =@ =I ? @E?E AI FHALE=I = ? HJ ?EH?KEJ A = =FH NE =?E JH= IEJ HE= O IK>JH= IEJ HE= I Id = Ie sin( ) + = 0, 7565 106, 38 2

Iq = Ie cos( ) = 0, 4030 163, 62 Ef = Ve + jXd Id + jXq Iq = 1,2190 16, 38 Xd = Ld Xq = Lq L2 0, 852 dad = 1, 0 = 0, 2147 Lad 0, 92 L2 0, 552 q aq = 0, 7 = 0, 2120 Laq 0, 62

Ef = Ve + jXd Id + jXq Iq = 1, 1389 6, 44

,KH= JA A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ = JA IE @A =H =@KH= Ve AI ?AH =I BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI JH= IEJ HE= Ef O IK>JH= IEJ HE= Ef IA = JEA A @KH= JA I FH ?AI I JH= IEJ HE O IK>JH= IEJ HE I HAIFA?JEL= A JA O IA FKA@A F = JA=H I IECKEA JAI IEIJA =I @A A?K=?E AI

Ef = jXd Id + jXq Iq = 1,2190 16, 38 Id = Ef q jXd = Ef d 1,2190 16, 38 = 3, 5521 106, 38 ; Iq = =0 j 0, 3432 jXq Ie = Id
2

+ Iq

= 3, 5521

Ef = jXd Id + jXq Iq = 1, 1389 6, 44 Id = Iq = Ef q jXd = 1,121 16, 38 = 5, 2250 106, 38 j 0, 2147

Ef d 0, 1966 106, 38 = 0, 9273 196, 38 = jXq j 0, 2120 Ie = Id

2

+ Iq

= 5, 3067

!%$

+)2 67

' 4 /1 -

64) 516 41

,- )

371 ) 51 +4

1+)

" - L= H @A = ? HHEA JA IK>JH= IEJ HE= IE = JA IE = JA E @ IA = F IE?E = CK =H FHALE= - AIJA ?=I =I ? @E?E JKH>=?E AI K = HA@K??E

@A = >=HH= E

EJ= IA @AFHE A K 15 

AI FHALE=I = = FAHJKH>=?E I =I EI =I FAH =D H= = FAH @A 15  @A = JA IE @A =H =@KH= ,A AIJ= B H = IA JEA A

Ef = Ve + jXd Id + jXq Iq = 1, 1389 6, 44 0,850 + j 0, 2147 Id 106, 38 + j 0, 2120 Iq 196, 38 = 1, 1389 6, 44 Id = Id 106, 38 = 2, 4272 106, 38 Iq = Iq 196, 38 = 1, 7858 196, 38 = 1, 7858 16, 38 Ie =
#

Id

+ Iq

= 3, 0134
GKE = IA A ?KA JH= A A FK J @A A= A JA A F=H A? E? A K 3 

= BHA?KA ?E= = F EJK@ O @KH=?E @A = I?E =?E IE = FAH=?E @A E@ A A A K ?E=@ O IA E ?HA A J= E IJ= J = ANFHAIE '  # @A AA ? F HJ= EA J @E

E? @A = I?E =?E
D B s Pe (0 )

(s) =

Tm (0+ )
2H 2 B s

- ? AB?EA JA @A = HJECK= EA J IA >JEA A @A F=H @A E @K??E JECK=@ H = @AI E = EA J s = 0, 01

E = @A @AL= =@ =

D=

Tn = 100 sn
HAIFA?J = CK

= F JA ?E= IE ?H E = JA IA >JEA A @AHEL= J F=H?E= A JA = F JA ?E= ? @A ?=HC= A A FK J @A FAH=?E FHALE = = I?E =?E

Ve Ef P (0 ) 1 1 cos 0 + Ve2 cos 20 = 2, 158 = Xq Xd Xd

I F I @A F E E @A @A E =@ H @A = ANFHAIE = JAHE H @AJAH E = =I BHA?KA ?E=I =JKH= AI O I HAIFA?JEL I = HJECK= EA J I @A =I I?E =?E AI @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= I AJE@= = FAGKA =I FAHJKH>=?E AI

s1,2 =
2 H J= J

e (0 ) D2 8HB P

4H
1 + B Tm (0 ) Pe (0 ) 2H 2 D B s + B s +

8, 9378 rad s 91, 06 rad s

(s) =

0, 03 (s + 8, 9378)(s + 91, 06)

' &

- AH?E?E I FH FKAIJ I

 7 = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JAI @A 5 kV A 416 V 60 Hz if n = 3 A IA A ?KA JH= =? F =@= = K = >=HH= E EJ= A JHAC= @ 3, 5 kW ? B=?J H @A F JA ?E= 0, 9 ?=F=?EJEL =

' & - -4+1+1 5 24 27-56 5 HA=?J= ?E= @A @EIFAHIE @A = GKE = AI @A 0, 1 A F K A K 50  =O H )@A I IA ? ?A GKA = HA=?J= ?E= @A @EIFAHIE

!%% @A H J H

Xd = 1, 0 pu y Xq = 0, 7 pu
= = ? IJ= JA @A E AH?E= @A = GKE = A F H K E@=@ AI @A 1 s = GKE = F IAA K @AL= =@ HJECK=@ H GKA FH @K?A A F=H E = ?K @ A @AI E = EA J = ?= = A 1  - =? F = EA J A JHA =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H O I @AL= =@ I = HJECK=@ HAI AI @A 95 

=  ,AJAH E A = NE = ? HHEA JA @A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ >HKI? ? IE@AH= @ GKA E E?E= GKE = IA A ?KA JH= A A FK J @A FAH=?E @A E@ A A A K ?E=@

A JA =

>  + F=HA A HAIK J=@ = JAHE H ? =I ? HHEA JAI JH= IEJ HE=I O IK>JH= IEJ HE=I GKA IA >JA @H = F H A J @ =FH NE =@ ?  ,AJAH E A = BHA?KA ?E= = F EJK@ O @KH=?E @A = I?E =?E IE = GKE = IA A ?KA JH= A A FK J @A FAH=?E @A E@ A A A K ?E=@ O IA E ?HA A J= E IJ= J A= A JA A F=H A? E? A K #  + IE@AHA = FHAIA ?E= @A I @AL= =@ I = HJECK=@ HAI

7 = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JAI @A 100 M V A 13 kV 60 Hz if n = 500 A IA A ?KA JH= =? F =@= = K = >=HH= E EJ= @A JA IE 0, 95 A F K ? IK EA @ 70 M W O A JHAC= @ 70 M V AR = = HA@ F=H= ?K= IA HAGKEAHA 849 A @A ? HHEA JA @A ?= F = HA=?J= ?E= @A A A ?K=@H=JKH= AI 0, 7 pu ,AJAH E A

=

= ? HHEA JA E IJ= J A= @A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ >HKI? = F=HJEH @A =I A?K=?E AI @EBAHA ?E= AI GKA @A A A ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = IE A A E IJ= JA E E?E= A H J H IA A ?KA JH= = 90 @A = F IE?E @A A A =C JE? @A = B=IA E E?E= IA

>  - ? F HJ= EA J @A = GKE = IE ?H E?= IE A A EI FK J @A FAH=?E A @AI? A?J= A @AL= =@ @A ?= F @A B H = E IJ= J A= ?

= ? HHEA JA JH= IEJ HE= =FH NE =@= @A = E IJ= J A= A JA D=IJ= 1, 05 A FK GKE = IE = JA IE

@A = >=HH= IA E ?HA A J=

! 7 =

GKE = IE ?H

E?= @A F

I I= EA JAI F IAA =I IECKEA JAI ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I O F=H

AJH I

Sn 100 M V A Xd 1, 2 pu

Vn 10 kV Xq 0, 8 pu

fp 0, 8 ind Xe 0, 2 pu

f 60 Hz Xf 0, 4 pu

vf n 500 V D 30 pu

if n 1000 A H 1, 5 s

=  += ?K A = BHA?KA ?E= O = F EJK@ @A =I I?E =?E @A AIJ= GKE = ? E EJ= IE IA E ?HA A J= K 5  A F=H A? E? @A =??E = EA J

A?J=@= = K = >=HH=

>  5E = JA IE @A = >=HH= E EJ= IA @AFHE A K 5  O = GKE = IA A ? JH=>= FHALE= A JA A IK FK J E = +K AI = ? HHEA JA JH= IEJ HE= O IK>JH= IEJ HE= =FH NE =@= ?  ,AJAH E A A JEA F ?H JE? GKA FKA@A FAH = A?AH = GKE = A ? HJ ?EH?KEJ IE = JAI @A = FAHJKH>=?E IA A ? JH=>= A ? @E?E AI E = AI O =I EI =I IA HAIJ=> A?A F IJAHE H A JA

!%&

+)2 67

' 4 /1 -

64) 516 41 F AJ @A =

,- ) GKE = IE ?H

371 ) 51 +4 E?=

1+)

@  4AFHAIA JA A @E=CH= = @A > GKAI ?

" 7 = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JAI @A 200 M V A 15 kV B=?J H @A F JA ?E= E = 0, 707 O 1, 0 kA @A ? HHEA JA E = @A ?= F JEA A E FA@= ?E=I @A 1, 0 O 0, 6 pu A I A AI @EHA?J O ?K=@H=JKH= HAIFA?JEL= A JA = GKE = IA A ?KA JH= J HE = @ K = ?=HC= @A 150 M W ? = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F NE = 4AFA JE = A JA A @AL= =@ @A ?= F IA ? HJ ?EH?KEJ= A IKI > H AI ,AJAH E A

= >

= ? HHEA JA A = > >E = @A ?= F O A = B=IA a @A AIJ=J H = JA IE E IJ= J A= GKA =F=HA?A A > H AI @A = > >E = @A ?= F = A JA A ?EH?KEJ

IE IA =>HA HAFA JE

# 7 = GKE = IE ?H E?= @A F I I= EA JAI @A 100 M V A 10 kV 60 Hz if n = 1 kA IA A ?KA JH= =? F =@= = K = >=HH= E EJ= A JHAC= @ 80 M W ? B=?J H @A F JA ?E= 0, 9 E @K?JEL = HA=?J= ?E= @A @EIFAHIE @A = GKE = AI @A 0, 2 A F K = HA=?J= ?E= @A @EIFAHIE @A = > >E = @A ?= F AI 0, 3 A F K = HA=?J= ?E= @A A A @EHA?J O ?K=@H=JKH= I 0, 9 O 0, 6 pu HAIFA?JEL= A JA = ? IJ= JA @A E AH?E= @A = GKE = A F H K E@=@ AI @A 0, 75 s = GKE = F IAA K @AL= =@ = HJECK=@ H GKA FH @K?A A F=H E = ?K @ A @AI E = EA J = ?= = A 2  - =? F = EA J A JHA =I > >E =I @A AIJ=J H O I @AL= =@ I = HJECK=@ HAI AI @A 95  ,AJAH E A

=

= ? HHEA JA @A =H =@KH= JH= IEJ HE= O IK>JH= IEJ HE= F H A J @ =FH NE =@ IE = JA IE @A = >=HH= IA @AFHE A E IJ= J A= A JA K 10  >  = ? HHEA JA E IJ= J A= @AIFK I @A = FAHJKH>=?E @A E@= A = FHACK J= = JAHE H IE ? IE@AH=H A ABA?J @A I @AL= =@ I = HJECK=@ HAI ?  = BHA?KA ?E= = F EJK@ O @KH=?E @A = I?E =?E IE = GKE = IA A ?KA JH= A A FK J @A FAH=?E @A E@ A A A K ?E=@ O IA E ?HA A J= E IJ= J A= A JA A F=H A? E? A K 5  + IE@AHA = FHAIA ?E= @A I @AL= =@ I = HJECK=@ HAI GKE = IE ?H E?= @A 5 kV A 416 V 60 Hz 1800 rpm f pn = 0, 8 ind 2 A @A ? HHEA JA E = @A ?= F F IAA I IECKEA JAI F=H AJH I

$ 7 =

Xd 0, 9
,AJAH E A

Xq 0, 5

Xe 0, 18

Xf 0, 24

Re 0, 01

Rf 60

=  = ? HHEA JA E IJ= J A= A A ?= F O A = B=IA a @AIFK I @A K ? HJ ?EH?KEJ >HKI? ? IE@AH= @ GKA FHALE = = FAHJKH>=?E = GKE = AIJ=>= A JHAC= @ = F JA ?E= =?JEL= E = = = HA@ ? K = ? HHEA JA @A ?= F @A 3 A >  = ? HHEA JA JH= IEJ HE= @AIFK I @A K = ?= @= @A 10  @A = JA IE E = IE = GKE = IA A ?KA JH= A A FK J E = @A FAH=?E ? IE@AH= @ = FHAIA ?E= @A K @AL= =@ = HJECK=@ H ?KO =? F = EA J ? = =H =@KH= AI @A 90 ?  = ? HHEA JA IK>JH= IEJ HE= @AIFK I @A K = ?= @= @A 10  @A = JA IE E = ? IE@A H= @ F=H= =I ? @E?E AI E E?E= AI A FK J @A FAH=?E @A E@ E E?E= A JA @  =I BHA?KA ?E=I @A I?E =?E A? E?= = JA FAGKA =I FAHJKH>=?E AI ? IE@AH= @ GKA A @AL= =@ = HJECK=@ H FH @K?A A F=H E = ? K @AI E = EA J @A 5  O GKA = ? IJ= JA @A E AH?E= H AI @A 1, 0 s

*E> E CH=B =
 * )@ E I  4 / 0=H AO 6DA /A AH= 6DA HO B ) JAH =JE C +KHHA J = @ 0= @ '%# 2 ) @AHI  ) . K=@ 2 HMAH 5OIJA 2HAII 75 '%% ! + + '# ? H@E= 5O ?DH KI + JH =?DE AI  +D=F =

= @ 5J=>E EJO  6DA 1 M= 5J=JA 7 ELAHIEJO F= O

=?DE AI 6DA HO = @ 2AHB H = ?A  /A AH= - A?JHE? + 5J=>E EJO 5O ?DH KI =?DE AI  8

" - 9 E >=H 2 MAH 5OIJA JE I 1 ? '#$ # 2 IJA I?K '%' 

111 -@ , LAH 2K> E?= EH 5A? 5A? @ A@EJE @ -@EJE I 8 I 8

2E JH LI E 

GKE =I - ?JHE?=I  8

11 -@EJ HE= ?/H=M 0E

$ ) 5 = CI@ HB 6DA HO B ) JAH =JE C +KHHA J '%" % 4 0 2=H 6M 4A=?JE "& FF %$ %! ' ' & 4 0 2=H 6M 4A=?JE # FF !# !## '!! ' /  6DA HO B 5O ?DH 6DA HO B 5O ?DH

=?DE AHO  6=J= KI KI

=?DE AI 2J   )1-- 6H= I=?JE =?DE AI 2J J - A?JHE?=  )1-- 6H= I=?JE

?2DAHI  4 , =H= D 9E AO  5 I ''

HA ) 1 JH @K?JE

=?DE AI = @ 6H= IB H AHI  =?DE AI  2EJ = 2HAII  D 9E AO  5 I

/ 5=O 1 JH @K?JE /HA=J *HEJ=E '%

J JDA 7 E A @ 6DA HO B - A?JH - A?JH

=C AJE? LAHIE

 , + 9DEJA  0 0 9 @I AM ; H '#'

A?D= E?= - AHCO +

!%'

@E?A = B=> JE?

CK >=IA !" CK @A ?=HC= '$ !# CK I A ?JHE? I &% CK I A? E? I &% =? F = EA J GKE = IEIJA = !" =? F = EA J FAHBA?J !"' =? HJ= EA J @A F=I " )@= I &" = HJECK= EA J !#! = HJECK= EA J ?H JE? !#" = F E@E = "# = F E ?=@ H H J=JEL "# = E I @AI E = JAI $# =FAHJKH= @A E JAHHKFJ HAI !!" =H? @A BKAC !' =H? A ?JHE? !& =H E?=I JA F H= AI !" =H =@KH= '" # & =KJ L= HAI $% !!" =KJ LA?J HAI $% !!" >= = ?A @A A AHC = !% >= = ?A @A F=H !$# >= = ?A @A F JA ?E= % >= = ?A @A F JA ?E=I >= = ?A @A F=H &" >=IA @A K !% >=IAI & > >E =I HA= AI &! ?= F  & ?= F A ?JHE?  ?= F A FJE? &! ?= F =C JE?  ?= F =C JE? H J=J HE '% '& ?=H=?JAH IJE?= F=H @AI E = EA J %$ +=H=?JAH IJE?=I H = E =@=I ' ?=H> AI # ?=HC= =EI =@= !" ?=HC=I A ?JHE?=I  ?A JH= AI A E?=I $# ?D FFAHI " #& ?E? @A ?=HC= & ?E? EJA !$& !$' ?EH?KEJ AGKEL= A JA !" ?EH?KEJ =C JE? E@A= !"& ?EH?KEJ I =? F =@ I !"& ? =IA @A =EI = EA J %' ? A ?EA JA @A BHE??E &" !# ? A ?EA JA @A CA AH=?E  " ? A ?EA JAI @A @EIFAHIE !"& ? A AHC = !% ? A AHC = A A ?= F # ? A?J H '" # ? F A JA ? JE K= !$ ? F A JAI IE JHE?=I $% $ !$ !% ? @E?E AI @A ? J H !!" ? @E?E AI E E?E= AI !!" ? ANE ? FKAIJ=  # ? ANE @AHEL=?E  # ? ANE E @AFA @EA JA  # ? ANE F=H= A  # ? ANE IAHEA  # ? KJ=@ H # ? KJ=@ H A? E? '" ? IAHL=JEL= A F JA ?E=  ? IAHL=JEL !' ? IJ= JA @A E AH?E= !# ? IJ= JA @A JEA F @A ?= F !" ? IJ= JA @A JEA F JH= IEJ HE= !# ? IJ= JAI @A JEA F !!" !% ? JH F=H LA ?E@=@ !! ? JH =@ H @A JA IE !" ? JH =@ H @A LA ?E@=@ !" ? LA ?E CA AH=@ H '" ? LA ?E J H '! ? LAHIE  ? LAHJE@ H @A BHA?KA ?E= $# ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH =C JE? A A A J= $ ? LAHJE@ H A A?JH A? E? !% ? LAHJE@ HAI =C AJ DE@H @E E? I #" ? H@A =@=I FHE EJEL=I &! !!& !"$ ? HHEA JA = JAH = & ? HHEA JA ?EH?K =J HE=   ? HHEA JA ? JE K= #" ? HHEA JA @A ?= F E = ! ? HHEA JA @A =C AJE =?E @E ?=@= # ? HHEA JA E = %' & '& ? HHEA JAI @A @AIF = = EA J " !&

,1+- ) .)* 61+ ? HHEA JAI @A . K?=K J " ? HHEA JAI D F =HAI $ ? HHEA JAI E IJ= J A=I !!& ? HJ ?EH?KEJ >HKI? !!% ? HJ ?EH?KEJ I !!" ?HEJAHE @A HA=I ECK= AI !$% ?HEJAHE I @A A AHC = !$" ?KHL= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= ' @=J I @A F =?= '& @A C= $ @A IE@=@ @A ? HHEA JA " @A IE@=@AI @A A AHC =  @AIAGKE E>HE I !$ @AI E = EA J % %! !#! @AI E = EA J E = & @AIFA A @A = B= = !$% @AIF = = EA J LEHJK= #& @AL= =@ = HJECK=@ H !#! @AL= =@ =KNE E=H %' @AL= =@ @A ? FA I=?E !# @AL= =@ E >HE?=@ & @AL= =@ @K =@ & @AL= =@ I = HJECK=@ HAI !% @E=CH= = @A > GKAI ! @E=CH= = @A ? H?K '" @E=CH= = B=I HE= ' !!$ @EF I =C JE? I  @ E E @A = BHA?KA ?E= !!" @G &' @G B &' A?K=?E AI @A > H@A ' A?K=?E AI @A ? J H ' A?K=?E AI @A BH JAH= ' A?K=?E AI @A EC= ' A?K=?E AI @A =NMA ! A?K=?E AI E JAH =I ' -@EI &! $! A@K??E @A H !!' ABA?J FA E?K =H " - A  &' - A @ && A A @A = F JA ?E= A? E?= '& A A @A F=H A ?JHE? '& - A B &' A A A? E? &! &' - A G &' A AI !% A AI A ?JHE? I !% A AI A? E? I !% A JH= IEJ HE I A A?JH =C JE? I !!! A >= = EA J A AHC =  A AHC = ?E JE?= !# !$# A H =@ = HJECK=@ H !#! - I=O @A H J H > GKA=@ &" A I=O @A L=? &! A JHADEAHH &! A LA A?E EA J %' '& A L LA JA !$ AGKE E>HE @A BKAH =I % -GKEL= A JA @A 6D LA E %# AI? >E = $ AI? >E =I # ' AIBKAH I A? E? I !#' AIJ=>E E@=@ !% AIJ=>E E@=@ @A E=FK L !$" AIJ=>E E@=@ @E E?= !!! AIJ=J H &! AIJE =?E @A I F=H AJH I !% AIJE =?E F=H= JHE?= &# -K AH &" !$" AN?EJ=JHE "# !!! B=?J H @A F JA ?E= E = ! B= =I !!" B=I HAI JH= IEJ HE I !% BAHH ?=HHE AI " K @A HA = A ?E=  ' K HA = A JA  & K I @A @EIFAHIE ' BHA?KA ?E= %' BHA?KA ?E= =JKH= !#! BHA?KA ?E=I =JKH= AI !#! BHA =@ HACA AH=JEL  ' "" $# BHA =@ HA IJ JE? "# .HA ' BHA ! BKA JAI @A ? HHEA JA "! BKAH =  BKAH = A A?JH JHE JH= IEJ HE= !"' BKAH =I A A?JH JHE?AI IK>JH= IEJ HE=I !#' BK ?E @A AIJ=@ " BK ?E @A E=FK L !$& BK ?E @A E@= F IEJEL= !$& /A AH=@ H ' CA AH=@ H $ !   CH=@ @A I=JKH=?E ! 0 !# DAH JE?=  DAH EJE= =  ! DEFAHIKFAH ?EA !$& E@A JE@=@ $' E FA@= ?E= @A IA?KA ?E= AC=JEL= !$! E FA@= ?E= FAH=?E = FH FE= !"#

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!& E E E E E E E E E E @K?J= ?E= >=IA !" @K?J= ?E= @A = EI= EA J "! @K?J= ?E= @A H J H &# @K?J= ?E= JH= IEJ HE= !#$ @K?J= ?E=I IK>JH= IEJ HE=I !#$ !% @K?J= ?E=I JH= IEJ HE=I !!' !% JACH=?E K HE?= @EHA?J= !% JAH=??E ' JAH=??E AI  LAHI H A? E?  " =K = @A =H@E = !#! EJAI =@E?E = AI !" EJAI @A AIJ=>E E@=@ !$" !$% EJAI @A FAH=?E '& EJAI J H E? I '& A= AKJH= $ & AOAI @A =NMA ! E=FK L !$% KC=H CA JHE? !"$ KC=HAI CA JHE? I '" ! GKE = >EB IE?= " GKE = @A ? HHEA JA ? JE K= '! GKE = @A E @K??E '! GKE = A ?JHE?= !% GKE = CA AH= E =@= && ' GKE = IE ?H E?= '! GKE = JAJH=B IE?= " GKE = JHEB IE?= '& GKE =I D F =HAI #" J @ @A E=FK L !% J @ /=KII AMJ &$ J @ I =FH NE =@ I !% E AIJHE?J !$& E I ?K=@H=@ I &# =JHE ? ? E?= % =JHE ?=H=?JAH IJE?= !!" !!% =JHE @A E FA@= ?E= !!' =JHE @A E @K?J= ?E= &" =JHE @A E @K?J= ?E=I ' =JHE @A F=H ' &" =JHE @A HAIEIJA ?E=I ' =JHE DAH EJE= = &' =JHE 0AIIE= = &% =JHE =? >E= = &$ =JHE IE JHE?= $' AJ=@E = JH= IB H =@ H "# AJ=@E = I "# AJ=@E =I "# AJH I " @A I A IA?KA ?E= !$ A J @A E AH?E= &" J H ' J H $ !  

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AKJH ' D E? I  HJA &% I?E =?E I?E =?E I?E =?E I?E CH= AI !% AI =KJ = JA E@=I !!' AI A? E?=I !$" = !$

F @K B IE? !#! F H@E@=I " F H@E@=I K A !& F H@E@=I A? E?=I " !# F=H =?A AH= JA &" F=H >=IA & F=H @A E @K??E !#! F=H A ?JHE? E = & F=H CA AH=JHE   F=H NE %$ F=H JHE   F=H HAIEIJA JA &" F=H LA ?E@=@  ' F=H AJH I $% F=HAI @A F I &% F=I F =H &% FAGKA =I I?E =?E AI !# !% FAH @ IK>JH= IEJ HE !#' FAH A= = ' F E E ?=H=?JAH IJE? !!# F I =KNE E=HAI !' F I I= EA JAI %' F H K E@=@ & !" F JA ?E=  F JA ?E= =F=HA JA E = ! F JA ?E= >=IA !! & F JA ?E= @A E @K??E !#! F JA ?E= E = & F JA ?E= HA=?JEL= '$ F JA ?E= IE ?H E = JA !# 2HA@E?J H + HHA?J H !$" FHE ?EFE @A ? IAHL=?E @A = A AHC = !' FHE ?EFE @A I JH=>= I LEHJK= AI !% "' # FH > A = @E E? !% FH > A = A A?JH =C JE? !% FH ?AI= EA J @A IA = AI !% FKA JA HA?JE ?=@ H " FKAHJ I !% FK J @A AGKE E>HE !# FK J @A AGKE E>HE AIJ=> A !$& FK J @A FAH=?E %& FK J @A FAH=?E AIJ=> A %' FK J @A FAH=?E E AIJ=> A %'

,1+- ) .)* 61+ H CE A ? JE K #" H CE A FAH = A JA ' !!$ H= @A ? @K??E "" HA=?J= ?E= JH= IEJ HE= !"' HA?AFJELE@=@ "# HA?J= @A @AI E = EA J '& HACK =@ HAI !!! HA =?E @A HA  $ HA =?E AI ? IJEJKJEL=I ! HA K?J= ?E= " ' HA @E EA J I '# HAFHAIA J=?E =@E A IE = !% HAIFKAIJ= D C A= !!" H J H &! H J H ?E @HE? ' H J H EI %' HKA@= @A .=H=@=O ! 4K CA KJ= !$" 4K CA KJJ= &" I=JKH=?E !$ IA?KA ?E= ?AH $& $ ' IA?KA ?E= AC=JEL= $& $ IA?KA ?E= F IEJEL= $& $ IACK @= AO @A AMJ & # IAF=H=JHE   IAHEAI @A 6=O H !# IE ?H E =@ H !# IE ?H E =H %' IEIJA = =@E A IE = !" IEIJA = @A HABAHA ?E= # IEIJA = A ?JHE? !# IEIJA = A A?JH A? E? !!" IEIJA = AGKE E>H=@ ' IEIJA = A? E? !!" I K?E D C A= !!& I K?E F=HJE?K =H !!$ I K?E AI JHELE= AI !!# I K?E AI JA F H= AI !!" IK>JH= IEJ HE =FH NE =@ !#' IKH &% J H E @A CA AH=?E #! J H E @A JH= IB H =?E #! JA FAH=JKH= NE = & JA IE >=IA & JA IE E = & ! JA HA = @A L= H E E?E= !"# 6AI = &! $! JEA F >=IA !" JEA F ?H JE? !$% JEA F @A ? KJ=?E !% JH=>= I LEHJK= AI #& JH= I@K?J HAI "# JH= IB H =?E @A + =H &' JH= IB H =?E @A 2=H && !!$ 6H= IB H =@= @A =F =?A !!$ JH= IB H =@= @A =F =?A !!" 6H= IB H =@= H FE@= @A . KHEAH !% JH= IEJ HE =FH NE =@ !"' JH= IEJ HE I A A?JH =C JE? I !% JH= IEJ HE I A A?JH A? E? I !!! JH= L =I " JHE CK @A 2 JEAH !" JHEF A BHA?KA ?E= !$! JH ?A=@ HAI @A JA IE " JH A>KIAI " L= HAI E = AI '& LA?J HAI AIF=?E= AI $& &$ LA ?E@=@ >=IA !" LA ?E@=@ @A FAH=?E  LA ?E@=@ @A IE ?H EI  % LA ?E@=@ E = ! LA ?E@=@ IE ?H E?=   % LE@= JE & LE@= A@E= %' 9=H@ A =H #$ 9DAIJE CD KIA $! OKC "

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