Fidel Castro Talks with Intellectuals

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Fidel Castro Talks with Intellectuals
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Editorial JOS MART
ORIGINAL TITLE IN SPANISH
Fidel Castro con los intelectuales: Nuestro deber es luchar
TRANSLATION
Equipo de Servicios de Traductores e Intrpretes (ESTI)
EDITION
Mara Guadalupe Rouco Nez, Claudia Prez, and Susana Daz
DESIGN
Axel Rodrguez Garca
DESKTOP PUBLISHING
Evelio Almeida Perdomo
INNER PHOTOS
Roberto Chile, Alex Castro, and Internet
COVER PHOTO
Roberto Chile
ISBN 978-959-09-0519-3
INSTITUTO CUBANO DEL LIBRO
Editorial JOS MART
Publicaciones en Lenguas Extranjeras
Calzada no. 259 e/ J e I, Vedado
La Habana, Cuba
E-mail: editjosemarti@ceniai.inf.cu
More than Nine Hours Dialoguing with the Infinite
Meeting Held by Commander in Chief Fidel Castro Ruz with
Intellectuals and Guests Participating in the Twenty-First
International Book Fair in Cuba, at the International Confe-
rence Center in Havana on February 10, 2012, Year 54 of the
Revolution
Personalities that Participated in the Dialogue during the
Meeting
Aerdixes
The Network of Networks In Defense of Humanity
The Common Good of Humanity, Paradigm of Socialism and
the Unifying Concept for Social Struggles
feateats
7 /
11 /
171 /
179 /
191 /
1le varmesL momerLs o a cool aLerroor or February IU, 2UI2
vler Hall 1vo aL Lle Havara CorverLior CerLer illed viLl
eole lave by rov varisled. Ir Lle audierce Llere vere 69
visiLors rom 2I courLries ard 4S vere rom Cuba. MosL o Llem
vere vriLers vlo lad beer irviLed Lo Lle 1verLyFirsL IrLerra
Lioral Havara Bool Fair ard irLellecLuals rereserLirg diverse
academic ard scierLiic discilires, called LogeLler ore ard all
by Lle NeLvorl Ir Deerse o HumariLy Lo Lale arL ir a meeL
irg For Feace ard Lle FreservaLior o Lle LrvirormerL.
Arourd I2U LlaL aLerroor, Lle resLless ard irormal dia
logue durirg Lle vaiL vas relaced by Lle velcomirg alause
or Lle lisLoric leader o Lle Cubar RevoluLior. Fidel CasLro
erLered viLl surrisirg eervescerce ard aLer a rierdly ges
Lure o greeLirg Lo Lle grou, le Lool lis seaL beLveer Abel
FrieLo, MirisLer o CulLure ard Zuleica Romay, FresiderL o Lle
Cubar Bool IrsLiLuLe (ICL, ir iLs Sarisl acrorym) ard Lle re
ciierL o Lle Casa de las Americas avard, vlo irLroduced Lle
mosL romirerL o Lle guesLs ard commerLed abouL Lle grou
ir gereral Lerms. 1ler sle asled Lle losL vlaL le LlouglL o
Lle audierce.
IririLe, Fidel relied viLl a smile, surely imagir
irg lov lorg LlaL corversaLior miglL go or viLl LlaL solid
Mere thaa 8|ae 8ears 0|a|ega|ag
u|th the |af|a|te
8
rereserLaLior o leLvirg irLellecLuals vlo, sirce 2UU8 ard
aL Lle iriLiaLive o Lle leader o Lle Cubar RevoluLior limsel,
ormed a rucleus ir Lle NeLvorl.
1le exclarge o ideas lasLed or more Llar rire lours,
iriLiaLed by Lle ICL residerLs relecLive irLroducLior or Lle
reasor or Lle meeLirg Lo Lale u agair Lle alarm arLiculaLed
by Fidel LverLy years ago aL Lle LarLl SummiL abouL Lle risl o
exLircLior LlreaLerirg Lle lumar secies, Loday more serious
Llar iL vas Lvo decades ago.
ViLl Lle reserce o Adolo Ferez Lsquivel o ArgerLira,
reciierL o Lle Nobel Feace Frize, ard Sergio FiLol o Mexi
co, reciierL o Lle 2UUS CervarLes Frize, Lle dialogue re
volved arourd Llis ard oLler urgerL Loics. AL Limes Lle Lore
vas ore o roLiceable corcerr ir acirg Lle ossibiliLy o Lle
exLircLior o Lle lumar secies, Lle deleLior o raLural re
sources, Lle erversior o LrarsraLioral media cororaLiors
ard Lle aeararce o arLeacLs o var ard ever mirdcorLrol,
Llirgs LlaL robody could lave imagired beore, roL ever ir
Lleir vorsL riglLmares.
AL oLler momerLs, lumour ard loeulress looded Lle
aLmoslere ard all Lle dreams o Lle lumar race seemed Lo
be more Llar ossible, ir acL, Lley seemed Lo be |usL arourd
Lle correr.
1lose reserL ourd Fidel Lo be very ersoral; le received
Llem viLl Lle aecLior LlaL is orly besLoved uor clerisled
comariors alorg Lle Lri Llrougl lie. He assed or Lo Llem
lis serse o arguisl or Lle uLure o lumarlird, buL orly aLer
lavirg lisLered Lo Llem viLl Lle closesL o aLLerLior. Livirg
sources, vlere le miglL quercl lis irsaLiable LlirsL or lrov
ledge; criLical siriLs, viLl vlom Lo corirm lis mosL roourd
vorries; vlile eacl ore o Llem reserLed Lleir ideas, ve could
ollov Lle aLl Lle Cubar leaders LlouglLs vere Lalirg by
observirg lis exressiors, by LlaL disLircLive gesLure le las o
oirLirg lis irdex irger Lo rame lis ace or Lo disLracLedly sLrole
lis beard. More Llar ore arLiciarL Lried roL Lo Lale Lle loor
so LlaL Lley could lisLer Lo lim ard roL urduly Lax lis lysical
sLamira. He vould vave lis lard ir Lle air, bruslirg o sucl
roosals, irsisLirg, I came lere Lo lisLer Lo you eole
9
Nire lours o corversaLior, irLerruLed by Lvo slorL
breals LlaL is easy Lo say, buL Llose o us vlo lave beer ol
lovirg Lle leader o Lle Cubar RevoluLior lrov LlaL Llose
S4U miruLes erLail Lle irLersiLy o several libraries ard ar
emoLioral clarge LlaL vould lasL or days ard Lle eole
livirg Llrougl Llose miruLes vould rever orgeL Llem. VlaL
bourdless ard rivileged memory le las, ve leard Fira
Carca Marruz, reciierL o Lle NaLioral LiLeraLure Frize com
merLirg. IL is Lle Fidel ve lrov, vas Lle admirirg com
merL made by Igracio RamoreL, auLlor o a volumirous bool
o irLervievs viLl Lle Commarder.
IL vas recisely RamoreL, Lle Sarisl vriLer ard |ourral
isL, vlo oered u Lle dialogue viLl a summary o lis vords
vler le received Lle lororary docLoraLe aL Lle UriversiLy o
Havara LlaL same morrirg. Focusirg or Lle racLices o Lle
global media sysLem, vlere irormaLior urcLiors as a rare
merclardise LlaL is rovided or ree ard is corsLarLly beirg
more Lrivialized, because Lle ulLimaLe goal is roL Lo irorm
buL Lo sell ersors Lo Lle adverLisers, RamoreLs Llesis lad
Lle debaLe revolvirg arourd vlaL Lle irLellecLuals could ard
slould be doirg Lo avoid a lareLary caLasLrole, vler eorLs
Lo move corscierces are corsLarLly collidirg, as Abel FrieLo
roLed, agairsL mariulaLior or silerce.
Hovever, SLella Callori, Lle ArgerLire vriLer ard |our
ralisL vould male a LlrusL ir Lle oLler direcLior, more ir
LrosecLively ard viLl selcriLicism, by aslirg or ar urgerL
reacLivaLior o Lle NeLvorl because, sle lamerLed viLl ar
guisl, Lle silerce viLl vlicl HumariLy is arLiciaLirg ir
successive vars is Lerriyirg.
AlmosL sever lours laLer, ler vords vould be ecloed
by Frei BeLLo rom Brazil vlo vas callirg or selcriLicism Lo
evaluaLe our social irserLior ard Lo gereraLe ro|ecLs, roL
|usL irdigraLior, because irdigraLior did roL suice Lo resolve
global ir|usLice.
AL LlaL oirL, Fidel Lool Lle loor, loldirg u a slea o
ress roLices. 1ley vere orly Lle revs iLems rom Lle asL
Llree days, le varred ard roosed Lo read Llem ard Lo com
merL or some o Llem ir order Lo corirm Lle graviLy o Lle
10
alarm LlaL lad occasiored Llis dialogue. More Llar ore lour
sLill remaired or Lle corversaLior Lo drav Lo a close.
1le very leasL ve could be doirg is malirg sure Lle o
ulace is irormed, said Fidel, roosirg LlaL a bool be cre
aLed viLl all Lle ideas ard roosals rovided by Lle meeLirg
ard Lo be revieved ard augmerLed by Lleir auLlors. Ve lave
Lo iglL; Llis is vlaL ve lave alvays dore, le sLaLed as le
lad mary Limes beore, closirg viLl a corvicLior o erma
rerL rebelliousress, Ve carroL leL ourselves be deeaLed by
essimism.
Havara, February IU, 2UI2
Meet|ag 8e|4 by femmaa4er |a fh|ef
l|4e| fastre kaz u|th |ate||ectaa|s aa4
faests fart|c|pat|ag |a the Iueaty-l|rst
|ateraat|eaa| 8eek la|r |a faba, at the
|ateraat|eaa| feafereace feater |a 8araaa
ea lebraary I0, 20I2, tear 54 ef the kere|at|ea
Commandcr: Flease, Lale your seaLs. I am ready.
Abcl Pricto: Our idea, Commarder, as ve discussed, is
LlaL comrade Zuleica vould irsL irLroduce our guesLs ard Ller
ouLlire Lle esserLial Loics Lo be discussed aL Llis meeLirg.
Zulcica komay: Cood aLerroor, dear rierds.
1lese rierds, Commarder, lave made a greaL eorL Lo be
lere Loday viLl us ard slare Llese momerLs viLl you. Mary o
Llem lave come or Lle Bool Fair ard oLlers vere ercouraged
by us Lo be lere. So, irally, everyore vlo could, goL lere.
Here viLl us Llere are 69 rierds rom 2I courLries as vell
as 4S Cubar scierLisLs, academiciars, vriLers, ard irLellec
Luals.
Also viLl us Llis Lime are Lle ollovirg comrades
Adolo Ferez LsquivelNobel Feace Frize laureaLeard
lis grardsor Ardres, ard Sergio FiLolLle 2UUS Cer
varLes Frize reciierL.
IrLellecLuals vlose vorl las corLribuLed ir a sigrii
carL vay Lovards ercouragirg Lle besL o lumar val
ues, aralyzirg Lle sysLem o imerialisL domiraLior, ard
derourcirg Lle evils aecLirg Lodays vorld SarLiago,
SLella, FrabeLLi, Frarois HouLarL, Frei BeLLo, RamoreL,
12
ALilio, Carmer Bolorquez, FeLer Flillis, ard Mayda
AcosLa are arL o Llis lerary.
ImorLarL Caribbear vriLers ard irLellecLuals, rere
serLirg Lle culLures irviLed Lo our bool air Normar
Cirvar, Cliqui \icioso, Kerdel HiolyLe, Ale|ardro
Cario, LeriLo Robirsor, Barbara Clase, Carlos RoberLo
Comez, CyrLlia Abralams, Lasara Selou, Fedro Ar
Lorio \aldez, |olar Roozer, ard Kari Folaryi LeviLL, a
sclolar secialized or Lle Caribbear.
VriLers ard irLellecLuals very dear Lo us, vlo lave
accomaried us or years viLl Lleir rierdsli ard soli
dariLy Borasso, \icerLe, Colombres, |orgelira, |uaro,
Bauer, Marilia, Rodolo Merdoza, RoberLo Culebro, Mary
Alice ard |oraLlar Silbermar.
Lrila Silva, |ose Raael LarLigua, Lisa Harra, Cod
vir Rose, LlesLor Adams, ard Rosa Maria Cruz e Sil
va, MirisLers o CulLure rom Lcuador, Lle Domiricar
Reublic, |amaica, Cuyara, ArLigua ard Barbuda, ard
Argola, resecLively; Farruco SesLo, MirisLer o SLaLe
or Lle Urbar RecorsLrucLior o Caracas, \erezuela;
YveLLe CaloL, FresiderL o Lle CommiLLee or CulLure
o MarLirique; ard Neri Frarcisco Romero, MirisLer o
CulLure rom Lle rovirce o Claco, ArgerLira.
1le members o Lle Argolar delegaLior leaded by
MirisLer Rosa Maria are also reserL. 1ley are BeaLriz,
Frarcisco \ar Durem, Frarcisco CosLa, Aguiraldo, Fe
dro, Ara Clara, |orge, Cardoso, ard Lrmaruel.
Heirz, Harry, Frarl, BrigiLLe, KaL|a, Ardreas, ard Mari
or lave arrived rom Cermary; Lley lave alvays leL a
greaL bord o rierdsli viLl us, overcomirg Llousards
o obsLacles.
Also reserL are Cubar scierLisLs secialized ir eco
romics, erergy, ard Lle ervirormerL; Cubar vriLers
ard irLellecLuals, leaded by our NaLioral Frize recii
erLs ir LiLeraLure, HisLory, ard Social Scierces. VlaL do
you Llirl abouL Llis audierce:
Commandcr: IL lools iririLe Lo me (LauglLer).
13
Zulcica komay: I vill rov read my vords.
Commarder, ve lave beer vorlirg viLl Llese ard mary
oLler rierds or Lle NeLvorl Ir Deerse o HumariLy, Lo mo
bilize suorL agairsL Lle var, or Lle reedom o our ive com
aLrioLs, ir suorL o Lle LrarsormaLior rocesses LlaL are
Lalirg lace ir our regior, as vell as Lo derource Lle causes
o ervirormerLal degradaLior ard o Lle irraLioral livirg ard
corsumLior labiLs LlaL cordiLior iL.
Ve are vorlirg Lo reviLalize Llis NeLvorl, vlicl vas cre
aLed or your iriLiaLive ir 2UU8. 1omorrov ve are goirg Lo lold
a vorlslo ir Casa del Alba viLl Adolo, SLella, Igracio, Car
mer, Frarois, SarLiago, FrabeLLi, Cliqui, Marilia, ard oLler
rierds vlo lave beer ley acLors ir Llis erdeavor, ir order Lo
laurcl a rev vebage (vvv.esecieereligro.org) o vlicl
srarg u aLer Lle meeLirg you corvered lasL year, very simi
lar Lo Llis ore. 1le vebage is sLill ir Lle malirg buL iL las
already a loL o irormaLior, very good icLures, oirior ar
Licles, amorg vlicl your relecLiors or Lle Loic sLard ouL;
documerLs rom irLerraLioral meeLirgs, videos All ir all,
Commarder, a loL o valuable irormaLior or Llese maLLers
LlaL car be very useul Lo Lle cause o Lle deerse o our eco
sysLem ard Lle irdisersable LrarsormaLior o Lle corsumer
models LlaL marlird las acquired.
Orly ir Lle course o Llis year, Cubar ublislers lave
roduced I6 LiLles or Llese Loics, vlicl are rev rirLed ma
Lerials corceived or audierces o all ages Lo be reserLed aL Lle
bool air or used as sub|ecLs or exclarges ard arel discus
sior grous.
Ir lasL years meeLirg, ve iderLiied Lle mair roblem Lo
vards vlose soluLior social Llirlirg ard Lle mosL rogressive
orces o lumariLy musL corLribuLe Lle survival o Lle lu
mar seciesar erdargered secies, as you varred us almosL
2U years ago aL Lle Rio SummiLa baLLle LlaL slall be oirL
less i Lle culLures, values, ard lrovledge creaLed by marlird
LlrouglouL all o iLs lisLory are roL reserved.
O course ve are roL reerrirg Lo Lle slills ard lrov
lov laced aL Lle becl ard call o domiraLior, gerocide, ard
Lle domesLicaLior o ersors; ve reer irsLead Lo lumarisLic
14
lrovledge ard socially commiLLed scierce, Lle lird LlaL
males marlird Lle alla ard omega o all iLs eorLs; Lo eLlics
ard solidariLy as Lle illars o lumar relaLiors; Lo Lle deerse
o Lle culLural iderLiLy o commuriLies ard eoles; ard Lo Lle
larmorious relaLiorsli beLveer Mar ard NaLure.
CaiLalisL develomerL models are goirg Llrougl a cri
sis ard Lle corsequerces or Lle lumar secies car be caLa
sLrolic. AL Lle same Lime, Lle media maclirery does all iL
car Lo male Llis sysLemic crisis o caiLalism irvisible Lo Lle
ma|oriLies. Ir Lle irsL lace, ar ecoromic ard irarcial a cri
sis, urleasled orce agair by Lle selislress ard arbiLrariress
o Lle marleL orces, is razirg Lle vorld. |oired Lo Llis is Lle
ecological crisis, Lle resulL o Lle acceleraLed deoresLaLior
o Lle lareLs oresLs; Lle irdiscrimiraLe emissior o Loxic
gases, ard Lle olluLior o vaLer resources, amorg oLler ca
lamiLies.
1le erergy crisis las beer caused by Lle lie sLyle o Lle
vealLliesL courLries vlicl, as you redicLed or Marcl 7, 2UIU,
Zuleica Romay during her speech, next to the Commander in Chief.
15
ard I quoLe, Lley vill illage ir lardly IUU years Lle re
mairirg gas, liquid, ard solid uel LlaL raLure Lool 4UU millior
years Lo creaLe.
I
AL a laLer daLe, or |aruary I9, 2UII, you varred orce agair
abouL Lle ood crisis vlose vicLims are by rov reaclirg Lle ir
credible igure o ore billior eole, ard I quoLe, 1le roduc
Lior o vleaL, soybear, corr, rice, ard oLler rumerous grairs
ard legumes vlicl are Lle sLale oodsLus or Lle vorld are
beirg seriously aecLed by climaLe clarges, Llus creaLirg a
very serious roblem ir Lle vorld.
2
1le ecoromys ills alvays lave a social imacL, buL Lle
reacl ard deLl o Lleir regaLive corsequerces deerd or
Lle raLure o Lle relaLiors LlaL correcL Llem viLl socieLy. 1le
lisLory o Lle UriLed SLaLes allovs us Lo esLablisl direcL cor
recLiors beLveer Lle deressior aL Lle erd o Lle rireLeerLl
cerLury ard Lle boom ir lyrclirg ard exLra|udicial execu
Liors, aL Lle exerse o raLives, blacls, ard oLler irdividuals
vlo vere classless. 1le roLorious Ku Klux Klar vas ourded
ir Lle U.S. as a resulL o Lle reserLmerL o Lle ormer slave
ovrers durirg Lle socalled RecorsLrucLior, ard Lle ecorom
ic debacle LlaL sLarLed ir I929 rovoled Lle irLersiicaLior o
racism ir LlaL courLry. IL is also easy Lo roLe ir Lle liLeraLure
abouL Lle surge o Cermar NaLioral Socialism, lov Lle racisL
messiarism caLaulLirg Adoll HiLler Lo over vas uelled by
arelersior ard social rusLraLior, exacerbaLed by Lle eco
romic deressior o Lle I98Us.
1le ecoromic crises, viLl Lleir regaLive reercussiors ir
roducLior ard corsumLior, lave Lle eecL o malirg Lle
lives o Lle mosL vulrerable social grous recarious; Lley
Lougler comeLiLior amorg members o socieLy or access Lo
resources, services, ard social olicies; ard raise u selisl aL
LiLudes ard eelirgs or Lle urose o reservirg or erlarcirg
I. Fidel CasLro Ruz, 1le 1lreaLerirg Dargers, Reflections (Havara Oi
cira de Fublicaciores del Corse|o de LsLado, Coleccior 2UIU, 2UIU),
. S9.
2. Fidel CasLro Ruz, 1le 1ime Has Come Lo Do SomeLlirg, Reflections
(Havara Oicira de Fublicaciores del Corse|o de LsLado, Coleccior 2UII,
2UII), . S8.
16
Lle vellbeirg Lley lave er|oyed so ar. Or Lle irLerraLioral
scere, Lle ragiliLy o Lle ecoromies o quiLe a ev sLaLes males
iL easy or Lle overul Lo aroriaLe Lle raLural resources
o Llose courLries, erslave Lle oular secLors, do avay viLl
Lle social aclievemerLs aLLaired by Lle eoles, ard imo
se Lle irLeresLs o Lle sLrorgesL aL Lle irLerraLioral orgariza
Liors ard irsLiLuLiors vlere Lle rircile o ore courLry, ore
voLe corLirues Lo be a uLoia.
1le demagoguery o Lle suer overs o our era carroL
lide Lle ascisL ideology LlaL is reemergirg, Llereby grarLirg
Lle UN SecuriLy Courcil Lle dual role o rosecuLor ard |udge,
vlicl legiLimizes revlymirLed bombirgs, irvasiors, ard
LerriLorial corquesLs.
1le oressive combiraLior o Lle ecoromic, ideologi
cal, ard miliLary overs o Lle emires, assisLed by Lle Vorld
Barl, Lle IrLerraLioral MoreLary Furd, ard NA1O, amorg
oLler imerialisms emblemaLic irsLiLuLiors, vould lile Lo
corLrol Lle lardvorlirg ard aciisL ma|oriLy, LlaL SU er
cerL o lumariLy LlaL ossesses liLLle ard is losirg more
everyday. 1le corsequerces are ir siglL some o Llose LlaL are
sLill recogrized by Lle imerial domiraLior as SLaLes, are less
sovereigr every day. 1lose are courLries vlose aLrimories
lave beer dvirdled by Lle raaciLy o LrarsraLiorals; vlose
goverrmerLs, viLl urcorcealed imoLerce, are viLressirg
Lle ircrease o Lle illiLeraLe, Lle lurgry, Lle uremloyed, ard
Lle lomeless; LlaL is, Lle loeless.
AL Lle same Lime, Lle mass media, carLelized ard Lo Lle
service o a lardly visible, yeL omrireserL, miroriLy, carry
or viLl iLs missior o irsLillirg values, codes, ard symbols
LlaL are suosedly uriversal. A liLLle more Llar a lurdred
years ago, vler Lle irsL adverLisirg agercies srarg u ir
Lle UriLed SLaLes, Lle dream o caiLalism vas Lo sLardardize
corsumLior ever aL Lle cosL o disLribuLirg ever more uLile
ard exersive roducLs. ALer idolizirg commercial brards
ard Lurrirg Llem irLo a lird o gosel o moderriLy, Lle Lasl
o Lle momerL is Lo lomogerize Lle diererL erceLiors o
realiLy, ersoral asiraLiors ard goals, oliLical oiriors ard
aesLleLic criLeria; ir oLler vords, Lle serse o lie.
17
|usL as iL laers ir Lle redicLable deLecLive sLories loLs,
vlere Lle liller is loled u ir Lle louse Lo massacre iLs dvell
ers, Lle vorld slumbers, sLill LrusLirg, vlile leeirg urder iLs
bed more Llar erougl veaors Lo cause iLs ovr desLrucLior.
1le 2S,UUU ruclear varleads LlaL are LlreaLerirg our slumber
remair closely guarded ir Lle miliLary aciliLies o orly eiglL
courLries. All ve reed is a corrorLaLior beLveer Lvo o Llose
overs Lo male Lle Nuclear VirLer riglLmare real.
Nev vars o corquesL ard illage are loomirg ir Lle Mid
dle LasL.
Ir SubSalarar Aricavlicl Lle mass media Lerd Lo re
member vler reerrirg Lo armed corlicLs o resumed eLlric
origir, erLire oulaLiors are beirg exLermiraLed by curable
diseases ard lie execLarcy aL birLl does roL exceed 4S years
o age. 1le FalesLiriars vlom Lle ZiorisLs lave roL beer able
Lo exLermiraLe reLurr Lo Lleir lomes day by day aLer iglLirg
Lle gerocidal Israeli maclirery.
Also sLrugglirg Lo vir 24 lours more o lie are lids vlo
live or Lle sLreeLs; Lle AroAmericars ard LaLiro immi
grarLs vlo are urgirg or deaLl rov Lle social disadvarLages
resulLirg rom Lleir origir; Lle lomeless; Lle moLlers ard
grardmoLlers vlo ersisL ir searclirg or Lleir disaeared
relaLives; Lle ill vlo lorg or Lle LrarslarLs LlaL Lley carroL
aord; ard mary oLlers, ciLizers o resumably educaLed ard
civilized courLries vlo sLard u Lo Lle siege imosed or Lleir
corscierces by a vasL array o culLural roducLs LlaL moLivaLe
alieraLior ard violerce.
Var LlreaLers us all because Llis ever more ur|usL ard
irsecure vorld is beirg besieged by Lle orly Llirlirg se
cies LlaL irlabiLs iL. |usL as you lave sLaLed, Commarder, ard
I quoLe, 1le greaLesL corLradicLior ir our Limes is, recisely,
Lle abiliLy o Lle lumar secies Lo desLrucL iLsel ard iLs ir
abiliLy Lo goverr iLsel.
8
1le LarLl is lome Lo all Lle mer, vomer, ard clildrer
vlo irlabiL iL. Ve lave ro riglL Lo bequeaLl Lo our clildrer
8. Fidel CasLro Ruz, 1le IrsariLies o Our 1ime, Reflections (Havara
Oicira de Fublicaciores del Corse|o de LsLado, Coleccior 2UIU, 2UIU),
. 9U.
18
lardscaes viLlouL Lrees LlaL orebodes Lle lareLs slov su
ocaLior; vasLelards vlere Lle searcl or vaLer is arL o Lle
sLruggle or survival ard vlere ive Llousard eole die ev
eryday or drirlirg vaLer rom olluLed sources; islirg ar
eas deleLed by exLracLior raLes LlaL vildly surass Lle raLural
reroducLior raLes o secies; summers LlaL are ircreasirgly
varmer alLerraLirg viLl virLers LlaL are ircreasirgly colder;
ard lovlyirg lards looded by Lle seas, vlose levels are cor
sLarLly risirg.
Ve lave ro riglL Lo cordemr Lle 2 billior lumar beirgs
vlo vill be borr durirg Lle rexL 4U years Lo loelessress ard
Lo live urder slies sLaired by milliors o Lors o olluLirg gases
ard a sur LlaL seems less slirirg every day.
1larl you very mucl (Alause).
Commandcr: ArerL you goirg Lo say aryLlirg:
Abcl Pricto: LxcellerL vords, Commarder.
Commandcr: I ird Lle summary made by Lle comrade
exLraordirary.
Abcl Pricto: Ard iL gives corLiruiLy Lo LlaL corversaLior
ve all lad viLl you ore year ago.
Commandcr: Besides, sle las briely summarized every
Llirg; sle lasrL leL aryLlirg ouL.
VlaL are ve goirg Lo do Lo lave Llis circulaLed:
Abcl Pricto: Id ublisl Lle ull LexL. Ve slould ublisl Lle
ull LexL, Commarder; erlas iL could be ublisled ir our ress.
VlaL do you Llirl: Ard ve could also osL iL or Lle veb.
Commandcr: Is Llere ary bool or a similar media vlere
Llis could be ublisled:
Abcl Pricto: IL could be disLribuLed over Lle IrLerreL.
Commandcr: By Lle meLlod you exlaired Lle oLler day:
Abcl Pricto: Vell, LlaLs raLler or orlire bool sales.
Commandcr: Could iL be lirled u viLl some bool:
Abcl Pricto: Vell lave Lo Llirl abouL iL; I dorL lrov.
19
Commarder, vler you called me Loday beore I leL Lo
aLLerd Llis meeLirg 1le Commarder asled me vlaL I lad
dore Llis morrirg, vlicl is a quesLior LlaL alvays Lales me
by surrise (LauglLer). BuL, orLuraLely, I could Lell lim some
Llirg LlaL vas mearirgul Lo lim, vlicl is LlaL I lad aLLerded
a very lovely ceremory aL Lle Aula Magra vlere Igracio Ra
moreL vas avarded Lle LiLle o DocLor Hororis Causa ir Social
CommuricaLior (Alause).
Commandcr: He vould lile you Lo reeaL someLlirg o
vlaL you said Llis morrirg; le vas very mucl imressed.
Abcl Pricto: I vas Lellirg Lle Commarder LlaL everyLlirg
Zuleica said vlaL does iL clasles viLl: IL clasles viLl ev
eryLlirg our comrades lere Loday are claslirg viLl every day,
vlicl is Lle silerce o Lle big media.
Commandcr: I Llirl iLs a urarimous LlouglL; I vas
Llirlirg o LlaL. LveryLlirg is clear, eviderL, ard urderiable.
LeL us lisLer Lo RamoreL.
From left to right: Abel Prieto Jimnez, Fidel Castro Ruz, and Zuleica Romay Guerra.
20
lgnacio kamonct: FirsL o all, Commarder, Id lile Lo Lell
you lov lay I eel, ard I Llirl LlaL, ir a vay, I exress Lle
eelirgs o mary o us, i roL all, vlo are lere Loday, Lo see you
are so vell, so recovered, ard ir excellerL lealLl (Alause).
Commandcr: IL musL be Lle irluerce o all o you (LauglLer).
lgnacio kamonct: LxacLly, ard I am also sure LlaL Abel las
made or you a summary LlaL is mucl beLLer Llar vlaL I am
goirg Lo say riglL rov.
Commandcr: He lasrL lad ary Lime Lo do so; lell be
Lellirg me laLer.
lgnacio kamonct: He las greaL imagiraLior (He laugls).
Commandcr: BuL, is iL all vriLLer ouL:
Abcl Pricto: No, le adlibbed.
lgnacio kamonct: I lave a ev roLes lere.
Commandcr: BuL, is Llere ary vriLLer vorl:
lgnacio kamonct: 1lere is a slorL bool, ir acL; iLs goirg
Lo be ublisled; yes, Llere iL is.
Abcl Pricto: IL is already ublisled; iLs ouL aL Lle Fair.
lgnacio kamonct: Yes, I already serL iL Lo you, Commard
er. Aryvay, you didrL receive iL; iL goL losL or Lle vay.
Abcl Pricto: No, le musL lave iL.
Commandcr: I laverL read iL yeL. Vler did iL arrive:
Abcl Pricto: Zuleica brouglL me Llis ore |usL Llis morrirg.
Commandcr: Al! 1laLs good.
Abcl Pricto: ILs beirg reserLed Llis Surday.
Commandcr: So, vler vas iL ublisled:
Zulcica komay: Ve irisled iL yesLerday.
Commandcr: 1lis ore:
Zulcica komay: 1lis ore, Lle Cubar ediLior. RamoreL
serL us lis bool.
21
lgnacio kamonct: Yes; I serL iL as soor as iL came ouL.
Commandcr: I eel guilLy or roL lavirg read iL.
Zulcica komay: Ve ublisled a Cubar ediLior, vlicl is
LlaL ore.
Commandcr: CreaL!
lgnacio kamonct: 1lis morrirg ir Lle Aula Magra I mer
Liored Lvo or Llree ideas abouL lov Lle media sysLem vorls.
VlaL Lle Commarder ard Abel vere discussirg lere riglL
rov vas Lle idea LlaL vler ve are aced viLl sucl a sLrorg
realiLy, viLl all Lle irLeresLirg daLa LlaL Zuleica las giver us,
vly arerL all Llese daLa ard aralyses irally ublisled:
I Llirl iLs irLeresLirg Lo lave ar idea abouL lov Lle me
dia sysLem vorlsir a very sleLcly vay; I dorL irLerd Lo give
a lecLure lere. I vill simly reer Lo Lvo or Llree roLes.
FirsL, ve lave Lo sLarL rom Lle rircile LlaL rovadays,
ir Lle media sysLem, irormaLior vorls as merclardise. Ir
ormaLior is merclardise, ve lrov LlaL. BuL, vlaL does Llis
asserLior mear: Because iL is a raLler eculiar merclardise ir
Lle serse LlaL iL is ree merclardise. MosL o us corsume iror
maLior Llrougl radio or 1\, ard ve do roL ay or iL. Besides,
riglL rov Llere are loLs o ree revsaers ard ve dorL ay or
LlaL irormaLior LlaL is ublisled ir Lle vriLLer ress eiLler.
Or Lle IrLerreL, mosL o Lle irormaLior siLes are also ree.
So, leLs say, lov is iL LlaL sucl a sysLem, vlicl is so cor
cerred abouL roiLs, males iL ossible or LlaL irormaLior Lo
be circulaLirg ree o clarge: IL is ree or Lle ollovirg reasor
because ve Llirl LlaL Lle irormaLior commerce corsisLs ir
sellirg irormaLior Lo eole ard, obviously, igures do roL
add u, because i I sell Lle irormaLior ree o clarge, I mear,
i I give irormaLior avay, I am roL earrirg aryLlirg. Ir acL,
Lle irormaLior commerce meclarism does roL corsisL ir
sellirg irormaLior Lo eole; iL corsisLs ir sellirg eole Lo
adverLisers.
Vler ve are corsumirg irormaLior, ve are beirg sold
Lo adverLisers. Ard so, vlaL does LlaL mear: VlaL does LlaL
mear rom Lle orLological oirL o viev, rom Lle oirL o viev
22
o iLs corLerL: IL mears Llis Lle comary LlaL is goirg Lo sell
us Lo Lle adverLisers varLs Lle eole vlo are goirg Lo cor
sume LlaL irormaLior Lo be as rumerous as ossible. Ir oLler
vords, Lle larger Lleir rumbers, Lle more exersive Llis grou
o eole vill be sold Lo Lle adverLiser. So, or Llis rumber Lo be
large irdeed, Lle irormaLior level slould be very suericial.
1laL is Lle equaLior, i you lile FirsL o all, Lle irormaLior
is goirg Lo be ublisled ir a very limiLed larguage. For exam
le, Sarisl is a larguage viLl more Llar 4U,UUU vords; buL
Lle irormaLior LlaL is videly circulaLed is vriLLer viLl some
6UU Lo SUU vords, LlaL is Lo say, ir a basic Sarisl, reduced Lo
iLs bare mirimum.
Ignacio Ramonet
23
Secord, ary irormaLior, vlaLever iL may be, is alvays a
iece o solisLicaLed, comlex irormaLior, viLl ruarces, eLc.
1le revailirg irormaLior sysLem is a Mariclear iror
maLior sysLem. Ir oLler vords, Llere are good ard bad revs
ard, corsequerLly, irormaLior is giver ir Lvo Lerms, ir a very
elemerLal vay, so LlaL ary urLler develomerL Lo be made
las Lo be very slorL, very brie so LlaL aryore could urder
sLard iL; Llereore all lirds o ruarces are ediLed ouL ard,
obviously, Llere vill be ar emlasis or Lle emoLioral asecL
vlicl is vlaL eole Lall abouLard roL so mucl or Lle ra
Lioral sysLem LlaL resuoses Lle erceLior o corceLs ard
absLracLiors. Ir LlaL serse, a iece o revs LlaL corveys a greaL
amourL o irormaLior slould roL be absLracL ard corceLual;
iL slould be corcreLe ard emoLioral. 1laL is ore asecL. You
car already see Lle corsequerces resulLirg rom Lle acL LlaL
irormaLior is merclardise.
1le secord imorLarL corsequerce is LlaL i a comary
is goirg Lo give avay irormaLior, iL is obvious LlaL LlaL com
ary is roL goirg Lo serd mucl morey Lo roduce iL, sirce iL
is goirg Lo give iL avay.
1lereore, Lle roducLior o irormaLior, LlaL is Lo say,
Lle survey, Lle vorl you lave Lo do urLler usLream Lo ird
irormaLior, Lo lool or iL, Lo go beyord aeararces, Lo Lry Lo
discover vlere LlaL irormaLior is Lo be ourd, Lo ay a Leam
o |ourralisLs so LlaL Lley car do morLls o researcl, LlaL is
someLlirg Lle comary is roL goirg Lo do, or iLs goirg Lo do
less ard less Lo Lle exLerL LlaL iL corLirues Lo give avay LlaL
irormaLiorI emlasize LlaL.
Also, or LlaL secord reasor, Lle level o irormaLior vill
obviously be reduced; Lle level o irormaLior is goirg Lo be
lovered. 1lis is Lle sysLem ir vlicl ve vorl; ard Lle IrLerreL
las vorsered Lle crisis rom Lle oirL o viev o Lle ecorom
ics o Lle irormaLior. Ir oLler vords, ir Lodays vorld, mosL
o Lle mass media grous are goirg Llrougl a crisis. 1ley lave
some secLors, arLicularly Lle vriLLer ress secLor, vlere Lley
are losirg morey. 1lereore, rov is roL Lle Lime Lo roduce
LoqualiLy irormaLior.
24
AroLler Llirg is LlaL, ir siLe o vlaL I lave |usL said, LlaL
irormaLior urcLiors as merclardiseLlaL is Lo say, iL urc
Liors accordirg Lo Lle lavs o suly ard demard, iL does
roL urcLior accordirg Lo Lle lavs o commuricaLior ard ir
ormaLior. Ir acL, Llis is roL abouL arsverirg sucl quesLiors
as vlaL car ard slould be dore ir Lerms o a discerrirg |our
ralism: iL is simly abouL resordirg Lo ar alleged demard.
BuL desiLe Lle acL LlaL irormaLior circulaLes as merclar
dise, Loday iL is acLually a rav maLerial; iL urcLiors exacLly as
a rav maLerial ir Lle broadesL serse o Lle Lerm.
Vly is iL a rav maLerial: IL is a rav maLerial ir Lle serse
LlaL Lle big irormaLior comaries Loday are Lle ores LlaL
are earrirg more morey. |usL Lale a lool aL, leLs say, Lle lasL
IS years. VlaL secLor do Lle big comaries, Lle rev big com
aries, Llose vlicl lave accumulaLed ar exceLiorally ligl
sLocl marleL caiLal, belorg Lo: 1ley belorg Lo Lle IrLerreL
secLor.
Lool, Facebools erLry irLo Lle sLocl marleL vas osLed
aL IS billior dollars. Vler Coogle erLered Lle sLocl marleL
|usL Llree years ago, iL osLed iLs erLry aL arourd 4 billior
dollars; so vas Lle case or Lle Lelelore comaries or Lle
irormaLior scierces comaries. Ir oLler vords, all Llose
comaries, Facebool, 1viLLer, Coogle, as vell as Lle big ir
LerraLioral Lelelore comaries, Lle irormaLior scierces
comaries, sucl as Ale, all o Llese comaries, could roL
care less abouL corLerL or Lle mearirg o corLerL. VlaL Lley
do care abouL is quarLiLy. 1laL is Lo say, a Lelelore com
ary does roL care i you are goirg Lo LrarsmiL a SLaLe secreL
ir your lore call; LlaLs someLlirg LlaL miglL be o irLeresL
or Lle CIA. VlaL Lle Lelelore comary cares abouL is LlaL
you male a loL o lore calls ard serd a loL o messages by
Lelelore. 1le more messages you serd Llrougl Lle lore
vleLler LexL messages or voice messages, icor messages,
viLl icLures, viLl videos, Lle more morey Lle comary
vill male. 1le more commuricaLiors, ir Lle broad serse o
Lle Lerm, Lle more morey Lle comary vill earr. Ir LlaL
serse, irormaLior is a rav maLerial, ard iL vill be a sLraLegic
rav maLerial as lorg as iL is Lle ore LlaL allovs eole Lo earr
25
greaLer roiLs Llar Lle ores obLaired rom some really sLra
Legic rav maLerials sucl as oil, gas, or urarium, amorg oLl
ers. 1lese comaries car male more morey simly Llrougl
our lore calls.
1lis is Lle uriverse o commuricaLior ir vlicl, Lle me
dia grous Loday are obviously Lerdirg Lo orgarize Llrougl Lle
velllrovr corcerLraLior sysLem. Vlile Lley used Lo se
cialize ir ore sirgle commuricaLior secLor, leLs say, or ex
amle, vriLLer commuricaLior, rov, Llarls Lo Lle IrLerreL,
vlicl las broler Lle Leclrical barriers LlaL exisLed beLveer
Lle diererL commuricaLior sysLems, Lle grous are goirg Lo
moroolize vriLLer, oral, visual, audiovisual commuricaLior
ard, obviously, Lle IrLerreL. 1ler, Lle large grous are domi
raLirg Llis secLor by resorLirg Lo corcerLraLior.
Sealirg abouL corcerLraLior ir commuricaLior ard ir
ormaLior is lile sealirg auLomaLically abouL Lle erd o lu
ralism or Lle diiculLies aced by luralism. Vlile Llere used
Lo be mary media grous or mary media clusLers ir Lle asL,
rov Llere are ever because Lley lave corcerLraLed, ard ir
some courLriesI simly Lale Frarce as ar examle, all Lle
mair commuricaLior media ress, radio, Lelevisior, Lle Ir
LerreL belorg Lo a lardul o busiressmeralmosL alvays Lley
are mer, buL Lley could be vomer, mosL o Llem correcLed
eiLler Lo Lle irarcial secLor or Lle Lelelore irormaLior sec
Lor, irormaLics, eLc., ard Lley car be courLed or Lle irgers
o ore lard ir a courLry lile Frarce, a greaL democraLic cour
Lry ard a roducer o culLure. Ir oLler vords, Lle corcerLra
Lior leromeror is beirg vorsered by Lle crisis.
Besides, lov does commuricaLior vorls viLlir Lle cor
LexL o globalizaLior. VlaL is globalizaLior all abouL: IL is es
serLially a leromeror LlaL obviously brirgs alorg oLlers
viLl iLard I am sealirg Lo all o you vlo lrov erecLly
vell lov iL is. I vill simly remird you LlaL globalizaLior is
esserLially a irarcial leromeror, based or Lle acL LlaL or
some years rov, morey las beer alloved Lo circulaLe reely,
viLlouL ary obsLacle vlaLsoever. IL is morey LlaL circulaLes
viLlouL ary obsLacle, ard based or LlaL leromeror, Lle idea
LlaL ecoromic over is recisely Lle irsL over, ard LlaL Lle
26
irarcial over viLlir iL is Lle ore LlaL roduces Lle greaLesL
ob|ecLive ard maLerial vealLl ir Lle vorld, is corsolidaLirg.
Nov Ller; vlaL abouL media over: VlaL role does me
dia over lay viLlir Lle globalizaLior sysLem: 1laLs vlere
I say LlaL media over viLlir globalizaLior car orly be cor
ceived o as Lle Lvir broLler o Lle irarcial over. Vly: Be
cause viLlir globalizaLior, media over las Lle urcLior o
Lellirg ciLizers vlo are suorLive o globalizaLior LlaL, ir
acL, Lley are livirg ir Lle besL o all ossible vorlds. Ir oLler
vords, media over urcLiors as Lle ideological aaraLus o
globalizaLior. VlaL I mear Lo say is LlaL globalizaLior is a ma
Lerial ard corcreLe leromeror, buL, Lo a cerLair degree, iL
requires Lle corsiraLorial assiviLy o Lle ciLizerry. Ard, vlo
las Lle missior o aeasirg ard domesLicaLirg socieLies: 1le
media aaraLus.
1lis morrirg I vas givirg ar examle Llrougl a com
arisor. Comarisors are rever accuraLe, buL I said, VlaL do
ve mear by ideological aaraLus: For examle, ve are ir Lle
Americas. LeL us imagire Lle Lime o Lle CorquesL. VlaL vas
Lle CorquesL: Above all, iL vas a violerL erLerrise o desLruc
Lior, Lle desLrucLior o culLures, eoles, religiors, larguages,
ard social lierarclies. 1laL maclirery o desLrucLior vould
lave obviously urcLiored by raisirg greaLer resisLarce i iL
vere orly ar erLerrise o desLrucLior; buL, ir acL, LlaL erLer
rise o corquesL vas accomaried by ar ideological aara
Lus vlose missior vas Lo Lell Lle vicLims o Lle CorquesL LlaL
vlaL vas laerirg vas really Lle besL LlaL could laer Lo
Llem. Vlo vas suosed Lo accomlisl LlaL missior: Vell, ir
Llis case, Lle CaLlolic Clurcl, Lle evargelisLs. 1le evargelisLs
said Lo Lle vicLims o Lle CorquesL, You lave losL your reli
gior, you lave losL your LradiLiors, you lave losL your culLural
reererces, buL you lave gaired glory, because you lave ourd
Lle Lrue Cod. RiglL:
1lus, globally sealirg, Lle media aaraLus las Lo ac
comlisl Lle same Lasl viLl us Loday. RiglL rov ir Creece,
Llere is a gereral sLrile; iL is Lle umLeerLl gereral sLrile
agairsL Lle ausLeriLy ard ad|usLmerL olicies ard Lle social
bruLaliLy LlaL are beirg imosed ir mary Luroear courLries.
27
Ard Lle media over, Lied ir Lo Lle irarcial over, vlicl
las ereLraLed irarcial cous deLaLas you lave seer ir
ILaly ard Creece, vlere recisely Lle rime mirisLer las beer
irsLalled by Lle barlis Lellirg Lle Creels, Ir acL, you lave
Lo do Llis villirgly; you lave Lo sacriice yourselves, because
LlaL sacriice mears LlaL ve vill irally geL Lo a rev sLarL LlaL
is goirg Lo allov us Lo save Lle courLry. 1lis is Ller a siLua
Lior vlere Lle irarcial over ard Lle media over are Lle
domiraLirg Lvirs ir socieLy.
So you may asl VlaL abouL oliLical over: Ir Lodays
lierarcly o over, oliLical over rarls Lle Llird. Ir oLler
vords, viLlir Lle corLexL o globalizaLior, Lle irarcial over
ard Lle media over domiraLe Lle oliLical over.
1lere are several examles. I you vere Lo Lour Luroe Lo
day rom ore courLry Lo aroLler, you vould see LlaL, aL Limes,
mosL o Lle media are erociously criLicizirg Lle leaders o ary
courLry. I you vere Lo go Lo ForLugal, you vill see LlaL Lley
are criLicizirg Lle ForLuguese rime mirisLer; ir Sair, Lley
criLicize Lle Sarisl rime mirisLer; ir Frarce, Lley criLicize
Lle Frercl residerL, ard so or. Ard iL vasrL lile LlaL be
ore.
So, Lle quesLior is, Hey, do Lle media lave more ree
dom Loday Llar beore: Vly dorL Lley lave ary qualms abouL
criLicizirg Lle oliLical leaders: Vell, lere Lle arsver is also
ro; Lle media do roL lave more reedom Llar beore. VlaL is
laerirg is LlaL oliLical leaders lave less over Llar beore
ard, obviously, Lle media Loday are Lalirg advarLage o Lle
vealerirg o oliLical over ard Lle abserce o oliLical vill
Lo laurcl Lleir aLLacl ir Lle rame o Lle goals LlaL Lle irar
cial over las seL or iLsel.
Ard I vill corclude by sayirg LlaL Lle ourLl over Lo
day is goirg Llrougl a crisis. Beore, Lle ourLl over vas
Lle ress. Ve car roL Llirl abouL a moderr democracy viLl
ouL a ourLl over. 1lere is a legislaLive over, ar execu
Live over, ard a |udicial over, ard Lleres also Lle ublic
oirior LlaL used Lo redress Lle excesses ircurred irLo by Lle
|udicial over or Lle legislaLive over or Lle execuLive over.
Lver sirce Lle irverLior o Lle mass media aL Lle close o Lle
28
rireLeerLl cerLury, ublic oirior is a very imorLarL acLor
viLlir moderr democracies. IL is imossible Lo Llirl abouL Lle
urcLiorirg o a moderr democracy viLlouL a ublic oirior
as a courLerveiglL. BuL LlaL courLerveiglL las ceased Lo
exisL Lo Lle exLerL LlaL ublic oirior, more Llar ever beore,
is beirg maruacLured by Lle large media grous. 1lereore
Llere is ro ublic oirior vlicl is, leLs say, ob|ecLive. I Llirl
LlaL Llis is Lle Lime Lo say iLard I lave roosed Llis ir sev
eral o my aers, esecially aL Lle Vorld Social ForumLlaL a
iLl over slould be creaLed, vlicl is Lle ossibiliLy Lle Ir
LerreL or Lle social reLvorls gives us Loday, or eacl ore o us
Lo creaLe our ovr irormaLior, Lo arLiciaLe ir Lle irorma
Lior malirg rocess as rever beore, ever Llougl ve do roL
believe ir Lle gereral democraLizaLior o irormaLior. BuL, Lo
day, ve lave Lle Lools LlaL allov us Lo irLervere, Lo irLroduce
modiicaLiors, Lo give ar oirior, roL |usL ir a assive ard
discreeL vay, buL Llrougl our arLiciaLior aL a more gereral
level. Ard iL is recisely Llese Lools LlaL allov us Lo Lale a sLard
as ciLizers, as a iLl over caable o rovidirg Lle courLer
veiglL Lo LlaL suerover LlaL las beer recerLly corsLiLuLed.
1lis is vlaL I said, Commarder (Alause).
Abcl Pricto: Commarder, Loday vler ve vere claLLirg,
I vas irLeresLed ir Llis Loic, because all Lle erdeavors o Lle
NeLvorl o NeLvorlsve lave Lalled mary Limes abouL Llis,
SLella lrovs LlaLcollide eiLler viLl silerce or mariulaLior;
Lley ermarerLly collide viLl silerce ard mariulaLior. All
Llese media lave desigred ar irlexible agerda.
1oday Igracio RamoreL vas sayirg, FoliLiciars are beirg
criLicized, buL robody criLicizes Lle greaL irarcial over; ro
body criLicizes Lle real masLers o Lle lareL. 1laLs Lrue.
Commandcr: You lave Lo lrov Llem Lo be able Lo criLicize
Llem.
Abcl Pricto: LxacLly. Vould aryore, ary rierd lile Lo say
someLlirg:
Franois Houtart: 1larl you.
Yes, ollovirg u or vlaL Igracio las said, I Llirl iLs
very imorLarL also Lo develo ersemble Llirlirg Lo cor
29
rorL Lle diererL asecLs o Lle crisis abouL vlicl our rierd
Zuleica sole Lle reed Lo |usL recorsLrucL a rev aradigm
LlaL vould be ar ersemble Llirlirg, Lo be able Lo build Llis
iLl over. Ard LlaLs Lle reasor vly I Llirl LlaL ore o Lle
Llirgs ve slould be doirg is Llirlirg abouL vlaL corceLs
ve car use Lo recorsLrucL ersemble Llirlirg so LlaL iL vould
irclude, simulLareously, Lle various asecLs o Lle sLruggles
LlaL ve are vagirg Loday or a rev irLeracLior viLl raLure,
or a diererL Lye o ecoromy, or a gereralized democ
racy, ard or ar irLerculLural aroacl; ard also a corceL
LlaL could also serve as Lle basis or Lle uriLy o all sLruggles,
Llus givirg urdamerLal mearirg Lo every ore viLlir Lle
ersemble.
IL is a maLLer vlicl I am Lryirg Lo vorl or, vlicl is Lle
idea o Lle Commor Cood or HumariLy, vlicl is also ex
ressed by Lle irdigerous eoles o LaLir America as Lle arL
o livirg vell. Ve ouglL Lo vorl or Llis so LlaL ve may give
some colererce Lo all Lyes o Llirlirg ard also Lo all diererL
sLruggles, because ir ursuirg Llis goal ve slould be clearer
every Lime ard build a Lye o Llirlirg LlaL allovs us Lo brirg
LogeLler all Lle asecLs o Lodays sLruggles (Alause).
Stclla Calloni: Hov are you, Commarder: Ve vere really
loolirg orvard Lo seeirg you.
I varLed Lo say LlaL ve lave beore us aroLler Loic |usL
as Igracio RamoreL said LlaL irormaLior vas merclardise, I
say LlaL irormaLior Loday is also a veaor. IL is Lle irsL sloL
LlaL aves Lle vay or Lle var. IrormaLior slaes u Lle ele
merLs or Lle syclological var, vlicl alls irLo Lle caLegory
o lovirLersiLy corlicLs, or vlaL Loday is called courLer
irsurgercy, a leromeror LlaL ve are roL sLudyirg eiLler,
esecially vler iL comes Lo iLs alicaLior ir reserL Limes.
Ard I Llirl LlaL usirg irormaLior as a veaor is exLremely
serious. IL is exLremely serious LlaL ve allov irormaLior Lo be
used LlaL vay, because ir LlaL case, vords car lill. Irorma
Lior becomes Ller a deadly veaor.
Ve lrov LlaL misirormaLior is belird every var, as ve
lave recerLly seer ir Lle case o Libya or ir Lle case o Iraq; ve
lave seer iL LlrouglouL our lisLory. VlaL laers rovadays
30
is LlaL Llere las beer a relicaLior o Lle same viLl Lle use o
rev Leclrologies.
So, vlaL car ve do Lo iglL agairsL LlaL: 1le IrLerreL is
roL erougl; LlaLs Lle roblem. Ve lave access Lo Lle irorma
Lior, buL mosL o Lle eoles are caLives o Lle media. 1lere
is a secLor o Lle oulaLior LlaL las access Lo Lle IrLerreL, buL
Lle ma|oriLy doesrL. Ve are alvays acirg LlaL roblem.
I am goirg Lo give you ar examle 1le almosL absoluLe ma
|oriLy o Lle media did roL broadcasL Lle var ir Libya as iL Lruly
vas; a colorial var; ar imerial var. 1laL is Lle siLuaLior LlaL ve
are acirg. BuL, or Lle oosiLe side, very ev media corrorLed
Lle urique ard mariulaLive discourse o Lle legemoric over,
vlicl sole abouL a lumariLariar irvasior Lo save Lle Libyar
eole vler, ir acL, iL vas gerocide agairsL LlaL eole.
1lese acLs vere very mucl silerced by Llose vlo lad Lo
seal u ard seL ar examle Lo Lle vorld ir Lle ace o Llis
ir|usLice. I am sealirg abouL Lle Lerriyirg silerce o lumar
iLy vler Llere are gerocides aLer gerocides. 1lere lave beer
Llree already ir Lle LverLyirsL cerLury. 1lere vas gerocide
ir AglarisLar, Iraq ard Libya. 1oday, Lle gerocide ir Libya
corLirues. Ve are receivirg deLails abouL Lle lorrible Llirgs
LlaL corLirue Lo occur ir Libya ard Lle derurciaLiors o crimes
ard LorLures made by lumariLariar agercies ard Medecirs
sars FrorLieres. 1le NA1O merceraries lave desLroyed erLire
blacl oulaLiors; so is Lle case or Lle Lovrsli o 1averga.
All Llese Llirgs lave occurred, buL rov iL so laers LlaL
Llere are some eole vlo blame Cadai or Lle irvasior. 1lis
is lile Lle case o a raed vomar vlo is loolirg or |usLice
ard is asled by some |udges i sle vas vearirg a slorL slirL
(mearirg i sle vas dressed rovocaLively), as i sle vere Lo
blame or ler ovr rairg. IL is a Lougl comarisor, buL iL is
very accuraLe. 1ler, Llere are aLLemLs Lo |usLiy Llese vars,
ard ve car roL allov LlaL Lo laer.
IL is imossible Lo be corused. Our resorsibiliLy is ever
greaLer because ve lave gore Llrougl all o LlaL irvasiors,
cou deLaLs, marleL cous, ard desLabilizaLiors. Ve lave Lo be
very careul ard see Lo iL LlaL our vords do roL suorL Lle ex
arsive ard crimiral colorial ro|ecLs LlaL are LlreaLerirg us.
31
Ve are aced viLl a greaL resorsibiliLy; Llere are demards
LlaL ve musL resord Lo ir a very sLrorg ard deLermired vay.
Some o us reerred lere Lo Lle iLl over o irormaLior, ard
iL is u Lo us Lo see Lo iL LlaL Llis iLl over is elL ard acL as a
courLerlegemoric over ir a ermarerL vay.
I ve acceL Lle roLior LlaL irormaLior is a veaor, Ller
ve lave Lo sLudy iL Llorouglly ard lrov lov Lo lardle iL. Ve
slould also lrov lov a var o occuaLior ard aroriaLior
o resources is reared usirg Lle mass media Lo Lry Lo ro
vide a |usLiicaLior LlaL does roL exisL. A lumariLariar var
agairsL a eole LlaL is obviously irerior ir Lle ace o Lle alli
arces o Lle big overs is a colorial var. 1laL mariulaLior o
Lle Lrue ob|ecLives by Lle legemoric media is aimed aL irlu
ercirg Lle corscierce o eoles ard Lle gereral ublic oir
ior viLl Lle urose o aralyzirg Llem. 1le ublic oirior
Lales or ard ircororaLes Lle orly vord iL receives, because
Llere is ro oLler.
Some reLvorls lel Lo dissemiraLe Lle oLler side o Lle
LruLl. OLlers are roL exemLed rom corusior. IL is a vay ouL.
Hovever, Llere is aroLler aggravaLirg circumsLarce. I ve ar
alyze Llis lisLorical eriod, ve vill realize LlaL Lle ossibiliLy
Lo irluerce Lle vorld oulaLiors roL orly Llrougl irorma
Lior buL also Llrougl erLerLairmerL las rever beer broader
ard sLrorger.
1lis lasL Loic is very imorLarL ard is roL usually ad
dressed. IL is Lle ore LlaL aecLs eole Lle mosL ard degrades
culLures Lle mosL. LrLerLairmerL, some o vlicl is made or
clildrer, is exLremely violerL. 1ley lave maraged Lo caLure
a sigriicarL amourL o eole ard Lurred Llem irLo irdier
erL ard urirLeresLed ersors.
MisirormaLior ir Luroe is ar examle ve rever discuss.
Ve also Lalled abouL iL viLl RamoreL ard oLlers. I visiLed Cer
mary ard oLler Luroear courLries durirg Lle early days o Lle
year 2UII, ard I roLiced LlaL eole Llere vere lardly irormed
abouL everLs LlaL laer ir Lle vorld. 1lere is a urique me
dia discourse. 1le ma|oriLy o Lle oulaLior lrovs roLlirg.
1ley vere so oblivious o vlaL ir acL vas beirg dore by Lleir
ovr goverrmerLsexceL or Lle mosL erliglLered secLors o
32
socieLyLlaL Lley really didrL ever lrov Lle LruLl abouL Lle
vars Lley vere Lalirg arL ir. 1ley igrored Lle LruLl abouL serious
lumar riglLs violaLiors, sucl as Lle exisLerce o secreL risors,
Lle crimes commiLLed ir Lle courLries LlaL lad beer irvaded, or
Lle ossible collase o Lle velare sLaLe ard Lle Luroear Urior.
1ley didrL ever realize LlaL Luroe vas imlodirg.
I believe Llis is ore o Lle mosL serious momerLs o LlaL
siral o disirormaLior. Ve are viLressirg LlaL ir our resec
Live courLries. All o Llese elemerLs combired lave led Lo Lle
Lerriyirg silerce o a lumariLy LlaL does roL reacL. Fear car be
aralyzirg. HumariLy does roL reacL. Ir Lle asL, some eole
did reacL. So, vlaL las laered Llis Lime:
LasL year you osed beore us a ley idea, a demard.
Somelov you said Lo us LlaL lumariLy vas vallirg Lovards
ar abyss. You gave us sLaggerirg igures ard daLa, ard Lold us
abouL Lle disillusiormerL Lovards Lle oliLiciars LlaL lad
vasled Lleir lards o Lle ervirormerLal roblems LlaL are
LlreaLerirg us. You Lalled Lo us abouL Lle corsequerces o
vars ard asled us Lo vorl or LlaL, Lo ave Lle vay ard lel
Lo raise Lle avareress o lumariLy. Ard Ller, a var brole ouL
ard ve vere abserL rom Lle solidariLy viLl Llose eoles LlaL
vere beirg Lramled uor ard irvaded. Ard, vlo are goverr
irg Llem riglL rov: 1le merceraries; Lle crimirals. Ve leL
Llem alore ir Lle lards o Lle crimirals. I ve car roL sLo Lle
var, Llis is goirg Lo Lurr agairsL us.
RecerLly, FresiderL Lvo Morales submiLLed a roosal Lo
discuss Lle arLiciaLior o merceraries ir Lle vars o Llese
Limes, ir Lle desLabilizaLior o goverrmerLs. 1le issue vas
uL Lo Lle voLe aL Lle UriLed NaLiors. LaLir America ard oLler
courLriesviLl very ev exceLiorsvoLed agairsL Lle res
erce o merceraries. 1le UriLed SLaLes, Luroe ard Israel
voLed ir avor, because Lle merceraries are Lleir orLure sol
diers, Lleir rivaLe armies ard Lle crimirals used by NA1O.
1ley are eulemisLically called corLracLors. All Llis is la
erirg ir silerce. ViLl ro reacLior. Ve also lave Lo reviev
Lle ONU maLLer, because is ro lorger rereserLirg Lle cor
Lries iL slould rereserL ard deerd. I believe LlaL irLellecLu
als musL reacL mucl asLer. Besides, musL criLicize ourselves
33
ir our cordiLior as NeLvorls o IrLellecLuals Ir Deerse o Hu
mariLy. 1lis NeLvorl vas creaLed ard vas vorlirg very vell,
buL rov Llere las beer silerce. I carL see LlaL ve lave dore
aryLlirg abouL Lle gerocides ard Llese colorial vars. Feoles
are beirg erociously lilled ard ve remair silerL.
I musL realize LlaL ve are ir a var; ve are beirg LlreaL
ered by Lle real ossibiliLy o a Llird vorld ard ruclear var.
Ve are roL livirg ar idyllic siLuaLior. Faced viLl LlaL realiLy,
our aroacl slould be diererL; iL musL be diererL.
Ve lave Lo ace Lle acL LlaL irormaLior is already arL o
Lle desigr o var ard courLerirsurgercy. Ve carL be all Lle
Lime aL Lle deersive. Ve slould geL LogeLler irsL. Ve musL
aLLacl; ve slould be aL Lle oersive. Besides, ve are lardly aL
Lle deersive because ve do roL lave Lle mears Lo acL.
I seL 1elesur as ar examle, because i 1elesur lad roL
beer comeLirg viLl ard clallergirg Lle big 1\ reLvorls
LlaL reeaL en masse Lle discourse o Lle legemoric over, ve
vouldrL lave lrovr aryLlirg abouL vlaL vas laerirg ir
Libya; lov Lle blacl oulaLior vas beirg massacred urder
Lle reLexL LlaL Lle vere Aricar merceraries Lo Lle service o
Cadai, vler Lley vere ir acL Libyar ciLizers. Ve vouldrL
lave lrovr aryLlirg abouL vlaL vas laerirg ir Lebaror
vler Israel aLLacled LlaL courLry. Ve vouldrL lave lrovr
aryLlirg abouL Lle LaLir Americar eoles LlaL are rov able
Lo vaLcl LlaL 1\ clarrel.
1le corresorderLs did a very courageous vorl ard de
rourced ard said vlaL Lley slould say, vlile Lle resLvlo
vere vorlirg or Lle irvadirg miliLary overleL silerL ard
lied, Llus adoLirg a crimiral aLLiLude.
Ve lave Lle IrLerreL, ve lave access Lo reLvorls, buL
LlaL access does roL lave a mass claracLer. I Llirl Llese Limes
are diererL, quiLe diererL rom Lle Limes ve lived beore,
ard I Llirl LlaL Lle irLellecLuals car ro lorger lee silerL, ard
I mear rever, rever agair. Ve lave Lo seL our goals ard say
Here, rever agair!
Ve lave Laler Loo lorg Lo reacL, ard iL is our duLy Lo acL
ir order Lo sLo Llese vars. 1laL is our role. Ve lave Lle os
sibiliLies ard suicierL caabiliLy. 1lis roblem car roL be
34
solved by simly vriLirg. Ve slould vriLe ard derource; iL is
roL simly abouL serdirg messages Lo eacl oLler, sigrirg ro
LesL commuriques, vlicl lave beer rorexisLirg ir Llis case.
I lad said iL beore ir Lle ormer meeLirg irLellecLuals slould
be or Lle side o Lle eoles; Lley slould come ouL o Lleir
crysLal vaulLs ard be reserL aL Lle Lrade uriors, Lle uriver
siLies ard Lle reiglborloods. 1laL is Lleir revoluLiorary role
ir Lle reserL Limes. Ve lave Lle examle seL by you (Cuba).
You lrev LlaL Lle media ovred by Lle overul vere roL go
irg Lo ublisl aryLlirg abouL Lle RevoluLior, so you reorLed
Llrougl oLler mears.
LeL us lool or Lle riglL ormulas; ve musL be mucl more
creaLive. 1lis is Lle corLirerL o imagiraLior, ard iL is imos
sible LlaL ve acL viLl so liLLle imagiraLior.
I Llirl ve lave Lo sLay very mucl alerL. Ve are seeirg lov
Luroe is imlodirg ard ve lave Lo aralyze vlaL vas Lle U.S.
irvolvemerL ir LlaL. 1le Luroears begar Lo irLervere ir vars
LlaL vere roL o Lleir malirg. 1ley believed LlaL Lley vere
goirg Lo lee everyLlirg. 1ley irLervered ir Libya, buL Lle
ore LlaL sLayed Llere vas Lle UriLed SLaLes, vlicl recerLly
serL I2,UUU soldiers Lo Libya Lo lool aLer Lle oil vells. IL is Lle
UriLed SLaLes Lle ore LlaL is admirisLerirg ard sellirg Lle oil
ard roducLs o Iraq ard AglarisLar. IL is Lle UriLed SLaLes
Lle ore LlaL imoses Lle colorial goverrmerLs: Ard, vlere is
Luroe: Lile voracious caiLalisLs, Lley ell irLo a Lra ard are
draggirg oLler eoles viLl Llem.
I Llirl ve all lave Lo vale u rom Llis lorg dream; ve
are |usL rairg. You carL ra vler Llere is a var. I Llirl Llis
is a Lime vler ve reed Lo seal viLl a sLrorg ard sLraiglLor
vard larguage. 1lere is ro reed Lo resorL Lo eulemisms or
vague aroacles. 1le NeLvorl o IrLellecLuals musL go or Lo
erorm a mucl more acLive role riglL rov. 1lis is roL abouL
vriLirg liLLle leLLers, buL dissemiraLior vlaL slould be said. I
lad beer discussirg Llis viLl Marilia Cuimaraes rom Brazil.
Ve are a lird o eisLy vomer, buL aryvay, Llere ve go.
So vlaL ve varL Lo say is LlaL ve lave Lo Lall abouL Llis
ir more deLl. SiLuaLiors lile Llis car roL laer agair. VlaL
laered ir Libya carroL laer ever agair, because ve lave
35
already seer lov Lle same irLerverLior aLLerr is beirg a
lied ir Syria ard Irar. Ard, urorLuraLely, silerce goes or.
Ve lave Lo reLlirl everyLlirg LlaL ve lave beer Lallirg
abouL ard vlaL you Lold us, Commarder, lasL year. Ard ve
lave Lo lrov more abouL eacl ore o our eoles.
Ve slould lool ourselves ir Lle mirror o Arica, vlicl is
beirg occuied, recolorized. 1lere is ar aLLemL Lo esLablisl
Lle U.S. AFRICOM ir Libya. Cadai reused Lo give Lle ermis
sior ard also because o LlaL Libya vas irvaded. Ard robody
seals abouL LlaL.
So, vlere is Llis silerce Lalirg us Lo: 1laL same aLLerr o
corLrol ard imerial recolorizaLior is beirg alied Lo oLler
Stella Calloni
36
regiors ard iLs goirg Lo come dovr or us ir Lle same vay.
Ard Ller, vill everybody lee silerL as Lley are rov: No; ve
musL breal Llis silerce ard Llis is our rime, revoluLiorary
ard immediaLe obligaLior Lo breal Lle silerce ard reuLe lies.
1lere is ar urgerL reed Lo do LlaL (Alause).
Commandcr: I varLed Lo oirL ouL LlaL vlaL you are say
irg is beirg recorded, ard Lle irsL Llirg ve lave Lo do is Lo
clecl iL Llorouglly ard rirL a bool viLl Llis maLerial; LlaLs
lov ve car geL iL ouL quiclly, ard roL |usL over Lle IrLerreL.
Im Lryirg Lo see vlaL eacl o you varLs Lo say, ir Lle midsL o
a Lougl siLuaLior, a diiculL siLuaLior, ard ve are vorderirg
vlaL Lo do. I Llirl Llere are vays o resordirg.
Vlile RamoreL vas sealirg, ard vler you vere mer
Liorirg 1elesur; I vas Llirlirg o \erezuela ard vlaL is la
erirg Llere aL Llis Lime; I vas also Llirlirg o Syria ard Lle
imerialisms lars ir LlaL courLry. 1le revs are ever more
slameless ard corirm vlaL is beirg said lere. Besides, Lley
Llemselves are eelirg irsecure. DorL you Llirl or a miruLe
LlaL Lley are ir corLrol; Lley are Lryirg Lo imose Lleir vill,
buL Lley are roL ir corLrol. 1le mosL dargerous Llirg ir Lle
Middle LasL aL Llis Lime is LlaL robody lrovs vlaL car laer
Llere; reiLler Lle FresiderL o Lle UriLed SLaLes ror FareLLa or
NeLaryalu car lrov. Ard eacl o Llem las lis ovr lars.
1oday a revs cable sLaLed LlaL Lle Israelis vere LesL
irg some arLiaircraL veaors vlicl Lley lad develoed ir
cooeraLior viLl Lle UriLed SLaLes. 1ley believe LlaL i Lle
Irariars laurcl ar aLLacl, Lley car reuLralize iL. 1ley are
measurirg everyLlirg ard Lley lave come close Lo a limiL LlaL
is ircomaLible viLl eace.
I you vere Lo aralyze Lle OcLober Crisis rov, you vill
roLice a clarge. By LlaL Lime, Lle OAS vas cordemrirg orly
us. IL cordemred us ard admiLLed everyLlirg LlaL laered
ir CuaLemala, Clile, ard Cuba. 1le siLuaLior vas vorse Ller
because orly a ev o us lrev abouL iL. Nov, aL leasL a selecL
grou o resLigious irLellecLuals lrovs vlaL is laerirg.
VlaL vere Lle criLeria bacl Ller: 1ley vere divisiors lere
ard Llere. 1oday everyore is Llirlirg viLl reedom abouL
vlaL Lo do ard lov Lo do iL; buL ve are roL LoLally laclirg ir
37
resources. 1ley lave less corLrol over Lle orces ard lerom
era LlaL Lley lave urleasled, ard LlaLs vlaL is so dargerous
because ve musL asl ourselves lov mucl Lime do ve lave
Lo ix iL: Beore, robody asled lov mucl Lime Llere vas or
LlaL. VlaL does Lle UriLed SLaLes Llirl: VlaL is Lle oirior
o Lle eole vlo are rurrirg all LlaL Llere: VlaL does Russia
Llirl: VlaL does Clira Llirl: VlaL does Irdia Llirl: VlaL
does FalisLar Llirl: VlaL do Lley varL: VlaL does 1urley
Llirl: 1lis is ore o Lle quesLiors LlaL are beirg asled Llese
days ard Llere are some vlo lave redicLed LlaL 1urley vill
be Lle courLry LlaL vill be layirg a leadirg role ir Lle aggres
sior agairsL Syria.
Ard so, vlaL does Bar Kimoor say: VlaL does Lle UN
say: VlaL is Lle oirior o Lle eole vlo slould be cor
cerred abouL Llese roblems or belal o Lle vorld: VlaL do
Lle members o Lle SecuriLy Courcil say: Are Lley goirg Lo be
lieve vlaL is beirg said Llere: Lacl ore o Llem is required Lo
male a seecl ard Lley lave a corrorLaLior Llere.
Ir Lle midsL o LlaL siLuaLior, I Llirl LlaL ve vill vage
LlaL baLLle viLl Lle LruLl ir our lards, because iL is roL orly
abouL lavirg Lle LruLl, or beirg able Lo dissemiraLe iL ore vay
or aroLler; iL is abouL lov sLrorg LlaL LruLl is. Ard Llere are
ro arLecederLs because ve are acirg ar erLirely rev siLua
Lior.
I Llirl LlaL rov ve slould be avare o LlaL. LeL every
ore rov clecl lis or ler ovr corLribuLior; Abel vill record
everyLlirg ard vill lave iL rirLed. Sirce ve are ir a lurry,
Lleres ro reed Lo rusl (LauglLer).
Abcl Pricto: Commarder, |usL ore commerL abouL some
Llirg LlaL SLella vas sayirg. I dorL really eel LlaL Lle irLel
lecLuals or Lle NeLvorl lave remaired silerL. Lvery day I read
lurdreds o arLicles o greaL imorLarce vriLLer by mary o
you, ircludirg SLella, vlo are iglLirg agairsL barbariLy; buL,
vlaL laers: 1lose arLicles are roL ublisled by Lle media
LlaL slaes u oiriors; LlaL is a acL.
1le LruLl is LlaL someLimes ve eel LlaL Lle calls or acLior
are a liLLle biL vorr ouL; buL or us LlaL call or acLior LlaL you
38
sigred ir 2UU8 vas very imorLarL. Ir Miami, ir Lle year 2UU8,
Llere vere eole sayirg, Iraq Loday, Cuba Lomorrov. 1le
Larls vere rollirg ir; Lle resisLarce lad roL yeL sLarLed ir Iraq.
IL vas a Lriumlal marcl, ard CNN vas embedded Llere, lile
Lle evargelisLs durirg Lle CorquesL, as Igracio RamoreL mer
Liored. I mear, aL sucl a dargerous momerL, all o you sigred
LlaL call or acLior; ard Lle acL LlaL Fablo Corzalez Casarova
vas Lo read iLle vas Lo come buL le vasrL able LoaL Lle
RevoluLior Square, lad a Lremerdous imorLarce.
No call or acLior is goirg Lo sLo a var; ve lrov LlaL.
1le orly ublic oirior LlaL a U.S. residerL ears is Lle UriLed
SLaLes ublic oirior. Ferlas ore o Lle deiciercies o Lle
NeLvorl, ard I Llirl ve lave roL really vorled erougl or
LlaLLomorrov Llere vill be a vorlslo aL 6UU .\. ir Lle
Casa del ALBA; SLella vill be Llere ard ve are goirg Lo vorl
lard Llere viLl Llis rev vebage; ve vill all be Llirlirg
abouL vlaL ve car do LogeLler, is LlaL ve slould reacl ouL
more Lo Lle secLors LlaL car slae u ar oirior viLlir Lle
UriLed SLaLes. AL a cerLair oirL ve made some rogress, buL
iLs Lrue LlaL ve laverL beer creaLive erougl. SLella is riglL,
Commarder. Some o us ever lave Lo become more liLeraLe ir
social reLvorls. 1lere are some us vlo are roL suicierLly
Lraired.
1oday ir Cuba ve are vorlirg very lard, ve lave a loL o
revoluLiorary bloggers; Llere are eole vlo are vorlirg or
Lle social reLvorls. I see Lrrique UbieLa siLLirg over; le las
|usL reserLed a bool or Lle Cubar realiLy LlaL lools really ir
LeresLirg Lo me. He las a blog ard uses 1viLLer. 1lis is ar area
vlere I am a Lrueblue CuLerbergisL; by LlaL I mear LlaL I
belorg Lo Lle CuLerberg galaxy, as iL is called, ard I dorL lave
LlaL lird o Lrairirg. IL is recessary Lo learr LlaL. Ve lave Lo
learr lov Lo use Lle social reLvorls, roL Lo ool arourd ard
vasLe our Lime lile Lle immerse ma|oriLy o Lle eole usirg
Lle social reLvorls. Ve slould use Llem discuss ideas.
Ve also lave Lle erormous roblem o Lle limiLed bard
vidLl, as vell as Lle resLricLiors ir Lle use o Lle IrLerreL lim
iLaLiors vlicl ve lave roL beer able Lo resolve because o Lle
very olicy o Lle Yarlees.
39
Nov, SLella, iL seems Lo me LlaL eole are roL aaLleLic
ror Lley are silerL. I Llirl LlaL ve are simly erced ir by Llose
large media cororaLiors LlaL do roL irclude ir Lleir agerdas
aryLlirg LlaL may go agairsL Lle legemoric irLeresLs. 1ley
|usL dorL do iL ard Lley vill rever osL a sirgle rebuLLal.
RiglL rov Lley lied viLl regard Lo a mar vlo died, vlo
vas a commor risorer, a mar rom Lle muricialiLy o Cor
LramaesLre, vlo vas recruiLed lere beore goirg Lo Lrial or
lavirg baLLered lis vie. He lad beer ormerly irdicLed ard
lad corrorLed Lle olice.
Vell, beore goirg Lo Lrial, LlaL mar vas recruiLed by Lle
courLerrevoluLior. 1ley ever irverLed a lurger sLrile, ard
all o a sudder ve lad a marLyr, ard Lle FF rom Sair, Lle
Clilear goverrmerL, ard some Luroear goverrmerLs, be
sides Lle FF sLarLed Lo male sLaLemerLs, Ard, vlaL abouL Lle
lumar riglLs ir Cuba: VlaL abouL LlaL marLyr: So Ller ve
decided Lo ublisl everyLlirg abouL Lle case; ve ever ub
lisled Lle medical reorLs, every sirgle deLail, Lle sLaLemerLs
made by Lle guys relaLives. Nov, robody ublisles a rebuLLal;
robody is goirg Lo ublisl a rebuLLal! 1le leadlires sLaLed LlaL
a marLyr lad died ir Cuba because o lis ideas. 1lis vas really a
very rimiLive, very violerL mar; a commor risorer ard, all
o a sudder, le vas Lurred irLo a marLyr.
Commandcr: Abel, ard i Lley do ublisl iL, iL vorL be as
ar imorLarL iece o irormaLior; iL vill |usL be a sirgle lire,
a cable. 1ley are very subLle ir Lle exerierce o vlaL Lley leL
Llrougl Lle sieve. SomeLimes Lo give Lle aeararce o ob|ec
LiviLy Lley vill ublisl a revs iLem abouL Lle adversary; Lley
car do LlaL. BuL vler you vaLcl 1elesur you realize Lle se
rious vorl Lley do, ard you lrov LlaL Llere is a courLry LlaL
car aL leasL serd some saLelliLes u irLo Lle sly, LlaL car reacl
ouL lere ard Llere. 1laL is a clarrel LlaL does roL slov ary
commercials, ard vler Lley do, Lley arerL abouL roducLs,
buL Lo arrource rograms LlaL are goirg Lo be aired. Vell, I
goL used Lo lisLerirg Lo iL, ard someLimes I lave Lo Lurr iL o
because I lave oLler Llirgs Lo do, buL I vaLcl iL vlerever I
car. 1ley slov icLures, images, Lley lave sLudied Lle rob
lem ard Lley are ircreasirgly vaLcled.
40
Abcl Pricto: 1le everLs ir Horduras. Hov vould ve lave
lrovr abouL Lle everLs ir Horduras i iL ladrL beer or 1elesur:
Commandcr: Nov Lley are Lryirg Lo reverL 1elesur rom
beirg vaLcled ir cerLair laces; Lley are Lryirg Lo reverL iL
rom beirg vaLcled ir Feru, buL iL is beirg vaLcled ir Feru;
Lley are Lryirg Lo reverL iL rom beirg vaLcled ir Brazil, buL
iL is beirg vaLcled ir Brazil; Lley are Lryirg Lo reverL iL rom
beirg vaLcled ir sucl ard sucl a lace, or sucl ard sucl a
sLaLe ir Brazil. 1ley are dealirg viLl LlaL riglL rov.
Marilia Guimarcs: FirsL o all, I vould lile Lo corgraLulaLe
Lle Commarder or beirg so vell recovered, loolirg lealLly,
ard or LlaL ve are very lay.
Commandcr: BuL I carL marage Lo lave Lle Lea lool lile
Lea (LauglLer).
Marilia Guimarcs: Ir Lle irsL lace, Id lile Lo give you a
big lug or belal o Oscar Niemeyer (Alause), vlo is alvays
Llirlirg o you.
Commandcr: Lxcuse me i I made you vaiL Loo lorg Lo
Lale Lle loor.
Marilia Guimarcs: He is alvays irLeresLed ir lrovirg
vleLler you lave uL or some veiglL, lov mary lilos, I
dorL lrov lov mary lilos, ard I alvays male u someLlirg
lile I2, IS, IU lilos.
Commandcr: Im agairsL LlaL; Lle docLors varL me Lo uL
or some veiglL ard I dorL varL Lo.
Marilia Guimarcs: No; buL ir lis mird, you are a very Lall
mar, ard le is very slorL; or lim, Lo uL or veiglL males a
really big diererce.
Commandcr: BuL I alvays ervy slim ersors; LlaLs vlaL
ve reed ir Lle vorld; Llere are eole vlo uL or Loo mucl
veiglL Im roL goirg Lo Lall abouL ary seciic courLry.
Marilia Guimarcs: 1lis morrirg le called me Lo ird ouL
vleLler I vas lere, vleLler I lad seer you already ard vleLl
er you vere vell, ard I Lold lim, Yes, le is ir greaL slae, ar
41
Lyirg or all over Lle lace. Hes Lle ore vlo is arLyirg or, aL
lis age o IU4, ard so le varLs Lo lrov lov you are doirg, ard I
Lell lim, LisLer, les laurclirg bools. He says, Al, brirg me
Lle bools. I Lold lim, O course Ill brirg you Lle bools.
Commandcr: 1le oLler day I vas Lold LlaL les very lucid
ard vorlirg.
Marilia Guimarcs: Yes, les very lucid. He orly comlairs
abouL some bacl airs.
Commandcr: BuL, I vas Lold le vas IU2, is LlaL so:
Marilia Guimarcs: He is IU4 ard Lvo morLls old.
Commandcr: ILs amazirg lov years ass by! Ore lur
dred ard our! Vly doesrL le lave lis geres sLudied Lo lrov
vly les lived so lorg:
Marilia Guimarcs: Ol, ro; le asls, Hov is Lle lid do
irg: Hovs Lle boy: Ard Lle boy is you.
Commandcr: So, Im Lle boy (LauglLer ard Alause).
Marilia Guimarcs: Sure, because, |usL imagire, aL Lle age
o IU4 le car be your aLler; ro roblem LlaL le could be your
aLler. Oscar loves you very mucl. He admires you as a greaL
LaLir Americar leader. He las you as ar examle ir lis lie.
Commandcr: O course. I couldrL be lis grardsor, buL I
could be lis sor. He could lave beer my aLler lorg ago, sirce
le vas I9.
Marilia Guimarcs: I Llirl le is goirg Lo live Lo be II2, I2U;
i le vere Lo live lere, le vould live Lo be I2U, buL le is araid
o lares ard so iL becomes very comlicaLed.
Commandcr: No, LlaLs riglL; le carL sLard airlares.
Hov did le build LlaL uriversiLy over Llere ir CorsLarLirole:
Has le ever Lravelled by lare: I vould say le las roL ever
Lravelled ir Lle moderr lares LlaL are said Lo be so sae.
Marilia Guimarcs: No, roL aL all. He doesrL ever go Lo
Brasilia. He vorL ever Llirl o iL, iLs Loo dargerous. All le
varLs is vire ard vomer (LauglLer).
42
Commandcr: 1laLs vly le doesrL varL Lo die.
Marilia Guimarcs: Vell, LlaL is |usL Lo relax a liLLle biL.
So, Commarder, I eclo Lle vords soler by Igracio,
SLella, ard Frarois or Lle sub|ecL o social reLvorls, buL Id
lile Lo irclude a arerLlesis ir midclaLer.
Ir Brazil, as you lrov, Lle elecLiors or comrade Dilma
vere a Lrue ard very Lougl media var, ard I lad Lle leasure
o beirg able Lo sLruggle lard because I vorl arLicularly ir Lle
area o social scierces ard irormaLior scierces.
Commandcr: Frecisely, iL vas sle ard Lle eole arourd
ler LlaL sole Lo me abouL Niemeyer.
Marilia Guimarcs: LxacLly. Ore examle Lley osLed a
video or YouLube abouL a asLor sayirg lorrible Llirgs abouL
Dilma. He said sle vas leadirg Lovards Commurism, LlaL sle
vas goirg Lo sell Brazil ouL Lo Cuba, ard all Llose Llirgs LlaL
are beirg said or years. Ard iL vas a vasLe o Lime, because,
irally, ve came Lo Lle corclusior LlaL Lle emire las rever
vor a var; iL las vor small baLLles buL lose almosL all o Llem.
1le orly courLry LlaL las vor a var las beer Cuba. ViLlouL a
doubL, Llis is someLlirg ve musL Llirl abouL.
Commandcr: I ve lad losL, iL vould lave beer lard.
Marilia Guimarcs: So, Dilmas elecLior vas very Lougl. Ve
irdeed maraged Lo oose Lle large commuricaLior media.
Novadays, |ourral O Clobo, 1\ Clobo does some lorrer
dous Llirgs, because 1\ is sLill very sLrorg; iL geLs Lo a secLor o
Lle oulaLior LlaL ve lave roL maraged Lo geL Lo, iLs logical.
BuL, Lley are orced, by Lle sLrergLl o 1viLLer, by Lle sLrergLl
o Facebool, ard by Lle sLrergLl o Lle oLler social reLvorls,
Lo ublisl or Lle secord age every day Lle iLems LlaL vere
mosL revsvorLly or 1viLLer ard Facebool.
Commandcr: Ard vlo las irleriLed LlaL Lelevisior:
Marilia Guimarcs: Fardor me:
Commandcr: Vlo irleriLed LlaL media, LlaL media em
ire:
43
Marilia Guimarcs: Ol! 1\ Clobo iL las a very ligl debL
viLl Lle goverrmerL. Beore Lleir licerse is rereved, Lley
uL some ressure by sealirg ill abouL everyLlirg. BuL, vler
Lleir licerse is rereved, Lley sLarL sealirg vell ard mal
irg good roagarda. For examle, durirg Lle lasL elecLoral
camaigr, all Lle media vere agairsL Dilma. ALer Lle licerses
vere rereved, Lley sLarLed Lo seal vell (LauglLer).
1le goverrirg is roL ar easy Lasl or Dilma. 1lere is a very
sLrorg coaliLior amorg diererL arLies. Dilma used Lo be my
comrade ir Lle orgarizaLior; I love ler very mucl. Sle looled
aLer my clildrer Lvo veels beore I li|acled Lle lare Lo come
Lo Cuba, because I vas beirg ersecuLed by Lle dicLaLorsli. I
mear, I lave a very close relaLiorsli viLl ler, buL, you lrov,
sle is ir a very delicaLe siLuaLior because Llere is a riglLvirg
coaliLior, a leLvirg coaliLior, a coaliLior o every Lrerd, ard
iLs very comlicaLed Lo recorcile all o Llem. Ard, rov, sle
carroL ail Lo loror cerLair commiLmerLs, sucl as, or examle,
rerevirg Clobos licerse, vlicl vas grarLed urder CeLulios
goverrmerL. 1laL licerse vas grarLed a lorg Lime ago.
Regardirg Lle social reLvorls, ve reacled a very irLer
esLirg corclusior Lvo veels ago. Ve sLarLed doirg a survey or
Lle reL abouL Lle Cubar Five, because Lle MovemerL or Lle
Cubar Five is a gigarLic movemerL, ard ve lad roL yeL realized
lov ar LlaL movemerL lad reacled or Lle reLvorls, vlaL iL
lad dore ard clarged, ard lov mary eole lad |oired Llis
movemerL.
For your irormaLior, aL Llis oirL ir Lime, or Lle iLl day
o every morLl, Lle MovemerL or Lle Cubar Five reacles ouL Lo
ar ircredibly luge audierce or Lle 1viLLer ma ard or Lle Fa
cebool ma. ILs irsare. You lool aL Lle erLire ma o Lle vorld
Asia, Arica, America ard you see iL ull o doLs I car serd iL
by email all over Lle vorld, all over Lle vorld. I car serd iL Lo
AusLralia ard rorLlerr Carada. 1le ma is luge ard ve realized
riglL avay LlaL vlaL Abel vas sayirg is Lrue, Lle NeLvorl las
roL sLoed iL is ve vlo are roL massirg LogeLler ard com
muricaLirg irormaLior or Llese siLuaLiors.
Vler does Lle MovemerL or Lle Cubar Five Lale acLior:
Or Lle iLl o every morLl. I iL is Surday, ve do iL or Surday
44
ard or Morday, ard so iL geLs doubled, ard LlaL morLl our
scores imrove quiLe a loL. 1lis morLl ve scored ar erormous
ircrease ard Lle rumber o eole or iL is luge. As ve go alorg
mairg iL ouL, ve car see LlaL Lle doLs or Lle NeLvorl are
grovirg, vlicl mears LlaL more eole are sayirg someLlirg
abouL Lle Cubar Five.
I lave already seer sucl lrases as, or examle, VlaLs
LlaL: Lxlair Llis, lease. Ir oLler vords, Llere vere eole
vlo lisLered, vlo ladrL seer aryLlirg yeL, buL vere becom
irg avare LlaL someLlirg is goirg or ir Lle vorld, LlaL Llere
are ive ersors imrisored ir Lle U.S. ard Lley ladrL leard
o iL, or maybe Llis is because someore lad recerLly accessed
Lle NeLvorl or because Lley ladrL |oired ary grou yeL. 1laL
is a really irLeresLirg leromeror.
Abcl Pricto: Ard dorL you Llirl LlaL Ferrardo Morais
rovel las also leled:
Marilia Guimarcs: Ferrardos rovel, |Los soldados de la
guerra fra (1le Cold Var Soldiers)| is lavirg ar ircredibly
luge success. 1le irsL riglL iL vas laurcled, 2U,UUU bools
vere sold ir Sao Faulo; so vas Lle case ir Rio. Or Lle bool
sigrirg everirg, 2S,UUU coies vere sold. 1laLs a loL o bools;
a loL. Vly: Because iL is a very seciic sub|ecL ard iL is a oliLi
cal Loic, ard iL isrL recessarily a sub|ecL LlaL you car say LlaL
everybody ir Lle vorld is goirg Lo buy a bool abouL; ard Lle
acL LlaL a bool abouL sucl a seciic sub|ecL lad sold 2S,UUU
coies ir ore day is corsidered Lo be a luge sale ir Lle ublisl
irg busiress.
I Llirl LlaL bool vas reeded; iL came ouL aL Lle riglL Lime
because Lle vorl or Lle Cubar Five is already vellcorsoli
daLed ard Lle bool is a good comlemerL Lo LlaL irormaLior
or eole vlo do roL lave access Lo Lle lisLory o Cuba ard all
LlaL. IL vas really, really good. I urdersLard LlaL le las oered
Lo male a movie rom Lle bool.
AroLler maLLer LlaL las Lo do viLl Lle sLrergLl o Lle reLs
LlaL Id lile Lo merLior lere is LlaL aL all Limes, Cuba, \erezuela,
ard Brazil vere Lle Llree courLries vlo vorled very lard. IL is
Lrue LlaL ir Brazil ve courL or Lle reserce o a very irluerLial
45
ersor, vlo is Niemeyer. Vler Lle rame o Niemeyer aears
or Lle reL, a miruLe laLer Llere are milliors o ersors Lured ir.
1le Niemeyer leromeror is Lruly irLeresLirg, isrL iL:
For examle, aL Lle Lime o LlaL mariesLo, ngel para un
final, vlicl vas draLed by acLors ard acLresses o Hollyvood
agairsL Cubar arLisLsvisual arLisLs ard sirgers, vlo oered
Lo lel i Lley vere Lired, do you remember LlaL: Ller, Silvio
Rodrguez called me ard said, Marilia, you lave Lo do some
Llirg; someLlirg musL be dore asL. So I uL LogeLler a mar
iesLoNiemeyer vas very ill, le vas ir Lle losiLal, ard so I
lad Lo do iL mysel. IL vas Cood Friday. I |usL used Lle image
o Lle Cubar lag, alorg viLl Lle vord Creme (Believe Me),
Lle LiLle o \icerLe Felius sorg. 1ley used Lle LiLle o Silvios
sorg. I used Lle rame o \icerLes sorg, Creme, ard said LlaL
ve vere roL Lired.
|usL as SLella vas sayirg a vlile ago, rov ve are more
Llar villirg Lo sLarL iglLirg every day, ard ve are very sLrorg,
very, very sLrorg.
I laurcled Creme aL midriglL or a Friday ard by SaLur
day morrirg iL lad I2U,UUU liLs. IL vas a leromeror, ard
robody leard \argas Llosa or Ardy Carca sayirg aryLlirg.
Did you see LlaL: Nobody sav aryLlirg, because Lle resorse
vas oLimal. 1leoLorio Dos SarLos leled me; le vas Lle orly
ore arourd; I looled or 1leoLorio ard Lold lim, 1leoLorio,
lease comleLe Llis Creme, because Niemeyer is ir Lle losi
Lal ard I carL do Llis all by mysel. I serL iL Lo Cuba, Cuba or
varded iL Lo Lle reLvorl o arLisLs ard irLellecLuals, ard Ller
Lle reLvorl sLarLed Lo circulaLe iL. Ir a cerLair vay mary Limes
Lle NeL is vorlirg.
So Ller, LlaLs Lle corLribuLior I varLed Lo male, ard I
varLed Lo asl vlaL you LlouglL, ard or you Lo lel us, sirce
iL vas you vlo creaLed Llose reLvorls ard ve are by your
side. Ve irLerd Lo losL a meeLirg viLl irLellecLuals ir Brazil,
claired by Niemeyer, arourd May, because Llere vill be a good
veaLler. Ve slould also Llirl abouL Lle veaLler, riglL: Vler
iL is Loo loL, iL becomes more comlicaLed.
Commandcr: VlaL meeLirg is LlaL:
46
Marilia Guimarcs: IL vill be leld ir Rio, aL Lle BoLari
cal Carder, ard le varLed me Lo asl you bacl ir December
i ve could do iL, buL I vasrL able Lo come ir December, ard
le is very mucl ir a lurry. He varLs everyLlirg Lo laer
yesLerday.
Abcl Pricto: Niemeyer is ir a greaL lurry Lo lrov your
oirior abouL Llis everL. 1ley lave Lle urdirg ard every
Llirg.
Marilia Guimarcs: Ve already lave Lle urdirg ard Lle
verue.
Abcl Pricto: Niemeyer varLed ler Lo asl you bacl ir De
cember buL sle couldrL come Ller.
Commandcr: Vlere do Lley varL Lo losL iL:
Abcl Pricto: Ir Rio, claired by Oscar Niemeyer, ir May.
Commandcr: VlaL is Lle everL goirg Lo be lile:
Marilia Guimarcs: IL vould be a meeLirg exacLly lile Llis
ore Loday, viLl some guesLs ard coordiraLed LogeLler viLl
Lle MirisLry o CulLure o Cuba ard viLl \erezuela, so LlaL
ve could all agree or lov ve vould use Lle NeL, because Lle
NeL reeds Lo be ad|usLed, iL reeds uriLy, ard ve irLerd Lo dis
cuss some oLler oirLs relaLed Lo LlaL. Sirce ve already lave
Lle baclirg o Lle Braziliar goverrmerL iLsel, ve car losL a
somevlaL bigger meeLirg.
Commandcr: Vill Llere be mary Braziliar irLellecLuals
Llere:
Marilia Guimarcs: 1lose o us vlo are lere Loday ard
Llose vlo arerL.
Commandcr: From SouLl America, riglL:
Marilia Guimarcs: 1lose vlo are already arL o Lle NeL,
some, a grou, lile Lle ore \erezuela did ir ILaly. Ve vill
Lale LlaL oorLuriLy Lo laurcl Lle bool Guerrillero del tiempo
(Cuerrilla o Lle 1ime).
Commandcr: 1le auLlor o Lle bool is siLLirg over Llere.
47
Marilia Guimarcs: I vas Lallirg viLl ler; I loved LlaL
you slared viLl us all Llose memories LlaL made us eel very
lay. 1le bool is lovely, very lovely. I Llirl ve Braziliars
deserve Lo lave iL.
Commandcr: Do Braziliars urdersLard vriLLer Sarisl:
Marilia Guimarcs: I am readirg iL rov. I sLarLed Lo read iL
lasL riglL.
IsrL iL available ir ForLuguese:
Commandcr: Yes, iL is. Vlerever I seal viLl Argolars
or Braziliars I car urdersLard Llem.
Marilia Guimarcs: Yes, ve slall LrarslaLe iL irLo ForLu
guese.
Commandcr: Vler Dilma vas sealirg, sle said sle vas
sealirg ir orLufol (lalForLuguese, lalSarisl) ard
ve could urdersLard ler erecLly vell. 1le LrarslaLor didrL
lave Lo LrarslaLe aryLlirg. IL vas erecLly urdersLardable.
Marilia Guimarcs: Yes, iL las Lo be ir ForLuguese, because
oLlervise, lov
Commandcr: IL musL be easier or you Lo read rom Sar
isl Lo ForLuguese Llar or a Cubar Lo read rom ForLuguese irLo
Sarisl. I, or ore, geL corused. Maybe I am roL giLed ir lar
guages; ve lave lad mary relaLiors viLl ForLuguese sealers,
viLl Lle Argolars, or examle. 1lere vas rever ary roblem
ir urdersLardirg ar Argolar.
Marilia Guimarcs: Ard Lle Braziliars:
Abcl Pricto: 1lere is Lle MirisLer rom Argola, Com
marder, Rosa Maria Cruz e Silva.
Marilia Guimarcs: 1lere you lave someore rom Argola,
Commarder.
Commandcr: Imagire, Llere vere Llousards Llere. More
Llar 8UU,UUU Cubars vere ir Argola. 1lere vere ro roblems
Lo Lall Lo Llem. IL lools lile Llere vas a good urdersLardirg
beLveer Lle areas o Cuba ard Lle areas o oLler ForLuguese
48
sealirg courLries lile Mozambique, Cae \erde, ard Cuirea
Bissau. Ve could urdersLard Llem all erecLly vell. Hovever,
viLl Lle Braziliars, iLs roL LlaL easy.
Marilia Guimarcs: Car I exlair Lo you vly:
Commandcr: Yes, iLs roL LlaL Im aslirg...
Marilia Guimarcs: ILs abouL geLLirg used Lo iL. 1le Llirg
is LlaL you leard Llem sealirg ard Lley lave a cerLair accerL.
You vere more used Lo learirg Lle Argolars. Ir Lle Braziliar
colory Llere vere very ev Cubars, ard so ve didrL lave ary
Lime Lo soal you ir our arLicular accerL. 1laLs Lle secreL.
Commandcr: You orgarize everyLlirg you varL Lo say,
remember LlaL ve lave Lle idea, ve irLerd Lo ublisl Lle
seecles; yours could be excellerL buL dorL irclude all Lle sLo
ries youve beer Lellirg us lere (LauglLer).
Marilia Guimarcs: No, ro. Nov I slall sLarL viLl vlaL I
didrL say.
Ve sLarLed Lo lool or Lle origir o Lle social reLvorls.
1laL vas very lovely, vasrL iL: Ve sLarLed loolirg, ard ve
looled ard looled, ard Marcelo, my sor, Lold me, You are so
silly I said, VlaL do you mear Im silly: He said, Yes, Im
goirg Lo Lell you riglL rov vlicl Lle irsL social reLvorl vas
I said, Vlicl ore: He said, Radio Rebelde |a radio sLaLior
ir Cuba|. I said, VlaLs LlaL, Marcelo: He said, Yes, Radio
Rebelde vas Lle irsL vicLorious social reLvorl (Alause).
Commandcr: Ol, yes, I lad orgoLLer, LlaL vas some iLy
years ago. DidrL you lrov ve vere broadcasLirg aLervards
ever Lo Feru, ir Lle Queclua ard Aymara dialecLs. Ve vere
irvolved ir LlaL.
Abcl Pricto: You are reerrirg Lo Radio HavaraCuba.
Commandcr: 1laL vas abouL ive cerLuries ago. AL leasL.
Marilia Guimarcs: So, sirce iL vas you vlo sLarLed Lle
irsL social reLvorl, ve are commiLLed Lo Lurr LlaL rev media
irLo Lle mosL vicLorious ore, Lle sLrorgesL ore ir Lle lareL.
49
Commandcr: O course, I lave ro doubL LlaL you slould
do LlaL. BuL ir my case, iL all laered ouL o mere clarce. Ve
lrev roLlirg abouL Llose Llirgs, ror could ve lave imag
ired LlaL ore day ve vould be Lallirg abouL iL lere. Ve really
LlouglL LlaL emire vould be allirg mucl soorer, buL iL las
lasLed lorg erougl, Loo lorg.
Marilia Guimarcs: 1larl you, a liss (Alause).
Commandcr: Remember abouL Lle vorl; every seecl
you male is very imorLarL.
Abcl Pricto: Harry Crurberg ard aLervards SLella; a com
rade rom Cermary, rom Lle SolidariLy MovemerL
Commandcr: Is le Cermar or does le come rom Cer
mary:
Abcl Pricto: He is Cermar, rom Lle MovemerL o Solidar
iLy viLl Cuba. 1ley vere irviLed Lo Lle Bool Fair by ICAF (Cu
bar IrsLiLuLe or Frierdsli viLl Lle Feoles).
Harry Grunbcrg: Vell, ve car deire vlaL I am, buL I slall
seal ir Sarisl.
Our reLvorl rereserLs 48 orgarizaLiors o solidariLy
viLl Cuba ir Cermary.
I am very roud Lo be able Lo be lere ard I exress Llis visl
also or belal o Lle delegaLior o Cermars vlo are lere.
1le lasL Lime I sav youmaybe I car reveal Llis secreL,
vlicl vas also Lle irsL Lime I sav you vas ir Caracas, ir I9S9,
aLer Lle Lriuml o Lle RevoluLior, vler you vere goirg
alorg Averida UrdareLa ir Caracas, ard Llere I vas, viLl my
aLler, ar eiglLyear old squirL, vaLclirg Fidel.
Commandcr: You lrov vlo vas Llere: Neruda, ard be
sides, le came Lo see me aL Lle loLel vlere ve vere sLayirg,
ard vler I realized iL, Llere vas a mar belird Lle door lis
Lerirg Lo vlaL ve vere Lallirg abouL. I didrL lrov Lle CIA
exisLed (LauglLer); I ourd LlaL ouL or LlaL day. Ircredible!
Harry Grunbcrg: Vell, aL LlaL Lime my aLler vas a Com
murisL FarLy member ard clearly le sloved me Lle vay Lo
suorL Cuba. BuL Llere vas a diererce; my aLler corLirued
50
Lo lisLer Lo Radio Moscov, ar old reLvorl, ard I lisLered Lo Ra
dio HavaraCuba (LauglLer), so Llere vere a ev diererces.
Commandcr: AL leasL ours lasLed almosL as lorg as Lley did
(LauglLer).
Harry Grunbcrg: I visled Lo corLribuLe ar elemerL ir Lle
discussior.
I Llirl iL is absoluLely correcL Lo seal o Lle vars LlaL are
laerirg rov as colorial vars. Ard Lleir irLerL is roL orly
Lo grab Lle vealLl ard corLrol Lle marleL, buL Lo exLirguisl
everyLlirg LlaL rovides a deLerrerL Lo Lle domiraLior o Lle
vorlds globalized caiLalism, ary regime LlaL lirders LlaL
rocess, ard LlaL is vly iL is very comlicaLed.
1le roblem ve are viLressirg Loday is Lle dicloLomy
beLveer Lle erceLior o LlaL rocess ir Lle SouLl ard ir Lle
NorLl. Vler arLicolorial vars vere beirg vaged, ard aLer
Lle Cubar RevoluLior, ar erLire sLraLum o irLellecLuals ir Lu
roe Lool or LlaL sLruggle ard became Lle soleseole or
solidariLy viLl Llese sLruggles; ve lave losL LlaL ir Luroe.
1oday Llere las beer a colorizaLior LlaL vas also arL o
Lle lumar riglLs discourse, Lle sLaLemerLs LlaL airm LlaL Lle
vars agairsL lumar riglLs abuses are legiLimaLe. All LlaL las
reversed Lle rogress aclieved ir suorL o Lle 1lird Vorld
liberaLior movemerLs. 1laL roLior ro lorger exisLs rovadays.
1oday ve lave oliLical orces LlaL call Llemselves leLvirg ir
Luroe ard Lley say Yes, Lle var ir Libya; LlaL var vas air. IL
vas air Lo imose a roliglL zore ir Libya, as vas exressed
by mary leLisL leaders ir Frarce, or examle. So, Loday ve
musL agair irLersiy a dialogue beLveer Lle rogressive orces
o LaLir America, Arica, ard Asia viLl Llose ir Luroe, |usL
as ve musL irLersiy Lle exclarges beLveer irLellecLuals ir
Llose regiors.
My idea vould be Llis ve could vriLe ar oer leLLer rom
LaLir Americar irLellecLuals Lo Lle irLellecLuals ir Luroe, ex
lairirg lov Lle SouLl sees Lle siLuaLior ve are corrorLirg
Loday. Ve musL oer u saces or dialogue, Lo say No, Llese
are roL vars or lumar riglLs; Llese are colorial vars. Ve musL
agair oer u discussior arourd LlaL cerLral oirL.
51
I am also a member o a leL arLy ir Cermary, buL ve are
more ard more or Lle deersive; ve musL oliLically mareu
ver ir a deersive siLuaLior LlaL las beer imosed or us by Lle
media. For examle, some veels ago Llere vas a 1\ debaLe or
a Surday rogram LlaL is vaLcled by milliors o eole, ard a
reacLiorary rom Lle ClrisLiar DemocraLic FarLy aLLacled Lle
ormer SecreLary Cereral o our FarLy, sayirg, As lorg as you
are sayirg Cuba s (Cuba, Yes) ard suorLirg Cuba, you are
roL a democraLic orce. All LlaL ressure beirg exerLed is a
siLuaLior vlere Lle Luroear leLvirg is lardcued ard ur
able Lo acL.
1laL dialogue beLveer Lle Luroear leLvirg, Lle ro
gressive orces, Lle irLellecLuals, Lo move or Lle oersive also
ir Lle NorLl courLries is imorLarL, because Lle irLerraLioral
solidariLy amorg Lle orces LlaL oose Lle emire also reeds
orces irside Lle NorLl courLries ir order Lo be able Lo iglL
bacl LlaL oersive.
1laL is Lle reasor or Lle irLellecLuals oer leLLer. 1le oer
leLLer could be serL rom Havara Lo Lle Luroear irLellecLuals,
Harry Grnberg
52
exlairirg Lle darger o var, exlairirg Lle roblems o Lle rev
colorial vars.
1larl you very mucl (Alause).
Commandcr: Id lile Lo asl you a quesLior.
Cermary is said Lo be suserdirg Lle use o ruclear er
ergy; Lley already lave a sLraLegy. VlaL are Lley goirg Lo re
lace LlaL erergy viLl:
Harry Grunbcrg: Vell, relacirg LradiLioral erergy re
quires erergy diversiicaLior. FirsL, Lley sLarL Lo maruacLure
auLomobiles LlaL corsume less gasolire, someLlirg LlaL vould
be a LlrusL orvard or Lle Cermar auLomoLive irdusLry. Sec
ord, Lle relacemerL o ordirary cars viLl elecLrical cars, re
clargeable cars.
Commandcr: Ard vlere are Lley goirg Lo geL Lle erergy
rom:
Harry Grunbcrg: 1laLs Lle oirL Lley vill geL erergy by
develoirg solar erergy, vird erergy.
Commandcr: Yes, buL Lley lave ro deserLs over Llere. So
lar erergy seems Lo require a greaL surace area ir order or iL
Lo be caLured.
Harry Grunbcrg: Yes.
Commandcr: Ard I see Llere are some virdmills, buL I
vorder i Lle LoLal erergy corsumLior could be saLisied viLl
Lle erergy gereraLed by Llose virdmills.
Nov, Lley lave |usL seL Lle daLe or vlicl Lley are goirg Lo
sluL dovr Lle reacLors Lley lave. Do you lrov by ary clarce
vleLler Cermary las slale gas urder Llose coal ields:
Harry Grunbcrg: You mear, i Llere is gas urder Lle coal
ields:
Commandcr: Yes, slale gas.
Harry Grunbcrg: No, I dorL lrov.
Commandcr: Frarce las arourd ISU Lrillior cubic meLers;
Ir Sarisl, ore Lrillior rereserLs a billior.
53
Harry Grunbcrg: Vell, u Lo rov roLlirg las beer said
aryLlirg abouL LlaL.
Commandcr: Frarce las more or less Lle equivalerL o I7U
Lo ISU Lrillior cubic meLers; ard ir Folard, vlicl is riglL rexL
door, Lley also lave more or less Lle same igure.
1lere is ro eviderce o Lle exisLerce o sucl reserves ir
Cermary, ever Llougl all Llese daLa lave beer or lorg ir Lle
oices Lley lave ir VaslirgLor; buL robody sole abouL LlaL,
rore o Llis media, because I read Lle cables every day, ard
Llis vas rever merLiored. RecerLly, a cable aeared Lallirg
abouL slale gas ard I Lool iL uor mysel Lo ird ouL vlaL Llis
slale gas vas, ard iL is really someLlirg Lerrible. Slale gas las
ar exLracLior meLlod called lydraulic raclirg LlaL is liglly
olluLirg ard carcerous. RiglL rov, Clira las Lle largesL re
serves, equivalerL Lo I2SU Lrillior cubic meLers; olloved by Lle
UriLed SLaLes viLl arourd SUU; Ller Mexico, almosL all o iL ir
Lle same LerriLory LlaL used Lo belorg Lo Mexico. 1le meLlod
ever allovs LradiLioral oil exLracLior ir rocls LlaL are diiculL
Lo mire. As ve lrov, lumariLy is Lalirg 2UU years Lo corsume
vlaL iL Lool raLure SUU millior years Lo creaLe. ILs ircredible!
AL Llis raLe, by 2U8U, vlicl is |usL arourd Lle correr, Lle reed
or erergy vill rise by SU er cerL, ard Lle reed or oods, by
aroLler SU er cerL, ard Lle reed or drirlirg vaLer by 8U er
cerL. Ve lave Lo lee ir mird Lle roblems o Irdia, vlose
urdergrourd aquiers are gradually rurrirg dry.
I sole because I vas loolirg or Lle LrarscriLs o vlaL
ve vere discussirg lasL Lime, vler I merLiored LlaL same case
o Irdia. 1lere are Llousards o vells LlaL are rurrirg dry, Lle
vaLerbeds o Irdia are deleLirg; Llis is a courLry viLl a
roximaLely 8 millior square lilomeLers, ard almosL as mary
irlabiLarLs as Clira.
Vler Lallirg Lo a very vell irormed ard imorLarL Cli
rese delegaLior LlaL vas lere, Lley Lold me LlaL Lle Irdiars
vill reacl Lle igure o 2 billior irlabiLarLs beore Lle Cli
rese, vlo currerLly lave I,84U,UUU, ircludirg 1aivar, Horg
Korg, ard Macao. Ir LoLal, LlaLs I8UU billior eole LlaL musL
be sulied direcLly by Llem. 1ley lave luge areas o des
erL Llere ard Lley are goirg Lo develo solar erergy. 1ley are
54
Lle greaLesL corsumers o coal, a biL more Llar 8,UUU millior
Lors, ard also Lle greaLesL imorLers o LlaL roducLI Llirl
Lley lave by rov relaced |aar, ard rov Lley are Lle biggesL
imorLersor Lle elecLrical larLs Lley lave, ard rov slale
gas las aeared, ard robody lrovs, I dorL lrov, vlaL Lley
are goirg Lo do, buL iL is a uel vlose exLracLior meclarisms
are dargerous. 1le Yarlees are already usirg iL; iL is due Lo Lle
acL LlaL Lley corsume more Llar 2U millior barrels ard Lley
are already imorLirg |usL arourd IU millior, ard Llis year iL
is corirmed LlaL, as imorLers, Lley slall be |usL belov Clira
sirce Lley slall be imorLirg less Llar IU millior barrels o uel
or a daily basis. 1lose are very imorLarL revs.
1lere is aroLler iece o revs abouL vaLer. Saudi Arabia
sLos roducirg vleaL because iL lad a subLerrarear aquier,
a liLLle lile LlaL o Libya, buL more aburdarL, or a surace area
equivalerL Lo Lle area o Lle Reublic o Cermary. Ore day
vler I vas visiLirg Libya, I said LlaL some day LlaL ossil vaLer
vas goirg Lo cosL more Llar oil. IL came Lo mird orce vler I
vas Laler Lo Lle deserL ard Lley sloved me alala cros ir
Lle deserL beirg irrigaLed viLl LlaL vaLer. I memory serves
me correcLly, iL corsumed 2.S cubic meLers o vaLer er every
square meLer.
Amorg oLler Llirgs said abouL Libya, ve musL urder
lire Lle acL LlaL iL is sLaLed LlaL Libya lad beLveer 2UU ard
8UU billior dollars abroad; Lle irvaders said Llis vas ovred by
Cadai, ard rov iL Lurrs ouL LlaL Libya las ro morey ard iL
reeds loars. VlaL did Lley do viLl Lle 8UU billior dollars de
osiLed ir Lle U.S., Cermary, SviLzerlard, ILaly, ard all Llose
laces: 1lese are Lle veird Llirgs LlaL are goirg or ard I Llirl
LlaL all Llis irormaLior musL be ublisled.
1le quesLior I asled you comes rom LlaL, vler I read
LlaL Cermary vas givirg u ruclear erergy, aLer Lle disasLer
ir |aar.
IL vas sLaLed LlaL ary lare lovr by a suicideiloL,
vlo could crasl agairsL ore o Llose ruclear larLs LlaL are
roL roLecLed agairsL LlaL, Llus creaLirg a caLasLrole mucl
vorse Llar Lle ore aL Clerrobyl. Lool lov vulrerable mary
o Llese ruclear larLs are.
55
Orce ve Lried Lo build ore lere. 1o solve Lle roblem ve
lad viLl elecLriciLy, Lle SovieLs varLed Lo lel us; buL vler
Lle Clerrobyl acciderL laered, Lle corsLrucLior vas de
layed. 1le larL vas goirg Lo use a vaLer coolirg sysLem; iL
vas roL similar Lo LlaL o Clerrobyl, vlicl lad ro lird o ro
LecLior, ard ir my oirior LlaL vas someLlirg Lerrible. Vler
LlaL exloded, iL caused a loL o damage, ard vler Lle Lragedy
occurred ir |aar iL agair became asliorable Lo vorry abouL
ruclear maLLers ard Lle vorld sLarLed Lo vorry agair.
Cermary came Lo Llese corclusiors. BuL I ourd iL very
sLrarge because I lrev LlaL Lley lad roLlirg viLl vlicl Lley
could relace Lle ruclear erergy Lley vere abardorirg. BuL,
o course I LlouglL LlaL Lleir decisior vas a osiLive ore, ard
I vordered lov are Lley goirg Lo solve Llis: Ard I susecL, I
am almosL absoluLely sure, LlaL Lley are courLirg or Lle Folisl
ard Frercl slale gas.
Frarce roduces more or less SU er cerL o iLs elecLriciLy
rom ruclear erergy, ard is Lle courLry LlaL eels saer. Vler
Llose acciderLs occurred, lus Lle ore ir Lle U.S.Lley ladrL
lad ary o LloseLley ever assigred a 8Uyear researcl Lasl
Lo see lov Lley could use solar erergy.
I ay aLLerLior Lo all Llese revs, because ve are avare
o Lle imorLarce o Llis roblem. 1laL ore surrised me ard
LlaLs vly I asled you Lle quesLior, ard I suggesL you Lo ird
ouL a liLLle more abouL iL. 1ley lave beer so quieL abouL iL.
BuL, I am absoluLely sure LlaL Lley are courLirg or Lle use o
slale gas.
Harry Grunbcrg: Here as arL o our delegaLior ve lave
a member o a leLvirg revsaer ir Cermary; iL is called
Junge Welt. He vill cerLairly geL or Lle case Lo ird LlaL ouL.
Commandcr: Cood, Im glad, Llarl you very mucl.
Harry Grunbcrg: Vler Mrs. Merlel made LlaL decisior
sle vas severely criLicized by Lle big Cermar caiLal; Lle greaL
Cermar caiLal goL useL viLl Lle clarcellor.
Stclla Calloni: I |usL varL Lo say, Abel, irsL, LlaL all Lle
vorl dore by Lle NeL ard lov imorLarL iL las beer lave
56
beer liglly aclrovledged, buL iL is a liLLle delayed; ve agree
LlaL aL Llis Lime vler iL is mosL reeded, ve slould be mucl
more roacLive.
I vas sayirg LlaL iL vasrL erougl Lo be |usL issuirg com
muriques ard sigrirg Llem ard all LlaL, buL LlaL ve slould be
doirg someLlirg more. Yes, ve lave Lo seL ourselves Lle goal
o reaclirg ouL Lo Lle eole, ve lave Lo geL ourselves a dier
erL lird o voice, a diererL orm o commuricaLior, because
urder Lle reserL circumsLarces, or examle, Lle Syriar siLu
aLior rov, ve laverL dore aryLlirg. So ar I laverL seer ary
commurique rom aryore. 1lereore, Llis slovress leled
LlaL Lle Libyar model, Lle same model|usL as iL vas alied
ir LlaL rorLlerr Aricar courLrybe alied Lo Syria.
1ley did Lle same Llirg a suosed oular urisirg;
ard iL really vas so, iL lad Lo be very small, because Lle mer
ceraries vere ir Berglazi. No, Llere vas ro Cadai bombirg
agairsL Lle eole, LlaLs beer rover by rov. 1le Russiars
ard Lle Clirese lave clearly esLablisled Llis ard so vas dore
by Lle Aricar Urior observers. NeverLleless, Llose lies abouL
Lle bombirg, orLrayed as a violaLior o lumar riglLs, vas
used as a |usLiicaLior Lo acL agairsL LlaL courLry.
Commandcr: 1le case o Syria is ever vorse, because aL
leasL you car aralyze Cadais olicy, viLl iLs successul as
ecLs ard iLs ailures, o course. AL some oirL le vas all alore,
aL Lle Lime vler Lle USSR collased. I vroLe someLlirg abouL
LlaL, abouL lov iL all laered, ard Reagar vas Lle irsL ore
Lo serd lares Llere. I visiLed ir Cadais lome, because le
used Lo be ir lis lome. ALer Lle bombirg, I verL Lo visiL lim
Llere; le sloved me Lle bombed louse, Lold me abouL Lle liLLle
girl vlo lad died Llere. Years laLer, vler Lle erd o Lle USSR
came abouL, le goL biL desLabilized ard LlouglL le cold solve
Lle siLuaLior by aroaclirg Lle VesL. 1ler, everybody rusled
over Llere Lle goverrmerLs o Sair, Frarce, Lrglard, ever
Busl vas Lle very irsL ore Lo rusl over Llere, ard le said, Al,
LlaLs good! So Cadai regoLiaLed ever Lle arLiair missiles
Lle SovieLs lad sulied lim viLl; because Lle USSR may lave
disaeared, buL Lle gurs ard Lle arLiair missiles didrL. Our
veaorry is SovieLmade ard mosL o iL came vler Lle USSR
57
exisLed, buL Lle veaors are vell looled aLer ard vell cared
or. 1le mosL imorLarL Llirg is Lle adaLaLior o LacLics Lo Lle
rev siLuaLior vlicl is liglly clargeable.
Stclla Calloni: Ard le deosiLed Lle morey ir Luroe be
cause le LlouglL Luroear barls vere serious, ard so le de
osiLed almosL all o Lle Libyar sLaLes morey ir Luroe. IL vas
a Lra. He goL ersuaded.
Commandcr: Cadai made some irLerreLaLior misLales.
He vas leL all by limsel, o course, vler Lle USSR crumbled,
ard Lle Yarlees Lool advarLage o LlaL; because Lley vere all
accomlices, all o Llem lad gore over Llere Lo sell veaors.
1le Lrglisl sold all Lle irLerral reressior irsLrumerLs; Lley
sold Llem Lo Lle Libyars; Lle Frercl, Lle ILaliars, ard Lle
Sarisl sulied Llem. Irdeed, Cadai vas lile a czar ir Lu
roe, comirg ard goirg as le leased. You slould see Lle ilms
LlaL vere made.
Stclla Calloni: Frarce sold veaors. Besides, Lle eole
sellirg lim veaors lrev abouL Lle veaors, Lle ores LlaL
vould be useul or roL or Lle deerse o Lle courLry. 1laL vas
Lle greaL vealress Libya lad ir iLs lasL momerLs.
BuL besides LlaL, ve slould lrov vlaL Lle Libyar eole
vere lile; ve lave Lo exlair Lle resisLarce LlaL vas uL u
Llere.
Commandcr: He raLioralized oreigr comaries, carried
ouL ar agrariar reorm, le sulied drirlirg vaLer Lo Lle eo
le, ard Llere vere medical services, educaLioral services;
le vas corcerred abouL Lle eole, LlaLs Lrue. He did a loL
LlaL vas osiLive; le slould be giver crediL or LlaL.
Stclla Calloni: 1laLs vly I am Lellirg you LlaL Llere are a
loL o Llirgs Lo discuss. IL is recessary or us Lo lrov Llis vler
Lle momerL comes Lo Lale a sLard; ve reed Lo lrov Lle rega
Live ard Lle osiLive elemerLs.
Besides, over Llere ir Bari Valid, Lley droed vlaL Lley
called Lle oor mars aLomic bomb; Llis is a bomb LlaL ir a ev
miruLes lilled ar erLire Lribe o 2UUU ersors. 1le bomb Lales
avay Lle oxyger. 1ley LesLed some veaors, |usL as you vere
58
sayirg. 1le same laered ir Farama (I9S9). Libya vas Lle
Cuerrica o Lle regior, because Lley LesLed a loL o veaors.
1lere is also Lle roblem LlaL ve do roL do Lle ollov
u or vlaL oLler vars lave leL belird, as Lle var ir Lle or
mer Yugoslavia, or examle; vlaL are Lle dargers LlaL all Lle
veaors LlaL Lley are usirg rov ose or ecology. Ve laverL
dore LlaL eiLler.
So, vlaL I am sayirg is LlaL I aclrovledge Lle NeL, buL ve
did roL lave ary collecLive vorl. Yes, eacl ersor vroLe vlaL
le or sle could ard ouglL as Lley could, because Lle soliLude,
ir Llis case, vas luge. No ore vas ublislirg my vorls ir
revsaers; doors vere sluL ir my ace or Lryirg Lo seal Lle
LruLl; LlaL laered Lo me. I vas cersored ir some laces LlaL
ublisled my vorl because my vorls vere abouL Libya ard
because Lle over o Lle Israelis, o Lle exLreme riglL virg o
Israel, ir mosL o Lle media is very greaL. 1lis is aroLler Llirg
LlaL ve are roL sLudyirg because mary o Llose media are ir
Lleir lards ard Lley dorL leL you seal.
VlaL I am Lallirg abouL is LlaL ve musL do more ard do
mary creaLive acLiors, or irsLarce, ress corererces, irge
rious Llirgs. Ve are doirg iL viLl Adolo Ferez Lsquivel mary
Limes vler ve varL Lo derource someLlirg ard rovole a
cerLair imacL. Mary a Lime ve irverL diererL, audacious
Llirgs Lo see Lle imacL Llese lave or Lle media ard avoid
Lley are igrored.
So, vlaL I am sayirg is LlaL LlaL ve carroL be so assive ir
LlaL serse LlaL is bad assiviLy, Lle regaLive assiviLy.
I ve lad derourced Lle Libyar model or a vorld scale,
ever viLl Lle lel o some Luroears, ard I varL Lo emla
size Lle greaL vorl LlaL is beirg dore by LlaL revsaer LlaL
Lle comrade merLiored ir Cermary, because iL is Lle orly ore
or raLler, ore o Lle ev, LlaL is clallergirg Lle sysLem. You
slould lrov vlaL iLs lile Lo be ir Cermary, surrourded by a
luge disirormaLior ard be Lle orly ore vlo is iglLirg; LlaL
is very imorLarL.
1ler, I Llirl LlaL Lle roosal le males or Lle irLel
lecLuals las Lo be Laler u immediaLely, because ve are very
disLarL rom eacl oLler ard ve lave Lo slorLer LlaL disLarce.
59
1lere slould be more commuricaLior amorg ourselves; ve
lave Lo Lall more ir deLl abouL everyLlirg so LlaL ve could
muLually accomary eacl oLler ard acL LogeLler.
1laL is vlaL I varLed Lo add, simly Lo Lell you abouL Lle
NeL. 1larl you.
Commandcr: Lool, Lleir olicy could be seer so clearly
LlaL I vroLe a RelecLior vler robody vas Lallirg abouL irva
sior. Lverybody vas surrised; buL iL vas clear LlaL vas Lle
irLerLior.
Abcl Pricto: You called iL 1le IreviLable Var.
Stclla Calloni: 1le IreviLable Var, le said vler reer
rirg Lo NA1O. Ir oLler vords, Llere vas a lire LlaL you vere
slovirg viLl absoluLe clariLy. Ve lad Lo rourisl ourselves
also rom LlaL, as a grou o irLellecLuals LlaL ve are acLirg.
I Llirl LlaL ve vere veal ir LlaL ard ve musL admiL iL. Ve
musL learr lov Lo be criLical o ourselves.
Abcl Pricto: I Llirl iL is very imorLarL Lo exercise Llis
selcriLicism ermarerLly. 1le NeL musL reserve Lle mear
irg viLl vlicl iL vas borr; iL slould be ecumerical, iL slould
uriLe eole, eole vlo are rogressive viLlouL ary doubL,
eole vlo are aciisLs viLlouL ary doubL, eole vlo are
arLiascisL viLlouL ary doubL; buL viLl Llis very broad serse.
Ve lave Lo be LlaL careul, ard vlaL ve car erlas do, SLel
la, ard erlas vler ve geL LogeLler Lomorrov ve car Lall
abouL LlaL, is lavirg LlaL arLicles vriLLer by members o Lle
NeLCuba, or examle, \erezuela car also do iL, ard erlas
ir oLler courLries iL car be doreLrarslaLed; maybe Marilia
car do iL. Sle does ar imorLarL vorl Llere ir Brazil.
Commandcr: Ir Lrglisl; dorL orgeL LlaL ve lave Lo ex
lair Lle LruLl ir Lrglisl so LlaL Lle Yarlees, Lle BriLisl, ard
mary oLlers car learr abouL iL.
Abcl Pricto: 1o lave Llem LrarslaLed irLo Lle mair lar
guages ir vlicl oiriors are ormed sLarLirg viLl Lrglisl, ard
circulaLirg Llem or Lle NeL; I mear, NeL slouldrL alvays Lry
Lo male a loL o eole agree, because someLimes Llis becomes
60
vearirg. ILs Lrue, comrades. SomeLimes iL vears you dovr
ard or occasior, callirg or Llis meclarism vould mear LlaL
Lle NeL vould be a ermarerL source or circulaLirg LexLs.
Commandcr: 1exLs abouL Lle LruLl.
Abcl Pricto: ILs abouL circulaLirg ideas; you miglL roL
agree viLl ar aroacl ir ore vay or aroLler, buL leL all re
laLed asecLs Lo circulaLe. As you say, ve lave Lle LruLl, ard
ve carroL become imaLierL; you vere sayirg LlaL as vell.
Commandcr: 1le good Llirg abouL iL is LlaL iL isrL a maL
Ler o sigrirg, buL o Lallirg, o sayirg vlaL you are Llirlirg.
IL doesrL orce arybody Lo comromise viLl cerLair Llirgs; iL
reserLs a oirL o viev.
Abcl Pricto: I Llirl ve car circulaLe more LexLs; ve car
LrarslaLe Llem ard circulaLe Llem, ard resorL Lo calls or acLior
ir some cases vlere ve lave sviL corsersus or some seciic
everL.
Commandcr: 1le call or acLior slould be deduced rom
vlaL las already beer said by eacl ersor.
Abcl Pricto: CorrecL; I agree viLl you. 1ell me, Adolo.
Adolfo Prcz Isquivcl: Fidel, I am really lay Lo see you.
Im lay Lo see LlaL you are ir good lealLl, you lool lile a lid
(LauglLer), ard viLl Lle sLrergLl ard good siriLs you lave
alvays lad. 1laL sLrergLl doesrL orly ercourage Cubars, buL
all o LaLir America ard mary oLler arLs o Lle lareL.
Commandcr: Ard mysel Loo; vlerever I do someLlirg, I
ercourage mysel (LauglLer).
Adolfo Prcz Isquivcl: 1laLs riglL.
Commandcr: I lave Lo irclude mysel amorg Llose reed
irg ercouragemerL.
Adolfo Prcz Isquivcl: I Llirl LlaLs very good.
Id lile Lo male a small corLribuLior or vlaL las beer
roosed. I vas readirg LlaL sigr Llere, MeeLirg o IrLellec
Luals or Feace ard Lle FreservaLior o Lle LrvirormerL, ard
61
I LlouglL LlaL Llere are mary morocros. A Lree larLaLior
is a morocro; iL is roL a oresL, iL is a morocro. A oresL is
very diverse. MoLler NaLure rever roduced morocros; sle
las alvays lad a greaL riclress, a greaL diversiLy ir all secies,
riglL u Lo Lle lumar beirg. BuL Leclrological ard scierLi
ic advarces lave also develoed exloiLaLior vlere irarcial
caiLal is avored over Lle lives o Lle eoles.
I am goirg Lo briely reer Lo vlaL SLella Callori ard oLler
comrades vlo receded me said abouL Lle Loic LlaL ve lave
beer discussirg aL Llis meeLirg. IL is Lrue LlaL Lle roblems
laverL irisled, ard lumariLy is urdergoirg very roourd
clarges ir every direcLior. I say LlaL domiraLior does roL al
vays sLarL by ecoromy, buL also by culLure. 1lere is a sLrorg
culLural domiraLior, ard Lle sysLem, also ir Llis direcLior, is
messed u buL iL is irLelligerL; iL lrovs lov Lo mariulaLe,
ard gereraLe also Lle morocros o LlouglLs. Ard |usL as
morocros use agroLoxic roducLsir Lle case o soy, iL uses
glylosaLeLlere are also Loxic roducLs or our mirds, ard
Llere are also reacLiors agairsL Llese Loxic roducLs, vlicl I
Llirl are Lle eoles resisLarce ard sLruggles Lo oer rev
saces.
Igracio RamoreL vas sealirg abouL Lle media, ard Lle
vay irormaLior is mariulaLed Lo gereraLe Llese moro
cros.
Ir Lodays vorld, irormaLior is beirg mariulaLed. Hov
slall ve gereraLe oLler saces Lo courLer LlaL mariulaLior: I
Llirl Llis is arL o Lle resisLarce, Lle social, culLural, oliLi
cal, siriLual resisLarce o Lle eoles, because culLural domi
raLior, Lle morocros o Lle mirds, are leadirg us Lo lose Lle
iderLiLies, Lle values, Lle riclress, Lle biodiversiLy, Lle Lradi
Liors, ard Lle lie o eoles. I Llirl LlaL Llis is vlaL is beirg
roduced ir Llese corsumer socieLies.
Freciselyard Ive beer Llirlirg o Llis ir order Lo oirL
iL ouL brielyreacLiors lave ariser Lo courLer Llis, ard Lo
day ir mary o Lle courLries LlaL are vrorgly reerred Lo as
Lle FirsL VorldI dorL believe ir Llis sLu o lavirg a irsL, a
secord, or a Llird vorld; ve are buL ore sirgle, oorly disLrib
uLed, vorld, roLlirg else Lle socalled IrdigrarLs lave
62
ariser aLer Lle velare sLaLe ceased Lo exisL. Ve lave seer iL
ir Lle U.S.; ve lave seer iL ir Luroe. 1oday Lley are eelirg
Lle imacL o Lle ecoromic crisis, buL I Llirl LlaL raLler Llar
ar ecoromic crisis, Llere is a crisis o values, o iderLiLy; Lley
are losirg Lleir serse o belorgirg, ard I Llirl LlaL iL is ir Lle
midsL o Llis iderLiLy crisis LlaL Lle IrdigrarLs arise.
Ir LaLir America, ve live ir arger. Nobody las Lo Leacl us
lov Lo be argered.
Merleau ForLy used Lo say LlaL a revoluLioraryard you
lrov iL vellis roL made Llrougl scierce, buL Llrougl Lle ir
digraLior LlaL is elL ir Lle ace o ir|usLice, lurger, overLy,
ard exloiLaLior; because you didrL become a revoluLiorary
Llrougl scierce, buL Llrougl a social, culLural, ard oliLical
Llirlirg, ard scierce geLs added Lo all o LlaL. BuL I Llirl LlaL
irdigraLior arises rom ir|usLice, ard riglL rov ve slould be
Llirlirg abouL vlaL ve slould do. Some diagroses lave already
beer made; buL, vlaL are ve goirg Lo do Lo deal viLl all LlaL:
Ve are Lryirg Lo exerimerL, Lo corsLrucL rev aLls, Lo
oer u rev saces, Lryirg Lo irLeracL viLl oular secLors. I
Llirl irLellecLuals musL reacl ouL Lo Lle grassrooLs, Lle ou
lar secLors, ard irLeracL viLl Llem, because ve lave a loL Lo
learr rom Llese oular secLors.
Mary Limes, vler I Lravel Lo irLeracL viLl Lle eole ir
Lle favelas, Lle slarLy Lovrs, Lle slums, Lle LeremerLs, iL is
Llere vlere I ird Lle visdom o Lle eole, Lleir sLruggles
ard loes. Visdom does roL belorg Lo Llose vlo read more
bools; visdom belorgs Lo Llose vlo urdersLard Lle roourd
mearirg o lie.
I Llirl LlaL rom Llere ve car recreaLe Llese rev ara
digms o eoles sLruggle, ard I am leased LlaL Lle Ir
digrarLs arise, ard I vould also be leased Lo see LlaL mary
rulers, vlo are araid becauseas Fablo Freire used Lo say
Lle oosiLe o love is roL laLe; Lle oosiLe o love is Lle ear
o lovirg, iL is Lle ear o reedom. Ard i ve are araid o ree
dom is because ve lave beer deeaLed.
I Llirl LlaL Loday ve lave Lo begir Lo reLlirl all o
Llis. I am leased LlaL ve car slare our ideas ard see vlaL
Lle riglL aLls are. Ve lave ro recies. 1le orly recies I lile
63
are coolirg recies, ard roL all o Llem I lile. BuL i ve lave
Llese reLvorls, Llis vay o buildirg, o Llirlirg, ard o do
irg, ve car geL Lo Lle oirL vlere a socieLys ervirormerL
could be a lealLly ervirormerL, ore LlaL isrL olluLed ard
las ro morocros, because ore o Lle greaL dargers o Lle me
diaard Llose vlo are |ourralisLs lrov iL all Loo vellare Lle
morocros o Lle mirds.
1laLs all (Alause).
Abcl Pricto: Commarder, FeLer Flillis. Flease, go alead.
Pctcr Phillips: Im brirgirg greeLirgs rom Lle UriLed
SLaLes. NireLeer uriversiLies, ore lurdred ard ive roessors,
ard Lvo lurdred ard iLy sLuderLs lave roduced Llis rev
bool, Censored 2012, vlicl ve lave brouglL or you.
1lere is a LruLl emergercy ir Lle vorld. 1le cororaLe
media is maraged revs. IL is roagarda or Lle LrarsraLioral
cororaLe class o Lle vorld, Lle ore er cerL, Lle cerLral barls,
ard Lle ovrers o Lle cororaLiors LlrouglouL Lle caiLa
lisL vorld. 1le U.S.NA1O miliLary irdusLrial media emire
Peter Phillips
64
corLrols our mirds, or our morocro, o our urdersLardirg.
Ve resisL Lo Lle UriLed SLaLes by oirLirg ouL every year Lle
mosL imorLarL revs sLories roL covered by Lle cororaLe
media. Ve use our irdeerderL sources o revs lile Faciica
Radio, Free Seecl 1\, Lirl 1\, ard irdeerderL revs ir com
muriLies all over Lle courLry Lo geL ouL Lle LruLl rom Lle boL
Lom u. Ve are arL o Lle Occuy MovemerL; 6SU,UUU eole
clarged Lleir accourLs rom big barls Lo commuriLy barls
ir Lle lasL six morLls. Ve resisL, ve Lell Lle LruLl. Ve vill
say LlaL ore Llousard eole, I mear, ore millior, ore mil
lior eole ir Iraq died because Lle U.S. irvaded LlaL courLry.
The Washington Post ard The New York Times vorL Lell eole
LlaL. 1le elecLiors, Lle 2UU4 elecLiors, ir Lle UriLed SLaLes
vere raudulerL. So ve Lell Lle LruLl, ard ve Llarl you or
irviLirg us, ard ve Llirl iLs very imorLarL LlaL |ourralisLs
ard roessors rom Lle SouLl use irdeerderL media ir Lle
UriLed SLaLes Lo geL Lle message ouL. Im recordirg Llis cor
versaLior Loday or KFFA Radio ir Broollyr.
1larl you (Alause).
Atilio Boron: Commarder, Lle LruLl is, as everyore las
exressed lere, LlaL iL is a greaL leasure Lo realize LlaL you are
so vell ard arLiciaLirg ir Llis orum. I, or ore, eel lay
Lo viLress a lisLorical everL, a corLesL beLveer ro less Llar
Oscar Niemeyer ard you, Lo see vlo goes Lle lorgesL vay!
(LauglLer).
Commandcr: You mear, vlo vill live lorger:
Atilio Boron: Yes, because, lrovirg you as I do, i Oscar
Niemeyer las reacled Lle age o IU4 viLl a lucid mird, ve
lrov LlaL you vill roL lag belird, LlaL you vill also uL u a
iglL Llere, ard ve reed you.
I |usL varLed Lo say Lvo or Llree Llirgs Ve do vell ir
Lryirg Lo irLegraLe ourselves irLo irLerraLioral reLvorls, ard
dissemiraLe Lle ideas exclarged Llrougl Lle NeLvorl also
ir Lle Lrglisl larguage, vlicl is Lle larguage o Lle emire.
IL vould be absurd Lo resisL LlaL, alLlougl Llere lave beer
Limes vler some colleagues lave said, I dorL varL Lo vriLe
ir Lrglisl; reiLler am I irLeresLed ir lavirg my vorls Lrars
65
laLed. BuL Lrglisl is Loday Lle lirgua rarca o Lle emire, |usL
as LaLir used Lo be Lle lirgua rarca o Lle Romar Lmire ir
Lle asL. Feole vere orced Lo seal LlaL larguage; oLlervise
iL vas imossible or Llem Lo go beyord Lle valls o Lleir small
villages.
BuL ve musL also Lry Lo reacl ouL Lo oLler eoles. My cor
cerr is LlaL ve are orly Llirlirg abouL Lle UriLed SLaLes, Cara
da, Luroe ard ve are igrorirg vlaL Loday seems Lo me
Commandcr: No; Lle roblem is LlaL everybody ir Lle
vorld is sLudyirg Lrglisl Lle Clirese, Lle Russiars. 1le oLl
er day I said LlaL ve vere Lle orly ores vlo sLudied Russiar
(LauglLer). 1laL belorgs Lo Lle asL, riglL: BuL Lle Russiars
sLudied Lrglisl. Nov everybody sLudies Lrglisl, because Lle
mair colorial overs imosed Lle Lrglisl larguage. Hovever,
i Lley vere Lle ores vlo discovered LlaL veaor, LlaL is ro
reasor or you Lo rerource Lo LlaL veaor. I lile Sarisl beL
Ler, o course; iL is more lyrical, more oeLic. Lrglisl is more
Leclrical. 1ley irverL a vord vler Lley reed iL ard irclude
iL ir iLs vocabulary.
Atilio Boron: Besides, Lrglisl is Lle larguage LlaL allovs
us Lo commuricaLe Lo eacl oLler arourd Lle vorld. 1laL is
vly I am ully ir avor.
BuL I varL Lo say Llis Ve lave Lo be careul vler ar
LiculaLirg Llis reLvorl, because ve could be leavirg ouL Lle
vorlds eicerLer o Lle sLruggle or raLioral emarciaLior,
vlicl are rorLlerr Arica ard Lle Arab vorld.
Commandcr: Ve car roL desLroy our larguage, vlicl
is vlaL Lley lave dore. Hov mary larguages Lley lave de
sLroyed arourd Lle vorld:
Atilio Boron: UNLSCO las sLaLed LlaL, ever Loday, ore
larguage is beirg desLroyed almosL every veel.
Commandcr: Ard orly by a miracle Lley didrL desLroy
UNLSCO vler Lley imosed Llere LlaL residerL (LauglLer).
Atilio Boron: 1ley are vorlirg or LlaL; Lley are vorlirg
raLler acLively or LlaL (LauglLer).
66
Commandcr: BuL vell Lley lave aL leasL giver ir Lo
recogrize Lle FalesLiriar SLaLe.
Atilio Boron: Yes, ard or LlaL reasor Lley lave urisled
UNLSCO.
I varLed Lo say LlaL Llis lirl viLl Lle Arab vorld is im
orLarL, I believe LlaL arL o Lle roblem LlaL ve lave beer
acirg Lo arLiculaLe a uriLed sLard ir Lle ace o Lle Lragedy
ir Libya las beer LlaL ve lave lacledaL leasL I elL LlaL I
lacledmucl deLailed irormaLior abouL vlaL vas goirg
or Llere. Ard I also Llirl LlaL mary irLellecLuals ard rierds
rom rorLlerr Arica vere very vorried Lo see LlaL ve did roL
Lale Lle iriLiaLive. 1ley said Lo us Vell, you lave a ligler de
velomerL level; Llereore you slould lave more oliLical ex
erierce. You slould lave beer more acLive ir Lle searcl or
irormaLior abouL vlaL vas goirg or ir our courLries.
I Llirl LlaL ve lave Lo recover Lle legacy o vlaL ir my
viev vas ore o Lle greaLesL oliLical irverLiors o Lle secord
lal o Lle LverLieLl cerLury Lle 1ricorLirerLal. Commarder,
Loday ve reed agair a 1ricorLirerLal o LlouglLs. 1lis does
roL mear LlaL ve vill lave roLlirg Lo do viLl Lle Luroears
or Lle comrades LlaL ve may lave ir Lle UriLed SLaLes; I am
absoluLely ir avor o vorlirg viLl Llem, dissemiraLirg our
ideas amorg Llem, ard also urdersLardirg vlaL is goirg or
viLl Llem.
SomeLimes eole erLerLaired greaL execLaLiors vler
sealirg abouL Lle IrdigrarLs movemerL, Llirlirg LlaL
Lley could immediaLely recreaLe ir Sair someLlirg LlaL re
quired a oliLical exerierce Lley did roL lave, buL vlicl Lley
vill be acquirirg liLLle by liLLle, |usL as iL laered viLl Lle
yourg rebelliors o Lle Arab vorld. So ve require a good deal
o realism ard lumbleress Lo vorl acLively viLl Llem ard see
vlaL Lley car Leacl us. Lilevise, ve slould lrov vlaL valu
able exerierces ve could corvey Lo Llem. I Llirl LlaL Lle idea
o a 1ricorLirerLal o LlouglLs LlaL could romoLe our oliLi
cal iriLiaLives vould be Lruly imorLarL, sirce LlaL is vlaL Lle
NeLvorl Ir Deerse o HumariLy is all abouL. Ard Llis ircludes
our rierds ir Lle NorLl (because ve lave mary rierds ir Lle
67
UriLed SLaLes; Lle eole LlaL are sLrugglirg Llere or Lle lib
eraLior o Lle Cubar Five lave made very imorLarL corLri
buLiors) ard also ir Luroe. Ve slould roL orgeL abouL Llese
sLruggles ir Lle resL o Lle vorld vlicl are so imorLarL.
I vill add a secord commerL Lo say LlaL Lle media ov
er Loday is Lle more corsolidaLed irdusLry ir Lle vorld, ever
more so Llar irarces barls. IL is racLically a morooly; iL
is ar oligooly viLl very ev comorerL arLs LlaL is very,
very diiculL Lo ereLraLe. Ve slould also Lale irLo accourL
Lle misLales LlaL are made ir Lle area o rogressive Llirlirg
ar excessive secLariarism reverLs our voices rom resourdirg
Lle vay Lley slould ard reaclirg ouL Lo Lle gereral ublic.
I vill corclude viLl a small ard quiLe illusLraLive ersoral
reererce.
Commandcr: BuL do roL lurry.
Atilio Boron: I dorL. BuL, Commarder, Llere is a lorg lisL
o sealers. Besides, ve lave come lere Lo lisLer Lo you, so
Commandcr: No! 1o lisLer Lo me: I came lere Lo lisLer Lo
you all (LauglLer), Lo learr rom you.
Atilio Boron: For examle, ive or six years ago I ublisled
a roLe ir ore o Lle mosL rogressive revsaers ir LaLir
America, vlicl vas deemed iraroriaLeAbel lrovs very
vell vlaL Im Lallirg abouL; you vill Lell me, Abel, i iLs vorLl
merLiorirg iL or roL
Commandcr: I vas goirg Lo advise you roL Lo merLior iL,
buL you |usL did.
Atilio Boron: No, I vill roL reveal Lle rame o LlaL revs
aer. IL isrL vorLl iL.
Commandcr: Leave iL Llere; |usL leave iL Llere. Do roL
male eremies |usL or Lle sale o iL. |usL corLerL yoursel viLl
lavirg Lle emire as ar eremy.
Atilio Boron: 1ley are roL eremies; Lley are |usL rierds
vlo are someLimes Loo secLariar.
68
I vas sayirg LlaL I exressed ar oirior LlaL did roL iL ir
viLl Lle ediLorial lire o Lle revsaer ard I lave beer cer
sored ever sirce. 1lis is roL a riglLvirg revsaer; iL is a
revsaer LlaL las exressed iLs suorL Lo mary sLruggles ard
Lo Cuba. BuL Lley didrL lile some o Lle Llirgs I said; Lley did
roL varL Llese Llirgs Lo be Lold ard, sirce Ller, rever agair.
Commandcr: BuL LlaL belorgs Lo Lle asL; Llose are old
labiLs LlaL ade avay viLl Lime.
Atilio Boron: I visl Lley vere! I visl Lley vere! BuL LlaL
also goes agairsL us.
|usL ore lasL Llirg. I Llirl LlaL ve slould be very careul
abouL Lle IrLerreL issue, because rov I believe iL las become
very eviderL LlaL i Llere is aryLlirg vlicl Lle IrLerreL is roL,
is recisely Lle reesL sace or democracy, urlimiLed access,
ard all Llose Llirgs LlaL are usually said abouL iL. SLella already
said someLlirg abouL iL. For examle, vler you lool aL Lle
IrLerreL access raLe ir some courLries o Lle Arab vorld vlere
Llere is ar orgoirg rebelliorard I suose LlaL SarLiago
Alba las someLlirg beLLer Lo say abouL Llis Llar me, accord
irg Lo some sLaLisLics LlaL I read, iL is sLaLed LlaL ir LgyL, or
irsLarce, roL more Llar 2U er cerL o Lle eole lad access
Lo Lle IrLerreL. 1le oular mobilizaLior vas mucl more ir
luerced by mobile lores ard saLelliLe Lelevisior Llar by Lle
IrLerreL.
Commandcr: Hov mary o Llem lisLer Lo Al|azzera:
Atilio Boron: I do roL lave Lle igure, Commarder, I dorL.
IL vould also be corverierL Lo ird ouL lov mary vaLcl 1ele
sur. 1lere is a vlole debaLe abouL Lle real irluerce exerLed by
Llese media ard iLs corsequerces or oliLical acLior.
Summirg u, Lle IrLerreL rovides a ossibiliLy. Hovever,
I Llirl LlaL ve lave beer reLLy raive Lo believe LlaL ve could
use LlaL irsLrumerL viLlouL Lalirg irLo accourL Lle acL LlaL
everyLlirg LlaL ve do Llrougl Lle IrLerreL is beirg vaLcled,
moriLored, ard largely corLrolled by Lle emire.
AL Lle 1urisia Corererce or Lle IrLerreL, vler Lle Lu
roears asled Lle UriLed SLaLes Lo give u Lo Llem Lle corLrol
69
over ore o Lle our rodes LlaL corLrols Lle erLire vorld Lra
ic Llrougl Lle IrLerreL, Lle UriLed SLaLes reused Lo give u
LlaL Lo Lle Luroears. 1le Luroears! 1ley did roL reuse Lo
give iL u Lo LaLir America or Arica or Cuba. 1ley reused
Lo give iL u Lo Lle Luroears. Vly: Because Lle IrLerreL vas,
Commarder, sLricLly a miliLary creaLior LlaL escaed rom
Lleir lards. 1ley lad ro irLerLior Lo creaLe a meLlodology
LlaL vould allov eole Lo commuricaLe amorg Llemselves,
esLablisl corcreLe lrovledge abouL very disLarL realiLies, ard
corcerL commor acLiors.
1lereore, riglL rov Llere are Lvo iriLiaLives LlaL are be
irg corsidered by Lle U.S. Corgress Lle SOFA ard FIFA bills,
vlicl vould esLablisl ar urrecederLed corLrol over com
muricaLiors ard Lle media.
Commandcr: ILs beer lorg sirce eole are reverLed
rom vorlirg ouL ir Lle roos o Lleir ovr louses because
Lle Americars ard also Lle Frercl Lale icLures o every
Llirg. I remember LlaL, soor aLer my all, vler I ir|ured my
arm, I lad Lo Lale some exercise. I vas suosed Lo Llrov a
ball ard durl iL Llrougl a basleL. Ard so I said, 1lis is or
Lle saLelliLe, barg! (LauglLer). 1ley really Lale icLures o
everyLlirg. 1lere is roLlirg; Lley lave ever irLerered viLl
Lle eoles rivacy. 1ley lrov everyLlirg. 1lis is some
Llirg urbelievable. 1leir CorsLiLuLior seals abouL resecL
ard Lle Llirgs LlaL are sacred, buL Lley meddle ir every
Llirg. All lumar beirgs are beirg vaLcled by Llese ger
Llemer vlo also use LlaL irormaLior Lle vay Lley lease.
Ard Lley claim Lo be Lle clamiors o irdividual riglLs ard
lumar riglLs. BuL, Llere are mary Americars vlo become
avare o LlaL ard are agairsL Llis racLice; Llere are mary
Llirgs vlicl Lley do roL lile. 1laL is vly iL is so corverierL
Lo leL Llem lrov.
Atilio Boron: 1laLs riglL. Vell, I irisl lere. 1lis vas
basically vlaL I varLed Lo say. Ard I varLed Lo add LlaL ve
slould be careul abouL Lle IrLerreL.
Commandcr: VlaL are you goirg Lo do: 1ell me, sirce you
are advisirg us Lo be careul. VlaL do you suggesL:
70
Atilio Boron: I suggesL beirg very careul viLl Llose mes
sages LlaL are serL; ve slould roL say
Commandcr: No, viLl every message.
Atilio Boron: 1lis is all I lad Lo say, Commarder. 1larl
you very mucl.
Commandcr: Vell, Llarls a loL Lo you (Alause).
Alcjandro Carpio: Hello. My rame is Ale|ardro Cario.
Vell, I varL Lo sLarL sealirg by reerrirg Lo someLlirg LlaL
vas said aL Lle erd, vlicl I Llirl vas raised by Lle Commard
er. I varLed Lo roose someLlirg LlaL could be ar eLlical di
lemma or |ourralisLs ard or Llose ersors vlo are irLeresLed
ir Lle dissemiraLior o clear ard LruLlul irormaLior ard Lle
deerse o lumar riglLs.
Ill be very brie. 1le legemoric ress is criLicized or
ublislirg irormaLior abouL Lle crimes o Lle eremies vlile
overloolirg Lle crimes commiLLed by iLs allies. For examle,
Llere is Lle velllrovr case, broadly covered by Lle U.S.
ress, o Lle violerce o Hamas, vlile a greaLer violerce by Is
rael is overlooled. Ve all lrov LlaL.
VlaL I varLed Lo slare viLl my |ourralisL colleagues lere
is Lle idea o roL doirg Lle same ard roL malirg a ool o our
selves, or Lle reasors LlaL Im goirg Lo exlair.
A vlile ago RamoreL vas sealirg abouL Llis lird o
game o orLrayirg a vorld ir blacl ard vliLe, vlicl is a big
misLale ard is someLlirg LlaL Lle imerialisL ress does.
1oday ve car roL lay LlaL game, ard Im aslirg you Lo
corsider Lle ossibiliLy roL Lo lay LlaL game. I am Llirlirg
abouL a revsaer I very mucl admire, vlicl I usually read
everyday, buL someLimes iL goes irLo
Commandcr: VlaL is Lle rame o Lle revsaer:
Alcjandro Carpio: 1elesur
Commandcr: You mear, a broadcasLirg sLaLior, riglL:
Alcjandro Carpio: IL is Lle broadcasLirg sLaLior, buL I read
iLs veb age.
AL Limes iL seems as i iL vere Lryirg Lo ird iLs ovr vay.
Ard I lrov Lle reasor. I lrov LlaL, ir Lle cases o Syria ard
71
Libya, Lley are criLicizirg Lle meclarisms ard irLerLiors
o Lle FirsL Vorld Lo corLrol Lle raLural resources o oLler
courLries ard mariulaLe irormaLior. I car see LlaL very
clearly. Hovever, aL Limes, iL seems as i iL vas uLLirg u a de
erse, or vas beirg lerierL vler addressirg Lle lumar riglLs
violaLiors ir Llose courLries. For examle, Llere are oLler
arLilegemoric broadcasLirg sLaLiors LlaL do roL do LlaL ir
Llese arLicular cases. For irsLarce, Al|azzera, vlicl you
merLiored a vlile ago; La Jornada, o Mexico, or Radio Faci
ica, vlicl vas merLiored by Froessor FeLer.
Commandcr: Vler vas Lle lasL Lime you lisLered Lo Al
|azzera:
Alcjandro Carpio: I lisLer Lo iL orce every oLler day,
Llrougl Lle IrLerreL. I car vaLcl iL lere.
Commandcr: SLill: Vould LlaL irormaLior be diererL
rom vlaL is ublisled ir Lle cables: Or, is iL so LlaL cables
orly ublisl Lle lorrible Llirgs LlaL are dore:
Yes, yes; cables rom Llere. You are sealirg abouL Lle
broadcasLirg sLaLior.
Alcjandro Carpio: Yes, abouL Lle broadcasLirg sLaLior ard
iLs veb age, yes.
Commandcr: 1le ore LlaL Lley lave Llere ir QaLar.
Alcjandro Carpio: Ir QaLar, yes, yes.
Commandcr: 1le ore ovred by Lle Red Lmir: Yes, Lle Red
Lmir, Lle Lmir o QaLar. He las visiLed Cuba several Limes.
Alcjandro Carpio: Yes, yes, LlaL is vly I also read iL.
Commandcr: BuL Llere lave beer luge, LraumaLic clarg
es Llere.
Alcjandro Carpio: 1lere lave beer greaL clarges, yes;
LraumaLic clarges.
Commandcr: 1ley vere accomlices o Lle UriLed SLaLes
ard Saudi Arabia durirg Lle irvasior o Libya. Ir acL, Llere are
QaLari soldiers sLaLiored ir Syria.
72
Alcjandro Carpio: ILs Lrue. Sirce Hillary ClirLor sLarLed
deerdirg Al|azzera, Al |azzera sLarLed Lo lose ace beore my
eyes. VlaL you are sayirg is very mucl Lrue. BuL, desiLe LlaL,
Llere are oLler media. A vlile ago I merLiored
Commandcr: I iL seals Lle LruLl, i iL broadcasLs use
ul revs, iL doesrL maLLer vlere iL may be rom. Orce ir a
vlile Llose based ir VaslirgLor broadcasL cerLair Llirgs LlaL
are Lrue, ob|ecLive Llirgs, buL Lleir irLerL is alvays LlereRe
member LlaL Lley vere Lle clamiors o Lle irvasior agairsL
Libya.
Alcjandro Carpio: Yes, LlaL is Lrue.
Commandcr: Besides, ir Lle case o Libya, ro ore lrovs
or sure i Llere vas a corlicL viLl Lle 1alibar or Lle eole o
Bir Lader. 1le eole o Bir Lader sided u viLl Lle merce
raries LlaL irvaded Libya.
Alcjandro Carpio: O course, Commarder. Ve are all very
clear abouL LlaL. Ve are all very clear abouL LlaL. BuL, vlaL I
beg you Lo do is Lo Llirl abouL vlaL I am sayirg.
Commandcr: No, ro. 1laL is a very good idea. VlaL you
are sayirg is erriclirg Lo all o us ard allovs us Lo see Lle im
acL o ore Llirg or Lle oLler, do you urdersLard: 1laL is vly
I asled you vlaL iL vas LlaL you ourd irLeresLirg abouL vlaL
Al|azzera broadcasL. I |usL varLed Lo lrov, riglL:
Alcjandro Carpio: Vell, all LlaL is relaLed Lo Lle reressior,
erlas, Lle exLremely aggressive reressior o cerLair
Commandcr: Ard, vlere did LlaL reressior come rom:
VlaL is really goirg or Llere:
Alcjandro Carpio: Vell, yes. BuL Lle roblem is LlaL iL is
roL orly Al|azzera.
Commandcr: 1ler ve believe ir vlaL Lley are sayirg. I
car roL Lell you vlaL is Lrue ard vlaL is roL. I car roL agree
viLl ary orm o reressior, mucl less viLl ary orm o crime.
Because ve vaged a var LlaL lasLed or some Lime, ard Llere
vasrL ary sirgle sucl case. Ve lave Lle eviderce, vlicl are
73
Lle risorers ard Lle vourded LlaL ve seL ree durirg our var;
Llere are lurdreds o Llem. 1laL leled us Lo vir Lle var. Ard
ever aLer LlaL, rever lave ve olloved Lle olicy o legiLimaL
irg or allovirg Lle ereLraLior o ary crime or LorLure.
IL las beer claimed LlaL ar ordirary guy vlo is Lruly su
erirg rom a cardiac arresL or ary oLler illress is sicl because
le is or a lurger sLrile, ard LlaL las virLually become a o
liLical irsLrumerL; because LlaL is vlaL laers Lo be corve
rierL, LlaL is vlaL cerLair eole romoLe. Abel vas sealirg
abouL Lle case o Lle mar vlo vas said Lo lave died because
le vas or a lurger sLrile ard Llirgs lile LlaL. I laugl vler I
see all LlaL. I dorL ever boLler Lo eel useL, because I car roL
reverL lies rom beirg Lold. 1le roblem is roL LlaL Lley Lell
lies; Lle roblem is lov ve could Lell Lle LruLl. Because vler
eole geL Lo lrovard I guess LlaL all o you lrovvlaL
las beer Lle lilosoly o Lle RevoluLior, vlicl las roLl
irg Lo do viLl ary o Lle misLales LlaL ve could lave made
ecoromic misLales, oliLical misLales, you rame iLLley
ird iL imossible Lo doubL Lle irLegriLy ard morale o Lle Rev
oluLior all alorg Llese iLy years. 1laL is vly ve lave beer
able Lo resisL. No eole ir Lle vorld vould lave suorLed a
goverrmerL made u o corruLed, lyocriLical, ard irsircere
eole.
Nov, sirce you Lold us LlaL, ard I ourd vlaL you said
very irLeresLirg, I asled you vlaL your corcerrs vere.
Alcjandro Carpio: Lool, or examle, ir Faciica Radio, ir
Democracy Nov! vlicl is erlas Lle mosL imorLarL irde
erderL revs radio sLaLior ir Lle UriLed SLaLes, Lley do re
orL Llose cases.
Commandcr: VlaL sLaLior is LlaL:
Alcjandro Carpio: Democracy Nov! or Faciica Radio,
viLl Amy Coodmar ard |uar Corzalez.
Abcl Pricto: 1lose are more leL virg eole
Alcjandro Carpio: Clomsly aears a loL Llere. 1ley re
orL cases o lumar riglLs violaLiors vlicl are occurrirg riglL
rov ir Syria. Sirce Llis is ar arLiimerialisL broadcasLirg
74
sLaLior, iL ocuses iLs aLLerLior or Lle crimiral irLerverLior o
vesLerr courLries ard Lle UriLed SLaLes agairsL LlaL courLry.
I mear, Llese Loics are roL direcLly irLerrelaLed; Llese everLs
occur all aL Lle same Lime. 1le roblem is vler aramedics
are ersecuLed, vler Llere are oLler everLs LlaL are Lalirg
lace simulLareously.
I Llirl I made my oirL quiLe clear.
Commandcr: You vere comlairirg abouL 1elesur, ard
vler I lisLer Lo 1elesur, I lile Lle vay Lley reorL Llese revs.
Nov, i 1elesur does roL air some o Lle Llirgs LlaL are broad
casL by Lle adversaries, iL vill sLo beirg ar irormaLior
source. Because ore vould lile iL Lo reorL orly vlaL is Lrue.
BuL iL is givirg irormaLior. VlaL I lile mosL abouL 1elesur is
Lle revscasL. IL devoLes lal o iLs Lime Lo sorLs. SomeLimes I
geL bored vler iL slovs a Lerris layer, because Llere are mo
merLs vler I varL Lo lear iL seal abouL oliLics, arLicularly
abouL \erezuela, vlicl is layirg sucl ar imorLarL role. BuL,
irsLead, iL seals abouL sorLs ard all LlaL. 1le Lerris clami
orslis ard oLler clamiorslis are irLeresLirg, arerL Lley:
BuL iL devoLes lal o iLs Lime Lo sealirg abouL soccer ard all
LlaL sLu; Lo sorLs. IL devoLes Lle oLler lal Lo sealirg abouL
oliLics, viLl very ev commercials, as a maLLer o acL; ard iL
also seals abouL LaLir America as a vlole. Mary o Lle arcli
LecLural, lisLorical, ard geogralical values are beirg lrovr
Llrougl 1elesur, vlicl also gives you some revs. I iL didrL
give ary revs abouL, leLs say, Obama, or Lle sLaLemerLs made
by sucl ard sucl a SeraLor, Ller iL vouldrL be a source o
irormaLior. IL slould broadcasL Lle revs as Lley aear, Lle
diererL vievs, so LlaL Lelevisior vievers could male Lleir
ovr assessmerLs. BuL I am irLeresLed ir your oirior, ard I
am goirg Lo ird ouL Lle reasor vly you Llirl LlaL ore is er
ecL ard Llis ore is roL.
Alcjandro Carpio: I say Llis because Llis is vlaL 1elesur
is criLicized or ir some arLs o Lle vorld, recisely viLl Lle
urose o aLLaclirg Lle values LlaL 1elesur las.
Commandcr: BuL, ve could ever corvey LlaL oirior o
yours Lo a ersor LlaL lisLers. You car lave ary oirior ard ve
75
could corvey iL Lo Llem, sayirg Lool, lere is a comrade vlo
Llirls Llis ard LlaL; because Lle reasor vly Llis meeLirg vas
corvered vas recisely Lo lrov abouL all Lle Llirgs LlaL you
are sayirg.
Alcjandro Carpio: So, Lo vra Llis u, Commarder, I varL
Lo leave you viLl Lle idea LlaL Llis commerL LlaL I lave slared
viLl you is recisely vlaL 1elesur ard oLler sLaLiors are criLi
cized or ir cerLair regiors o Lle vorld ard, as Cle said, ve
slould roL give ir ar ircl Lo Lle emire
Commandcr: VlaL did you sLudy: |ourralism:
Alcjandro Carpio: No, I sLudied LiLeraLure. Sirce ve slould
roL give ir ar ircl (He gesLured), ve slould be very mucl
avare roL Lo leL ourselves be laced ir LlaL caLegory.
Abcl Pricto: He sLudied LiLeraLure.
Commandcr: Is LiLeraLure a uriversiLy career:
Abcl Pricto: No, le lolds a Baclelor o ArLs degree.
Alejandro Carpio
76
Zulcica: Commarder, Ale|ardro did roL say iL, buL le vas
Lle reciierL o Lle Accsit avard, Lle ALBA LiLerary FicLior
Avard, ir 2UII, or a very good rovel erLiLled El papel de lija
(Sardaer). So le came Lo our bool air Lo reserL lis rovel
ard receive lis avard.
Danicl Chavarra: Commarder, mary years agoas ve all
lere lrovyou said LlaL Llere vas a secies acirg Lle darger
o exLircLior, ard you gave a celebraLed sourd o alarm.
Commandcr: IL vill be LverLy years Llis |ure. BuL I lrov
iL because I read iL.
Danicl Chavarra: I lrev iL rom you ard I goL a liLLle biL
alarmed. Ard as Lime verL by you vere also geLLirg alarmed,
|udgirg by Lle requercy viLl vlicl you lave reeaLedly ad
dressed Llis issue. BuL, ir my case, Llis alarm las become ar
obsessior, arLicularly aLer Lle U.S. reusal Lo sigr Lle KyoLo
FroLocol. I used Lo vale u ir Lle morrirg ard my irsL cor
cerr vas alvays Lo ird morey Lo aLLerd Lo Lle reeds o my
amily. BuL Lvo years ago I sLarLed Lo vorry abouL Lle rob
able exLircLior o Lle lumar secies ir Llis lareL, iLs reserL
civilizaLior ard Llis labiLaL vlose LrarsormaLiors lave Laler
milliors o years
Commandcr: Hov mary years did you say Lley lave
Laler:
Danicl Chavarra: 1le civilizaLior as sucl, vlicl emerged
viLl scierce, as ve lrov iL, is lardly IU,UUU years old, I2,UUU
years old, or erlas IS,UUU years old. BuL mer already exisLed
2UU,UUU years ago ard
Commandcr: IL is said LlaL CroMagrors aeared arourd
ore millior years ago, LlaL Lley discovered Lle ire, buL roLl
irg else is lrovr abouL Llem. IL seems iL is Lrue LlaL ve lad ro
redecessors, Lo our lucl (LauglLer).
Danicl Chavarra: I lrov you are very vell irormed, Com
marder. Durirg Lle 42 years LlaL I lave lived ir Cuba, I lave
read mosL o your seecles. I lave vaLcled mary 1\ rograms
vlere you lave Lalled abouL social, oliLical, ard culLural is
77
sues. Ir acL, I believe I lrov you quiLe vell, ard I also lrov
Lle vay you Llirl abouL cerLair issues.
Commandcr: Are you reerrirg Lo Llose issues or Lo me:
(LauglLer).
Danicl Chavarra: LeL me Lell you LlaL I am quiLe a essi
misLic mar, ard Im roL aslamed Lo admiL iL. I am essimisLic
ever ouL o ear.
Commandcr: DorL be aslamed. DorL be aslamed. 1lere
is a reasor. ILs orly logical. Do you Llirl you are Lle orly ore:
Some eole lave roL mediLaLed erougl abouL Llis.
Danicl Chavarra: RaLler Llar aslirg you vlaL I already
lrov, I vould raLler Lale Lle occasior o our gaLlerirg lere
ir Llis sorL o rivaLe meeLirg Lo bereiL rom your roleLic
giLs as a sooLlsayer o HisLory. Ard sirce I am raLler slov
viLLed vler iL comes Lo |udgirg social ard oliLical everLs,
ard mosL o Lle Limes I am vrorg ir my redicLiors, Loday I
vould lile Lo aeal Lo your oresiglL, ard sirce I lrov LlaL
you eel as alarmed as I am, I vill allov mysel Lo asl you i you
Llirl LlaL ir order Lo avoid Lle Aocalyse LlaL is LlreaLerirg
us ve vould irsL reed Lo corsolidaLe socialism ir Lle vorld.
I dorL see ary oLler vay ir vlicl Lle veaors o mass de
sLrucLior could be elimiraLed. Or, is iL so LlaL you Llirl LlaL
ve could coexisL viLl caiLalisL SLaLes LlaL vould corserL Lo
Lleir ovr aLomic disarmamerL:
Beirg a coressed essimisLic, Im araid LlaL Lle vorld
is or Lle verge o disaeararce, ard i I vere Lo give ar ar
biLrary igure, I vould say I eel Llis is SU er cerL Lrue. BuL,
dorL vorry; I am roL goirg Lo asl you vlaL your raLirgs are,
because I lrov Lle arsver already.
Commandcr: VlaL is iL LlaL quesLior you are roL goirg Lo
asl me:
Danicl Chavarra: IL vould be silly o me Lo asl you LlaL ard
I dorL varL Lo lose Lime viLl rleLorical quesLiors. I lrov LlaL
ve lave Lo sLruggle, ard I agree. I am also sure LlaL you are cor
iderL or Lle iral vicLory o LruLl ard lumar |usLice. I vould
78
lile Lo lrov your vievs or Llis Loic, Commarder, Lo see i you
erd u by absoluLely alarmirg me or relievirg me rom Llis ob
sessior (LauglLer). VlaL vould I reed Lo eel calm:
Commandcr: I you varL Lo eel calm you slould Llirl
abouL Lle roblem ard do someLlirg abouL iL, alLlougl Llis is
ro guararLee LlaL Lle roblem vill be solved (Alause).
Danicl Chavarra: 1larl you, very mucl, Commarder.
Carlo Frabctti: FirsL o all, Commarder, I varL Lo Llarl you
or corLiruirg Lo guide us ir Llis baLLle o ideas or vlicl
you lave so mucl irsisLed or a lorg Lime. I also varLed Lo cor
vey Lo you greeLirgs rom my rierd ard merLor, Alorso Sas
Lre, vlo las roL beer able Lo come Lo Cuba or some Lime rov
or reasors o lis lealLl, buL le is closely ollovirg everyLlirg
LlaL is laerirg lere. So, vlerever I come Lo Cuba le asls
me i I lave Lle clarce Lo corvey Lo you lis ersoral greeLirgs
ard aecLior.
I varLed Lo reer agair Lo Lle slogar vriLLer or LlaL osL
er, vlicl is Lle moLive or Lle reLexL
Commandcr: LeL me see iL, because I laverL seer iL, ard
Lvo ersors lave already reerred Lo LlaL (1le Commarder
reads Lle osLer LlaL is larged belird Lle odium, For Feace
ard Lle FreservaLior o Lle LrviromerL). Ve musL reserve
someLlirg else, roL orly Lle ervirormerL.
Carlo Frabctti: Frecisely ir OcLober, 2UII, I vas irvolved
ir Lle ScierLiic \arguard camaigrs orgarized by Lle Uriver
siLy o Mexico. 1vo asecLs vere discussed Llere Or Lle ore
lard, Lle Mexicar Nobel LaureaLe Mario Molira, vlo discov
ered Lle lole ir Lle ozore layer, varred us arLicularly abouL
Lle darger o a Lrue ervirormerLal caLasLrole. He said LlaL
ore o iLs causes vas Lle abserce o aroriaLe measures ard
Lle lacl o irormaLior ard educaLior o Lle gereral ublic or
Llese issues ard Lle risls Lley erLail.
ALer lis irLerverLior, I lad Lle oorLuriLy Lo Lall Lo lim
ard also Lo Lle Cubar scierLisL Maruel LimorLa, vlo is vorl
irg riglL rov ir Mexico, ard ve reacled Lo Lle corclusior
LlaL Llis vas recessary ard urgerL.
79
Commandcr: VlaL is Maruel LimorLa doirg riglL rov:
Carlo Frabctti: 1le LruLl is LlaL I dorL quiLe lrov.
(Someore rom Lle audierce says LlaL le is currerLly
vorlirg as regioral rereserLaLive o a scierLiic orgarizaLior
or LaLir america).
Commandcr: He used Lo be Lle direcLor o Lle CereLic Lr
gireerirg CerLer lere. He Lool a course or IrLereror ir Lu
roe vler ar Americar secialisL, a carcer exerL, irsL sole
Lo us abouL IrLereror. I lrov lim very vell; le used Lo be Lle
direcLor o Lle CereLic Lrgireerirg CerLer LlaL vas creaLed Lo
carry ouL imorLarL scierLiic Lasls ir our courLry.
Carlo Frabctti: Ard so LimorLa, Molira, ard I Lalled abouL
Lle urgerL reed o vlaL ve could call a edagogical revolu
Lior; a edagogical revoluLior aimed mairly aL Lle yourger
eole, givirg rioriLy agair Lo scierLiic Llirlirg ard raLio
ralism. Because ve are livirg Llrougl very aradoxical Limes,
vlere scierce las ar erormous resLige, ard a greaL exclarge
valueas Lle ecoromisLs vill call iL, buL a oor usage value
ard a limiLed reserce ir discourses oLler Llar scierLiic.
1laL is Lo say, vlile everybody recogrizes LlaL
Commandcr: For LlaL, oliLiciars vill lave Lo become
scierLisLs, ard Lley are Loo ar rom LlaL, I car assure you. As
a rule, I read Lle irLerraLioral cables LlaL are ublisled ev
eryday; ard as a rule I car assure you LlaL, exceL or very
lororable exceLiors, Lley do roL ever lrov vlere Lley are
sLardirg. 1lis is someLlirg LlaL really vorries me. 1le aLe o
our secies is ir Lleir lards.
BuL, lease, corLirue. Im irLerruLirg you.
Carlo Frabctti: 1le basic idea vas LlaL, Lo give rioriLy Lo
scierce ard raLioralism. Because, ulLimaLely, scierceard
LlaL is Lle origir o iLs lisLorical arLagorism viLl religiorlas
oosed a raLioral visior based or Lle aralysis o acLs agairsL
a myLlical ard irraLioral visior o Lle vorld. 1laL is vly Marx
ard Lrgels called Lleir ro|ecL scierLiic socialism as oosed
Lo uLoiar socialism. Some o us believe LlaL, urorLuraLely,
80
MarxisL ideas aL Limes lave delecLed rom Llis model ard Llis
ro|ecL Lo become vlaL Ferez Lsquivel described as coolirg
recies. Mary a Lime, ever vler ve relecL or ecoromic ard
sociological issues, ve use cerLair MarxisL corceLs as i Lley
vere recies, ard ve orgeL abouL Llis scierLiic vocaLior. 1lis
is esserLially vlaL I varLed Lo exress Lle reed Lo deerd Lle
cause o raLioralism, arLicularly amorg yourg eole.
I mosLly devoLe myselard Llis is Lle reasor or my re
querL visiLs Lo CubaLo clildrers liLeraLure. 1laL males me
Lo irLeracL very oLer viLl clildrer ard yourg eole, ard I
vorry vler I realizeard Im sealirg o course abouL Lle
caiLalisL vorld; I lrov LlaL Lle siLuaLior ir Cuba is dier
erLLlaL mosL o Lle ircerLives LlaL clildrer receiveever
vler Lley are LauglL Flysics ard MaLlemaLics aL sclool
Llrougl ubliciLy or Lle belavioral aLLerrs, Lle successul
models orLrayed Llrougl Lelevisior ard Lle mass culLure are
absoluLely irraLioral.
1lereore, I Llirl LlaL Llose o us vlo vorl ir Lle areas o
commuricaLior ard culLure
Commandcr: Vould you varL Lo give some examles:
Carlo Frabctti: 1le mosL eviderL examle vould be Lle
model o lairess oered by ubliciLy. FubliciLy irLerds Lo
corvirce usard o course, Lle clildrer ard Lle youLl are es
ecially sersiLive Lo Llese messagesLlaL lairess is abouL
lavirg mary Llirgs ard beirg more Llar Lle resL, vler ir acL
Lle orly vay Lo selulilmerL is roL beirg above Lle resL, buL
beirg more viLl Lle resL.
Commandcr: Vere you exlairirg our ovr case:
Carlo Frabctti: No, ro, ro; Llis is vlaL laers ir caiLal
isL courLries.
Commandcr: Ard ir LlaL area, lov do ve belave lere:
Carlo Frabctti: Here Lle siLuaLior is quiLe diererL.
Commandcr: Im |usL aslirg. IL is roL LlaL I lave ar oir
ior. Ore car roL lool over everyLlirg, alLlougl I Lry Lo lool
over cerLair Llirgs vlerever I car.
81
Carlo Frabctti: Durirg my irsL visiL Lo Cuba, vlicl vas
IU years ago, iL laered Lo me vlaL usually laers Lo us
vler ve lisLer Lo a ersisLerL roise; ve become avare o iL
orly vler iL sLos. ALer I reLurred Lo Sair I realized LlaL I
lad serL a vlole morLl viLlouL beirg corLiruously aLLacled
by ubliciLy. Ir ar irdusLrialized courLry, ir Lle allegedly de
veloed courLries, you could receive u Lo ore Llousard ub
liciLy revs er day. 1ler, all o a sudder, beirg sared rom
LlaL corLirued aggressior is a Lremerdous relie, ard you
orly realize iL vler you go bacl Llere ard LlaL avalarcle alls
orLo you agair. I realized LlaL vler I vas asled. Ir acL, you
vere Lle ore vlo asled me, Commarder, some years ago.
Carlo Frabetti
82
You asled me vlaL vas LlaL vlicl lad surrised me Lle mosL
abouL Cuba. I said LlaL Cuba vas Lle courLry vlere clildrer
do roL cry, because iLs is lard Lo ird ir Cuba a cryirg clild
or ar adulL scoldirg a clild, ard Llis las Lo do viLl ubliciLy,
alLlougl Lley seem Lo be Lvo searaLe Llirgs, because a clild
vlo is beirg ermarerLly submiLLed Lo corsumer ircerLives
grovs u ar ursaLisied clild, a rusLraLed clild, a clild vlo is
corLiruously aslirg or Llirgs. FarerLs geL Lerse Loo, Lley geL
rervous, ard Lley scold Lle clild, Llus creaLirg ar absoluLely
rearious vicious circle.
Vell, I varLed Lo irsisL arLicularly or LlaL, or Lle reed
Lo remember vlaL Rabelais said, Clildrer are roL glasses LlaL
reed Lo be illed, buL lames LlaL reed Lo be rurLured, ard I
believe LlaL Llis is vlaL is beirg dore ir Cuba, ard ve musL
corLirue movirg ir LlaL direcLior ard dissemiraLirg Llose
ideas arourd Lle vorld.
1larl you, very mucl (LauglLer).
Commandcr: Kee sLardirg, i you visl.
I vas sayirg LlaL ir Lle ormer meeLirg vlere my bool
vas laurcled Llere vas ar II yearold clild vlo asled or
Lle loor. IL vas ore o Lle Llirgs LlaL imressed everybody Lle
mosL. VlaL did le say: He said, amorg oLler Llirgs, LlaL le
vas sLudyirg LiLeraLure ard HisLory because le irLerded Lo
relace Leal. I Lold Leal ir ar auLogral o a bool I serL Lo lim,
Bevare o so ard so vlo says le is goirg Lo relace you! BuL
LlaL caused ar imressior or Lle audierce because o Lle vay
ir vlicl le said iL. ALervards, |usL by coirciderce, Lle im
age o Camilo vas slovr or 1\ or Lle occasior o ar arriver
sary o lis birLlle vould be SU years old rov. 1le 1\ reorL
vas abouL lov le belaved ir Lle sclool o Lle reiglborlood
vlere le lived ard ever Lle avards le lad received or lis ac
ademic roiciercy. BuL vlaL called my aLLerLior vas LlaL ir
ore o Lle icLures o Llose Limes, Camilo vas bearirg a sLrorg
resemblarce Lo Lle clild vlo sole lere. Abel Lold me LlaL
mary ersors lad called lim Lo Lell lim Lle same. IL vas im
ressive Lo see Lle uriLy o LlaL clild! He sole abouL sorLs;
le sole abouL everyLlirg; ard le did iL ir a serious ard lilari
ous vay. He looled lile Camilo vler le vas reserLed viLl
83
Llose sclool avards. He lad lis same ace, lis same smile.
1laLs lov I sav lim. IL is rice Lo see Lle uriLy ir clildrer.
Ve lave Lo be very careul Lo reserve Llose aclievemerLs.
I Llirl LlaL ve lave already laid Lle ourdaLiors. Ir Cuba,
Llere vere 6,UUU docLors vler Lle RevoluLior Lriumled.
1ley vere graduaLed docLors ard mary o Llem rever lad
vorled ir a losiLal lere. ALer Lle Lriuml o Lle RevoluLior,
medicire sLuderLs begir Lo go Lo losiLals as rom Lle secord
year o Lleir career. 1ley acquire a Lruly solid lrovledge. AL
reserL ve lave arourd SU,UUU docLors ard, o course, iL is
ircredible vlaL vellLraired docLors car do.
Ve vere roL loolirg or comeLiLior, ubliciLy or roa
garda. IL vasrL or LlaL reasor LlaL Lley vere ir HaiLi or ir
courLries o LaLir America ard Lle Caribbear, Arica or Asia.
Ve vere creaLirg a LradiLior, vlicl begar viLl Lle irsL doc
Lors vlo oered Lleir services ir Algeria, vlere Lle eole
vaged a leroic baLLle agairsL Lle Frercl colorialisLs.
Vler I Llirl abouL colorialism, I remember Llose vlo
aLLemLed Lo mairLair Lle leirous sysLem ir Algeria, viLl Lle
suorL o Lle Yarlees ard Lle Luroear colorialisLs. 1lere
is a amous ilm abouL LlaL called The Battle of Algiers. BouLe
lila is rov rurrirg Lle courLry. Boumedierre vas Ller Lle
miliLary clie. 1ley vere iglLirg or Lle rorL ard ve ever
serL Llem IIU millimeLer carrors, vlicl ve lad bouglL rom
ILaly. BuL as a resulL o Lle ressures uL by Lle Yarlees, ILaly
slied orly arL o Lle cargo. IL also sold Lo us some ammuri
Lior. Ard, do you lrov vlo used LlaL ammo: IL vas used by
Lle Algeriars, vlo vere iglLirg Lle Frercl.
Vell, Llis vas |usL ar arecdoLe. RecerLly I received some
daLes, olive oil, ard vires as a giL. Muslims do roL roduce
vire. BuL Lle Algeriars are Muslims vlo vere orced by Lle
Frercl colorialisLs Lo roduce a sLrorg vire. ALervards,
Lle Frercl derived Llem o Lle marleL ard did Lo Llem vlaL
vas dore Lo us viLl Lle sugar ve vere also derived o our
marleL. 1ler, Llose vlo goverred Algeria aL LlaL Lime, vlo
lad already aLLaired vicLory, begar Lo serd Larlers illed
viLl vire Lo Lle ormer USSR. 1le SovieLs roduced good
vodla, buL Lleir vires vere ar rom excellerL. 1le Algeriars
84
roduced sLrorg vires ard Lle Frercl used Lo mix Llem viLl
Lle amous Frercl vires. 1le Algeriars exorLed daLes ard also
good vires, vlicl Lley usually reserL Lleir rierds viLl.
IL vas Llere vlere Lle irsL Cubar irLerraLioralisL docLors
verL Lo. 1laL beauLiul LradiLior begar Llere, desiLe Lle acL
LlaL Llere vere very ev docLors ir Cuba aL Lle Lime. 1lose
docLors vere Lle ores vlo did roL leave or Lle UriLed SLaLes.
1ley lad ro |ob lere ard Lley didrL lrov mucl abouL medi
cire. 1laLs Lle LruLl. AlLlougl Llere vas alvays a grou o
good docLors LlaL racLiced rivaLe medicire Lo Lle service
o Lle ricl. 1laL beauLiul LradiLior las beer mairLaired all
alorg Llese years, viLl all Lle Algeriar goverrmerLs, desiLe
Lle acL LlaL Llere vas a momerL vler, ouL o our ovr imru
derce, ve lad some disagreemerLs viLl Llem. 1laL vas vler
ve came across Lle idea o criLicizirg Lle cou deLaL LlaL re
sulLed rom Lle corLradicLiors LlaL exisLed amorg Lle Alge
riar revoluLioraries. Vly did ve lave Lo geL irLo Lle Lrouble
o criLicizirg LlaL cou deLaL: As a maLLer o acL, ve vere ard
sLill are very amiliar Lo Llem. Hovever, ve did roL lave mucl
exerierce.
Ve also leled Lle Folisario FrorL ir iLs liberaLior sLruggle
ard ve leled Lle Reublic o Algeria orce agair vler Mo
rocco irvaded iL. Ve serL crevs ard Larls Lo Lle Algeriars aL
Lle Lime vler Morocco, ollovirg Lle irsLrucLiors o Frarce,
aLLemLed Lo Lale avay rom Algeria, vlicl vas ar urarmed
courLry, a iece o LerriLory ard imorLarL reserves o raLural
resources.
Ve also leled Lle Syriars. 1ley asled us or some iloLs,
vlicl ve did roL lave. BuL ve serL Lle crevs ard Lle arLillery
mer o a Larls Lroo vler Lleir LerriLory vas irvaded.
Cuba lorored iLs irLerraLioralisL duLies, vlicl laLer or
exarded Lo oLler regiors o Lle lareL vlere eoles ouglL
or Lle irdeerderce ard irLegriLy o Lleir courLries.
1lis is arL o our lisLory; Llese vere some o Lle acLiors
LlaL Lle RevoluLior carried ouL sellessly. Our solidariLy viLl
Algeria, or examle, resulLed ir a ligl cosL Lo us. Morocco
became Lle mair caiLalisL marleL or Lle Cubar sugar aLer
Lle Yarlees sLoed buyirg sugar rom us. Ard vlaL is more
85
vler everybody ir Luroe sLoed grarLirg lardirg ermiLs,
our old BriLarria airlares vere alloved Lo sLo over ir Mo
rocco beore corLiruirg lyirg Lo Lle USSR. Our solidariLy viLl
Algeria mearL Lle ceasirg o sugar urclases by Morocco ard
Lle reusal o ermiLs Lo sLo over ir LlaL courLry. DesiLe LlaL,
ve did roL abardor Lle Algeriars Lo Lleir ovr aLe.
Some years laLer, viLl Lle old BriLisl maruacLure BriLar
ria airlares, ve oered miliLary assisLarce Lo Lle eole o
Argola, vlicl vas irvaded by Lle SouLl Aricar racisLs ard
Lle MobuLu Lroos, suorLed by Lle bardiLs o Lle FNLA, ar
orgarizaLior creaLed by Lle ForLuguese colorialisLs ard Lle
Yarlees CerLral IrLelligerce Agercy.
MobuLu lad already commiLLed some serious crimes, sucl
as Lle assassiraLior o FaLricio Lumumba. He allied viLl SouLl
Arica ard irvaded Argola. His Lroos vere already sLaLiored
aL Lle ouLslirLs o Luarda vler AgosLirlo NeLo, Lle leader
o Lle Feoles MovemerL or Lle LiberaLior o Argola, vas
abouL Lo roclaim Lle irdeerderce or vlicl le lad ouglL
durirg more Llar LverLy years. 1lose vlo believed LlaL Llis
vould be ar easy miliLary oeraLior clasled viLl Lle Argolar
aLrioLs ard Lle Cubar irLerraLioralisL orces, arL o vlicl
lad beer LrarsorLed Lo LlaL courLry by air. I am Lallirg abouL
Lle Llirgs LlaL ve did, roL because ve vere leer Lo be cerLer
sLage, buL because ve vere livirg u Lo our solidariLy duLies as
Leclriciars or soldiers.
1laL vas also Lle reasor or cerLair corLradicLiors viLl
Lle SovieLs. 1le missile crisis lad already occurred ir Cuba ir
OcLober, I962. 1laL vas Lle Lime vler ve vere aL Lle verge o
a ruclear corlicL. Ve lrov iL because ve lived Llrougl LlaL
exerierce. 1lere is a vlole lisLory belird LlaL, vlicl I am
roL goirg Lo reeaL lere. Klruslclev lad belaved excellerLly
viLl us. Vler ve vere derived o our sugar quoLa, Lle USSR
bouglL our sugar. Vler Lle Yarlees leL us viLlouL uel, sucl
ar acLior vould lave lilled our ecoromy. 1le Cubar revo
luLioraries vere ready Lo iglL Lo Lle lasL mar. Ve vere roL
goirg Lo surrerder, ard Lle Yarlees vould lave lad Lo ay a
ligl rice. 1lere slould be ro doubL abouL LlaL. Ve already
lad lurdreds o Llousards o veaors as vell as combaLarLs
86
vlo lrev lov Lo use Llem; ard ve also lad a solid LradiLior.
AL LlaL Lime Americars did roL lave mucl exerierce ir Lle
arLiguerrilla varare; Lley learred iL aLervards, ir \ieLram.
Vler Nixor asled Herry Kissirger, Vly dorL you dro
some liLLle bombs or Llem:, le vas mearirg ruclear bombs.
IL vas Llere vlere Lley acquired Lle exerierce ir arLiguer
rilla varare, aL Lle cosL o SS UUU deadly casualLies. 1ley used
agerL orarge ard oLler cruel irsLrumerLs o crime ard reres
sior. Ve oered our cooeraLior ir Lle exLersior ard mod
errizaLior o Lle Ho Cli Mirl rouLe. 1lere lad already beer a
cou deLaL ir Clile. A Cubar vessel LlaL vas carryirg sugar Lo
LlaL courLry clallerged Lle LlreaLs o beirg slelled, Lle ur
ose o vlicl beirg Lo reverL iLs reLurr Lo Cuba. ALer aL
Lerdirg a NorAligred corererce ir Algeria ve Lravelled Lo
\ieLram. Ve made a sLo over ir Irdia ard iL vas Llere vler
ve lrev abouL Lle cou deLaL ard Lle deaLl o Allerde ir
Clile. So ve said, No maLLer Lle cosL o Lle sugar LlaL Lley
maraged Lo save, ve are goirg Lo doraLe iL Lo Lle \ieLramese
so LlaL Lley car buy equimerL. Ard ve vere real good aL
LlaL; ve lrev vlicl equimerL vas good ard vlicl ore vas
roL good Lo imrove Lle Ho Cli Mirl rouLe.
Lxcuse me or lavirg Lold you Llis sLory. I varLed Lo say
LlaL I am sealirg roL rom ideas or illusiors, buL exerierce,
because ve accumulaLed some exerierce, ard alLlougl iL is
roL ree rom misLales, iL is sLricLly loresL. 1lere is absoluLely
ro doubL abouL LlaL. I Llirl LlaL, ladrL iL beer or Llis, Llis
courLry lad roL beer able Lo resisL because, aLer all LlaL Lle
USSR didLley bouglL our sugar, aid beLLer rices Llar
Lle UriLed SLaLes ard sulied us viLl uelLle damages
caused by iLs collase vas mucl bigger. Ve vere leL viLl Lle
Lrucls LlaL corsumed a loL o gas. As I lave said as a |ole, Lleir
irdusLry corsumed leavy uel, uel oil, ard Lleir Lrucls cor
sumed a volume o gas or diesel LlaL did roL iL ir ary sLorage.
1le excessive rumber o cars is ore o Lle biggesL lagues
o moderr socieLy. Ir lardly Lvo cerLuries Lle lumar socieLy
is squarderirg vlaL raLure Lool our lurdred millior years Lo
creaLe. Nobody dares ary more Lo dery Lle disasLrous eecL o
corLamiraLirg gases. Billiors o eole are aclirg irLo ciLies
87
LlaL are ull o cars; Lleir sLreeLs become imassable ard Lleir
air urbreaLlable. HumariLy goes ir Lle oosiLe direcLior Lo
iLs ovr survival.
Lxcuse me, Abel. Ard excuse me all or lavirg Lalled or
so lorg (Alause).
Carlos Francisco Baucr: Fidel, as a yourg mar, I eel lor
ored Lo be lere; I am exLremely graLeul. I musL coress LlaL
you lave beer ore o my avoriLe ilms. Ard I say avoriLe ilm,
because I dorL reed Lo be a urdamerLalisL ard because, ir
Cordoba, I alvays vaLcled you vler you aeared or 1\. So,
bacl lome, vler ore o your seecles vas beirg broadcasL,
you could lere eole slouLirg, 1laLs Fidel; Lurr Lle 1\
volume u; do roL Lurr iL dovr. So, Lo me, iL is ar loror Lo
be lere.
I varLed Lo revisiL a Loic LlaL vas discussed early or aL
Llis meeLirg. I vill reer Lo iL briely because iL is a Leclrical
sub|ecL viLl absoluLely racLical imlicaLiors. Due Lo meLl
odological reasors ard ouL o lacl o Lime iL is roL ossible Lo
exlair Llis ir urLler deLail. Lxerierce is someLlirg very
imorLarL Lo me. 1lirlirg is based or exerierce. Ard Llis
is vlaL laered Lo me, or irsLarce, aLer vorlirg ir bricl
cuLLirg sLaLiors or more Llar IU years. BuL Lleory is also very
imorLarL Lo me.
1le Loic I vill discuss las Lo do viLl a aradigm, vlicl
I vill |usL merLior ard erurciaLe. I lave beer eagerly loolirg
or LlaL aradigm ard I lave deicLed iL or mysel as ar oLior
LlaL vould allov me Lo uL cerLair ideas ir order. I lave sLarLed
rom Luroear ard LaLir Americar criLical Lrerds, sucl as ro
marLicism, Marxism, aborigiral ard Aricar corceLs as vell
as rom liberaLior Lrerds (Lleology, ecoromy, sociology, li
losoly, amorg oLlers). All o Llem lave someLlirg ir com
mor, vlicl is Lleir liberaLirg aroacl. 1laLs vly I lave
called iL Lle aradigm o liberaLior ard reedom.
LiberaLior is a acLual ard corcreLe rocess LlaL las Lo
do viLl raxis. IL is recessary Lo liberaLe commuriLies sLarL
irg rom Lleir ovr Lemorary coordiraLessaLial, siriLu
alard also liberaLe all oLler discilires, sucl as syclology,
medicire, liLeraLure, LleaLer, liberaLior cirema, eLc. 1lus,
88
liberaLior is Lle Lravellers vlile reedom is Lle aLls, Lle
dreams LlaL come Lrue; Lle ideas LlaL are maLerialized; euLoia
(a good lace), sirce iL is ossible Lo build a good lace; uLoia,
buL roL Lle LurocerLric, urreal, idealisLic uLoia creaLed by
1lomas More, buL a corcreLe ar exisLirg uLoia.
I Leacl my sLuderLs usirg Lle Sur as a meLalor. Ve move
because o iLs leaL, because iL males us eel varm, because iL is
alive, alLlougl ro ore vill ever seL a ooL or iLluclily! 1laL
is Lo say, ve are able Lo vall Llarls Lo iLs vaves.
I Llirl LlaL ir our corLirerL ard ir our lisLory ve are sLill
irdebLed viLl LlaL liberaLior. Ve car seal abouL Lle reed
Lo corsolidaLe a iLl rocess o irdeerderce, because ve
slould Lale irLo accourL Lle ollovirg I) Lle irsL irdigerous
revolLs ir Lle Caribbear, vlose climax vas Lle HaiLiar Revo
luLior; 2) Lle irdeerderce rocesses orgarized by Lle creoles
ard Lle mixed raced rom ISU6 Lo I9IU; 8) Lle vicLorious Cubar
RevoluLior, vlicl las beer a corLiruum urLil Lle reserL;
4) Lle rusLraLed decade o Lle I97Us; S) Lle currerL liberaLirg
rocess vlere Lle emergerce o \erezuela, Lcuador, Bolivia,
Brazil, Uruguay, ArgerLira, Feru, ard oLlers las marled a rev
Lrerd. VlaL I mear is LlaL ve are ir Llis velldeired iLl lib
eraLior rocess ard LlaL ve slould lee or corsolidaLirg iL, as
leirs LlaL ve are o all Lle revious exerierce, ard also lo
irg LlaL Llis vave vould lee or grovirg.
Ve believe vere sLill irdebLed Lovards LlaL liberaLior,
ard Llereore ve musL lee or vorlirg boLl rom Lle exeri
erce LlaL you are corLribuLirg, viLl all iLs ruarces, ard rom
a commiLLed Lleory. Ve slould corLirue Lo Lie u Lle loose
erds. For examle, ve lave ouLsLardirg irLellecLuals var
derirg beLveer academies ard corgresses, beLveer semi
rars ard symosia, vlo ird iL very lard Lo reacl ouL Lo Lle
eole, ard someLimes, eole ird iL very lard Lo lave Llese
irLellecLuals reacl ouL Lo Llem. 1lis is a sorL o re|ecLior LlaL
Lle emire las religiously irsLilled ir Llem viLl Lle suorL
o Lle media ir a logical, larred ard sysLemaLic vay.
I also believe LlaL mary criLical irLellecLuals do roL clear
ly exlair Llis aradigm very oLer, ror Lley commiL viLl iL
ouL o diererL reasors LlaL vould be imossible Lo erumer
89
aLe. BuL I could merLior ore reasor, vlicl is a cerLair reusal
emaraLirg rom Lle reressior exercised rom Lle de facto
rocessesLo iderLiy Llis aradigm viLl Marxism vlicl vas
demorized by Lle sysLem. Lver Loday Llere are some eole,
rom eiLler side, vlo are araid o iL. Besides, Marxism is roL
Lle orly lilosoly LlaL las addressed ard sLruggled or lib
eraLior, as I merLiored beore.
I Llirl LlaL ve could ird some alLerraLives, buL mosL o
all, iL is recessary Lo amalgamaLe Lle liberaLiorisL grou made
u by Lle diererL liberaLior Lrerds, because LlaL vill Lale us
Lo Lle corcreLe, criLical, ard corsLrucLive sub|ecLs LlaL male
u Lle commuriLy sace vlere ve are borr ard live.
1lereore, Lle corLerL o Llis aradigm is made u by
a diversiLy o lilosolies ard by lilosolies o diversiLy
vlicl aL Lle same Lime slould be Lle suorL irlererL Lo Lle
develomerL o scierce ard Leclrology. OLlervise, diversiLy
vould be dissociaLed rom culLures ard raLure.
Ve all musL lar Lle viLal sace vlere ve live Lle irdig
erous oulaLiors, Lle ArodescerdarLs, Lle mixed race, Lle
criLical Luroears, ard oLlers. I believe LlaL aroLler corcreLe
acLior vould be Lo ercourage, Llrougl Lle IrLerreL, Lle cre
aLior o a FerLacorLirerLal reL, sirce ve slould all be vorl
irg as arL o a reLvorl ard irLegraLe ourselves lrovirg Lle
vorlds erLire dimersior ard comlexiLy ard assimilaLirg di
ererL examles o resisLarce ard corsLrucLiors.
VlaL I mear is LlaL Ocearia as vell as Luroe exisL as a
grou viLl vlicl ve could also vorl, as vas exlaired by
Lle rereserLaLives o Lle Luroear orgarizaLiors ir solidariLy
viLl Cuba, \erezuela, Bolivia, ard mary oLler LaLir Americar
raLiors.
AroLler vay Lo exlair Llis aradigm o liberaLior ard
reedom is by criLicizirg LurocerLrism ir very clear Lerms.
1lis seems Lo be a raLler simle Lerm. Hovever, i go dee
er irLo iL ve vill realize LlaL Llere are mary irluerces LlaL
are reserL amorg ourselves, sirce ve lave beer educaLed ir
Llose sLrucLures LlaL sLill revail. Besides, our roblems are
roL orly ourd ouLside; iL is also recessary Lo iderLiy Llem
irside by malirg ar irLersive criLicism agairsL eLlrocerLrism
90
(LaLirAmericarCerLrism), vlicl reverLs us rom loolirg
Lo ourselves as a uriLed grou. Ve could reer Lo lisLory as a
sigriicarL examle. Ir all educaLioral sysLems, lisLory musL
observe cerLair moralizirg sLardards, ard LlaL is vly iL is ar
rom layirg a liberaLirg urcLior ir uriLy.
1le recorsLrucLior o Lle lisLory o eacl raLior gererally
sLarLs rom Lle very CreolecerLric irdeerderLisLs, Llus ig
rorirg all oLler irdeerderce develomerLs ard losirg siglL
o Lle comleLe ard liberaLirg scoe o oLler rocesses ard
ro|ecLiors. For examle, ir ArgerLira, lisLory sLarLs rom Sar
MarLr; ir Uruguay, rom ArLigas; ir Clile rom, OHiggirs; ir
Colombia or \erezuela, rom Bolvar, ard so or so orLl. Ard
ve orgeL, or examle, abouL HaiLi ard, mosL o all, Lle irsL
rebels o Lle Caribbear, vlo vere Lle irdigerous oulaLiors.
Vlile Lley could roL clarge Lle course o lisLory, Lleir cor
LribuLior vas decisive. 1ley desLroyed Llree o Lle orLresses
LlaL Columbus lad, or vlicl Commarder Frarcisco de Boba
dilla, vlo vas serL Lo Lle islard as ar ervoy Lo irvesLigaLe
acLs, decides Lo rovide irormaLior so LlaL Columbus ard lis
amily vere Lried ir courL roL or commiLLirg crimes agairsL
lumariLy, buL because Columbus laered Lo be orerous Lo
Lle crovr.
Moreover, Lle Caribbear aborigiral culLures mixed viLl
Lle culLure o Aricar slaves ard assed orLo Lle laLLer Lle rir
cile o livirg ir reedom or dyirg (Lle arLecederL o lome
lard or deaLl) vlicl comes rom Lle 1airos ard Lle Aravals;
ard Lley merged viLl boLl Lle HaiLiar voodoo ard a ClrisLiar
iLy o LiberaLior. 1lis aradigm could be exlaired viLl Llese
aarerLly simle Lerms, buL, |usL as Im used Lo sayirg Lo my
sLuderLs, ve slould roL lose siglL o Lle acL LlaL sucl Lerms
are luriurdamerLal ard luriroourd because Lley reer Lo
diererL lirds o lrovledge ard diererL exerierces.
1o corclude I vould say Lle ollovirg Our roblem is roL
orly Lle LurocerLrism, buL also our ovr eLlrocerLrisms. I ve
do roL decorsLrucL Llem, iL vould be imossible or us Lo ir
LegraLe ourselves as LrarsraLioral commuriLy social grous Lo
be able Lo aclieve Lle so mucl lorged or corcreLe dimersior
o liberaLior.
91
1lere is a lrase by Frarz Roserzveig, vlicl I lile very
mucl. I vill aralrase iL as ollovs, ir our corLexL, vlere
Lle marleL ard Lle media are givirg us so mucl celebraLior
ard so mary reasors Lo celebraLe, Lo me, Lle orly Llirg vorLl
celebraLirg is Lle liberaLior o a eole; roLlirg else.
1larl you, very mucl (Alausse).
Abcl Pricto: 1larl you, Carlos.
Rosa, Lle MirisLer rom Argola, a good rierd o ours ard
a veLerar rom our ormer meeLirg.
kosa M. Cruz c Silva: Cood aLerroor, Commarder.
Orce agair, Llarl you very mucl or givirg me Lle ossi
biliLy o beirg lere viLl you ard realize LlaL you lave lorored
Lle ledge you made lasL year. LasL year you assured ve vould
be lere, ard lere ve are viLl you Loday. Ve lave seer LlaL
you lave recovered very vell ard ve are all villirg Lo ollov
your examle.
I Lale Llis oorLuriLy Lo |oir my rame ard Lle rames
o all members o my delegaLior Lo Lle disLirguisled grou o
Rosa M. Cruz e Silva
92
irLellecLuals gaLlered lere ir Llis room vlo are corcerred
abouL Lle serious roblems aecLirg Lle vorld ard lumariLy.
Ir my case, I varLed Lo exress Lo you LlaL Lle colorial
vave roL orly sveL Llrougl rorLlerr Arica; iL also aLLemLed
Lo reacl Argola. ALer Lle everLs ir LgyL, ve lad ir Luarda a
youLl movemerL LlaL received irsLrucLiors Lo asl or Lle ousLirg
o our FresiderL ard our FarLy ever beore Lle elecLoral mardaLe
exired. Ve Llirl LlaL Llose yourg eole lave beer irarced by
Lle vesLerr oversroL orly Lle UriLed SLaLes buL also Luroe.
1ley made ar aLLemL ard orced a siLuaLior o direcL corlicL
viLl Lle olice. Hovever, Lle olice received recise irsLruc
Liors roL Lo over reacL ard merely suervise Lleir movemerLs.
So LlaL aLLemL, vlicl vas reiLeraLed several Limes, did roL
lave ary imacL. Because, ir addiLior Lo LlaL, ard also malirg
use o Lle social reLvorls, ve begar Lo clallerge Llose ideas.
Ve believe LlaL our caaciLy or resorse Llrougl Lle so
cial reLvorls is roL as sLrorg as LlaL o our adversaries, buL
I varLed Lo slare Llis irormaLior viLl you because I dorL
Llirl Lley vill corLirue viLl Llis sLruggle.
Ir Argola, aLer receivirg Lle suorL ve reeded Lo iglL
bacl Lle SouLl Aricars ard all Lle eremy orces LlaL aLLacled
our eole ard our courLry, as Lle Commarder already ex
laired, ve aclieved eace ard ve Llirl LlaL ve are rebuild
irg our courLry reLLy asL. As you car imagire, ve lad more
Llar 8U years o var. Clildrer, youLls, vomer, every body
is livirg rov a beLLer lie. 1lere are more sclools, vlicl are
exardirg LlrouglouL Lle courLry. 1lere are more losiLals
vlicl are beirg builL also LlrouglouL Lle courLry, ard or LlaL
ve lave corLirued Lo receive Cubas suorL.
I lave come Lo Lle Bool Fair or Lle secord Lime. 1lis
Lime I lave also come Lo regoLiaLe ard Lall viLl my comrades,
viLl my colleague, Lle MirisLer o CulLure ard lis sLa. Ve
are vorlirg Lo lave Lle arL sclools vorlirg viLl Cubas su
orL. 1lereore, Commarder, Llis is ro roagarda camaigr.
1lese are acLs, as you said; Llis is our exerierce. Ard I eel
lorored ard roud Lo be lere, surrourded by Lle ersors vlo
lave accomaried you or more Llar iLy years ir Llis sLruggle
Lo liberaLe LaLir America ard Lle vorld.
93
I car roL orgeL LlaL, vler I vas iLeer or sixLeer years
old, Lle oems o LaLir Americar oeLs lile Nicolas Cuiller
ard Fablo Neruda vere arL o my oliLical educaLior, vlicl
las alloved me Lo be lere Loday. 1lereore, I reiLeraLe my de
LermiraLior Lo accomary you, because ve lave very serious
roblems ir Arica.
1le Aricar corLirerL, Llrougl Lle Aricar Urior, seems
Lo lave remaired imassive ir Lle ace o Lle everLs LlaL oc
curred ir Libya. Obviously, Lle osiLior adoLed by Argola leL
our courLry ir isolaLior, orly accomaried by SouLl Arica,
because Lle resL o Lle Aricar courLries vere araid o Frarce.
Ard Ller ve verL Llrougl LlaL slameul siLuaLior LlaL vas
Lle vay ir vlicl Libya vas irvaded.
Ve musL uriLe. Arica does roL lave mary social reL
vorls, buL I do lrov Llere is ore ir Seregal vlicl las already
giver a resorse Llrougl Lle vorl A frica Responde a Sarkozy.
Sarlozy las beer Lle merLor o some o Lle crimes LlaL lave
beer commiLLed. He las made sLaLemerLs roL orly agairsL
Seregal buL agairsL Arica, sayirg LlaL ve, Aricars, lad roL
gore aryvlere, LlaL ve simly lad ro lisLory. IL is irLeresLirg
Lo see LlaL ir Lle LverLyirsL cerLury, a igure o a courLry so
big ard so disLirguisled as Frarce, as ve lrov iL, is caable o
sayirg sucl ar ouLrageous Llirg.
Hovever, LlaL social reLvorl exisLs. VlaL I vould lile Lo
doard I Llirl I vill ard I slouldis Lo seal Lo Lle Aricar
irLellecLuals so LlaL Lley |oir LogeLler viLl LaLir America so
LlaL ve car corLirue Lle sLruggle or Lle revoluLioralLlougl
Llis may roL sourd oliLically correcL. I Llirl LlaL Lle libera
Lior o mar ard Lle reservaLior o Lle ervirormerL are cor
sisLerL viLl Lle reservaLior o Lle lumar secies. 1laL vas
a very beauLiul lessor LlaL Lle Commarder LauglL Lo us Lle
lasL Lime ve meL, vlicl ve are reiLeraLirg lere. I believe LlaL
everybody lere ir Llis room agrees viLl you. All o us vill geL
LogeLler ir Llis baLLle.
1larl you, very mucl (Alause).
Viccntc Battista: I romise, Abel, I vill loror your requesL;
so I vill Lry Lo be as brie as ossible. FirsL o all, I vill reiLeraLe
94
vlaL oLlers lave beer sayirg durirg Lle vlole aLerroor. I
also eel very lay, Commarder, Lo see LlaL you are ir sucl
a vorderul lealLl cordiLior. I receive your RelecLiors every
veel. You vill male me eel Lvice as lay i ir ary o Llem
you could Lell us lov Lo lee ourselves ir sucl a good slae.
Id lile Lo reer Lo Llose RelecLiors, because my urose
is Lo reer Lo vlaL vas said aL Lle begirrirg o Llis meeLirg,
vler RamoreL, SLella Callori ard Boror sole abouL Lle Ir
LerreL, Lle social reLvorls ard Lleir corsequerces.
Ir ore o your RelecLiors you said, Hovever, Loday ve
lave Lo blame ourselves or vlaL ve lrov ard ve are doirg
roLlirg Lo Lry Lo ix iL. 1lis, ir acL, las become very clear.
Vicente Battista
95
1lis aLerroor veve realized LlaL ve all lrov erecLly vell
vlaL social reLvorls ard Lle IrLerreL are all abouL. Ve also
lrov vlaL ve mear vler ve Lall abouL Lle legemoric ress.
NeverLleless, desiLe all LlaL, I Llirl I erceived a cerLair ear
Lovards Lle IrLerreL. IL vas said lere LlaL ve vere beirg sied,
ard is Lrue. 1laL, lovever, slould roL male us diserse viLl
Lle IrLerreL vlicl is, over ard above everyLlirg, Lle NeLvorl
o NeLvorls. Ve slould be careul; LlaL is Lrue. BuL, vly carL
ve arLasize abouL Lle ossibiliLy LlaL some o Llose vlo sy
or your RelecLiors, Commarder, vould irally become avare
o Lle siLuaLior ard decide Lo clarge sides ard |oir us:
I believe iL is Lime or us Lo sLarL vorlirg. For examle,
Lle suggesLior made by our colleague rom Cermary is very
imorLarL ar oer leLLer rom LaLir Americar irLellecLuals Lo
Lle Luroear irLellecLuals. Ir LlaL leLLer ve could sLaLe our o
siLiors ard oer roosals viLl Lle urose o clariyirg cer
Lair darl areas. 1laL leLLer vill lave Lo be circulaLed Llrougl
Lle IrLerreL.
Ve lrov LlaL |ourralism is Lle ourLl over, as RamoreL
oirLed ouL a vlile ago. 1oday, Lle IrLerreL is Lle iLl over.
IL vouldrL be air Lo discrediL iL by sayirg LlaL Llere are a loL
o regiors ir Lle vorld vlere Llere is ro access Lo Lle IrLerreL.
1lere are also mary oLler regiors ir Lle vorld vlere Llere is
ro access Lo Lle vriLLer ress.
LeL us use Lle IrLerreL viLlouL ary ear. I irsisL, iL is
Llrougl Lle IrLerreL LlaL I receive your RelecLiors every
veel, Commarder. I receive Llem ard I orvard Llem. I am
able Lo circulaLe Llem because Lle IrLerreL exisLs.
So, leL us roL adoL a essimisLic aLLiLude. LeL us, orce ard
or all, seL ir moLior Lle NeLvorl o NeLvorls so LlaL our ro
osals could mulLily erdlessly.
Firally, ard viLl Llis I vill corclude my commerLs, leL us
roL be araid o Lle big media. I come rom ArgerLira, a cour
Lry vlere Lle vriLLer ress, Lle radio ard Lle Lelevisior are
oosed Lo Lle reserL goverrmerL. I am reerrirg arLicularly
Lo Lle LradiLioral revsaer La Nacin ard Lle Cruo Clarr,
vlicl desiLe beirg Lle ovrer o a revsaer LlaL bears Lle
same rame, iL is also Lle ovrer o mosL o Lle revsaers LlaL
96
circulaLe ir oLler rovirces as vell as rumerous radio ard 1\
sLaLiors. Accordirg Lo real igures, SU er cerL o Lle media is
oerly oosed Lo Lle goverrmerL. DesiLe all LlaL, FresiderL
CrisLira Ferrardez de Kirclrer las |usL beer reelecLed by ar
avalarcle sle vor by S4 er cerL agairsL Lle 2I scored by Lle
rurreru. IL vas ercouragirg Lo realize LlaL ore lurdred er
cerL o Lle vorlirg class voLed or FresiderL CrisLira.
Hov vas iL ossible Lo reacl LlaL igure: IL vas ossible
Llarls Lo Lle imlemerLaLior o a olicy Lo grarL oer su
orL Lo a eole LlaL, vler aced viLl corcreLe realiLies, car
diserse viLl desLabilizirg readirgs ard voLe ir avor o Lle
goverrmerL.
1lis is all I lad Lo say. 1larl you, very mucl (Alause).
Santiago Alba: Cood aLerroor.
Commarder, irsL o all I varLed Lo Llarl you or allov
irg me Lo be lere ore year laLer ard lavirg Lle rivilege, orce
agair, Lo arLiciaLe ir Llis irLersive ard irsLrucLive debaLe.
I am ore o Llose reglecLed Luroears vlo or mary
years lave beer irdirg suorL ir Cuba or Lle reasors LlaL
you lave |usL summarized very vell, because Cuba is erlas
Lle orly courLry ir Lle vorld vlose olicy is based or eLlical
rirciles, selless irLerraLioralism, ard a Lrue roLecLior o
lumar riglLs.
BuL ir Llis case I dorL varL Lo Lall as a Luroear irLellec
Lual, buL as ar Arab ard as a rorLlerr Aricar ciLizer by ado
Lior. I lave beer livirg ir Lle Arab vorld or LverLy years. I irsL
lived ir LgyL ard rov I live ir 1urisia. 1lere I lave viLressed
Lle socalled Arab srirg, Lle begirrirg o all Llese rioLs LlaL
lave slaler Lle erLire regior, ard I vould lile Lo |oirL Lo Lle
aeal laurcled by my very mucl admired rierd, ALilio Boror,
ir Lle serse LlaL ve slould roL orgeL abouL Lle Arab eoles
LlaL are risirg u ir Lle rame o Lle same rirciles LlaL Cuba
las alvays deerded digriLy, reedom, ard |usLice.
I varL Lo irsisL or Lle acL LlaL, erlas, very liLLle las
beer leard ir LaLir America abouL Llose eoles ard Lleir
rierdly ard rogressive orces ard orgarizaLiors LlaL slare
our ideas.
97
I remember, or examle, LlaL lardly ore ard a lal morLls
ago, rom December I4 Lo I7, a meeLirg o MarxisL orces ard
orgarizaLiors o Lle Arab vorld vas leld ir BeiruL. IL vas aL
Lerded by 22 MarxisL orgarizaLiors, amorg Llem, Lle Commu
risL FarLy o Lebaror, vlicl vas Lle losL o Lle meeLirg; Lle
CommurisL FarLy o Sudar, Lle CommurisL FarLy o LgyL,
Lle Feoles LiberaLior FrorL o FalesLire, 1le DemocraLic
FaLl o Morocco, Lle Foular Vill FarLy o Syria, Lle MarxisL
LeL FarL o Iraq, ard oLler MarxisL orces ard orgarizaLiors o
Lle Arab vorld.
1le debaLes vlicl, urorLuraLely, as ar as I lrov, vere
orly recorded ir Lle Arab larguage, are Lruly irLeresLirg. BuL,
ir ary case, you could read a commurique vlicl I mysel
LrarslaLed or Rebelior.com, vlicl vas Lle iral commurique
aroved ir Llis meeLirg. 1le documerL irsisLs or Lle dar
gers LlaL a oreigr irLerverLior, ar imerialisL ard reocolorial
irLerverLior rereserLs or Lle Arab Vorld, Lle Near LasL ard
rorLlerr Arica, ard exresses iLs suorL Lo all Llese ou
lar movemerLs LlaL are loolirg or radical LrarsormaLiors Lo
brirg abouL more reedom ard |usLice Lo Lle Arab vorld.
I regreL Lle acL LlaL rore o Llese orces is rereserLed
lere Loday ir Llis meeLirg, ard I eel a liLLle biL embarrassed
Lo realize LlaL iL las beer me, aLer all, a rorLlerr Aricar ciLi
zer orly by adoLior, Lle ore LlaL is Lryirg Lo eclo LlaL voice,
vlicl I Llirl las roL beer leard erougl.
Havirg said Llis I |usL varLed Lo add a coule o Llirgs
irsL, someLlirg I Llirl, Commarder, you vere irLeresLed ir,
vlicl is Lle role layed by Lle IrLerreL ir Lle Arab rioLs.
1lere also someLlirg LlaL I Llirl is very sigriicarL, vlicl
is Lle exisLerce o ar irversely roorLioraLe relaLior beLveer
Lle rices o oodsLus ard Lle rices o Lle rev Leclrologies.
Ir Lle lasL Ler years, vler Lle rices o oodsLus ir LgyL ard
1urisia vere ore lurdred Limes ligler, Lle rice o a mobile
Lelelore vas iLeer Lo LverLy Limes lover. So, Loday, vlile
iL is Lrue LlaL rivaLe access Lo Lle IrLerreL ir 1urisia or LgyL
is very limiLed, Lle rumber o mobile lores er irlabiLarL is
luge ir 1urisia, iL is 9 ouL o IU; ir LgyL, iL is S ouL o IU.
98
Vler iL comes Lo Lelevisior, iLs coverage comrises Lle
erLire raLior, boLl ir 1urisia ard ir LgyL. 1le ooresL areas
ir LgyL or 1urisia vlere, or examle, Llere are ro sLoves ard
eole are orced Lo cool usirg alm vood; or vlere Llere are
ro baLlrooms; eole lave, lovever, a saLelliLe arLerra LlaL
oLerLially allovs all o Llem Lo vaLcl Al|azeera.
Ir LlaL serse, I Llirl LlaL Al|azeera ard Lle saLelliLe reL
vorls lave lad mucl more irluerce LlaL Lle IrLerreL. IL vas
curious Lo see lov Lle 1urisiar revoluLior evolved. Feole
sLormed Lle Kasbal Lo overLlrov Lle irsL rovisioral goverr
merL, ard aL Lle same Lime, all Llose vlo vere occuyirg Lle
Kasbal vere ollovirg Lle rioLs aL Lle 1alrir Square agairsL
Hosri Mubaral or 1\.
Ir ary case, ard ir order ro Lo urderesLimaLe Lle role
layed by Lle IrLerreL, ve musL say LlaL vlile Lle rumber o
comuLers er louselold is very lov, orly 27 er cerL o 1u
risiars lave rivaLe access Lo Lle IrLerreL. For examle, Lle
rumber o roiles ir Facebool is mucl, mucl ligler; ard
Facebool las cerLairly lad a decisive imorLarce, I guess, ir
Lle sviL corLagior o Llese roLesLs vlicl begar ir ore o Lle
rovirces o 1urisia ard very quiclly exarded Lo Lle resL o
Lle courLry.
Firally, ard very quiclly, I vould lile Lo reer Lo some
Llirg vlicl, ir my viev, is very imorLarL , LlaL vas mer
Liored by Ale|ardro, vlose secord rame I do roL lrov, ard I
am sorry or LlaL because I varL Lo buy lis rovel; ard iL is Lle
ollovirg I Llirl LlaL ore o Lle regaLive corsequerces o
Lle Arab rioLs ard Lle immediaLe imerialisL ard reocolorial
irLerverLior ir Lle regior is LlaL Lley lave led Lo ar ircrease o
vlaL Igracio RamoreL called Lle irormaLior irsecuriLy or
Llose o us vlo ro lorger believed ir Lle legemoric media.
UrorLuraLely, I Llirl LlaL ve musL acceL LlaL as a acL. 1le
Lvo very overul media LlaL, rom boLl sides o Lle vorld, ir
Llose areas vlere Lle arLiimerialisL resisLarce vas sLror
gerIm reerrirg Lo LaLir America ard Lle Arab vorldused
Lo oer origirally a diererL ard credible coverage o vlaL vas
goirg or ir Lle vorld, lave suered ar urderiable discrediL. I
am sealirg abouL 1elesur ard Al|azeera. As Lle Commarder
99
vas remirdirg us o, Al|azeera las become a avr Lo Lle ser
vice o Lle irLeresLs o QaLar ard also o Lle UriLed SLaLes ard
Lle Luroear overs.
Our aralysis slould sLarL rom Llere, rom Lle acL LlaL
Lleir gereral credibiliLy is very mucl damaged, ard Llis oses
a greaL diiculLy or us, buL also a greaL clallerge, vlicl is roL
Lo orgeL someLlirg LlaL you, Commarder, lave alvays reiLer
aLed, vlicl is LruLl, LruLl; reasor, reasor; morale, morale.
Ard, as Ale|ardro said, ve car roL say LlaL Lle mere irver
sior o vlaL is said by Lle legemoric media is Lle LruLl. Fara
lrasirg a Frercl lilosoler, ve could say LlaL Lle legemoric
media lie all Lle more vler Lley dorL lie alvays, ard Lley are
ar more dargerous, because ever The Washington Post ard El Pas
Lell Lle LruLl orce ir a vlile.
|ear Faul SarLre said LlaL imerialism uses Lle LruLl vler
iL does roL lave a beLLer lie, ard iLs Lrue. 1lereore, ve lave Lo
be very careul. IL is roL erougl Lo irverL vlaL Lle legemoric
media say ir order Lo lrov Lle LruLl. Ve lave Lo be very rigor
ous ir LlaL ard lool or Lle sources, vlicl do exisL. 1le rob
lem is LlaL ve lave very ev mears Lo Lry Lo ird ouL vlaL is
really goirg or ir Llese courLries.
Ir ary case, I vould lile Lo asl, roL as a Luroear, buL as a
rorLlerr Aricar ard as ar Arab by adoLior LlaL ve lisLer Lo
Llose rogressive orces LlaL slare our ideas.
1larl you, very mucl (Alause).
Commandcr: Ore quesLior. VlaL is Lle currerL roduc
Lior o 1urisia: VlaL is iLs mair roducL: Is iL grairs or Lour
ism: Do Lley roduce oil Llere:
Santiago Alba: 1ley roduce loslaLes; Lley lave oer
casL mires o loslaLe vlicl is, I guess, Lleir secord mosL
imorLarL roducL. 1ourism ard remiLLarces rom emigrarLs
used Lo be Lle irsL sources o reverues urLil rov. Ore millior
1urisiars live abroad. 1ley are a oulaLior o IU millior; so
IU er cerL o Lle 1urisiar oulaLior lives abroad ard serd
remiLLarces bacl Lo 1urisia.
Commandcr: Comared Lo Lle Moroccar oulaLior, is
Lle loslaLe roducLior more or less similar or is iL bigger:
100
Santiago Alba: 1urisia roduces more loslaLe Llar
Morocco. IL is a ma|or roducer; I Llirl iL is Lle Llird largesL
roducer o loslaLe ir Lle vorld.
Commandcr: Vlicl is Lle secord largesL:
Santiago Alba: I dorL lrov; I car roL Lell. BuL I Llirl iL is
Lle Llird largesL roducer o loslaLe ard LlaL las beer ore
o Lle mosL imorLarL sources o reverues or Llem, LogeLler
viLl remiLLarces ard Lourism, vlicl las dimirisled by IU er
cerL as a resulL o Lle overLlrov o Ber Al ard all Llis eriod
o irsLabiliLy.
Commandcr: Do Lley roduce coal:
Santiago Alba: No.
Commandcr: Do Lley roduce gas or oil:
Santiago Alba: No.
Commandcr: Vlere do Lley geL Lle oil rom, Libya or Al
geria:
Santiago Alba: 1le geL iL rom Libya ard rom Algeria,
rom boLl courLries.
Commandcr: 1laL irormaLior abouL loslaLe is irLer
esLirg. VlaL cros do Lley lave:
Santiago Alba: 1ley lave a vide varieLy o cros; Lley
lave mary olive Lrees larLaLiors ard a very ligl roducLior
o olive oil vlicl is o ar excellerL qualiLy. I vould say iL is Lle
besL olive oil ir Lle vorld. Ir acL, Lle ILaliars ard Lle Sar
iards rob iL rom Llem ard boLLle iL urder Sarisl or ILaliar
brards (LauglLer). IL is ar excellerL olive oil.
Commandcr: Do Lley comeLe, leLs say, or Lle surem
acy ir qualiLy:
Santiago Alba: 1le qualiLy o Lleir oil is robably Lle besL
o Lle vorld.
Commandcr: Do Lley also roduce vire:
Santiago Alba: Yes, yes; Lley also lave vireyards.
101
Commandcr: Vlo irLroduced Llem Lo vire roducLior,
Lle Frercl:
Santiago Alba: 1le Frercl. 1le 1urisiar vire is roL bad.
IL is roL o ar exceLioral qualiLy, buL iL is roL bad.
Commandcr: I laverL Lried iL.
Santiago Alba: You laverL Lried iL.
Commandcr: Do Lley also roduce daLes:
Santiago Alba: 1ley do; Lley also do. ALer Lle erLire daLes
roducLior o Iraq vas desLroyed as a resulL o Lle U.S. irva
sior, 1urisia became ore o Lle largesL roducers, arLicularly
o some o Lle liglesL qualiLy daLes, Lle socalled irgers o
liglL. 1ley lave a beauLiul rame ard Lley are grovr ir Lle
souLlerr arL o 1urisia, vlose roducLior is quiLe ligl.
Commandcr: Do Lley roduce some grair, lile vleaL:
Santiago Alba: Yes, buL I vill verLure Lo give you LlaL ir
ormaLior, Commarder, because I could roL give you accuraLe
daLa abouL Lle grair roducLior ir 1urisia.
Commandcr: Ard, vlicl are Lle urdamerLal imrove
merLs LlaL Llose clarges lave brouglL abouL:
Santiago Alba: I Llirl Llis is ar orgoirg rocess LlaL vill
Lale some years, i everyLlirg comes ouL vell ard marages Lo
corsolidaLe. BuL Lley lave irLroduced clarges vlicl, ir my
viev, are already imorLarL. Ore clarge LlaL car roL be dis
regarded is Lle acL LlaL Lle ersors vlo are currerLly ir gov
errmerL are Lle ores LlaL vere ersecuLed by Lle Luroears
ard Lle UriLed SLaLes or years Lo Lle oirL o suorLirg a e
rociously reressive dicLaLorsli. I am reerrirg Lo Lle Nalda
FarLy, a moderaLe Islamic arLy. RiglL rov, aLer Lle elecLiors
o OcLober 28, Llere vere also elecLiors or a CorsLiLuerL As
sembly1urisia is ir Lle midsL o a corsLiLuerL rocess. IL is
currerLly beirg goverred by Lvo leL virg orces, ve may say.
Ore o Llem is called 1o Lle Corgress or Lle Reublic, led by
a lorgLime goverrmerL oorerL
Commandcr: VlaL is Lle rame o Lle goverrmerL arLy:
102
Santiago Alba: 1le goverrmerL arLy is called Nalda,
vlicl mears reraissarce ir Arabic.
Commandcr: Have Lley already aroved Lle CorsLiLu
Lior:
Santiago Alba: No, Lley are ir Lle rocess o draLirg iL.
Commandcr: VlaL are Lle urdamerLal Loics LlaL Lley
are discussirg:
Santiago Alba: Vell, ve could say LlaL, or Lle ore lard,
Llere are all lirds o ressures so LlaL Lle mosL advarced so
cial asecLs are ircluded. BuL, as you lrov, ore o Lle rob
lems LlaL car roL be avoided riglL rov ir Lle Arab vorld is
Lle rise o Lle moderaLe Islamic orces. 1lereore, Llere is cer
Lairly a debaLe ir Lle CorsLiLuerL Assembly abouL Lle asecLs
LlaL lave Lo do viLl iderLiLy. For examle, ArLicle I, vlicl is
ore o Lle mosL videly discussed arLicles, las Lo do viLl Lle
deiriLior o Lle 1urisiar iderLiLy.
Santiago Alba
103
Commandcr: Hov is Lle lard disLribuLed Llere: Are Llere
large agriculLural esLaLes:
Santiago Alba: Lard is badly disLribuLed. Yes, Llere are
large agriculLural esLaLes. IL is a courLry LlaL vill require ar
agrariar reorm.
Commandcr: Ir a courLry lile 1urisia, vlaL is a large ag
riculLural esLaLe lile: For examle, vlaL vould be Lle area o a
large esLaLe o graes, or vlaLever:
Santiago Alba: You are geLLirg me irLo serious Lrouble, ard
I musL coress my igrorarce. I do roL lrov lov Lo measure
aryLlirg ir lecLares.
Commandcr: All riglL. So Lley lave good vire.
Santiago Alba: Yes, Lley do lave good vire.
Commandcr: Ard, vlo ovrs Lle loslaLe mires:
Santiago Alba: 1le loslaLe mires are oicially ovred
by Lle SLaLe, buL Lley are maraged by Frercl rivaLe coma
ries. Ve could say LlaL mires are romirally SLaLeovred.
Commandcr: Vler you say maraged, you mear admir
isLered:
Santiago Alba: LxacLly; admirisLered.
Commandcr: Do Lle roducLs LlaL Lley roduce belorg
Lo Llem: VlaL does iL mear Lo lave a maragemerL corLracL
ir LlaL area:
Santiago Alba: Vell, I Llirl LlaL, ir Llis case, Lle marage
merL corLracL vould give Lle admirisLerirg comary more
Llar SU er cerL o roiLs.
Commandcr: Hov mare 1urisiarsI dorL lrov i you
lrov Llisvorl ir loslaLe roducLior:
Santiago Alba: I car roL give you ary exacL igure, buL I car
Lell you LlaL Llere are mary. Besides, Lle mirirg basir, vlicl
is a very exLersive area ir souLlvesLerr 1urisia, vlose mair
cerLer is Lle ciLy o Casa, vas a sorL o LesLirg grourd or Lle
104
currerL rioLs. Ir 2UUS Llere vas a mirers rioL, ard Llose mires
rovide emloymerL or mary, mary eole ir a very exLer
sive regior.
Commandcr: DorL you lrov, ever ir rougl igures,
vlaL are Lle roducLior ouLuLs: Is iL SUU,UUU Lores, ore mil
lior Lores:
Santiago Alba: I car roL Lell you, buL i you are irLeresLed
ir Llose daLa, I car corvey Llem Lo you Llrougl Abel Llis very
everirg:
Commandcr: Ve corsume loslaLe.
Santiago Alba: Are you roL corsumers o loslaLe:
Commandcr: Ve are; ve are. Ard LlaL is ore o Lle mosL
imorLarL iruLs ir agriculLure.
Santiago Alba: Vell, i you visl, I car relay Lo you Llese
daLa Llis very everirg Llrougl Abel.
Commandcr: Hov vill you serd iL Lo me: Llrougl:
Santiago Alba: Vell, I guess LlaL Llrougl Llese very asL
Leclrological mears LlaL allov us Lo read your RelecLiors
(LauglLer).
Commandcr: 1lrougl Lle IrLerreL:
Santiago Alba: 1lrougl Lle IrLerreL.
Commandcr: Cood! IrLeresLirg.
Ve slould lrov a liLLle biL more abouL 1urisia, because
ve dorL. 1larl you, very mucl.
Santiago Alba: 1larl you (Alause).
Farruco Scsto: Commarder, I brirg you greeLirgs rom Lle
Bolivariar \erezuela.
Abcl Pricto: He is Lalirg care o Lle recorsLrucLior o Ca
racas. He is MirisLer o SLaLe or Lle RecorsLrucLior o Caracas.
RiglL rov, aL Llis very momerL
Commandcr: BuL LlaL cosLs a loL o morey. Vlere do you
geL Lle urds rom: Hov mucl does Lle recorsLrucLior o Ca
racas cosL:
105
Farruco Scsto: Ve are doirg some lars. Ve lave ourd
ore diiculLy, Commarder all Lle larrirg sysLems LlaL ve
lrov, almosL viLlouL exceLior, acceL Lle social sLrucLure
o Lle ciLy as iL is. 1laL is Lo say, Lle morlology o Lle ciLy is
ar exressior o Lle social classes sLrucLure. 1ler, all lars
are Leclrical, academic, very liLLle roacLive, ard Lle Lrars
ormaLior o a ciLy vould require mary resources. IL is roL ar
easy Lasl. Besides, Lley lave aroLler ircorverierce, ard iL is
LlaL Lley acceL realiLy, ard all Lley varL is Lo solve urcLioral
roblems. For a revoluLior, LlaL is roL erougl. Ve lave Lo re
irverL Lle vay LlaL ve do ciLy larrirg.
Commandcr: Ard I guess LlaL Lle goverror is roL very co
oeraLive viLl you ir LlaL recorsLrucLior Lasl.
Farruco Scsto: 1le goverror does roL lave aryLlirg Lo do
viLl Llis.
Commandcr: Hov come: He is Lle goverror.
Farruco Scsto: Vell, le is Lle mayor. Remember LlaL ro
ore Llere is ready Lo male ary eorL.
Commandcr: ArerL you ir Caracas: Or, are you ir Lle Ca
racas vlere Lle NaLioral CoverrmerL is leadquarLered:
Farruco Scsto: 1lis Lasl is or Lle CreaLer Caracas.
Commandcr: I guess LlaL Lle CreaLer Caracas ircludes ev
eryLlirg; Lle regior o Mirarda ard Lle regior o
Farruco Scsto: Yes, Lle erLire Caracas.
Commandcr: Hov mary irlabiLarLs does iL lave:
Farruco Scsto: Close Lo S millior already.
Commandcr: Vlere does Lle vaLer come rom:
Farruco Scsto: Caracas is ull o diiculLies. 1laL is a lorg
sLory. IL is a ciLy LlaL grev ir a very ircorrecL vay. IL olloved
Lle grovLl aLLerr o Lle Americars. ILs ublic rules ard regu
laLiors vere draLed urder Lle suervisior o a Caliorriar ar
cliLecL; ard, vell, recorsLrucLirg Caracas is very comlicaLed,
really very comlicaLed. IL is a vlole rocess.
106
Commandcr: Hov mary cars are Llere ir Caracas:
Farruco Scsto: 1laL is a comleLe madress. Feole vill reacl
Lleir desLiraLior irsL i Lley go by vallirg irsLead o drivirg.
Commandcr: VlaL is Lle rice o gasolire:
Farruco Scsto: Casolire cosLs mucl less Llar mireral vaLer.
Commandcr: O course, I vas goirg Lo asl you LlaL.
Farruco Scsto: IL cosLs mucl less Llar mireral vaLer.
Commandcr: ViLl Lle morey reeded Lo buy a boLLle o
vaLer you car almosL ill lal a Larl o gasolire.
Farruco Scsto: You car ill a Larl. ViLl ore dollar, vlicl
vould be equal Lo 4.8U Bolivars, you car ill a Larl o ar aver
age velicle.
Commandcr: Fleromeral! BuL, vell, you are rov build
irg railvays viLl Lle cooeraLior o Lle Clirese.
Farruco Scsto: Ve are buildirg railvays.
Commandcr: 1le Feoles Reublic o Clira is cooeraL
irg viLl you ir LlaL Lasl.
Farruco Scsto: Yes, iL is.
Commandcr: Vill Lle railvays reacl Lo Zulia: Vlere are
you Lalirg Lle irsL ore Lo:
Farruco Scsto: Ve vill be Lalirg Llem Llere ard Lo Lle
rorLlerr lub o Lle lair lards because, as you lrov, Lle \er
ezuelar oulaLior is corcerLraLed ir Lle NorLl ard ir Lle Ar
dear sLaLes. I you lool aL a saLelliLe image Laler aL riglL you vill
see Lle corcerLraLior o liglLs all alorg Lle coasL. Ir a courLry
viLl ar area o almosL ore millior square lilomeLers Llere are
sLaLes LlaL are luge.
Commandcr: Nire lurdred ard sixLy Llousard square
lilomeLers I Llirl is Lle LoLal area; almosL ore millior square
lilomeLers, as you said.
Farruco Scsto: 1laLs riglL; ard i you irclude Lle LerriLo
rial vaLers, iL easily reacles Lle igure o ore millior.
107
Commandcr: You irLerd Lo brirg vaLer rom Maracaibo.
Nov, you slould roL be discouraged. I urdersLard lov
lard you lave Lo sLruggle Llere. IL is a Lougl sLruggle; buL I
Llirl LlaL ro ore else car do vlaL you are doirg ir \erezuela.
Orly you ard orly Clavez car do iL.
Nov, ir acL, leL me Lell you LlaL I dorL orly vaLcl 1ele
sur; I also vaLcl \erezolara de 1elevisior. 1lose are Lvo di
ererL 1\ clarrels. Clavez vas sealirg Loday ard I could roL
lisLer Lo lim because o you (LauglLer); because I lad Lo come
lere. BuL I see LlaL you are doirg ar erormous eorL, ard I
loe you vill roL be discouraged by ary diiculLy.
Farruco Scsto: No, ro, Commarder. Never! Never!
Commandcr: Mucl o vlaL vill laer ir Lle resL o LaL
ir America deerds or vlaL you are doirg rov. 1o me iL is a
miracle LlaL you vere able Lo creaLe CLLAC.
Farruco Scsto: 1laL is someLlirg very imorLarL.
Commandcr: ViLlouL Lle cooeraLior o \erezuela, vlaL
vould lave beer Lle aLe o Llose Caribbear courLries vler
Lle rice o Lle oil barrel verL above IUU dollars: 1laL coo
eraLior las saved all Llose courLries. IL las beer exLremely
imorLarL (Alause).
You are doirg Llirgs LlaL are really exLraordirary. BuL Lle
emire vill also uL u a iglL Llere.
Farruco Scsto: BuL iL vill be deeaLed, over ard over
agair. Commarder, vlile I lisLered Lo all Lle irLerverLiors
ard Lle debaLe I vas rememberirg LlaL ir a meeLirg viLl ir
LellecLuals ard arLisLs o mary courLries ir Caracas, some six
Lo sever years ago, FresiderL Clavez vas Lellirg us LlaL Llese
vere roL Lle Limes or resisLarce, LlaL iL vas roL erougl Lo
deire a sLard ard LlaL ve slould abardor Lle deersive aL
LiLudes. He said LlaL Llis vas Lle Lime Lo courLeraLLacl, LlaL
Lle irLellecLuals ard arLisLs slould courLeraLLacl. I urder
sLard LlaL, as arL o Lle baLLle o ideas, le does LlaL all Lle
Lime, because le is a mar vlose mird does roL resL. He is
alvays irverLirg Llirgs, orcirg Llirgs. He is a mar o ar
ircredible resolve.
108
Commandcr: He already LlouglL LlaL vay vler le irsL
Lravelled Lo Cuba, vler le came ouL o risor. He las really
irleriLed Lle lisLorical LradiLior o \erezuela. No ore lile lim
car male a summary o Llose IUU years durirg vlicl \erezu
ela vas Lle biggesL oil exorLer; iL vas Lle biggesL oil exorLer
almosL durirg Lle erLire lasL cerLury. 1le rices LlaL Lle Yar
lees aid or Lle oil ard Lle overLy level ir \erezuela vere
ircredible.
\erezuela is a Lyical examle o vlaL Lle imerialisL ol
icy las dore ir Lle lemislere. IL is, o course, a courLry viLl
luge resources. Hovever, ro ore las dore, ror las beer able
Lo do vlaL Clavez is doirg roL orly ir Lle areas o educaLior
Francisco Sesto, Farruco
109
ard lealLl, buL also ir every oLler secLor. For examle, Lle
ersiors LlaL are beirg aid Lo Lle clildrer viLlouL arer
Lal care is someLlirg exLraordirary. 1laL is ore ouLsLardirg
Llirg. You are buildirg rev louses. As you exlaired, rore o
Llose amilies vould lave ever lad Lle oorLuriLy o lavirg a
louse; ard rov you are buildirg ISU,UUU rev louses.
Hov mary you irLerd Lo build Llis year:
Farruco Scsto: Ve irLerd Lo build 2UU,UUU as a mirimum.
NexL year ve irLerd Lo build 8UU,UUU.
Commandcr: 1laL rogram is Lle orly vay ir vlicl Llose
eole could lave ar aarLmerL ir Caracas or elsevlere ir Lle
courLry.
Farruco Scsto: 1laLs riglL.
Commandcr: Clavez roLecLed Lle ersiors agairsL de
valuaLiors by uLLirg Lle lovesL ores or a level viLl Lle miri
mum salaries; ard Llrougl Lle assisLarce Lo clildrer viLlouL
arerLal care, le exarded Lle roLecLior Lo all Lle clildrer
ard adolescerLs requirirg cerLair resources Lo cover Lleir mosL
basic reeds. 1lis vould be someLlirg mearirgul or Lle lum
ble amilies o ary courLry; iL is a dream or Lle overvlelmirg
ma|oriLy o lumariLy. I Llirl LlaL orly Clavez, armed viLl
Lle ideas ard dreams o Bolvar, could lead a courLry lile \er
ezuela LlaL is so ricl ard aL Lle same Lime las beer so mucl
lurdered irLo becomirg a ley acLor ir Lle slairg o iLs ovr
desLiry. 1laL is vlaL Lle Bolivariar RevoluLior mears.
|usL see vlaL laered viLl Lle dollar. ALer Lle Secord
Vorld Var, Lle UriLed SLaLes ard iLs allies imosed Lle BreL
LorVoods agreemerL, vlicl grarLed Lle UriLed SLaLesLle
riclesL ard mosL overul courLry ir Lle vorldLle riglL Lo
mirL Lle lard currercy required ir vorld Lrade. 1le agree
merL esLablisled aL leasL a cerLair limiL Lo LlaL aculLy, vlicl
vas Lle obligaLior o lavirg ore 1roy orce o gold er every
8S dollars ir aer morey. 1le ovrer o LlaL morey lad Lle
riglL Lo reely disose o Llis amourL o gold. Ir I97I, Lle UriL
ed SLaLes, urder Lle Riclard Nixor admirisLraLior, carcelled
Lle irLerraLioral agreemerL ard suserded Lle gold sLardard
110
meclarism. 1le U.S. vas so cyrical as Lo orLray Llis as a
revoluLiorary acLior. Ir acL, Lle emire, vlicl vas irvolved
ir Lle \ieL Nam var, las dilaidaLed luge amourLs o morey
ir budgeLary deiciLs ard miliLary exerdiLures. IL also cor
Lrolled irLerraLioral irarcirg irsLiLuLiors ard lad Lle over
o Lle veLo aL Lle IrLerraLioral MoreLary Furd. ViLl |usL a
er morey, LlaL courLry bouglL quiLe a rumber o roerLies,
vlere Lley aly Lle U.S. imerial lavs ard irarces irLerra
Lioral adverLures ard vars. 1oday, Lle rice o ore 1roy ource
o gold is arourd I7SU dollars, LlaL is, SU Limes ligler LlaL Lle
rice iL lad durirg Lle Nixor years.
1laL olicy las cosL greaL damage Lo \erezuela. 1le
amourL o morey LlaL vas Laler ouL o LlaL courLry durirg
almosL IUU years, beirg or Lle mosL arL o LlaL eriod Lle
biggesL oil exorLer ir Lle vorld, is iresLimable. 1laL igure is
imossible Lo calculaLe ard iL is esLimaLed Lo be mucl more
Llar ore Lrillior dollars aL iLs currerL value.
I dorL varL Lo use ary vord LlaL may seem Loo oer
sive, alLlougl Lle vorsL o Llem all remairs slorL o vlaL Lley
deserve. I visiLed \erezuela a ev days aLer Lle Lriuml o
Lle Cubar RevoluLior aL a Lime vler Romulo BeLarcourL vas
abouL Lo Lale oice ir I9S9. I visiLed Lle courLry Lo Llarl Lle
rovisioral goverrmerL resided over by Admiral Larrazabal,
vlicl lad relaced Lle overLlrovr goverrmerL o Ferez |ime
rez. He lad serL Lo us ISU Carards riles or November, I9SS,
vler ve vere abouL Lo irisl our var. 1le Carards semiau
LomaLic riles vere excellerL, buL Lle mosL valuable Llirg vas
vlaL \erezuela did, because Lley dared Lo serd Llose vea
ors Lo us. IL vas a gesLure LlaL ve liglly areciaLed ad ve
elL iL vas our elemerLal duLy Lo corvey Lle \erezuelars our
graLiLude.
Besides, iL vas Lle courLry LlaL exressed mosL solidariLy
Lovards Cuba. ALervards, lovever, Romulo Lurred \erezu
ela irLo Lle mosL imorLarL U.S. ally agairsL Lle Cubar Revo
luLior. He vas reserLul ard vair ard iL car roL be said LlaL le
igrored Lle revoluLiorary ideas, because Romulo BeLarcourL
used Lo be a member o Lle FoliLical Bureau o Lle CommurisL
FarLy o CosLa Rica, vlicl mears LlaL le lad some oliLical
111
Lrairirg, vlicl le used or as lorg as iL alloved lim Lo er
larce lis resLige ard escalaLe osiLiors.
Abardorirg LlaL osiLior Lo gair Lle rierdsli o Lle em
ire ard doirg vlaL le did regardirg Cuba vas Lle vorsL ard
mosL reugrarL Llirg LlaL aryore could lave dore. Caracas
voLed agairsL Romulo BeLarcourL, buL Lle resL o Lle raLior,
vicLim o lis lies ard deceLiors, voLed or lim by a ma|oriLy.
AL LlaL Lime, Lle oliLical aaraLus maraged Lo succeed
ir Lle rovirces o \erezuela, buL ir Lle leroic Caracas, vlicl
lad seL ard everlasLirg examle, Lle overvlelmirg ma|or
iLy voLed agairsL Romulo BeLarcourL. I verL Llere as a visiLor
Lo Llarl everyore Llere. I already Lold vlaL laered Lo me
Llere viLl Fablo Neruda.
Vell, alLlougl I sole aL Lle uriversiLy ard corveyed my
graLiLude Lo everyore vlo lad giver us Lleir suorL, I also
Lalled Lo Romulo BeLarcourL because I lad ro oLler cloice.
Hovever, vler I verL Lo Lle Ll Silercio Square, Llere vas ar
erLlusiasLic crovd o aroximaLely 8UU,UUU ersors. I lad
rever seer sucl a big crovd. So, ouL o courLesy ard a liLLle
biL o raiveLybecause LlaL vas Lle democracy LlaL exisLed
ir \erezuela ard Llis gerLlemar lad |usL beer elecLed resi
derL, I lad ro oLler cloice buL Lo resecLully reer Lo Lle
FresiderL elecL, ard vler I did so colossal booirg bursL rom
Llose 8UU,UUU ersors. I lad rever seer aryLlirg lile iL ir my
lie. Ard Ller I LlouglL vell, I am visiLirg lere; I car roL ir
Lerere viLl domesLic olicy. 1lis is Lleir busiress.
AL Ll Silercio, vlere some rev buildirgs lad |usL beer
corsLrucLed, I ourd LlaL Llere vas already a liglvay goirg
rom La Cuaira Lo Caracas. 1le mourLairs looled lile lair
lards.
I lad beer Llere beore, ir I94S, vler Lle BogoLazo
ocurred. 1roubles lave alvays dogged me. Or LlaL occasior
I lad Lle oorLuriLy Lo meeL CaiLar ir Colombia. Ve vere
orgarizirg a Corgress, ard CaiLar vas assassiraLed. My irsL
irLerraLioralisL revoluLiorary acLior vas Llere, LogeLler viLl
Lle sLuderLs, vlo vere all suorLive o CaiLar. CaiLar vas a
disLirguisled ard irLelligerL ersor, alLlougl viLl diererL
labiLs. Here, roLlirg buL irsulLs vas said abouL lim. BuL le
112
maraged Lo orgarize a luge arade Lle Marcl o Silerce. A
luge crovd araded ir silerce. He vas goirg Lo vir Lle resi
dercy; Llere vas ro doubL abouL LlaL.
BuL I elL slocled vler I read Lle revsaer orLy er
sors dead; iLy ersors dead; armers vlo lad beer lilled Lle
day beore. 1lere vas a corservaLive goverrmerL ir Lle alace
o goverrmerL. IL vas already lillirg loLs o eole, ard LlaL
called my aLLerLior. 1laL could roL laer ir Cuba, desiLe
lov lorrible LlaL goverrmerL vas lere ir Llis courLry. 1laL
could roL laer lere. Ve corLacLed CaiLar; le vas suorL
irg us. He vas goirg Lo arLiciaLe ir Lle closirg sessior o Lle
corgress LlaL ve vere orgarizirg, vlicl vas Lo be leld aL Lle
Curdiramarca SLadium, vlicl mearL LlaL Llis LaLir Americar
sLuderLs corgress vas goirg Lo receive a luge suorL. 1lere
vere ro ree BriLisl SLaLes ir Lle Caribbear aL LlaL Lime.
I vas suosed Lo meeL viLl CaiLar agair aL 2UU o clocl
ir Lle aLerroor. He varLed Lo meeL viLl us aL LlaL Lime. Ve
vere vaiLirg aL ar averue rearby vler Lle revs abouL lis
assassiraLior sLarLed Lo sread, CaiLar vas lilled! CaiLar vas
lilled! 1laL vas someLlirg urbelievable; ro ore lad orga
rized LlaL. IL vas someLlirg LlaL bursL sorLareously. Feole
sLarLed Lo Llrov Llirgs ard breal everyLlirg, slo virdovs
ard all. I remember seeirg eole by my side rurrirg ard
slouLirg, CaiLar vas lilled! 1lere vas ore vlo vas Lryirg
Lo breal a Lyirg maclire. He vas liclirg ard beaLirg iL, so
I said, VaiL, give me LlaL, ard Ller I Llrev iL u ard iL ell
dovr irLo ieces. I grabbed a iece o iror, vlicl vas my irsL
veaor. I valled u Lo Lle SeverLl SLreeL, vlicl vas very
close. Ve assed Llrougl several laces vlere Llere vas a
comleLe claos, ard Ller ve goL LogeLler irLo a mass o eole
LlaL marcled Lovards a olice sLaLior LlaL lad beer sLormed. I
could geL mysel a rile, so I vas already ar armed revoluLior
ary, alLlougl I vas roL MarxisLLeririsL as yeL. I vas |usL ar
irdividual viLl a serse o |usLice.
I lad already beer ir Cayo CoriLes, lelirg ir Lle libera
Lior o a sisLer raLior. I vas Lle residerL o Lle Domiricar
FroDemocracy CommiLLee ard Lle FuerLo Ricar FroDemoc
racy CommiLLee. 1le olice beaL me lard or my bacl durirg
113
a rioL LlaL vas orgarized ir rorL o Lle Yarlee embassy aL Lle
Lime o Lle urisirg led by Albizu Camos.
Ve vere irdeerderL. Vler I vas Lravellirg Lo \erezu
ela, I made a misLale. 1le lare vlere I vas Lravellirg or rom
Havara Lo Caracas vas required Lo sLo over aL eacl ard every
islard. IL made a sLoover ir Ciudad 1ru|illo, ir Lle Domiricar
Reublic, ard I goL o Lle lare Lo lave a beLLer lool aL Lle
lardscae. I do roL lrov lov Lle 1ru|illo auLloriLies did roL
come across Lle idea o deLairirg me ard leavirg me Llere. 1lis
is ar everL LlaL is associaLed Lo my memories o Llose years.
1le lare arrived ard I verL Lo Caracas Llrougl a very
rarrov mourLair road. I lad rever seer greaLer irsariLy Llar
LlaL o Lle \erezuelar drivers, vlo vere rurrirg dovr LlaL
miruscule road; I lad rever seer aryLlirg lile iL. I did roL
lrov vleLler I vould be able Lo male iL sae ard sourd Lo Lle
caiLal, buL ve irally did. Vler I verL bacl agair ir I9S9, I
verL dovr Lle liglvay I lad reviously merLiored, vlicl
vas so laL LlaL I could roL believe iL.
AL LlaL Lime, Lle vair, ambiLious ard smug Romulo Be
LarcourL vas ore o Lle leaders o Lle socalled Caribbear Le
gior, made u by a grou o courLries LlaL lad suorLed ar
exediLior agairsL 1ru|illo. Ve all slared Lle commor cause
o beirg oosed Lo 1ru|illo. ALervards, as I already said, le
became a urious eremy. 1le eremies o Lle RevoluLior serL
Llrougl Lle \erezuelar embassy ir Havara lurdreds o BaLis
Las ollovers ard courLerrevoluLiorary eole vlo lad beer
recruiLed by Lle CIA Lo |oir Lle rarls o Lle courLerrevolu
Liorary orces LlaL irvaded Cuba.
BuL Llere vas already a revoluLiorary movemerL Llere ir
\erezuela, Lle same LlaL origirally Lool Larrazabal Lo over
ard lad serL veaors Lo Cuba. Fabricio O|eda vas Lle symbol
o LlaL movemerL. He visiLed Cuba several Limes. I Lalled Lo
lim a loL. He occuies a lace o loror ir my memories.
Ir Llose years Llere vas ar urisirg amorg Lle marires
LlaL vas bruLally reressed. 1lere vere several revoluLiorary
ouLbreals ir Llose years. |ose \icerLe Rargel serL Lo me a coy
o Lle bool Antes y Despus (Beore ard ALer), vlicl describes
several eisodes o Lle movirg sLory o Lle \erezuelar iglLers
114
vlo vere vicLims o Lle arbiLrary acLiors ard LorLures ere
LraLed by Lle bourgeois Lyrarry imosed by Lle imerialism;
Lle reressior, isolaLior, Lle irralumar cordiLiors, ard Lle
crimes commiLLed agairsL Llem. IL is recessary LlaL HisLory
records Llose everLs.
IL vas ouL o mere clarce LlaL Cle did roL erlisL as a vol
urLary ir Lle sLruggle o Lle \erezuelar eole. Vler le er
rolled ir our exediLior as a docLor le Lold me, 1le orly Llirg
I asl is roL Lo be orbidder Lo go Lo iglL ir ArgerLira aLer Lle
RevoluLior succeeds ir Cuba. I romise you LlaL, I said Lo
lim. I sav LlaL as someLlirg disLarL.
Some Lime aLer Lle Lriuml I lrev le lad Lo go. I could
ro lorger delay lis dearLure, because Lle guerrilla lie, ar
Licularly Lle sLruggle ir Lle mourLairs, is very Lougl. So le
exressed lis vill Lo go ard accomlisl LlaL missior. 1lere is
a lorg lisLory belird LlaL, vlicl I am roL goirg Lo Lell lere.
I lrev LlaL i le lad Lo vaiL Lo go Lo ArgerLira, le vould roL
lesiLaLe Lo go Lo \erezuela. He vould lave beer as irLeresLed
ir goirg Lo \erezuela as le vas ir goirg Lo lis lome courLry.
Nov, I see, Farruco, LlaL Caracas is overloaded viLl sly
scraers. Caracas is ir ro vay similar Lo Lle ciLy I sav ir Lle
Limes o Romulo Callegos, a mar so diererL rom Lle oLler
Romulo.
Im Lellirg you Lle LruLl. No ore lrovs vlo came across
Lle crazy idea o Lurrirg Caracas irLo a Nev Yorl. IL is a Nev
Yorl! ViLl buildirgs 8U, 4U sLories ligl or ever ligler. ILs ir
sare! Lverybody vas malirg LlaL crazy misLale ard ve vere
close Lo male iL Loo, because ve also came across Lle idea o
buildirg some o Llose buildirgs Loo. Lvery Lime I Llirl abouL
LlaL I eel args o remorse, buL ve vere Loo oor Lo male LlaL
misLale. 1le besL Llirg Cuba las Loday is Lle ormer arcliLec
Lure. Ve maraged Lo save Lle erLire Old Havara. IL vas abouL
Lo be demolisled vler Lle RevoluLior Lriumled. Nov, LlaL
movemerL o resecL las exarded LlrouglouL Lle vlole
courLry, ard Lle besL Llirg LlaL Cuba las is Lle arcliLecLure
rom Llose Limes. Leal las lad Lle resorsibiliLy Lo ird Lle
eole vlo lrov lov Lo lay Llose liLLle bricls. Ir acL, Lle
Sariards vere buildirg Llose aqueducLs sirce Lle Limes o
115
Lle Romars, viLlouL ary cemerLLlose eole did roL lrov
cemerLard some o Llose aqueducLs sLill exisL. Old buildirgs
are Lle besL Llirg our caiLal las.
ForLuraLely, as I said, ve did roL lave erougl morey Lo
build LlaL rorserse. VlaL ve did rom Lle very begirrirg vas
Lo eradicaLe Lle slarLyLovrs LlaL exisLed ir Havara ard ve
grarLed Lle eole Lle ovrersli o Lleir louses. BuL, vler
ve did LlaL, ve ourd ouL LlaL Llere vere mary louse ovr
ers vlo ovred 2UU aarLmerLs ard mary amilies vlo ovred
ore or Lvo. Ve could roL sLo LlaL buL ve lad Lo live u Lo
Lle romise made by Lle RevoluLior. So ve resecLed Lle rev
erues erceived by Llose lumble ersors vlo lad ore, Lvo,
or Llree louses.
Here ir Cuba Lle bourgeoisie sided u viLl Lle UriLed
SLaLes. Ir addiLior Lo LlaL, uremloymerL vas ligl ard Llere
vere a loL o eole vlo vere roL agairsL Lle RevoluLior ard
Lried Lo ird a |ob ir Lle UriLed SLaLes, |usL lile Loday Llere are
Lers o milliors o Mexicars ard oLler LaLir Americars vlo
are Llere ir Lle U.S. or risl Lleir lives Lo cross Lle border. 1laL
las rearious corsequerces. 1lere are oLler roblems associ
aLed Lo orceul migraLior. Ir Mexico, I2,UUU ersors are dyirg
every year as a resulL o Lleir irvolvemerL ir drug Lraiclirg
ard gargs, ever ircludirg yourg eole beLveer Lle ages o
I4 ard IS.
Ir my Lime, vler ve leL rom Mexico or board Lle
Granma boaL, Llere vere ro drug Lraiclirg. 1le mair rob
lem Lo be Laclled by Lle olice vas illegal Lrade, smugglirg.
BuL Lle siLuaLior acirg Mexico ard oLler courLries riglL rov
is Lerrible. Ir Horduras, almosL IUU ersors er IUU,UUU ir
labiLarLs are lilled every year; ir Lle case o CerLral Ameri
cars, Lle raLio is SU. Here Lle raLio vas S, ard I believe iL lad
a sliglL ircrease, because all Lle caiLalisL media lave lad ar
irluerce or LlaL.
Nov Llere are veaors LlaL are beirg serL Llere, vlicl is
also Lle ideal marleL or drugs. Mexicars corLirue Lo corsume
corr. 1le Mexicar civilizaLior vas based or corr. 1oday, aLer
Lle sigrirg o Lle Free 1rade AgreemerL, Lle corr boLl or lu
mar ard arimal corsumLior comes rom Lle UriLed SLaLes.
116
Mexico roduces mary cars, buL Lley imorL secord lard,
almosL brard rev cars rom Lle UriLed SLaLes aL mucl lover
rices.
Mexico is ar examle o Lle corsequerces o Lle Free 1rade
AgreemerL LlaL \erezuela maraged Lo reverL. HadrL iL beer
or \erezuela, Busl vould lave dragged Lle erLire LaLir Amer
ica irLo sigrirg Lle Free 1rade AgreemerL. 1laL is Lle LruLl.
Clavez lad Lle basic ideas o vlaL le irLerded Lo do. He
sLruggled or Lle adoLior o a rev CorsLiLuLior. He svore or
Lle old, moriburd CorsLiLuLior, Llus exressirg lis idea o
adoLirg a rev CorsLiLuLior. He uL iL Lo Lle voLe ard iL vas
adoLed. AL some oirL ir Lime erlas le loed Lo aclieve
some goals beyord vlaL vas ossible; lovever, le rever lad
Lle suorL le las riglL rov. I am roL sayirg Llis based or
ary igures or vlaL is beirg said. All you lave Lo do is vaLcl
Lle eoles aces Lo lrov i Lley are beirg loresL or roL. Ard
vler le says, Never agair vill Lle bourgeoisie goverr ir \er
ezuela, ard sLaLes aL Lle FarliamerL LlaL i or Lle day o Lle
elecLiors Lle ma|oriLy voLes ir avor o Lle oosiLior cardi
daLe, I vill lard over Lle over Lo lim, le says so because le
is sure Lo do so. His sLaLemerLs are ar exressior o lis sLrorg
belies, roL a LlreaL. Hovever, I Llirl LlaL Lle eole o Bol
var vill rever male LlaL misLale. \erezuela is a raLior LlaL is
movirg Lovards Lle aclievemerL o Lle liglesL levels o edu
caLior ard culLure.
1le bourgeois ard Lleir masLers are Lle ores vlo do roL
resigr Llemselves Lo LlaL realiLy. 1le bourgeoisie as a class vill
disaear |usL as slavery ard eudalism disaeared, |usL as Lle
ascisL Lyrarry imosed or Lle vorld by Lle Yarlee imerial
ism vill disaear, i our lumar secies marages Lo survive
Lle deadly dargers LlaL scierce ard Leclrology lave laced
viLlir Lle reacl o alieraLed ard igrorarL oliLiciars.
O course, Lo Lell Lle LruLl, Clavez does roL Lale care o
limsel. His eorLs go beyord vlaL le slould do. He vorls
or erdless lours; Llere are a loL o good eole vlo suorL
lis eorLs. IL is a Lougl baLLle because Lle ricl bourgeoisie ir
\erezuela las roL rerourced Lle idea o recoverirg over.
IL is sLill Lle ovrer o almosL all Lle media. 1ley lave all Lle
117
morey; Lley dorL lacl aryLlirg. 1ley ereLraLed Lle mosL
imorLarL educaLior cerLers Lo corLrol Lle mair acLiviLies o
Lle courLry ard blocl Lle access o Lle lumble secLors, or
vlicl Lle Bolivariar revoluLior lad ully oered Lle doors Lo
secordary ard ligler educaLior. ALer almosL Lvo cerLuries
o oligarclic lurderirg, Lle ideas o Bolvar are irexorably
malirg Lleir vay, I vale u orce every ore lurdred years,
vler Lle eole avale, arsvered Lle LiberaLor vler Neruda
asled ir lis oem CarLo Cereral, FaLlerI said Lo lim,
are you: Are you roL: Vlo are you:
ALer Lle Lreaclerous cou, vler Lle subservierL bour
geoisie, by mears o ar erormous bureaucraLic aaraLus,
urleasled Lle Oil Cou, Clavez sulied uel Lo Lle erLire
courLry viLl Lle lel o Lle army, viLl lardly ary resources
le lad Lo lool or Lrucls; le lad Lo lool or everyLlirg.
Clavez las beer a very gererous mar, roL orly viLl us;
le las leled oLler Caribbear courLries ard Nicaragua. He is a
mar o mary qualiLies; le is Lle leader o LlaL RevoluLior.
IL is recessary Lo ollov Lle everLs ir \erezuela all alorg Llis
year because o Lle imacL Lley vill lave or LaLir America.
I am very lay LlaL you lave beer able Lo come ard ex
lair all o LlaL Lo us (Alause).
Ard dorL be discouraged!
Farruco Scsto: 1larl you, very mucl, Commarder, or
your advise, your oiriors, your relecLiors ard your lel. 1le
\erezuelar eole Lruly loves Lle Cubar eole ard iLs Revo
luLior; ard Lley love you ir a very secial vay.
1larl you very mucl or everyLlirg.
I lad asled or Lle loor Lo asl you Llis. Accordirg Lo vlaL
you said, vlaL did you mear vler you said ve slould cour
LeraLLacl, i you lave ever uL LlaL ir racLice:
Commandcr: SomeLimes I lave used LlaL lrase. Ve use
courLeraLLacl as a LacLic, aLLaclirg Lle eremy vlere Lley
did roL execL iL. I lave Lalled abouL LlaL vler I describe our
exerierces. I serL Lo Clavez Lle draL o Lle bool vriLLer by
KaLiusla. Nov le is aslirg or Lle bool, sayirg LlaL vlaL le
received vas orly a draL. Ard ir arL le is riglL. Ve vill very
118
soor serd a coy o Lle bool Lo lim. He las beer very busy ir
Llese days. I dorL lrov lov le marages Lo ird Lime Lo read
LlaL mucl.
Mary bools lave beer ublisled or Lle occasior o Lle
LverLieLl arriversary o Lle MiliLary MovemerL. Ir Llose
days Clavez vroLe ar emoLioral oem LlaL le dedicaLed Lo lis
grardmoLler, vlicl le las reciLed more Llar orce viLl very
roourd eelirgs. Im used Lo lisLerirg Lo iL as a resage o Lle
roourd RevoluLior LlaL vas Lo come rexL.
He used Lo be a Larler, roL a aracluLisL. 1lere vere some
aLLemLs Lo Lry Lo caLure lim, ard le vas giver diiculL Lasls
vlicl le accomlisled viLl greaL digriLy. 1le LruLl is LlaL
lis movemerL er|oyed a Lremerdous suorL because iL vas
Lle ruiL o Lle glorious miliLary lisLory o \erezuela.
He said LlaL Llere vere Limes vler Lle siLuaLior vas so
deseraLe LlaL le vas abouL Lo become a guerrilla iglLer. Ir
my viev, le did vell ir vagirg lis baLLle viLlir Lle army
rarls, because iL vas Llere vlere Lle veaors as vell as Lle
glorious LradiLior o Lle ore vlo ouglL Lo creaLe ir Lle Amer
icas Lle largesL ard more |usL o all Reublics vere. His besL
decisior vas Lo lave ersevered ir LlaL idea LlaL is mucl more
develoed Loday because o Lle exerierce lived Llrougl ard
Lle obsLacles LlaL lave beer surmourLed.
1le biggesL crimes agairsL oliLical reedom ard social
|usLice lave beer commiLLed ir Llis lemislere. NoL a sirgle
eole lave beer sared rom LlaL. VlaL laered Lo Mexi
co: VlaL laered Lo Nicaragua: VlaL laered Lo Farama:
VlaL laered Lo Horduras: Mexico vas robbed o more Llar
SU er cerL o iLs LerriLory, Lle ore LlaL lad Lle biggesL re
serves o gold, uel, ard oil.
Nore o Lle lorg lisL o LaLir Americar ard Caribbear
courLries las escaed rom Lle cou deLaLs, aggressiors, ard
lurderirg ereLraLed by Lle Yarlees, vlicl lave rov im
osed Lle Free 1rade AgreemerL Lo several raLiors. 1lere is ro
room Lo live urder Lle emire. 1le sLruggle or irdeerderce
las become a do or die quesLior or our eoles.
VlaL else, Farruco:
Farruco Scsto: ILs all riglL. 1larl you, very mucl.
119
Abcl Pricto: Here ve lave Lle MirisLer rom |amaica. Mir
isLer, go alead.
lisa Hanna: 1larl you, very mucl. Cood aLerroor.
CreeLirgs rom |amaica ard Lle Feoles NaLioral FarLy.
Ore o Lle mosL irLeresLirg leromera o Lle globaliza
Lior o culLure is lov rev media Leclrologies are caable o
LrarsmiLLirg irormaLior ir real Lime arourd Lle vorld. As a
resulL, eole lave Lle oorLuriLy Lo see oLler culLures ard
everLs as Lley are Lalirg lace.
Ore o Lle mosL imressive iriLiaLives ve lave viLressed
ir Cuba is Lle clubs o comuLer scierce LlaL exisL Llrougl
ouL Lle islard, vlere youLl are able Lo irLeracL viLl Lle vorld
Llrougl Lle IrLerreL ard Lle use o oLler media. More Llar
7 millior youLl lave arLiciaLed ir Llese clubs raLiorvide.
Cuba slould uLilize Llese clubs so LlaL Lle vorld could
recogrize Lle bereiLs LlaL culLure las lad ir slairg Lle lives
o Lle Cubar eole ard missior o Lle revoluLior Lo Cubas
develomerL. 1lese lessors ard messages slould be moved
arourd Lle vorld.
Hovever, Lle currerL LelecommuricaLiors irrasLrucLure
ir Cuba does roL give Llese clubs Lle abiliLy Lo uload video
sources ard messagirg Lo Lle irLerreL as Lle seed is slov ard
Lle laLorm is roL robusL erougl.
Hov vill Cuba recorcile Llis roblem ard exard Lle
Lelecoms irrasLrucLure so LlaL Lle LalerL LlaL resides ir your
courLry car be larressed ard LrarslaLed Lo Lle vorld:
1lis is my quesLior, buL leL me say LlaL mary years ago I
meL you ir |amaica; you Lold me Lo arLiciaLe ir oliLics. I am
rov a Member o FarliamerL or Lle secord Lime or belal o
Lle Feoles NaLioral FarLy ard I vill orce agair ollov your
irsLrucLiors ard sLudy Sarisl.
1larl you.
Abcl Pricto: Lrila Silva, MirisLer o CulLure o Lcuador.
Flease, Lrila.
Irika Silva: Commarder, iL Lruly males me roud, iL gives
me greaL leasure Lo be lere viLl you, lisLerirg Lo you, seeirg
you ir erecL good lealLl ard clearmirded.
120
I brirg greeLirgs rom Lcuador, rom FresiderL Raael
Correa.
I lave also brouglL some bools LlaL I vould lile lease
I dorL lrov i I car come u ard give Llem Lo you.
Commandcr: Fire, vler you irisl, or vler you lile.
Irika Silva: Vlile I vas lisLerirg Lo sucl irLeresLirg
Llirgs LlaL lave beer said lere Loday, sucl imorLarL Llirgs,
I vas Llirlirg LlaL ir some vay ve vere orgeLLirg abouL Lle
exLremely imorLarL momerL our corLirerL is exeriercirg,
vler ve are malirg rev roosals Lo Lle vorld. Ve are, ir
some vay, Leaclirg a lessor Lo Lle courLries LlaL lave alied
LlaL Lerrible reoliberal model LlaL las beer illagirg us; iL las
illaged Lle vorld ard all o us as courLries. Ir Lcuador ve
lived Llrougl Lle lorg, sad riglL o reoliberalismas Fresi
derL Correa calls iLor Lvo decades. NeverLleless, rov ve
are rovidirg arsvers ard Leaclirg lessors Lo Lle vorld. Ve
vere Lold ve vere roL goirg Lo be able Lo succeed ir cerLair
areas, buL ve are slovirg LlaL yes, ve car.
I vould lile Lo slare viLl you ar imorLarL roosal LlaL
our goverrmerL las reserLed Lo Lle vorld or Lle urose
o reservirg Lle ervirormerL. Vler Lcuador roosed Lo
irclude ir iLs CorsLiLuLior Lle Livirg Vell DevelomerLal
Model, or Sumak Kawsay, Llis vas roL a mere discourse. IL is
roL orly a uLoiar roosal. Ve are submiLLirg Lo Lle vorld
ard esecially Lo Lle irdusLrialized courLries ard overs, Lle
LNL Froosal (Lle Sarisl acrorym or NeL Avoided Lmis
siors), vlicl is also lrovr ir Lcuador as Lle Yasur I11 Fro
osal.
Yasur is ar ecological reserve LlaL corsisLs o risLire ra
Lure. IL is a Lroical rairoresL irlabiLed by eoles vlo lave
lad ro corLacL viLl civilizaLior. 1lese arcesLral commuriLies
live or Lle oresL iLs resources. Our roosal is roL Lo exloiL
Lle oil reserves LlaL exisL ir LlaL small oresL area.
Commandcr: Hov big is LlaL reserve:
Irika Silva: 1le exacL size... I lrev you vere goirg Lo
asl me LlaL (LauglLer); I lrev you vere goirg Lo asl me LlaL
121
quesLior, so I said Lo mysel Vell, I am goirg Lo serd lim, as
Lle comrade said...
Commandcr: Is iL a muricialiLy or a rovirce:
Irika Silva: ILs a rovirce, ir Lle Amazor regior.
Commandcr: Hov mary Amazoriar rovirces do you
lave ir Lcuador:
Irika Silva: Five Amazoriar rovirces.
Commandcr: Vlicl is Lle largesL:
Irika Silva: FasLaza, Lle rovirce o FasLaza.
Commandcr: Hov mary square lilomeLers does iL lave:
Irika Silva: IL las more Llar a millior lecLares.
Commandcr: 1er Llousard square lilomeLers, LlaLs Lle
largesL ore.
Irika Silva: 1laLs Lle largesL ore.
Commandcr: Is LlaL Lle erLire area o Lle reserve:
Irika Silva: No; Lle reserve covers some o Lle rorLlerr
rovirces, urLler Lo Lle rorLl.
Commandcr: Some or |usL ir ore:
Irika Silva: 1lis reserve covers Lvo rovirces.
Commandcr: ILs area is ro more Llar IU,UUU lilomeLers;
ire. Hov big is Lcuador:
Irika Silva: IL las 2S6,67U square lilomeLers.
Commandcr: ILs Lvo ard a lal Limes Lle size o Cuba, ard
you are goirg Lo ass or someLlirg Lo osLeriLy. LxcellerL.
Ard Lle eole livirg Llere rov, lov do Lley male a
livirg:
Irika Silva: 1leres oil Llere. 1le arcesLral oulaLiors
live or Lleir arcesLral ecoromy. Ve may say Lley are roL arm
ers, Lley are lurLers ard someLimes Lley vorl ir Lle oil com
aries or devoLe Llemselves Lo lumberirg.
122
Commandcr: Hov mary irlabiLarLs are Llere ir LlaL
zore:
Irika Silva: IL is ar area viLl a lov oulaLior dersiLy. I
carL Lell you Lle exacL igure.
Commandcr: LxcellerL; iLs a beauLiul idea.
Irika Silva: BuL Lle irLeresLirg Llirg abouL Llis, Com
marder, ard comrades all, is Lle roosal ve are uLLirg orLl,
ard LlaL is roL Lo exloiL Lle oil reserves ir LlaL areavlicl
vould be vorLl 7 billior dollars or Lcuador, ir exclarge or
a comersaLior.
Commandcr: BuL, vlaL lird o dollars are you Lallirg
abouL, Lodays dollars or asL Lime dollars: (LauglLer).
Irika Silva: 1odays dollars.
Commandcr: Vell, i you divide LlaL igure by SU LlaL vill
amourL, more or less, Lo ISU millior dollars o Lle Nixor era.
Did you say 7 billior:
Irika Silva: Sever billior dollars.
Commandcr: 1ley are besL leL Llere.
Irika Silva: Sever billior dollars is vlaL Lcuador vorL be
earrirg, buL aL Lle same Lime ve vould sLo emiLLirg milliors
o cubic meLres o carbor dioxide irLo Lle aLmoslere.
Commandcr: You are exclargirg oil or lealLl, LlaLs
good.
Irika Silva: LxacLly; ve are exclargirg oil or oxyger, buL
ir exclarge or a comersaLior LlaL is equivalerL Lo SU er
cerL o vlaL ve vould sLo earrirg.
Commandcr: Ard, vlo slould ay LlaL:
Irika Silva: 1lose vlo visl Lo corLribuLe Lo Llis iriLiaLive
ir Lle vorld.
Commandcr: From ary regior ir Lle vorld:
Irika Silva: LxacLly. Vell, |usL rov Lle residerL las esLab
lisled Llis year, 2UI2, as Lle deadlire Lo raise IUU millior dollars.
123
Ve lave already raised a liLLle biL more Llar LlaL, buL ve lave
aroLler II years Lo raise 8.6 billior dollars.
1le roblem is LlaL ve arerL irdirg greaLer receLiviLy
ir Lle big irdusLrialized courLries. Ir acL, Lley are Lle ores
vlo slould ay; Lley are Lle ores LlaL emiL Lle mosL.
Commandcr: BuL, are you Lalirg oil rom Llere rov:
Irika Silva: No, ro. 1laL oil remairs Llere, urLouclable. IL
is rov a raLioral cause LlaL is also relaLed Lo Lle Sumak Kawsay,
or Lle lilosoly o Livirg Vell, vlicl ve are romoLirg as a
rev livirg model or Lcuador. Ir Llis serse I varLed Lo slare
viLl you all Llis iriLiaLive LlaL is called Lle LNL IriLiaLive (NeL
Avoided Lmissiors). Ve Llirl LlaL, |usL as Lle irdusLrialized
courLries are comersaLirg Llose courLries LlaL do roL ell
Lleir oresLs, Lley slould also be comersaLirg Llose cour
Lries LlaL sLo emiLLirg carbor dioxide ard gases irLo Lle aL
moslere.
1laL is all. 1larl you (Alause).
Abcl Pricto: |orgelira, rom Ll Salvador.
}orgclina Ccrritos: Cood everirg Lo everyore. FirsL o all,
allov me Lo irLroduce mysel. My rame is |orgelira CerriLos. I
am a vriLer rom CerLral America, arLicularly rom Lle Re
ublic o Ll Salvador.
Beore aslirg or Lle loor I lave beer careully Llirlirg
abouL Lle Llirgs I could say as a corLribuLior or my belal,
or belal o my courLry ard or belal o LlaL regior LlaL I am
lorored Lo rereserL ir Llis MeeLirg o IrLellecLuals or Feace.
For LlaL reasor I lave careully lisLered Lo eacl o you irLer
verLiors, I lave mediLaLed or Llem durirg Lle breals Llis a
Lerroor ard I lave reacled Lo Lle corclusior LlaL Llis is roL
orly ar oorLuriLy Lo exress a ersoral idea; Llis is also a
lisLorical sace or Lle civil socieLy o our CerLral Ameri
car courLries, vlicl lave beer LradiLiorally so mucl uriLed
by very similar oliLical ard social acLors LlrouglouL our
lisLory.
I am sLardirg lere Lo seal Lo you rom Lle sersiLiviLy
LlaL comes rom our livirg exerierce.
124
Havirg said Llis, I vill breal viLl Lle rules o roLocol,
Commarder, ard I vill address you as Fidel.
Commandcr: 1le acL is LlaL I lave ro oLler rame (LauglLer).
}orgclina Ccrritos: 1larl you, very mucl. Ard I vill dare
Lo do so because I belorg Lo Lle Salvadorar gereraLior o boys
ard girls vlo grev u durirg Lle armed corlicL ir our cour
Lry. Besides, I vas ore o Llose girls ard boys LlaL, more Llar
orce, ourd ourselves siLLirg side by side viLl our relaLives,
Lryirg Lo Lure ir Radio HavaraCuba ir Lle darl ard viLl Lle
volume real lov, ard vlile ve did roL quiLe urdersLard vlaL
iL said bacl Ller, ve leard adulLs sayirg lrases sucl as, Fi
del said Llis; Fidel said LlaL. So, Lo me, Llis is Lle oorLuriLy
o beirg able Lo say Lo you lere Llis everirg, ir Havara, Cuba,
ard ace Lo ace, simly, Fidel.
Commandcr: Vell, Lle acL is LlaL I also grev u a liLLle biL
Llere ard I also lived a liLLle Llrougl LlaL same exerierce.
}orgclina Ccrritos: I lrov LlaL Cuba ard Ll Salvador lave
lisLorically beer very close. From Lle culLural oirL o viev,
Cuba las alvays beer a berclmarl or us. Ar Llis everirg,
vler ve are discussirg Llose Llirgs LlaL are LlreaLerirg lie
ard Lle lumar secies, I visl, mosL o all, Lo romL you all
Lo relecL or LlaL ard reiLeraLe Lle aeal LlaL las |usL beer
laurcled lere so LlaL social acLors ir LaLir America ard Lle
vorld do ro cease ir Lleir eorLs. Ve, Lle Salvadorar eole,
car be aroLler examle o Lle desLrucLior caused by bombs ir
our LerriLory. As arL o CerLral America, ve lrov Lle mear
irg o vords sucl as var, reressior, ear, urdergrourd sLrug
gle, exile. Ve car seal o vlaL is lile Lo lee rom our lome
courLry orly viLl Lle cloLles ve lad or, ard clildrer aL Lle
verge o suocaLior or beirg LiglLly clased Lo Lle bosom o
Lleir Lerrorized moLlers. Ve lrov Lle mearirg o Lle vords
massacre, missirg, amresLy. Some o us lave lrovr Llis
rom LesLimories ard arecdoLes; Llousards lave exerierced
iL Llemselves. Hovever, Llere is ro doubL LlaL, as osrirgs
rom Lle same lisLorical Lree, all Salvadorars lave beer arL o
LlaL realiLy.
125
So, a orum, a meeLirg lile Llis, Lo discuss lov Lo reverL
more boys ard girls rom lrovirg Lle air LlaL Llese vords
cause ard rev bombs rom devasLaLirg Llis lareL LlaL las
beer so mucl lurL ard larassed, is ar eorL LlaL is alvays ir
disersable ard recessary.
I lrov LlaL Llis corLribuLior roL orly comes rom reasor
or rom our cordiLior as irLellecLuals. Ir my case, I am lere
more as ar arLisL Llar as ar irLellecLual Llirler. I am a vomar
o Lle LleaLer. I am ar acLress ard a layvriglL. Ir acL, I am
lere because I vas avarded Lle Casa de las Americas 1leaLer
Frize ir 2UIU. So my vords are Lo be irLerreLed as arL o
Lle arLisLic sersiLiviLy LlaL comes ouL o me Lo Lrarsorm Lle
vorld o Lle imossible rom Lle drama, rom Lle claracLers,
ard rom Lle oeLic discourse LlaL I sLrive Lo build day aLer
day.
Fidel, Llarl you, very mucl, really. Ard Llarls Lo you all
or lisLerirg.
Sorry, I lad Llis lere ir my lard, oLlervise I lrev I vas
goirg Lo orgeL because I eel so rervous ard moved. I varL
ed Lo Lell you LlaL I am sLayirg aL Lle louse o Lle amily o
a rierd o mire, a colleague o Lle embassy o my courLry
lere ir Cuba, ard yesLerday riglL vler I vas Lold LlaL I vould
be lere ir Llis meeLirg, Lle II yearold girl vlo lives ir LlaL
louse goL so exciLed LlaL sle vroLe you a very slorL leLLer, ard
I romised I vould do my besL Lo give iL Lo you, because I am
sure LlaL, vler iL comes Lo Lle issues LlaL ve are discussirg
lere, Lle voice o clildrer las someLlirg Lo say ard iL musL be
leard. 1lis is Lle leLLer ard I am givirg iL Lo you.
Orce agair, Llarl you, very mucl (Alause).
Commandcr: You also lrov lov Lo aLLacl a brigade. 1le
ore you aLLacled Llere ir \alaraso, Lle ore LlaL vas Laler by
Lle eole o Lle mar vlo is currerLly Lle viceresiderL.
}orgclina Ccrritos: Leorel.
Commandcr: Leorel, vlo maraged Lo gaLler Lle eole,
ard viLl a ev exlosives Lley did avay viLl ar erLire bri
gade.
126
}orgclina Ccrritos: I lrov; ve lave all LlaL lisLory.
1larls a loL. SLelari serds you Llis (Sle gives Lle com
marder Lle leLLler serL by Lle girl).
Commandcr: BuL Lle leLLer is irside lere, riglL:
}orgclina Ccrritos: Yes; iL is a leLLer. Sle Lold me, I you
car, give iL Lo lim, ard I lived u Lo my romise (LauglLer).
Commandcr: Is Llis ler lardvriLirg:
}orgclina Ccrritos: 1lis is ler lardvriLirg.
Commandcr: Ard sle is II years old, lov rice.
}orgclina Ccrritos: Sle is elever.
Commandcr: Ill lee iL; Ill read iL viLl calm ard I vill
arsver iL. 1larl you very mucl.
}orgclina Ccrritos: CreaL. 1larl you, very mucl. 1larls.
Commandcr: I corgraLulaLe you or your vords (Alause).
Abcl Pricto: Miguel Borasso, Commarder.
Commandcr: AL lasL! (LauglLer).
Migucl Bonasso: Dear Commarder, iL las really beer a
lorg Lime sirce I sav you lasL. ILs beer lile ive years, I guess.
Commandcr: BuL LlaLs your ovr aulL, because you didrL
come (LauglLer).
Migucl Bonasso: Noooo! Vell, I vas Lalirg care o some
roblems; I lave beer draLirg Lle ForesL Lav, Lle Claciers Lav.
BuL Lle imorLarL Llirg is Lo be able Lo see you ard remember
some Llirgs LogeLler, some exLraordirary Llirgs. I sav you
vler you vere auLogralirg a bool or a Leacler rom Sar
Liago aL Lle ArLiImerialisL 1ribure. You vroLe, ViLl a greaL
aiLl ir youLl ard LlaL Lle vorld could corLirue Lo exisL.
Commandcr: Ol, yes:
Migucl Bonasso: Yes.
Commandcr: Hov lorg ago vas LlaL:
127
Migucl Bonasso: 1laL vas ir 2UU6, or February o 2UU6, aL
a raLler leLerodox rocl corcerL LlaL ve sorsored. Abel, my
big rierd Abel FrieLo, a very dear rierd, remembers Lle roise
LlaL ve made. He Lold me, You are a...
Abcl Pricto: Juguete Rabioso |Lle rame o a rocl grou|.
Migucl Bonasso: BuL Lle Commarder liled Juguete Ra-
bioso.
Abcl Pricto: Fidel liled Lle rocl music.
Migucl Bonasso: Vell Ller, I am also Llarlul Lo Lle ger
erosiLy o Zuleica Romay as vell, vlo las ublisled a rovel
erLiLled La venganza de los patriotas (\ergearce o Lle FaLri
oLs) abouL Lle SouLl Americar Irdeerderce sLruggle, buL
vriLLer ir Lle sLyle o Dumas, a cloal ard dagger rovel, viLl
Bolvar...
Commandcr: VlaL is iLs LiLle:
Zulcica komay: La venganza de los patriotas. IL is a lird o
oliLical Llriller; iLs a greaL rovel.
Migucl Bonasso: Ard aL Lle same Lime iL is a deLecLive
rovel, because a greaL aLrioL, Berrardo MorLeagudo, is mur
dered. He vas Lle mar vlo vas suosed Lo orgarize Lle Ar
icLioric Corgress o Farama ard vas Lle oliLical riglLlard
mar o Simor Bolvar, |usL as Marslal Sucre, Lle Crard Marslal
o Ayacuclo, vas Bolvars miliLary riglLlard mar; ard, ur
orLuraLely, Lle LiberaLor lad lis Lvo lards cuL o.
Ir lisLory, Llis vergearce vas corsummaLed vler Lle
Cubar rebels arrived ir Havara or |aruary 2, I9S9. 1laL is Lle
vergearce o... (He is Lold LlaL iL vas or |aruary S) Or |aruary S:
Ol, all riglL; buL by |aruary 2 you lad already aLLaired vicLory
ard Cle lad vor iL ir SarLa Clara.
Commandcr: Cle ard Camilo arrived irsL because Lley
vere beer ir SarLa Clara.
Migucl Bonasso: Cle ard Camilo arrived irsL because Lley
vere ir SarLa Clara. I lrov; you arrived or |aruary S.
128
Commandcr: 1ley came aL ull seed, rorsLo. I lad Lold
Llem, Igrore all garrisors; ard Lley arrived viLlouL ary re
sisLarce vlaLsoever.
Migucl Bonasso: I remember a momerL LlaL adds ard is
a comlemerL Lo Lle greaL leroic deed LlaL Lle Cubar Revo
luLior vas or my gereraLior, vlicl vas boLl a lessor ard a
docLrire. IL vas Lle momerL vler I sav you ir Lle early lours
o morrirg, eelirg exLremely corcerred abouL Lle earLlquale
ir FalisLar.
Commandcr: Had I lad Lle acciderL by Ller:
Migucl Bonasso: Yes, you lad; yes, yes, Commarder.
Commandcr: 1lere I vas, learrirg lov Lo vriLe agair
viLl Llis lard.
Migucl Bonasso: Yes, yes, you lad already lad Lle acci
derL. I remember LlaL ir Lle early lours o morrirg you vere
closely ollovirg vlaL a solidariLy brigade vas doirgore o
so mary serL by Cuba everyvlere ir Llis lareL; you vere
closely ollovirg by lore vlaL vas laerirg ir FalisLar
ard lov Lle Cubars vere lelirg Lle FalisLaris.
I remember someLlirg LlaL moved me deely, ard iL
vas vler you Lold me, BuL, do you realize LlaL: 1le virLer
is aroaclirg ard iL vill be cold; Llere are Llousards ard
Llousards o eole u ir Lle mourLairs vlo lave losL Lleir
lomes, vlo lave losL everyLlirg Lley lad. Ir acL, vler
Lle virLer came, Lle Cubar brigade o docLors ard aramed
ics vas riglL Llere. OLler orgarizaLiors LlaL I vorL merLior
lad leL; Llose vere, leLs say, irLerraLioral medical bri
gades. BuL Lle Cubar brigade remaired Llere. Ard I said Lo
mysel le is Lle orly sLaLesmar I lave ever meL vlo las Lle
imagiraLior, Lle caaciLy Lo Llirl viLl sersiLiviLy, ir oLler
vords, Lo eel deely because Llere I sav lim; Llere vere
ro rleLoric or seecles or ubliciLy I sav you vere really
moved, ard I am moved riglL rov vler I remember LlaL.
I eel deely moved vler I remember LlaL sersiLiviLy o yours
Lovards vlaL vas laerirg Lo mer, vomer, clildrer, ard
Lle elderly o FalisLar.
129
Commandcr: I dorL lrov vleLler you lrov LlaL sirce
Ller ve lave almosL SUU FalisLaris sLudyirg lere; Lley are
|usL abouL Lo graduaLe as docLors. 1ley are arLasLic sLuderLs!
1ley came vler ve asled Llem Vlo remembers Lle exacL
igure: 1ley are aL leasL SUU; Lley are ir SarLa Clara, vorlirg
ir Lle losiLals ard Lley are really very good docLors. 1laL vas
vlaL resulLed rom LlaL everL. Did you lrov LlaL:
Migucl Bonasso: 1laL Lley vere Llere:
Commandcr: Yes.
Migucl Bonasso: No, ro, ro, I vasrL avare o LlaL iror
maLior, Commarder.
I remember abouL Lle begirrirg o all LlaL; you ever Lold
me LlaL you lad serL a message Lo FresiderL Muslarra o Fal
isLar, aslirg or Lle corresordirg auLlorizaLior or Lle Cu
bar brigade, vlicl vas ore o so mary, so mary, as OeraLior
Miracle. 1laL vas ore o Lle mary brigades LlaL lave assisLed
lurdreds o Llousards o eole.
Commandcr: 1ley lad Lo ly Lo Sair ard ir Sair Lley
goL or aroLler lare ard corLirued or Lo FalisLar.
Migucl Bonasso: 1laLs riglL.
Vell, LlaL sole very liglly abouL your lumariLy, some
Llirg I lave lardly seer ir oliLical over; I am beirg lor
esL, aLer serdirg eiglL years ir Lle ArgerLirear arliamerL,
vlere olloved your Leaclirgs regardirg Lle sub|ecL o Lle
ervirormerL, Commarder ard, orLuraLely, ve could ass
Lvo lavs LlaL I Llirl are urdamerLal, ore o Llem beirg Lle
ForesL Lav, LlaL las maraged Lo sLo deoresLaLior ir Arger
Lira by 6U er cerL.
Commandcr: VlaL grovs Llere: Fire Lrees:
Migucl Bonasso: Ir Lle rorLleasLerr regior, ir Lle |urgles
o Misiores, some old secies, sucl as quebrachos ard carobs,
amorg oLlers, lave beer elled ard Lorr dovr viLl bulldozers
|usL Lo larL ire Lrees. IL is as Adolo said vler le vas Lall
irg abouL a oresL LlaL las ro resecL or biodiversiLy; ir oLler
vords, a oresL LlaL is equivalerL Lo a morocro. Ir Llis case
130
ve may say LlaL, ir Lle rorLleasL, Llere is a soybear moro
cro. Ard Llere is also a very bad Llirg, LlaL you lave oirLed
ouL mary Limes, vlicl is Lle use o corr, a ood or lumar
corsumLior, Lo roduce biomass Lo maruacLure biouel;
LlaL is Lo say, a roducL Lo eed Lle car Larls, roL Lle sLomacls
o Lle lurgry.
ViLl all due resecL or Lle immerse courLesy you lave
lad ir allovirg us Lo seal, ard I lrov LlaL you are loresLly
ard very aLLerLively lisLerirg Lo us, as I lave seer you lave
dore
Commandcr: Vill you be vriLirg ar arLicle abouL Llis:
Migucl Bonasso: I am goirg Lo vriLe iL. I commiL mysel
viLl greaL leasure, Commarder, Lo vriLe ar arLicle rovidirg
all relevarL igures ard elemerLs.
I vould say ore more Llirg, sirce Llis meeLirg is called
For Feace ard Lle FreservaLior o Lle LrvirormerL.
I Llirl LlaL Lle arLiimerialisL sLruggle Loday ircludes,
Lo a large exLerL, Lle reservaLior o our raLural resources ard
Lle reservaLior o Lle ervirormerL.
Commandcr: Hov mary square lilomeLers do you lave:
1vo ard a lal millior:
Migucl Bonasso: 1vo millior ard eiglL lurdred Llousard,
Commarder.
Commandcr: Hov mucl arable lard do you lave:
Migucl Bonasso: Ir Lle case o Lle oresLs, I car give you
Lle igures by vlicl Lley lave decreased. AL Lle begirrirg
o Lle LverLieLl cerLury ve lad ISU millior lecLares LlaL vere
reduced Lo 8U millior lecLares o raLive oresLs. 1laL is Lo say,
ArgerLira las beer slaved o; orly 8U millior lecLares re
mair, ard Llese are Lle ores ve musL reserve.
Commandcr: O Llose areas LlaL you roLecL, lov mucl
belorg Lo Lle regior LlaL roduces Lle Merdoza vire:
Migucl Bonasso: Ol vell, ve lave a large arL o Lle rov
irce o Merdoza LlaL vill be ir darger i Lle rovircial lav LlaL
131
bars oercasL mega mirirg viLl Lle use o cyaride is dero
gaLed. 1laL vould |eoardize Llose excellerL vires LlaL are a
ma|or exorL commodiLy.
Commandcr: Clavez gave me as a giL a vire roduced
Llere; a vire rom Merdoza, vlicl is very good.
Migucl Bonasso: A CaberreL vire (Someore Lells lim a
diererL rame). No: A Malbec: LeLs see.
Commandcr: Clavez serL me a Herry. I Llirl ore o
your mirisLers las someLlirg Lo do viLl LlaL roducLior ir
Lle Merdoza rovirce. I Lold Clavez as a |ole, Lool, Clavez,
dorL go irLo vire roducLior ir \erezuela; iL is beLLer Lo ir
vesL ir Merdoza.
Migucl Bonasso: \ery good. Commarder, LlaL is a very
good iece o advice because you lrov LlaL, urorLuraLely,
7U er cerL o Lle vire ard vire roducLior ir Merdoza is ir
Lle lards o oreigr comaries.
1le deraLioralizaLior LlaL is Lalirg lace all over SouLl
America las Lo do, I Llirl, viLl a reLurr Lo Lle era rior Lo
irdeerderce, claracLerized by Lle rimirg o Lle ecoromy,
Lle mirirg rusl, Lle oercasL mega mirirg viLl Lle use o
cyaride ard largescale soybear armirg. Ir oLler vords, ro
ducLive diversiLy las beer racLically reduced Lo Lvo cros.
RiglL rov ArgerLira basically roduces soybear ard corr.
Commandcr: You lave arourd 2SU millior lecLares o ar
able lard, larLed viLl corr, vleaL, ard soybear.
Migucl Bonasso: Basically soybear, yes.
Commandcr: Ard you are Lle mair roducers ard exorL
ers o soybear oil ard soybear lour.
Migucl Bonasso: 1laLs riglL. Yes, yes, riglL. 1lis roduc
Lior is ir Lle lards o six ma|or roducers.
Commandcr: VleaL, corr, bears, bee, mill.
Migucl Bonasso: Bee roducLior las decreased a loL.
Commandcr: DorL you eaL Lle bee LlaL you roduce:
132
Migucl Bonasso: Vell, yes, ve do eaL some bee sLales, buL
Lle vay Lley raise caLLle Llese days, Commarder, I musL Lell
you LlaL Lle qualiLy o ArgerLirear bee las decreased. IL used
Lo be beLLer vler Lle covs could graze raLurally, alLlougl,
urorLuraLely, Lley vere grazirg ir Lle luge rarcles o Lle
oligarcly.
Commandcr: You are also exorLirg Lo \erezuela.
Migucl Bonasso: Yes, Llere are some...
Commandcr: Bee corsumLior las greaLly ircreased ir
LlaL courLry ard you lrov LlaL livesLocl is grovirg ir \er
ezuela.
Migucl Bonasso: 1laLs greaL! Im glad!
Commandcr: IL is close Lo I7 millior livesLocl uriLs ard
arourd IS millior lecLares. 1laLs vorlirg vell. As ar as I
lrov, Lle goverrmerL is dedicaLed basically Lo gereLic im
rovemerLs, loolirg or liglly roducLive bee ard dairy caLLle
breeds Llrougl Lle use o arLiicial irsemiraLior. 1lis is a sub
|ecL I lrov vell. \erezuela is a large courLry; Lle roducLior
o grairs, soybear, sugar, legumes, coee, cocoa, vegeLables,
ard oLler oodsLus requires a large labor orce. AgriculLure
las sLill lerLy o room or cooeraLior viLl rivaLe \erezu
elar armers. 1lese are sub|ecLs Lo Llirl abouL ard discuss ir
deLl.
Migucl Bonasso: Commarder, I believe LlaL ve, Lle irLel
lecLuals, slould discuss abouL Lle corLradicLior LlaL exisLs be
Lveer develomerL ard Lle reservaLior o Lle ervirormerL,
Lle reeds or our eoles Lo lave |obs, esecially ir Lle oor re
giors, buL viLlouL devasLaLirg some esserLial resources vlicl
are rerevable buL scarce, sucl as vaLer. VaLer is a criLical rob
lem ir mary oLler courLries as mucl as ir Lle arid rovirces o
ArgerLira. 1laL is vly ve assed Lle Claciers Lav because iL
vas recessary Lo roLecL Lle birLl o mourLair rivers LlaL come
rom eriglacier areas ard vlicl irally, as Lle oeL vould
say, are Lle rivers LlaL lov irLo Lle sea. 1lose are Lle rivers
o Lle Ardes LlaL lovirg Llrougl diererL rovirces beore
goirg irLo Lle ALlarLic Ocear.
133
1le deerse o glaciers las become a Lougl baLLle LlaL ve
are sLill vagirg, because Llere is a Caradiar comary called
Barricl Cold, LlaL is lirled Lo Lle CerLral IrLelligerce Ager
cy o Lle UriLed SLaLes ard ormer residerL Ceorge HerberL
ValLer Busl, vlicl iled a remedy o amparo beore Lle courL
o Lle rovirce o Sar |uar agairsL Lle Claciers Lav, claimirg
acquired riglLs, ard rov Lle case is beirg corsidered by Lle
Sureme CourL o Lle Reublic o ArgerLira.
Commandcr: You lave a river viLl aburdarL LrouLs rearby
Barilocle. Ar Americar I meL years ago bouglL a large secLior o
LlaL river. I lrev abouL iL viLl absoluLe cerLairLy aL ar irLerra
Lioral meeLirg aLLerded by Lle Braziliar Cardoso ard Lle illus
Lrious Carlos Merem. Ard Llis Lime, as I vas leavirg Barilocle Lo
Lravel Lo Colombia, vlere Llere vas aroLler meeLirg, I lad Lo sLo
over aL ar air base, vlere Lle iloLs vlo ouglL agairsL Lle Lrglisl
vere sLaLiored. 1ley lad dee resecL or Lleir air base comrades
vlose iloLs did combaL ir Lle Falllards. 1ley vere very oliLe
viLl our delegaLior; Lley sloved ard exlaired everyLlirg Lo us.
Migucl Bonasso: By Lle vay, Commarder, vlaL you vere
merLiorirgi I may curiously, as I alvays say, LlaL your vords
are really very erLirerL, ard roleLicalludes Lo vlaL ve
are exeriercirg rovadays, a rev colorial aggressior rom
CreaL BriLair.
1le UriLed Kirgdom is miliLarizirg Lle area o Lle Fall
lards.
Commandcr: BuL you lave Lo Llarl Llem.
1le CorservaLive Frime MirisLer is doirg a greaL avor Lo
Lle Americas viLl Llis move; because Lle Lrglisl ir Lle Fall
lards lave ro oLler cloice buL Lo regoLiaLe ard leave, because
Lleir lurderirg o ArgerLira ard our America vas so ouLra
geous Lle remairs o LlaL colorial emire car ro lorger susLair
LlaL domair. 1ley serL Lle liLLle boaL, because Lley ro lorger
ovr ary aircraL carriers; ore desLroyer is Lle orly Llirg Lley
car aord Lo serd, ard iLs iloL is a rirce (LauglLer).
Migucl Bonasso: Commarder, buL Cameror is so urry
LlaL le las said LlaL ve, Lle ArgerLirears are Lle colorialisLs.
134
Commandcr: Yes.
Migucl Bonasso: Ard I say LlaL, exceL or Lle Largo, ve
are roL very colorialisL.
Commandcr: 1le Yarlees are cerLairly roL very lay
viLl Lle Llirgs Lleir allies do.
Migucl Bonasso: No.
Nov, ir my modesL oirior I Llirl LlaL ve musL Lry Lo
aly a sarcLior. 1le soluLior is obviously roL Lle var LlaL
vas sLuidly vaged by Lle miliLary.
Commandcr: No, iL isrL abouL a var, buL ve musL uL
ressure or Llem.
Migucl Bonasso: LxacLly.
Ard Llere is a vay Lo uL ressure or Llem. Lav 26 S69 es
Lablisles LlaL Lle BriLisl comaries oeraLirg ir Lle Falllards
carroL oeraLe ir corLirerLal ArgerLira. I Llirl iL vould be
a good idea Lo use LlaL lav, vlicl vas urarimously voLed by
boLl louses o Corgress, Lo sarcLior Lle BriLisl comaries as
vell as Lle Barclays Barl vlicl, curiously erougl, is or boLl
sides o Lle erce. IL is Lle regoLiaLor or Lle crediLor ard Lle
regoLiaLor or ArgerLira, vlicl is Lle debLor.
Commandcr: BuL FirocleL isrL Llere arymore eiLler; le
gave Llem lel ard Lley lave Lo use Clile as a base Lo serd Lleir
lares Llere. 1ley vere deseraLe vler Uruguay didrL leL ir
Lle sli LlaL Lley lad serL Llere; Lley are Llere, buL Lley lave
roLlirg Lo do Llere; leavirg is Lle orly cloice Lley lave leL.
Migucl Bonasso: Commarder, I Llarl you, as alvays, ard
I close viLl Llis, Lo give Lle oLler comrades ar oorLuriLy Lo
seal; I close viLl your solidariLy, your suorL Lo Lle Fall
lards cause; Llis is a cause or vlicl ve reeaL agair ard agair
Lle slogar o Lle Cubar RevoluLior Homelard or DeaLl, Ve
Slall Overcome! (Alause).
Commandcr: RiglL.
(Abel FrieLo gave Lle Commarder a roLe).
Abcl Pricto: 1lere are 9U6 FalisLari sLuderLs ir Cuba.
135
Commandcr: 1lere are 9U6 FalisLari sLuderLs ir Cuba.
Vlo gave you Lle igure:
Abcl Pricto: Rardy. 1lere are 9U6 sLuderLs.
Commandcr: VlaL year are Lley ir rov, ourLl or iLl:
kandy Alonso: MosL o Llem are ir Lleir ourLl year.
Commandcr: 1lis year Lley are comleLirg Lleir ourLl
year, Lley sLill lave Lvo more, buL Lley are reLurrirg lome Lo
racLice medicire. Nire lurdred ard six sLuderLs ard Lley are
all very good sLuderLs.
Francisco komcro: Cood everirg Lo all o you.
Ir my double caaciLy as vriLer ard as MirisLer o Lduca
Lior o Lle rovirce o Claco (ArgerLira), iL is Lle greaLesL o
lorors or me Lo be lere, lisLerirg Lo you sealirg so lucidly
ard clearly as alvays, ard ir good lealLl.
I vould lile Lo commerL LlaL ve lave Lle loror o oi
cially irviLirg ard celebraLirg Cuba aL Lle rexL Bool Fair ir my
rovirce. 1lere is a delegaLior o six vriLers ard irLellecLuals,
leaded by roessor Luis Suarez vlo is goirg Lo be Llere rom
February I7 Lo 26, roL orly accomaryirg Lle culLural everL o
a air LlaL is roL a commercial, vlose slogar is Bools, Ideas,
ard LdiLorial Folicy or Lle SovereigrLy o LaLir Americar Cul
Lure; viLlir Llis ramevorl ve are goirg Lo sigr ar agreemerL
viLl Lle Yo s uedo, (Yes, I Car) LiLeracy Frogram because
iL is our irLerLior, or Lle occasior o Lle secord bicerLerrial,
by |uly I9, 2UI6, Lo oicially ard Lruly declare Claco a LerriLory
ree rom illiLeracy. Ir our years ve lave beer able Lo reduce
illiLeracy rom S er cerL Lo 4 er cerL; ve lave exacLly 4S,UUU
illiLeraLe eole leL (82,UUU o Llem lave more Llar IS years
o age) ard ve lave Lle vill ard Lle oliLical deLermiraLior Lo
deeaL illiLeracy viLl Lle suorL o Lle Yes, I Car LiLeracy
Frogram.
Commandcr: Vlere is LlaL rovirce:
Francisco komcro: Ir Lle rorLleasLerr regior o Arger
Lira; iL males u vlaL ve call Lle Americar Crar Claco.
Commandcr: Does iL border or Bolivia:
136
Francisco komcro: No, iL doesrL; ve are belov Formo
sa ard borderirg viLl SalLa Lo Lle rorLl ard viLl CorrierLes
Lo Lle easL; ve are arL o Lle Americar Crar Claco LlaL ir
cludes Faraguay, Bolivia, arL o Brazil, ard rorLleasL Arger
Lira. AL Lle begirrirg, LlaL Americar Crar Claco covered ore
millior square lilomeLers ard Loday iL covers 9S,UUU square
lilomeLers.
Commandcr: 1le vlole o iL, viLl Lle resL:
Francisco komcro: IL vas arL o vlaL used Lo be called Lle
greaL geooliLical uriL o Lle irdigerous vorld. ALer Lle vari
ous camaigrs, boLl miliLary ard colorizirg camaigrs, all LlaL
vas losL. Claco is also ore o Lle lasL ArgerLirear rovirces; iL
vas a raLioral LerriLory, ard because o LlaL cordiLior iL gradu
ally losL lard Lo Lle bereiL o oLler ArgerLirear rovirces.
AL reserL, ve lave Llree roosals Lo slare viLl Llis
grou o irLellecLuals, ard ve commiL ourselves Lo lavirg Lle
erLire lar reserLed lere circulaLe or all Lle Claco social reL
vorls, buL also ir Lle rorLleasL, by mears o Lle Llree leLLers
ve arLicularly varL Lo oer as a velicle Lo circulaLe ideas Lle
February27 LmarciaLior LeLLer marlirg Lle bicerLerary o
Lle creaLior o our lag, vlere ve varL Lo remember LlaL iL
is roL orly a raLioral everL, because Maruel Belgraro svore
Lo ulold Lle reedom ard irdeerderce o all Lle Americas.
1lereore, Lo seal abouL Lle emarciaLior causes ir Lle vorld
is Lo seal abouL Lle emarciaLior causes o ArgerLira.
Secord, or Aril 2, (Lle LlirLieLl arriversary o Lle Fall
lards var) because Lle Falllards cause roL orly addresses our
irLegral corceL o oliLical, ecoromic, ard culLural sover
eigrLy, buL iL also imlies sealirg abouL Lle reservaLior o
Lle ervirormerL, because Llere is more oil ir Lle urdervaLer
slel o Lle Falllards Llar ir Lle NorLl Sea slel. 1lereore,
sealirg Loday abouL reservirg Lle ervirormerL, |usL as our
FresiderL CrisLira Ferrardez de Kirclrer so brilliarLly mair
Laired, mears susLairirg Lle Falllards cause roL Llrougl a
var buL Llrougl LaLir Americar raLerriLy.
Ve varL Lo Llarl you esecially or your commiLmerL
ir Lle asL ard ir Lle reserL, ard also Llarl all Lle Cubar
137
eole. I am sayirg Llis arLicularly as arL o Lle Falllards
CereraLior.
Commandcr: Vlere did Sar MarLr cross over irLo Clile:
Francisco komcro: Sar MarLr close Lle rouLe LlaL ro
body recommerded. AL irsL le vas recommerded Lle ocear
rouLe, buL Sar MarLr close Lle Ardes mourLair rarge.
Regardirg vlaL you merLiored, or |uly 22 ard 28, ve
celebraLe Lle I9ULl arriversary o Lle Cuayaquil irLerviev,
vlicl vas irLerreLed by Lle legemoric media as a discord.
For us iL is crucial Loday Lo reevaluaLe Lle Sar MarLrBolvar
lire, ard Llirl o Sar MarLrBolvar|ose MarL ard Lle Ca
ribbear aLrioLs, abouL LlaL AricLioric Corgress o Farama,
vlicl rereserLed Lle FarAmericar visior o our emarci
aLior causes. 1lereore, as Rodolo Valsl vas sayirg, ara
lrasirg Lle BerLolL BreclL Llesis, Lle six cordiLiors Lo Lell Lle
LruLl, are Llese Lo lrov lov Lo cloose roL |usL viLl vlom
you sLard, buL also Lle addressees, Lle mears Lo circulaLe Lle
LruLl, ard Lle sLrorg aiLl ard vill Lo Lell iL.
Commandcr: Ard vlere vas ar oil reserve ourd |usL re
cerLly ir LlaL area: Ir vlaL rovirce vas LlaL:
Francisco komcro: Here is oil ir Formosa, very close Lo
Lle Claco, ard iL is ossible LlaL ir souLleasL Claco,ve are
currerLly exlorirg; Formosa is |usL above Lle ClacoLlere
miglL be oil.
Commandcr: Ol! Because I read a cable abouL Lle exis
Lerce o some oil reserves Llere.
Francisco komcro: Vell, ir Lle souLl as vell, o course.
Commandcr: VlaL abouL slale gas. Has slale gas beer
merLiored Llere:
Francisco komcro: U Lo rov ve orly lave exloraLiors
LlaL irdicaLe LlaL Llere is some ir FaLagoria.
Commandcr: Slale gas:
Francisco komcro: LxacLly.
138
Commandcr: I car assure you, ard I vould svear Lo iL, LlaL
ArgerLira is Lle ourLl largesL reserve o slale gas ir Lle vorld;
LlaL doesrL mear you slould go crazy abouL iL, buL LlaL you
slould lrov vlaL you lave ard vlo las iL. IL is Lle ourLl
largesL reserve o LlaL gas ir Lle vorld.
Francisco komcro: Yes, ir Lerms o reserves.
Commandcr: Vell, also ir Lerms o discoveries. 1le Yar
lees already lrev vlaL iL vas, buL obviously because you
vere irvolved ir Lle Falllards issue ard all LlaL, robody las
Laler care o LlaL maLLer or is roL irormed; I car imagire LlaL
Lle auLloriLies lrov abouL iL very vell.
Francisco komcro: I vould also lile Lo Llarl you, Com
marder, or Lle solidariLy you lave giver us ir Lrairirg arourd
a lurdred sLuderLs rom Lle Claco vlo are sLudyirg medi
cire ir Cuba; I am goirg Lo visiL Llem or Morday.
I vould lile Lo give you some maLerial LlaL is Lle lisLory
o Lle Claco ard exlairs LlaL Lle vord Claco comes rom
Lvo larguages Aymara ard Queclua. IL also exlairs LlaL Lle
Lerm las currerLly beer redeired as uriLy o Lle diverse or
Lle searcl o collecLive ood.
1larl you very mucl (Alause).
Commandcr: Some o Llose docLors lave beer Lo HaiLi.
Francisco komcro: Yes, ve are also ir HaiLi.
Commandcr: 1ley are very good docLors.
Francisco komcro: Ve are cooeraLirg ir HaiLi. Do you
mird i I come u Llere, Commarder:
Commandcr: Yes, come or u (Frarcisco Romero gives
Lle Commarder a bool or Lle lisLory o Lle Claco. 1ley male
some commerLs abouL iL).
Katja Klusscndorf: FirsL o all, I vould lile Lo Llarl you
or Lle irviLaLior, or belal o my comrades or Lle Junge Welt
revsaer, ard Lle oLler members o Lle Cermar delegaLior.
1le daily Junge Welt is Lle smallesL revsaer o Lle Fed
eral Reublic o Cermary, buL iL is a revsaer viLl a Marx
139
isL aroacl ard slovs greaL solidariLy Lovards Cuba. ILs rooLs
are ir Lle CDR ard iL is a revsaer LlaL is orgarized as ar
irdeerderL cooeraLive.
Cuba ard LaLir America, ir gereral, lay ar ouLsLard
irg role ir Lle revsaers issues. For ourLeer years rov ve
lave beer sorsorirg Lle Arrual Rose Luxemburg Corererce
LlaL is leld arourd Lle daLe o ler assassiraLior, or |aruary I4.
More Llar 2UUU ersors Lale arL ir Lle Corererce ard iL is
Lle largesL leLvirg everL ir Cermary. Ve alvays irviLe ard
velcome a guesL rom Cuba Lo Lle corererce, ard ve alvays
corvey our areciaLior Lo Lle Cubar Five.
Ir 2UIU ve lad Lle visiL o Lrrique UbieLa rom Cuba ard
or a lorg Lime rov ve lave avaiLirg your visiL as a secial
guesL, buL so ar ve lave roL succeeded (LauglLer). Aryvay,
you could come rexL |aruary.
Commandcr: Vell, I vill orly lave Lo sLay a liLLle lor
ger Llar I lave beer lere. I Abel goes, ve slall be discussirg
Llirgs or our vay (LauglLer).
1larl you, very mucl.
Katja Klusscndorf: Yes; as a small revsaer, ve are very
irLeresLed ir Lle revs comirg rom Lle Lvo large revs ager
cies, buL someLimes ve realize LlaL Lle irormaLior las beer
mariulaLed because Lle revs agercies classiy ard selecL ir
ormaLior, Lley revriLe Lle revs, ard LlaL is vly Lley rever
become a ma|or Loic. 1le revs are Laler ouL o corLexL ard
LlaLs vler Lley sLarL Lo become a lie.
1laLs vly iL is imorLarL or us Lo ird diererL aLls
ard diererL irormaLior clarrels; LlaL is vly iL is imorLarL
or us Lo correcL viLl oLler leLisL media ir oLler courLries.
Our idea is Lo exard Lle corceL LlaL ve lave abouL Lle
Havara Bool Fair, based or Llis idea o loolirg u viLl oLler
leLisL revsaers o Lle vorld ard oer u ar irLerraLioral
leLvirg ress oice.
1lereore, ve are searclirg or a corcerLraLior, a rev
courLry vlere ve may corcerLraLe ard vlere ve may su
orL Lle develomerL o Lle leLvirg media ard exclarge
ideas ard exerierces, Lo lave a beLLer correcLior, ard ir Llis
regard Lle IrLerreL is goirg Lo lay a very imorLarL role.
140
IL all sLarLed viLl Lle Havara Bool Fair Oice, vlicl vas
esLablisled by mary orgarizaLiors vorlirg viLl Cuba ir Cer
mary Cuba s, Lle rierdsli orgarizaLior, Lle Junge Welt
revsaer, Lle NeLvorl o SolidariLy viLl Cuba ir Cermary,
ard Lle Lrade uriors, ard LlaL vas Lle vay ir vlicl Lle vlole
idea sLarLed. Ir 2UU4 Cermary vas Lle losL or Lle secial guesL
o Lle Havara Bool Fair ard sudderly Cermary reused Lo go
Lo Havara. 1le reasor Lley gave vas LlaL Lle lumar riglLs
siLuaLior ir Cuba lad vorsered. BuL LlaL Bool Fair Oice ir
Havara orgarized ir a very slorL Lime some Cermar reserLa
Liors LlaL vere Lo be brouglL Lo Lle Bool Fair ard sudderly Lle
Cermar arLiciaLior vas Lle biggesL ever ir Lle Havara Bool
Fair. More Llar 74 ublislirg louses aLLerded Lle air, ard
Llis Lime ve are very lay Lo lave Heirz Larger as a member
o our delegaLior lere aL Lle Bool Fair. Mary o you lrov lim
because le vas Lle CDR ambassador Lo Cuba ard viLl lim ve
are orgarizirg reserLaLiors ir Lle corLexL o Lle Bool Fair.
Ve are goirg Lo laurcl Lvo o lis bools; ore o Llem is er
LiLled La ternura de los pueblos (1le 1erderress o Lle Feoles),
ard is abouL Lle culLural relaLiors viLl Cuba; ard Lle oLler
bool corLairs relecLiors or lis exerierces ir Cuba. 1le Lvo
bools are very imorLarL ir Lle corLexL o Cermary ir order
Lo courLer Lle disLorLior o Cubas realiLy as iL is orLrayed ir
Cermary.
1lese vill also be irLeresLirg or Lle youLl ir Cuba be
cause|usL as iL laers viLl Lle youLl ir CermaryLley
lrov very liLLle abouL a eriod LlaL already belorgs Lo Lle
asL. So, I visl you good lucl aL Lle Bool Fair.
1larl you (Alause).
Istcban llorach: Cood everirg.
Commarder, vler ve vere Lallirg abouL reservirg Lle
ervirormerL, ve vere Lalirg or grarLed LlaL Llere is lar
mory beLveer scierLiic ard Leclrical develomerL ard Lle
ervirormerL; LlaL Llere car be ro ervirormerL viLlouL LlaL
larmory; LlaL Lle orly reasor vly Lle ervirormerL exisLs is
Lle bioLa; LlaL Lle orly reasor Lo reserve Lle ervirormerL
is Lle exisLerce o mar; ard or mar Lo be able Lo exisL, ard or
ideas Lo be reserved, Llere las Lo be eace; ard or us Lo lave
141
eace Llere musL be reedom. For all o Llis Lo laer ir Lle
uLure, ve musL recessarily Llirl o Lle rev gereraLiors, ard
Lo be able Lo Llirl o Lle rev gereraLiors, ve lave Lo Llirl
LlaL Lle rev gereraLiors, lile all o us lere, are a roducL o
Lle good, bad, or average sysLems o educaLior LlaL ve lave
lad LlrouglouL our lives.
I Llis meeLirg o irLellecLuals ard Lleir reLvorls does roL
irluerce ir some vay Lle vorlds rimary sclool Leaclers,
secordary sclool Leaclers, Lle reuriversiLy ard uriversiLy
roessors; i ve do marage Lo Lurr Llem irLo solesersors
o LlaL broad secLrum LlaL ve are discussirg lere; i ve do
roL aclieve Lle recessary colererce ard colesior beLveer
irLerraLioral everLs, I am reerrirg, or examle, Lo Lle rexL
uriversiLy corgress LlaL is goirg Lo be leld lere, or a recerL
corererce LlaL really asciraLed me abouL Lle audiovisual
uriverse o Lle clild, sorsored by ICAIC, or Lle Bool Fair
iLsel; ir oLler vords, i ve do roL resorL Lo all ossible mecl
arisms, Lle Llirgs LlaL rimary sclool clildrer are goirg Lo
gras, a video, a carLoor claracLer, aryLlirg LlaL could ex
lair Lo Llem vlaL Lle ervirormerL is all abouL I lave beer
able Lo see lov my yourg reiglbors er|oy vler Lle Cubar
Lelevisior airs Lle rograms made by UNICLF or UNLSCO.
I Llirl LlaL, ir Llis regard, ve lave Lo vorl viLl Lle rev
gereraLiors so LlaL Lley urdersLard Lle imorLarce o every
Llirg LlaL las beer said lere, vlicl I am roL goirg Lo reeaL
Lle reservaLior o Lle oresLs, eLc.
Ir my viev, Llere slould be a greaLer arLiciaLior o Lle
reLvorls ir Lle commuriLies LlaL erlas, as iL vill surely
be Lle case, do roL lave comuLers, ard lave ro vay oLler
mears buL Lleir ovr Leaclers. Ve slould roL orgeL LlaL, ir
Llis lareL, Leaclers are Lle ores vlo male decisiors abouL
Lle Leaclirg sysLems; ard Lle Leaclirg sysLems direcLly irlu
erce Lle value sysLems; Lle value sysLems slae u eoles
corscierce.
For Llere Lo be eace, ve musL lave value sysLems su
orLed, above all, by all Lle media LlaL mer lave Lo commuri
caLe viLl oLlers; ard Llese slould be imorLarL mediaI am
goirg Lo give you ar examle, roL a Cubar examle. Here ve
142
lave FrabeLLi. Ir a bool lile Calvina le males us Llirl arLicu
larly abouL vlaL iL mears Lo be lumar.
I Llirl LlaL clildrers ard youLl liLeraLure ir LaLir Ameri
ca, ir Lle Sarisl larguage, as vell as Lle liLeraLure rom oLler
areas ir Lle vorld, car corLribuLe Lo Lle ormaLior o Lle rev
mar LlaL you lave beer clamiorirg or so lorg. 1le erLire
RevoluLior, desiLe all iLs deiciercies, aclievemerLs, ard ror
corormiLies las Lried LlaL rev mar Lo be as le slould be.
1larl you very mucl (Alause).
Abcl Pricto: Allov me Lo say someLlirg, Commarder, be
ore givirg Lle loor Lo BeLLo. Amorg Lle mary NaLioral Frize
reciierLs reserL lereMiguel, Lusebio, RoberLo, Fablo Ar
mardo, Reyraldo, Cesar, siLLirg bacl Llere, beside Narcy
ard Ferrardo MarLrez Heredia, Llere is Fira Carca Marruz,
a greaL ClrisLiar ard a ollover o MarLs ideas, vlo vas Cir
Lios comarior ir lie ard ir vorl (Alause). I vould lile Lo
asl Fira Lo sLard u or a momerL. 1laL vorderul vomar las
beer silerL Lle vlole Lime over Llere (Alause).
Commandcr: Sle received ar avard ir recerL days.
Abcl Pricto: Yes.
1larls or comirg, Fira; loLs o love Lo you.
BeLLo, my broLler.
Frci Bctto: Commarder, iL is viLl roourd sadress LlaL
your excellerL lealLl cordiLior ard lucid mird is beirg viL
ressed. IL is sadress or Lle eremies o Llis courLry ard a greaL
lairess or all o us, Lle rierds o Llis courLry.
You lave said LlaL Clavez is corcerred viLl every deLail,
ard I lile Lle Cubar social divisior o labor sysLem Lle eole
Lale care o ecoromic roducLior; Raul Lales care o oliLics
ard Fidel Lales care o ideology, as le is doirg Llis aLerroor
LlaL ve are lere.
1lere are Lvo issues LlaL erlas lave roL beer dealL viLl
lere, buL I vill sLarL by Lle irsL vlicl Ferez Lsquivel briely
discussed.
Vler I am asled ir vlaL vay Lle Cubar RevoluLior could
be beLLer lrovr, I say iL is roL erougl Lo lrov Lle Cubar
143
lisLory; iL is roL erougl Lo lrov abouL Marxism; you lave Lo
lrov abouL Lle lie ard vorl o |ose MarL ard Lo be able
Lo urdersLard Fidelas KaLiusla las doreyou lave Lo lrov
abouL Lle |esuiL edagogy.
1le |esuiL edagogy. Mary eole lere lile Lle comrade
rom 1urisia, SarLiago Alba, lave exerierced Loday vlaL iL
mears Lo submiL Lo ar oral LesL ir a |esuiL sclool (LauglLer).
ILs lard. Ard LlaL is vlere Fidel comes rom.
I am roL a |esuiL; I am roL malirg ary roagarda because
I am Domiricar, a religious order LlaL las beer LradiLioral
ly lrovr ir Lle Clurcl Lo be ar adversary o Lle |esuiLs. BuL
sirce I am a rierd o Fidels, ve Domiricars ard |esuiLs came
Lo ar urdersLardirg (LauglLer).
Ir |esuiL LradiLior, Llere is a cusLom called a LesL o cor
scierce, vlicl ir Llis courLry ard ir Lle RevoluLior is dore
urder a diererL rame. 1lere vas a LimeI lave beer visiLirg
Cuba or more Llar 8U yearsvler eole lere Lalled abouL
emulaLior, Ller recLiicaLior, ard rov Lley Lall abouL Lle
Cuidelires.
Lool, slould SLalirism sLill exisL, Llese eole lere ir
Cuba vould be called recLiicaLiorisLs (LauglLer); buL mary
are roL avare LlaL Lle clarges lere do roL aecL Lle Lame
dusa lare, 1o clarge so LlaL everyLlirg sLays as iL is. Clarges
are made Lo imrove Llis social vorl o Lle RevoluLior, vlicl
is, ir my viev, a vorl LlaL is roL orly oliLical, ideological, or
ecoromic; iL is ar evargelical vorl. Because, vlaL does Lle
|esus evargelism mear: IL mears Lo eed Lle lurgry, leal
Lle sicl, succor Lle lelless, ard give |obs Lo Lle |obless. 1lis
is vriLLer ir Lle Cosel.
1lus, ir LlaL serse, I am sayirg LlaL Llis is a Lrarscerder
Lal vorl. BuL very oLer, ve ir rogressive movemerLs are roL
very mucl doirg vlaL Lle Cubar RevoluLior is doirg, LlaL is,
our LesLs o corscierce or our selcriLicism.
Vly are Llere ro rogressive movemerLs elsevlere ir Lle
vorld oLler Llar ir LaLir America: Ir Lle ace o Lle irarcial
crisis ir Luroe, vlaL roosals do ve lave: Feole Lall abouL
Occuyirg Vall SLreeL. Vell, ar irdigraLior movemerL las
beer creaLed buL mary do roL realize LlaL Vall SLreeL mears
144
Lle sLreeL o Lle vall, ard as lorg as Llis vall doesrL all, our
arger vorL vill roL geL aryvlere; iL vill be good or us, roL
or Lle eole (Alause). Ard or LlaL vall Lo all, Llere are
Lvo Llirgs LlaL are urdamerLal, ard Llose Lvo Llirgs lave
beer racLiced ir Lle lisLory o Lle Cubar RevoluLior. FirsL, Lo
lave a ro|ecL, roL |usL arger; Lo lave a urose ard goals. Ard
secord, oular rooLs, corLacL viLl Lle eole.
Cramsci used Lo say, Feole exerierce lie, buL very o
Ler Lley dorL urdersLard Lleir siLuaLior. Ve, Lle irLellecLu
als, urdersLard Lle realiLy buL ve do roL exerierce iL.
Mucl las beer said lere abouL Lle IrLerreL, ard I Llirl iL
is a very imorLarL baLLle Lrercl; buL I lave I8,UUU ollovers
or 1viLLer, ard LlaL is someLlirg imorLarL. Nov, I musL cor
ess I eel mucl laier vorlirg viLl I8 easarLs, I8 |obless,
or I8 vorlers. Mary a Lime our movemerLs seal or belal o
Lle eole, Lley varL Lo be Lle eoles varguard, Lley vriLe
or Lle eole buL Lley do roL commiL viLl LlaL eole (A
lause). Ve slould ergage ir some sorL o oliLical sariLaLior.
Feole do roL smell good Lo us, Lle irLellecLuals, Lle arLisLs,
Lle irLelligerL, ard Lle educaLed beirgs. Ard i eole do roL
go aryvlere, ve are roL goirg aryvlere.
Here is Lle orly courLry ir LaLir America LlaL made a
successul revoluLior; because Llere vere oLler revoluLiors,
ever ir Nicaragua a slorL Lime ago, buL Lle ore LlaL succeeded
vas Llis RevoluLior. Because iL is a revoluLior LlaL vas roL lile
Lle ore LlaL laered ir LasLerr Luroe; LlaL vas lile a vig
socialism, LlaL vas vorr rom Lle Lo Lo Lle boLLom. 1laL
vas roL Lle case lere, vlere Lle lair came rom Lle boLLom
Lo Lle Lo.
Ard sealirg o lair, I vas ollovirg Lle lair equaLior aL
Llis Lable, because Zuleica las slorL lair, Abel las lorg lair,
ard Fidel is Lle balarce (LauglLer), ard virLue is riglL ir Lle
middle. BuL sirce iL is geLLirg laLe ard I lrov LlaL Lle Com
marder sLill las Lo receive Llree delegaLiors LoriglL, male
eiglL irLerraLioral calls, read Llree bools ard more or less
2UU cables, because Lle rescriLior or Llis vorlirg caaciLy
is a Cubar sLaLe secreL, you slouldrL execL Lo lrov iL, be
cause ve vill rever lrov (LauglLer).
145
I drav your aLLerLior or Llis ve lave Lo do some sel
criLicism lov is our social irLeracLior or oliLical mobiliza
Lior: Ard, vlaL Lye o socieLies are ve ro|ecLirg LogeLler
viLl Lle eole, Lle irdigerous eoles, Lle easarLs, Lle
|obless.
1le secord Loic is very imorLarL ard iL vasrL mer
Liored lere FresiderL Lula Da Silva corvered iL ard FresiderL
Dilma suorLed iL, so rom |ure 2U Lo 22 Llis year, Lle Ro Flus
2U corererce vill meeL ir Rio de |areiro. 1le Commarder aL
Lerded LlaL corererce ir I992 ard Llere le made lis slorLesL
seecl iL lasLed orly sever miruLesvlicl caused ar irLer
raLioral surrise because Lle eole vere Llirlirg LlaL le vas
goirg Lo seal vay Loo lorg (LauglLer). BuL le said a lrase
LlaL las beer corsecraLed, Ve lave Lo save Lle mair erdar
gered secies, vlicl is Lle lumar secies.
VlaL do ve lave Lo do beLveer Loday ard |ure: FirsL, Lo
corvirce our goverrmerLs LlaL Lley slould be reserL aL Ro de
|areiro. Ve carroL allov LlaL all Llose leads o SLaLe Lurr Lleir
bacls or Lle ervirormerLal quesLior, because iL is roL a maLLer
o savirg Lle ervirormerL, iL is a maLLer o savirg everyLlirg.
1le roblem is very serious; buL Lle CS eole are roL
irLeresLed ir LlaL. Obama verL Lo Coerlager because le lad
beer misLalerly avarded Lle Nobel Feace Frizevlicl vas a
disgrace Lo Lsquivel, ard le lad Lo go Llrougl Coerlager
Lo geL Lo Oslo; le lad Lo male a Leclrical sLoover; le verL Lo
Lle corererce Lo male a demagogic seecl, because ir acL le
is roL commiLLed Lo vlaL le said.
So ve lave Lvo Lasls mobilize Lle leads o SLaLe o our
courLries, corvirce Llem Lo be reserL ir Ro de |areiro; be
cause Lo be reserL Llere is Lo suorL ar eecLive erviror
merLal reservaLior ro|ecL, Lo save lumariLy, Lo save Llis
lareL LlaL las losL 8U er cerL o iLs caaciLy or selgerer
aLior. LiLler Llere is a lumar irLerverLior or ve are leadirg
Lovards ar aocalyse, a caLasLrole.
A secord Llirg Lle SummiL o Lle Feoles is goirg Lo be
leld Llere ard FresiderL Dilma Lold us ir ForLo Alegre, aL Lle
1lemaLic Social Forum, LlaL Llis meeLirg is more imorLarL
Llar Lle meeLirg o Lle leads o SLaLe.
146
So, all o our movemerLs lave Lo be reserL or Llis Sum
miL Lo rirg loud ard clear LlrouglouL Lle erLire vorld ard
ircreasirgly mobilize ard male more eole avare o Llis er
virormerLal ro|ecL LlaL, giver iLs urgercy, iL also las a very
curious oliLical dimersior because, o all oliLical sub|ecLs,
ecology is Lle orly ore LlaL doesrL male ary diererce be
Lveer classes.
Lcological issues are lile irLerraLioral liglLs; Llere are
Llree caLegories FirsL Class, LxecuLive Class, ard Lcoromy
Class. BuL vler Lle lare goes dovr, everybody dies |usL Lle
same, Llere are ro rivileges.
1lereore, rom clildrer Lo Lle vealLliesL, Llere are eo
le vlo are sersiLive Lo Llis sub|ecL, ard ve lave Lo vorl or
LlaL.
I corclude, Commarder, Llarlirg you or your aLierce,
your dialogue viLl Llis grou; Llarlirg you or your caaciLy
Lo lisLer. Ferlas ve lave oLer soler or Loo lorg.
I also Llarl Abel, Zuleica, all our comrades ir Cuba vlo
lave brouglL us lere, vlo lave ercouraged us; I Llarl Lle
eole o Cuba vlo are lisLerirg Lo us, vlo are irLeresLed ir
Llis discussior, ir Llis corversaLior.
Ard I vould lile Lo asl Cod Lo bless Llis courLry, ard I es
ecially Llarl Lle Lord or your lie ard asl Him Lo bless your
lealLl.
1larl you very mucl (Alause).
Commandcr: Nov, vlaL do you execL: Do you execL
me Lo say someLlirg: I slould say someLlirg. VlaL slall I say:
See you soor! (LauglLer).
Vell, lasL Lime I commiLLed mysel Lo meeL agair ir ar
oLler meeLirg. I am leased LlaL I lave beer able Lo meeL viLl
you Loday. I am roL goirg Lo male ary seecl. All I vill do is Lo
male some commerLs or some revs, vlicl is vlaL is reeded
Lo exlair vly I believe LlaL Lle siLuaLior is comlex.
Ard vlaL Id lile Lo do is roL Lo male Frei BeLLo lool bad
ard Lall or less Llar sever miruLes; buL, aryvay, I dorL
Llirl Im goirg Lo be able Lo do LlaL, buL aL leasL roL more Llar
Lvice, I loe, ard rever more Llar Llree Limes. You vill see.
147
I brouglL some o Lle revs I usually read everyday. Nov,
leLs lool aL Llis ore
Advarces ir reuroscierces could be Laler advarLage o
by Lle armed orces ard ir Lle uLure iL vill be ossible Lo cor
recL veaors direcLly Lo Lle brairs o soldiers ard creaLe drugs
LlaL vill imrove Lle erormarce o rierdly orces ard miLi
gaLe Lle erormarce o eremy orces. 1lese are some o Lle
alicaLiors LlaL, accordirg Lo Lle Royal SocieLy (1le Royal
Academy o Scierces o Lle UriLed Kirgdom), are execLed Lo
be aclieved Llarls Lo Lle urdersLardirg ve rov lave o Lle
lumar brair.
1lis comes rom Lle BBC, ar Lrglisl source, Lle secord
colorial over, Lle aLler o Lle currerL emire, vlicl car a
ord Lo issue revs. 1ley do roL male u revs; Lle BBC collecLs
Lle exisLirg revs. Ve lave Lo lrov vlo is sayirg vlaL, be
cause eacl revs agercy las a cerLair level o resorsibiliLy.
Durirg Lle recruiLmerL rocess, irdividuals vill be sub
miLLed Lo brair scars so LlaL Lle ores viLl Lle besL caabili
Lies could be selecLed, deerdirg or Lle requiremerLs o Lle
Lasl.
Ferlas ore o Lle mosL solisLicaLed alicaLiors o Llis
rev Leclrology is Lle ossibiliLy Lo direcLly correcL a soldiers
brair, lis veaors, or drores (urmarred lares).
1le revs goes or ir greaL lergLl or Llis sub|ecL. Ir case
you are irLeresLed, you car lool iL u; iL is daLed 1uesday, Feb
ruary 7, 2UI2, by Lle BBC. Because lere ve lave all lirds o
revs LlaL did roL geL Lo us beore; iL is a Lremerdous revs
bombardmerL. Nevs comes rom everyvlere ard I lave beer
readirg revs vires every day or mary years rov. I car see Lle
clarge; iL is massive. 1laL vas ore o Llem.
IAK LALs I1s DLILKcL 1c cciK1L vLs1LK
LAKs. IL is daLed Lle 7Ll.
1le Irariar MirisLer o Deerce, Almad \alidi, ar
rourced Lle imlemerLaLior o 2I rev deerce sysLems, as
vell as LelecommuricaLiors, oLical, ard elecLroric roducLs
ard ro|ecLs, reorLs Lle Irariar revs agercy FARS.
Frecious meLals gold.
MALL1s LccLIKc A1 CLLcL. 1lis is also rom ReuLers.
148
BLK1 OIL IcL IsLs DiL 1c 1IL ccLD vAVL IK Li
cL AKD 1LKsIcK IK IAK.
BrerL Oil rose or Morday, Lo iLs liglesL level ir six
morLls, goirg above S II6 er barrel.
MLDLILV sAYs 1IA1 sLcL1 sLVIcLs DL1Lc1LD sc\L
.OO sILs IK .O11, ard LlaL is Lle greaL over. Ir Cuba ve
dorL reed so mary, orly |usL a ev, ard Lley are volurLeers.
RissIAK scILK1Is1s LAcI AK AK1Ac1Ic LALL vI1I
1IL cLDLs1 vA1L cK 1IL LAKL1. Ir Lle ArLarcLic Lley
lave discovered, by drillirg, Lle oldesL vaLer ir Lle lareL.
1le lale is arourd 8UU lilomeLers lorg, SU lilomeLers vide,
ard almosL IUUU meLres dee. Ir some zores, Lle \osLol is a
mass o resl vaLer ir liquid sLaLe LlaL is ourd aL Lle eicerLre
o Lle sixLl corLirerL, as ArLarcLica is lrovr.
IL las ar area o IS,69U square lilomeLers, similar Lo Lle
Bailal Lale ir Siberia, Lle largesL resl vaLer reserve ir Lle
vorld, ard iL is also Lle largesL subLerrarear lale o Lle IUU
LlaL are ourd urder Lle ArLarcLic ice.
1ley say LlaL Lley loe Lo ird lie orms daLirg bacl Lo
Lers o milliors o years, eLc.
1ley vere corvirced LlaL iL lad vaLer sirce Lley reacled
Lle deLl o 8,SS8 meLres..., Llis is robably Lle uresL ard
oldesL vaLer ir Lle lareL.
1ley are loolirg or lie orms Llere.
A \isIcc\ 1IA1 DLVcis LAs1Ic Is IciKD IK 1IL
A\AzcKL.
U.S. scierLisLs discovered a muslroom ir Lle |urgles o Lc
uador. Here ve lave Lle lady rom Lcuador; maybe Llis musl
room is aL LlaL liLLle soL LlaL you are reservirg (LauglLer).
Lle Pestalotiopsis microspora is caable o degradirg
olyureLlare by usirg iL as a ood source. UrLil rov iL vas
believed LlaL Llis Lye o lasLic could roL irLeracL viLl Lle
raLural rocesses o decomosiLior ard recyclirg o maLerial.
A grou o molecular bioclemisLry sLuderLs rom Lle
UriversiLy o Yale, led by Froessor ScoLL SLrobel, verL dee
irLo Lle Amazoriar |urgle Lo exerierce Lle scierLiic re
searcl rocess ir a broadbased ard creaLive marrer. |usL
149
lool aL lov rev Llirgs are aearirg, rev lie orms LlaL geL
elimiraLed viLl all Llose olicies LlaL carry or Llere.
Here ve lave AssociaLed Fress, 1le 2UII2UI2 soybear
larvesL vill be reduced by 47 er cerL ir Asurcior, as com
ared Lo Lle revious seasor, due Lo Lle rolorged drouglL
ard Lle irLerruLior o larLirg ir Braziliar arms LlaL remair
aralyzed by Lle roLesLs o Lle lardless easarLs. 1le oor
larvesL vill reduce reverues by I.S billior dollars.
AssociaLed Fress, A Sariard las ourd a lard grerade
rom Lle Secord Vorld Var amorg Lle oLaLoes le vas sellirg
Lo a cusLomer, as irormed or 1uesday by Lle Guardia Civil.
A Secord Vorld Var lard grerade ourd amorg some
oLaLoes.
Here ve lave aroLler abouL CrisLiras arrourcemerL.
LxLc1A1IcKs ABci1 CIs1IAKA FLKAKDLz AKKciKcL
\LK1 cK 1IL FALLLAKDs A1 \c\LK1s cI IKcLAsIKc 1LK
sIcK vI1I CLA1 BI1AIK LcADIKc 1IL scVLLIcK1Y cI
1IL AcIILLAcc.
Pgina/12 A revsaer sidirg viLl Lle goverrmerL
declared LlaL Lle corlicL beLveer Bueros Aires ard Lordor
could Lale a Lurr Llis aLerroor vler Lle residerL arrources
a series o imorLarL measures.
Cood. Here iL reads, SAK1cs vLLcc\Ls 1IL Si\\I1 cI
1IL A\LIcAs.
1IL U.S. Is scL1IcAL ABci1 1IL c\IsLs \ADL BY
AssAD 1c RissIA.
Or 1uesday Lle U.S. received viLl sceLicism Lle rom
ises made by FresiderL Baslar alAssad o Syria Lo Russiar
Foreigr MirisLer Serguei Lavrov abouL democraLic sLabilizaLior
ard believe LlaL violerL reressior slould erd immediaLely.
BcLIVIA AsLs 1IL U.S. 1c sic1 I1s 1ADI1IcK cI
cILvIKc cccA LLAVLs, a cusLom LlaL is Llousards o years
old, Lo bar iL doesrL mear Lo regoLiaLe, ard, curiously erougl,
Llis is vlaL Lley lave barred Lle mosL; buL iL is roL Lea. 1le
BriLisl car drirl all Lle Lea Lley varL, buL Llis is a Boliviar
cusLom, clevirg Lle leaves, vlicl seems Lo arise rom Lle
cordiLiors 1lese roblems lad rever beer merLiored, Lle
150
roblem o drug smugglirg, Lle U.S. marleL; all Llese rob
lems are quiLe diererL.
IKsiLzA CiBA IAs Kc1 LiLs1LD 1IL Lsi\1IcK cI
1IL DIALcciL 1c L1iK 1c 1IL OAS. Vlere las Llis mar
beer livirg or: (LauglLer). Or vlicl lareL:
Hcv \icI DcLs 1IL U.S. AKD IsALL AcLL cK IAK:
BBCVorld, VaslirgLor ALer a series o commerLs
LlaL oirLed Lo Lle ossibiliLy LlaL Israel miglL be rearirg
a urilaLeral aLLacl or Irar Lo uL a lalL Lo iLs resumed ru
clear veaors rogram, U.S. FresiderL Baracl Obama assured
LlaL lis courLry is vorlirg LogeLler viLl Lle goverrmerL o
Ber|amir NeLaryalu or Lle measures Lley vill Lale agairsL
1elrar.
VaslirgLor ard 1el Aviv are sLaurcl allies buL Obama
ard NeLaryalu do roL lave a very varm relaLiorsli ard Lley
lave gore lead Lo lead over several Middle LasLerr securiLy
sub|ecLs.
Ir Lerms o Lle Irariar ruclear rogram, aralysLs oirL
ouL LlaL boLl goverrmerLs agree or Lle resulL LlaL suiLs Llem
boLl buL roL or Lle LacLics Lo use ir order Lo aclieve iL; Llis las
urleasled seculaLiors or a ossible Israeli urilaLeral aLLacl.
LasL veel, Israeli Deerce MirisLer Llud Baral sLaLed LlaL
Lle virdov o oorLuriLy Lo Lale decided acLior agairsL Lle
Irariar ruclear rogram vas closirg ard LlaL, i sarcLiors do
roL vorl, Lley vould lave Lo corsider Lle miliLary oLior.
1le erLire revs vire deals viLl ursuccessul oeraLives,
eLc., eLc.
Vell Ller, LlaLs ore days vorLl o revs; Lley are daLed
1uesday. O course, I lave selecLed Lle mair vires rom Lle
mary I sav.
Abel, leLs divide Llem u; uL Llem over Llere; Llere is
ro room or Llem lere. FuL Llem over Llere.
Nov, lisLer Lo Llis, lov curious. 1lis is rom Lle SLl.
MILLIcKAILs cIILDLK LKKILLss. A KLv 1LKD
1IA1 Is cAIKIKc IAKs.
Millioraires leavirg Lleir clildrer erriless may sourd
urlilely buL iL aears LlaL Llis aLLiLude is sLarLirg Lo be a
Lrerd.
151
1lis, MILLIcKAILs scK vI1Ici1 A DI\L Is A KLv
1LKD 1IA1 Is cAIKIKc IAKs. 1lis vas broadcasL by Russia
1oday, vlicl is a Russiar 1\ clarrel LlaL is comirg u viLl
a loL o revs as o laLe. 1lis ore did roL aear, rov viLl Lle
soLliglL or all Llese roblems, Llere are some irLeresLirg
maLLers LlaL aear ir Lle reorLs. Some revs do roL aear
aryvlere else.
1le mosL amous alLruisL amorg Lle riclesL ersors o
Lle lareL Lle ourder o Lle MicrosoL giarL, Bill CaLes.
Here iL is, Bill CaLes las SU billior dollars, le ourded Mi
crosoL, ard las roosed serdirg lal o lis orLure Lo eole
ir reed o morey.
Vell, Llis clears iL u; Llese are lis ovr vords. Ir 2UUS
Bill CaLes abardored lis rouLire vorl aL MicrosoL Lo dedicaLe
limsel ullLime Lo clariLy. Nov, LlaL is Lle irsL ore.
1le oLler ore, Varrer BueLLle is lile millioraire
No. 2 a successul irverLor ard lead o Lle Berlslire HaLl
avay Comary, vlo ir 2UIU vas Lle Llird riclesL mar ir Lle
vorld, agrees viLl CaLes or Lle sub|ecL o lis clildrers irler
iLarce. BueLL las Llree clildrer |usL lile CaLes ard le assures
le vill be leavirg a limiLed irleriLarce Lo lis clildrer.
AroLler, 2UU6, BueL sLaLed LlaL 99 er cerL o lis or
Lure slall be goirg Lo clariLy, eiLler vlile le is sLill alive or
aLer lis deaLl.
Or Lle oLler lard, Lle ilm direcLor Ceorge Lucas, a
Ller o Star Wars, also lars Lo leave lis clildrer viLl a miri
mal ercerLage o lis ossessiors.
As or Lle ovrer o CNN, 1ed 1urrerLley say le is Lle
ovrer; I meL Llis gerLlemar vler Llere vas ro CNN, iL vasrL
ever irLerraLioral.
Ard Lle lisL could go or grovirg.
Four o Lle biggesL millioraires are uLLirg orvard Llis
idea. 1ley ovr morey, buL vlere did Llis morey come rom:
Vlo aid or all Llis: Hov car ore mar ovr SU billior dol
lars: No maLLer lov smarL le may be, Llere musL be Llousards
o mer vlo are ar more irLelligerL LlaL lim, vlo lave made
greaLer corLribuLiors, ard yeL, rore o Llem las SU billior.
Ard so rov Lley come across Llis idea ard so Lley decide
152
vlere Lle lell Lley are goirg Lo leave all Llis morey. BuL iL is a
sigr o Lle Limes. 1ley divide iL u.
Here is aroLler ore, rom Lle SLl.
A LLY c1LIK IK 1IL DLVLLc\LK1 cI cs1A1L cAK
cL Is DIsccVLLD.
... U.S. scierLisLs iderLiied a rev roLeir LlaL las a ley
role ir Lle ormaLior..., agairsL carcer, eLc.
IL goes or Lo exlair, BiologisLs maraged Lo slov LlaL
Lle iracLivaLior o Llis roLeir irlibiLs Lle urcLior o Lle re
ceLor, ard Llis leads Lo Lle comleLe suressior o carcer
ous cell grovLl ir Lle Lissue culLivaLed ir Lle lab... ir raLs.
Fire. DIsccVLY cI 1IL cLDLs1 AiA1Ic LAK1 IK 1IL
vcLD.
AusLraliar scierLisLs assure Lley lave discovered Lle
oldesL marire orgarism or Lle lareL. IL is a larL aroxi
maLely 2UU,UUU years olda 2UU,UUU yearold larL isrL LlaL
old (LauglLer), larLs are milliors o years old, aL leasL LlaL
lie ormard iL vas ourd ir Lle MediLerrarear. Accord
irg Lo some biologisLs, Lle larL reroduces iLsel via a clorirg
rocess.
1le larL belorgs Lo Lle secies Oceanica posidonia ard
vas ourd IS lilomeLers ar rom Lle Sarisl islard o For
merLera by Lle biologisL Carlos DuarLe rom Lle UriversiLy o
VesLerr AusLralia.
As arL o lis vorl, Llis researcler collecLed samles o
gereLic maLerial ir 4U diererL laces. 1ley sLarL creaLirg ar
erLire morooly over medicires ard laLer or, Lle aLerLs, ard
laLer or, Lle rices LlaL are Lo be aid Lo urclase LlaL. Ard I
am sayirg Llis because Cuba las advarced a loL ir Lle sLruggle
agairsL Lle various orms o carcer, ard Llis is very imorLarL.
1ley lave all Llis urder corLrol.
MAIKL ScKcL 1IL IIs1 LIVIKc BLIKcs cK LA1I.
Nov Lley lave discovered Lley vere Lle irsL.
1le irsL arimal o our lareL is similar Lo microscoic
sea sorges, say researclers rom SairL Ardrevs UriversiLy ir
Lle UriLed Kirgdom. 1le discovery o Lle arcesLor o Lle irsL
livirg beirgs or LarLl seLs bacl Lle daLe or Lle sLarL o arimal
lie beLveer IUU ard ISU milliors o years.
153
1le irLerraLioral Leam o scierLisLs leaded by ArLlory
Frave ourd microscoic ossils ir a 76U millioryearold rocl
ir Lle LLosla NaLioral Farl ir Namibia.
FAAcIi1Is1rov everyore is erLerirg some lird o
comeLiLiorIs ccIKc 1c i\ Ic\ 1IL s1A1csILL 1c
BLAL 1IL sciKD BAIL. Nov Llis guy is goirg Lo smasl
irLo ore o Llese..., le alls ard Lle cluLe doesrL oer.
LxLreme sorLsmar Felix BaumgarLrer vill aLLemL Lo be
come Lle irsL ersor Lo reacl Lle seed o sourd viLl a reeall
|um rom a leiglL o more Llar 86 lilomeLers, vlicl le vill
reacl or board o a balloor. He reacles LlaL leiglL ard Ller
|ums o ir a aracluLe Lo breal Lle seed o sourd barrier.
Vell, le carL be Loo calm; iL is ubliciLy ard everyLlirg
LlaL causes Llis lird o alieraLior ir eole, ard all o Llem
geL lilled because ore guy is lyirg Lvery so oLer Llere are
eisodes lile LlaL.
Aryvay, bacl Lo Lle sorges (1le Commarder goes over
Lle revs vires).
1ale, Abel; I lave already read Lvo.
The Commander in Chief Fidel Castro Ruz addresses the participants during the dialogue.
154
Nov comes Llis, rom Lle 9Ll.
HAVAD ccIILL vILL BL IKIALLD IK 1IL Ii1iL.
A Harvard exerL says LlaL ir Lle uLure eole vill sLo
drirlirg coee ard, irsLead, Lley are goirg Lo irlale Lleir
caeire rom a lisLiclsized Lube. So Llose o you vlo love
coee, geL ready (LauglLer).
IL is a roducL called AeroSloL; iL came ouL ir Lle sLores
aL Lle erd o |aruary ir MassacluseLLs ard Nev Yorl, as vell
as ir Frarce.
1lis roducL, vlicl some criLics varr could brirg abouL
some risls, cosLs S2.99LlaLs roL very exersive; iL doesrL
cosL S8.UU, buL S2.99ard is sold ir grocery sLores, liquor
sLoresard or Lle IrLerreL.
Nev Yorl DemocraLic SeraLor Clarles Sclumer asled Lle
Food ard Drug AdmirisLraLior (FDA) Lo aralyze AeroSloL.
1le oliLiciar said LlaL le ears iL vill be used as a drug
ir riglLclubs, so LlaL yourg eole car lee or drirlirg al
cololic beverages urLil Lley ass ouL. VlaL a greaL uLure or
Lle youLl!
USDA Ls1I\A1LD ci1BAcLs IK sLLD IAVLs1s IK Sci1I
A\LIcA BLcAisL cI 1IL DcicI1.
A severe SouLl Americar drouglL reduced Lle size o
larvesLs o soybear ard corr ir Lle regior, ever Llougl iL
vas roL as severe as arLiciaLed, said Lle U.S. goverrmerL or
1lursday; iL ro|ecLed LlaL exorL slorLages ir ArgerLira ard
Brazil vill be relaced viLl U.S. seeds.
Corr sLocls ir Lle U.S. vill all Lo Lleir lovesL level ir
I6 years; Llis mears a S er cerL reducLior ir |aruary ro|ec
Liors. Lvery day Llere are revs lile Llis abouL oodsLus.
Israeli sclools aecLed by lov roiciercy. 1ley are
comlairirg LlaL Lley vill lose Lleir rivileged osiLior; Lley
seal o Lle reduced rumber o Nobel LaureaLes Lley lave as
a resulL o reglecL. 1ley say Llese male u orly a small grou.
1ley also say LlaL oLlers do roL lave Llese advarLages, LlaL
Lle ores errolled ir Arab sclools dorL lrov aryLlirg. 1lere
is ar AF revs cable dedicaLed Lo Llis.
Ore osiLive iece o revs, FAHO AsLs A\LIcAK
cciK1ILs 1c BAK ADVL1IsIKc AKD IKcLAsL 1AxLs cK 1c
BAccc.
155
Vell, ve are roducers o LlaL oisor; LlaLs vlaL ve vere
giver.
FAHO aclrovledged Lle rogress aclieved ir Lle regior
sirce Lle aroval o Lle Framevorl AgreemerL or Lle Cor
Lrol o 1obacco ir 2UUS, esecially ir Lle adoLior o eecLive
measures Lo reduce Lle corsumLior o ard exosure Lo Lo
bacco smole.
FAO A1L Ic 1IL vcLD IcL cI IccDs ccLs i BY .
L cLK1 IK |AKiAY.
Vorld ood rices ircreased by almosL 2 er cerL ir |aru
ary as comared Lo Lle revious morLl, usled by Lle ircrease
ir Lle rices o vegeLable oil ard grairs, FAO igures sloved or
1lursday.
Here, 1le raLe measurirg morLlly clarges ir rices or a
ood basleL o grair, oilseeds, dairy roducLs, meaL, ard sugar
averaged 24U; ourLeer oirLs ir |aruary, our more Llar ir
December, FAO sLaLed.
FAO raised iLs esLimaLes or Lle vorld grair roducLior Lo
2,827 millior Lors, u by 4.6 millior Lors comared Lo Lle re
vious ro|ecLior ircreased Lle arorama o vorld sulies
o grair by Lle erd o Lle 2UI2 seasor by S millior Lors Lo SI6
millior. 1ley reed almosL 4U millior Lors more er year.
1lese are Lle revs.
VAKIKc cK cIL\IcAL LLALLAcLLlis is rom Lle
SLlor Lle YargLze River ir Clira.
1le Slarglai auLloriLies are or Lle alerL ollovirg a
clemical lealage LlaL olluLed Lle YargLze River, Lle mair
vaLer source or Lle mosL dersely oulaLed ciLy ir Clira,
alLlougl iL seemed Llere vere ro lealLl risls, Lle Shanghai
Daily ublisled or Vedresday.
Vler iL comes Lo olluLior, LlaL is Lle largesL river ir Clira.
Nov Llis, |AAKs ciLK1 AccciK1 siLis Is 1IL
LcvLs1 IK 1 YLAs.
|aars currerL accourL surlus ell corsiderably ir 2UII
Lo iLs lovesL level ir IS years, ard ever Llougl oreigr irvesL
merLs comersaLed or Lle all ir Lerms o Lle exclarge raLe,
Llere are sLill quesLiors abouL lov 1olyo vill irarce iLs eror
mous ublic debL.
156
Here is a cable or Lvo Morales. ... Loday aL Lle UN LlaL
Llere is ro oliLical ersecuLior agairsL oosiLior aLer ager
cies asled lim LlaL lis adversaries be Lried imarLially, based
or Lleir resumLive irrocerce ard viLl Lrarsarercy ir cas
es o alleged corruLior, a rocess LlaL is beirg romoLed by
Lle goverrmerL .
Ard lere Llere is ore rom Lle IULl.
Moscov, ANSA Secial orces rom QaLar ard CreaL
BriLair acLirg or Syriar LerriLory, sLaLed Lle Russiar Deu
Ly Foreigr MirisLer Mi|ail Bogdarov, vlo vas quoLed by lis
courLrys ress agercy I1AR1ASS.
Ir Lle lasL ev days, some irLerraLioral media sources re
erred Lo Llis.
UN ABAKDcKs BcDY cciK1 DiL 1c LxcLssIVL VIc
LLKcL.
AroLler ore rom Syria. ... vlo allegedly commiLLed or
ordered crimes agairsL lumariLy musL be Lried by Lle IrLerra
Lioral Crimiral CourL, Lle UN Humar RiglLs Oice irdicaLed
or Friday. Ve Llirl, ve lave said Llis ard ve vill corLirue Lo
reiLeraLe iL Lle case o Syria belorgs Lo Lle IrLerraLioral Crim
iral CourL. 1lis vould serd a sLrorg message Lo Llose vlo are
uLLirg or Llese slovs, said RuerL Colville, solesmar or
Lle UN Higl Commissiorer or Humar RiglLs, Navi Fillay.
Fillay vill seal aL a Cereral Assembly sessior or Syria,
Morday, ir Nev Yorl. I Llirl Lley are corsiderirg a resolu
Lior Lle corLerL o vlicl I dorL lrov, sle added.
AroLler ore abouL LlaL Former UN |udge or var crimes
requesLed ar urgerL irLerraLioral acLior or Vedresday Lo ro
LecL civiliars ir Syria, sayirg LlaL sle vas moved by Lle mas
sacres carried ouL by Lle army ir Lle ciLy o Homs. All Llis is
Lle camaigr, vlaL Lley lave beer creaLed arourd Syria.
Here is vlaL I said abouL Lle QaLar orces; abouL Lle vaLer
crisis. Ol!, OK SiKDAY 1IL ccsI1IcK LLLc1s CIAVLz I
VAL 1c 1IL LsIDLKcY cI \LKLziLLA.
Or Surday Lle \erezuelar oosiLior celebraLes some
urusual rimaries Lo elecL iLs residerLial cardidaLe. Cover
ror Herrique Carilesvlo belorgs Lo Llis large adverLisirg
comaryis Lle avoriLe cardidaLe. He las Lle clallerge o
157
orgarizirg a luge mobilizaLior Lo ass lis irsL acid LesL beore
Lle OcLober elecLiors vler le vill rur agairsL Hugo Clavez.
Here Llere is ar exlaraLior o all LlaL.
Cariles, vlo is a lavyer, sirgle, ard loolirg or a irsL
lady, as le liles Lo |ole, romises Llrougl a simle message Lo
mairLair ard imrove Lle social olicies o Clavez LlaL las
made lim so oular amorg Lle oular classes, buL also Lo
clarge Lle orm o goverrirg.
Clavez rooses a aLl Lovards socialism a SLaLe LlaL
varLs Lo ovr everyLlirg. I roose a aLl Lovards rogress,
Lle cardidaLe assures, vlo varLs Lo aly Lle Braziliar mod
el ir \erezuela by ercouragirg Lle rivaLe secLor buL leavirg
Lle SLaLe aL Lle cerLer o Lle social rograms.
FourLeer years aLer begirrirg lis oliLical career as clair
mar o Lle House o DeuLies, Lle yourg goverror romises Lo
elimiraLe irdeiriLe reelecLior, based or vlicl Clavez loes
Lo goverr urLil Lle year 2U8I. 1lis is ar AFF cable, dissemi
raLirg Lle \erezuelar drama LlrouglouL Lle vorld.
Here iL exlairs, Accordirg Lo Lle exlaraLior giver
by oliLical aralysL ard social syclologisL Mercedes Fulido Lo
AFF, iL is diiculL Lo reverL some o Llese so urarimous sur
veys, ever Llougl Lle risl or Cariles is LlaL arL o lis elec
LoraLe sLays lome Llirlirg LlaL sirce Lleir cardidaLe is goirg
Lo vir, Llere is ro reed Lo voLe.
1le MUD oosiLior coaliLior (DemocraLic UriLy 1able)
slall orgarize Lle rimaries or vlicl 76UU ollirg sLaLiors
vill be irsLalled all over Lle courLryLlaL is someLlirg ur
leard o; see lov all Lle eremies geL LogeLler ard sLay uriLed
Lo deeaL ClavezMUD urged \erezuelars Lo voLe ard guar
arLeed coriderLialiLy ir Lle balloLs.
1IL \A1IcAK DLscIBLs As DLLIIcis 1IL Lc1s cI
A Lc1 AcAIKs1 1IL FcL.
Or Friday, Lle \aLicar described as delirious Lle iror
maLior ublisled by ar ILaliar revsaer sLaLirg LlaL Foe
BeredicL X\I vould be assassiraLed ir I2 morLls.
1lese are delirious ravirgs LlaL ir ro vay car be Lal
er seriously, said FaLler Federico Lombardi, clie \aLicar
solesmar.
158
You |Frei BeLLo| musL be avare o Llis ore.
Here iL reads, SAIK sIciLD IKVLs1IcA1L cI\Ls cc\
\I11LD iKDL FAKccs LcI\L, sAYs 1IL UN.
1le UN Higl Commissiorer or Humar RiglLs sLaLed or
Friday ler corcerr or |udge BalLasar Carzor, Lried ir Sair or
irvesLigaLirg Lle crimes commiLLed urder Frarcos regime,
ard said LlaL Lle Sarisl AmresLy Lav ... rurs courLer Lo ir
LerraLioral lav.
|udges slould roL be sub|ecL Lo crimiral ersecuLior
or lavirg dore Lleir |ob, Lle solesmar declares. VlaL a
mess.
Here, ... 1le Lcoromic Commissior or LaLir America
ard Lle Caribbear (CLFAL) ard Lle Regioral UNICLF Oice
laurcled a guidelire Lo esLimaLe irarL overLy ... Lo romoLe
regular measuremerL o Llis roblem, viLl a legal aroacl ir
Lle regior.
Fidel Castro Ruz
159
CLFAL las a good osiLior, iL is arguirg agairsL LlaL, ard
iL is a serious orgarizaLior. ILs LxecuLive SecreLary vas lere re
cerLly; sle is Mexicar.
Nov, see Llis ore; Llis is vlaL Ive beer Lallirg abouL
Vays o reversirg Lle eecLs o Alzleimers or Lle brair lave
beer ourd; lool aL LlaL.
U.S. scierLisLs lave maraged Lo cleared u Lle larmul
roLeir laques LlaL are ormed or Lle brairs o Alzleimers
aLierLs viLl a drug used Lo iglL carcer.
Ir Lle sLudy viLl lab raLs, Lle drug, vlicl vas a
roved Lo LreaL slir carcer, cleared u Lle laques viLl ur
recederLed seed, sLaLes Lle researcl ublisled ir Science
magazire.
LaLer LesLs sloved ar imrovemerL ir Lle arimals brair
urcLiors, iL adds.
Ve Llirl LlaL ore o Lle rircial claracLerisLics o Al
zleimers disease is Lle accumulaLior o ragmerLs o a roLeir
called beLaamyloid.
Lvery lumar beirg roduces Llis roLeir ir Lle brair,
buL lealLly irdividuals lave a meclarism LlaL lels Lo de
comose Llese ragmerLs.
Hovever, ir Alzleimers aLierLs, Llis meclarism does
roL vorl ard orly causes Lle accumulaLior ard ormaLior
o Lle beLaamyloid laques, resulLirg ir damage Lo ard Lle
deaLl o reurors ard everLual roblems viLl memory ard
oLler cogriLive slills.
1lis is ar urrecederLed ird, sLaLes Dr. Faige Cramer
vlo direcLed Lle sLudy.
Freviously, Lle besL available LreaLmerL or Alzleimers
ir lab raLs Lool several morLls Lo reduce Lle laques ir Lle
brair.
AroLler iece o revs, CIIKLsL IcLIcK 1ADL DL
cLAsLs IK |AKiAY. DA\A1Ic IALL IK I\c1s.
Ard LlaL is buyer No. I. Clira arrourced Llis Friday a
decrease ir oreigr Lrade ir |aruary. LxorLs uL Lle blame or
Lle Lurar Nev Year lolidays ard Lle crisis ir Luroe, as vell
as Lle damages or imorLs as a resulL o a veal domesLic de
mard.
160
AroLler ore, BI1IsI I\L \IKIs1L LLILs 1c 1IL
AcLK1IKLAK LLADL cK 1IL FALLLAKDs IssiL.
Or 1lursday, BriLisl Frime MirisLer David Cameror ar
svered Lle residerL o ArgerLira abouL ler lars Lo roLesL
aL Lle UN agairsL Lle miliLarizaLior o Lle Falllards, sayirg
LlaL Lle islarders vill lave Lordors resecL or as lorg as Lley
varL Lo lee or beirg BriLisl.
1le ArgerLirear Foreigr MirisLry said iL vould comlair
beore Lle UN, aL Lle Lime vler bilaLeral Lersiors vere grov
irg rior Lo Lle LlirLieLl arriversary o Lle Falllards Var ...
IL sLaLed LlaL Lle ArgerLirear MirisLer o Foreigr Aairs vill
submiL a ormal comlairL Lo Lle UN SecuriLy Courcil ard iLs
Cereral Assembly.
IL also criLicized Lle Lri o Frirce Villiam, secord leir
Lo Lle BriLisl Llrore, Lo Lle islards as a miliLary rescue iloL.
CreaL BriLair las deried Lle miliLarizaLior o Lle SouLl ALlar
Lic ard claims LlaL iLs deersive osiLior ir Lle islards re
mairs urclarged.
1le ArgerLirear Foreigr MirisLry arrourced LlaL Lle
MirisLer o Foreigr Aairs vould be meeLirg or Friday viLl
Lle FresiderL o Lle UN SecuriLy Courcil Lo discuss Lle derur
ciaLior reserLed by Lle SouLl Americar courLry agairsL Lle
alleged miliLarizaLior o Lle SouLl ALlarLic by CreaL BriLair.
He vill also meeL viLl Lle UN Cereral Assembly Fresi
derL Nassir Abdulaziz AlNasserLlaL is Lle residerL, roL
Lle secreLaryard viLl SecreLaryCereral Bar Kimoor.
1laL is Lle roblem acirg ArgerLira.
IAK Is Lsc1IKc 1c BA1LIKc 1c BiY IccDs1iIIs
BLcAisL cI 1IL sAKc1IcKs.
Irar is resorLirg Lo barLerirg, oerirg gold irgoLs ard oil
ir exclarge or ood, due Lo Lle rev irarcial sarcLiors LlaL
are aecLirg iLs caaciLy Lo imorL basic commodiLies or Lle
oulaLior, oeraLors said, or 1lursday.
1le diiculLy Lo cover imorLarL reeds las corLribuLed
Lo sLee rice ircreases ir ood, Llus causirg roblems or iLs
74 millior irlabiLarLs, veels beore ar elecLior corsidered
Lo be a reererdum or Lle ecoromic olicies o FresiderL Al
madireyad. IL is vell lrovr LlaL Lle leadersli o Lle cour
Lry is ir Lle lards o Lle AyaLollal.
161
Nev sarcLiors imosed by Lle UriLed SLaLes ard Lle
Luroear Urior Lo urisl Irar or iLs ruclear rogram do roL
reverL comaries rom sellirg ood Lo 1elerar, buL Lley
comlicaLe Lle irarcial LrarsacLiors required Lo ay or Lle
urclases.
ReuLers olls amorg oeraLors o rav maLerials Llrougl
ouL Lle vorld revealed LlaL sirce Lle begirrirg o Lle year,
Irar las lad roblems Lo imorL basic commodiLies sucl as
rice, coolirg oil, odder, ard Lea. Slis loaded viLl grair vaiL
ouLside Lle orLs because Lley reuse Lo male Lleir deliveries
viLlouL aymerLs. All orms o aymerL are beirg blocled.
VlaL car a courLry urder sucl circumsLarces ard viLl
74 millior eole do: Ard all LlaL is Lo reverL Irar rom lav
irg ruclear veaors aLer Lley lave romoLed Lle develo
merL o more Llar 8UU ruclear veaors ir Israel, vlicl las
roL aclrovledged vleLler iL las Llem or roL.
Ir LlaL very criLical regior a ruclear over las beer ro
moLed viLl 8UU missiles ard solisLicaLed veaorry, vlile
arms are beirg sold Lo Saudi Arabia or 6U millior dollars.
1le UriLed SLaLes is Lle largesL arms exorLirg courLry. IL
is ergaged almosL exclusively ir Lle exorL o arms; ard all Lle
SLaLes o Lle Urior lave some lird o irLeresL ir LlaL, because
ore las a acLory Lo roduce someLlirg, aroLler ore roduces
someLlirg else iLs a lird o |ob, iLs a resource ard Ller
Lleres Lle morey
Nore o Llose veaors car equaLe Saudi Arabia Lo Israel,
buL Lley sell iL 6U billior dollars vorLl o arms, ard Ller Lley
sell Lo QaLar, ard Lley sell Lo Lle vlole vorld. 1laLs vlaL Lle
U.S. ecoromy is abouL; LlaLs vlaL Lley lave erded u doirg
lile some millioraires vlo do all Llose busiresses ard Ller
lay Lle good guys, ard Ller go ard give avay morey Lo some
clariLy. BuL vlo vill Lley give LlaL morey Lo: Ve slould asl
Llem; ve slould lool or LlaL cable, call Llem ard asl Llem
Hey, lease, give ar irLerviev. Maybe Lley vill arsver ore
o Llose urry Lelelores. VlaL do you Llirl, Rardy:
kandy Alonso: 1ley are rov Lryirg Lo geL oLler milliors
Lo |oir LlaL camaigr, ard male a loL o ubliciLy abouL iL.
162
Commandcr: BuL ve slould asl Llem ir vriLirg vlere
Llose gererous millioraires irLerd Lo irvesL LlaL morey ir; Lley
vill doraLe arL o iL Lo Lleir clildrer. I guess Lley vill also leave
Llem yaclLs, lares, ard so orLl. Mearvlile, Lley accumulaLe
abulous amourLs, SU billior or more. 1laLs Lle sysLem. Vlere
does LlaL sysLem lead Lo: IL leads Lo a dead erd.
I lave reerred Lo Llese issues or revious occasiors; I
aralyzed Lle ood roducLior grovLl; I made reererce Lo Lle
sLaLemerLs by ore o Lle mosL resLigious exerLs, ClesLer
Brovr, rom Lle U.S., vlo sLudied ir Irdia; ard I merLiored
aroLler ore vlo las also vor irLerraLioral avards. 1ley
lave gore Llrougl Lle irormaLior abouL Lle ood roducLior
grovLl as Lle vorld oulaLior las exerierced a Lvoold
ircrease ir Lle lasL decades; our lareL las rov a liLLle over
7 billior irlabiLarLs.
I remember clearly vler ve came Lo be 8 billior; iL vas
aLer Lle I96Us. Ir I97I, Nixor elimiraLed Lle gold sLardard, ard
Lle rice o gold soared Lo SU Limes Lle 8S dollars er 1roy ource
o Lle BreLLor Voods days. 1le rice o goods las roL ircreased
as mucl because Lle maclirery available boosLed roducLiviLy
ard reverLed sucl secLacular rice liles. LxloiLaLior o Lle
leasL develoed courLries ircreased dramaLically. Do you lrov
lov mucl, or examle, ar Aricar cocoa roducirg courLry
geLs rom Lle clocolaLe made ir Lle UriLed SLaLes, Carada, or
ary o iLs oLler allied ricl courLries: Ore LerLl o vlaL is made
by Llose vlo rocess ard marleL cocoa.
Reererce las beer made lere Lo Lle vay Lle LrarsraLior
al comaries are urclasirg lard ir Arica, LaLir America, ard
elsevlere ir Lle vorld. Ir |usL ore year, ir 2UUS, Lley bouglL
4UU,UUU square lilomeLers o lard, or 4U millior lecLares. 1lis
is aroLler roblem LlaL is lirled Lo Lle ood crisis. Ir Lle UriL
ed SLaLes, or Lle oLler lard, Lley devoLe almosL 2UU millior
Lors o grairs Lo biouel roducLior. Accordirg Lo esLimaLes,
8UU millior eole could be ed rom Lle grairs used Lo ro
duce biouels ir Lle UriLed SLaLes.
1lese daLa are exLremely imorLarL. I Llirl LlaL go
irg over Llese issues vould roL give aryore a Lvirge o cor
scierce, ard vloever visles Lo reserL oiriors ard vievs is
163
velcomed Lo do so. ALer all, ve are meeLirg lere Lo discuss
Lle roblems, ir searcl o Lle LruLl ard o ossible soluLiors.
Nobody car eel lay abouL Lle risls LlaL ve are acirg. I Lold
you abouL Llese revs cables, buL Lley dorL say ever Lle ur
damerLal LruLl, ard LlaL LruLl is Lle ircreasirg darger o var
LlaL is LlreaLerirg us all.
1o me iL is very diiculL, ard I mear really diiculL, or Lle
Irar issue Lo be solved easily. 1le UriLed SLaLes ard iLs allies
are vagerirg or Lle eole givirg ir, vlicl is very dargerous.
Liserlover advocaLed Lle bloclade or Cuba Lo male Lle eo
le rebel agairsL Lle RevoluLiorary CoverrmerL ouL o lurger
ard suerirg; so le said ard so iL vas vriLLer.
1le UriLed SLaLes vager is LlaL Lle oulaLiors ecorom
ic liglL, suerirgs ard lardslis vill uL Lle Irariar goverr
merL ir crisis mode, ard LlaL Lle eole vill Llemselves Lole
LlaL courLrys goverrmerL vlicl rebelled agairsL imerialisL
lurderirg ard exloiLaLior.
I believe LlaL urder sucl circumsLarces, eole ir acL
become irriLaLed ard uriLe agairsL LlaL Lye o aggressior. Or
Irara courLry viLl a lorg lisLory ard dee religious corvic
LiorsLley are Lryirg Lle selecLive lillirg o scierLisLs. 1ley
lave iderLiied Lle mosL caable; Lley moriLor Llem ard lill
Llem all LlaL is lrovr rov... iL las beer vriLLer by reorL
ers vlo deerd Israel.
1le UriLed SLaLes ard NA1O carroL lave Lle riglL Lo cre
aLe a ruclear over ir LlaL criLical regior ard demard LlaL Irar
slould roL lave ever ruclear uel. 1ley claim LlaL i Irar ro
duces ruclear uel, iL car go urLler ard erricl urarium, ard
roduce ruclear veaors. 1ley irLerd Lo orbid LlaL Lle oLl
ers dery iL, ard Llere is ro vay Lo rove LlaL Lley are ir breacl
o agreemerLs. 1lis vay Lle vorld vill rever aclieve eace
ard Lle dargerous vager vill become ever more dargerous.
Ve lave Lo lool aL aroLler icLure Lle luge maclires
slaLLerirg FalesLiriar louses Lo corsLrucL large buildirgs
ard a vall LlaLs ar vorse Llar Lle Berlir Vall. 1le vall vas
amorg Lle ma|or sources o criLicism agairsL Lle DemocraL
ic Reublic o Cermary ard agairsL Lle USSR. ArLagorisLic
Lroos occuied Lleir osiLiors. 1le vall vas Lle mair Lallirg
164
oirL all Lle Lime. Hovever, a morsLrous vall is beirg erecLed
arourd FalesLire, vlicl is deried ever Lle riglL Lo belorg
Lo UNLSCO. Vlere car Lle FalesLiriars go vler Lleyre ex
elled rom Lle lard LlaL vas Lleir lome or Lers o lurdreds
o years: Is iL ossible Lo solve Lle Middle LasL eoles rob
lems viLl vars, massacres, ard valls: 1ley are ilirg u, ard
Lley lave rovlere Lo go.
VaLer sulies are vearirg ouL, ard Lle |ordar River is
Lurrirg irLo a Llir sLream.
1le Iraqis are also lavirg vaLer roblems because Lle
1urls are occuyirg Lle vaLer resources; ir acL, LlaL vaLer
belorgs also Lo Iraq ard Syria, ard is becomirg ircreasirgly
scarce.
Obama is rov aced viLl a very serious roblem le car
reiLler leave ror sLay. I le ulls ouL rom Iraq, le vill lave a
goverrmerL Llere LlaL is roL Surri buL SliiLe, ard Lle SliiLes
are rierdly Lo Irar ard roL Lo Lle UriLed SLaLes.
Several oliLical leaders ir LlaL regior made big misLales.
I criLicized Saddams clemical var or Irar. A meeLirg LlaL vas
leld lere ir Havaravlose daLe coircided viLl Lle Arger
Lirear orces occuaLior o Lle Falllardsvas aLLerded by
Calderas, as FresiderL o ar irLerraLioral arliamerLary grou,
ard oLler leaders o LlaL grou, amorg Llem Lle FresiderL o
LlaL courLrys Corgress. I Lalled or quiLe a vlile viLl Lle
\erezuelar oliLiciar vlo vas leadirg Lle grou.
1le Foreigr MirisLer o ArgerLira, vlicl vas a member o
Lle NorAligred MovemerL, vas irviLed Lo LlaL meeLirg, ard
or Lle same reasorirviLaLiors lad beer exLerded also Lo
Lle Foreigr MirisLers o oLler courLries lile Syria, vlose gov
errmerL vas ir rierdly Lerms viLl Irar LlaL vas Ller iglL
irg agairsL Lle urvarrarLed aggressior rom reiglborirg Iraq.
Cuba vas Lle losL o LlaL meeLirg ir iLs caaciLy as FresiderL
o Lle MovemerL. I Lalled Lo Lle Syriar Foreigr MirisLer, o
course. I Lried Lo Lall lim irLo lelirg Lo ersuade Irar roL Lo
cross irLo Iraq orce iL maraged Lo exel Lle irvaders, ir order
Lo avoid criLical damage Lo eace ir Lle regior. Amorg oLler
reasors, iL vas recessary Lo reverL Lle Iraqis rom Lurrirg
LlaL adverLure irLo a aLrioLic iglL.
165
I sLill remember, as i iL vere orly yesLerday, Lle sLub
borr Syriar sayirg, No!, Lley lave Lo move orvard, because
Lle USSR didrL sLo vler iL reacled Lle Cermar border, iL
corLirued orvard. 1o me, LlaL vas Lle vrorg ersecLive.
SomevlaL arroyed, I relied, Vly dorL Lley corLirue or
vard irLo LgyL: Vly dorL Lley occuy Cairo: I vas roL ad
vocaLirg or LlaL; all I varLed vas Lo reverL LlaL var rom
becomirg a aLrioLic var or Lle Iraqi aLLaclers. IrciderLally,
Nasser lad died already ard lis mediocre successors lad be
Lrayed Lle Arab cause.
1le Irariars vere |usLiiably ouLraged abouL Lle ur|usL
var LlaL lad beer imosed uor Llem. 1ley exercised Lleir
riglL Lo courLeraLLacl ard occuied Lle ma|or ciLy ir souLlerr
Iraq, or Lle barls o Lle LulraLes River, ard esLablisled a
sLrorglold Llere. 1ler vlaL ve eared acLually laered.
Lverybody lad leled Lle Iraqis ir LlaL var. 1le BriLisl
sold Llem sLeel, Lle SovieLs sold Llem ammuriLior, Lle vlole
o Luroe did busiress Lo lel Iraq. SLill vorse, Lle Yarlees
lad sulied Llem viLl Lle rav maLerials ard Lle mears Lo
develo Lle clemical veaors LlaL Lley used agairsL Lle eo
le o Irar.
1le Irariars ouglL Lle aggressior viLl sucl bravery LlaL
Lley cleared Lle mireields marclirg Lo Lleir adversaries o
siLiors.
Saddamvlo lad layed a osiLive role beore LlaL var
vas irvesLirg eicierLly ir irdusLries ard ir Lle ecoromy, al
Llougl le lad serious discrearcies viLl Lle Syriars as Lley
belorged Lo Lle same BaaLl arLy. 1lis redeLermired lis o
siLiors ir Lle regior.
IriLially, lis relaLiors viLl Klomeiri vere good. 1le Ira
riar ever lived ir Iraq. LaLer, Llere vere disagreemerLs be
Lveer lim ard Saddam. 1le AyaLollal leL or Faris vlere le
led lis sLruggle agairsL Lle Slalvlo vas a U.S. ally, vlicl
erded ir a sveeirg vicLory over lim ard lis overul army.
Sucl diererces vere roL lrovr.
AL Lle Lime, ve leld meeLirgs o Lle NorAligred Move
merL lere; Iraq vas Lo become Lle FresiderL o Lle MovemerL
as iL vas goirg Lo losL Lle ollovirg summiL meeLirg. IL
166
er|oyed resLige, lad good relaLiors viLl Lle resL o Lle cour
Lries, ard vas roL aL var viLl aryore.
Our relaLiors viLl Llem vere good. I meL Saddam vler
I Lravelled rom Algeria Lo \ieLram ir I978. He meL viLl me
ir Bagldad, vler le vas vice residerL o Lle courLry ard
lead o Lle BaaLl arLy. He vas very lird. He sloved me Lle
mair river LlaL rurs across Iraqs caiLal ciLyard vlicl, by
Lle vay, is quiLe rarrov rovard le Lool me Lo see ma|or
lisLorical vorls ard Lo Lale arL ir acLiviLies LlaL vere Lalirg
lace. From Lle begirrirg ve rovided medical assisLarce Lo
Lle Iraqis, vell beore Lle urorLuraLe var or Irar. 1le vorsL
came laLer Lle reLexL LlaL Lley aciliLaLed or Lle irsL ime
rialisL var or Iraq. Ve serL Lo Bagldad some eole LlaL le
leld ir ligl esLeem Lo ersuade lim LlaL occuyirg KuvaiL
vas a very serious misLale. I ever serL lim a ersoral leLLer
suggesLirg LlaL le slould Lry Lo solve Lle roblem ard avoid ar
absurd var, ard Lellirg lim LlaL, ir my viev, le slould viLl
drav rom LlaL courLry.
I argued LlaL Iraq vas roL \ieLram; iL didrL lave |urgles;
ard ro ore could assisL LlaL courLry ir Lle ace o a U.S. ag
gressior. Hovever, Llere vas ro vay Lo ersuade lim. He said
LlaL Llere vas goirg Lo be Lle moLler o all vars, ard le
reeaLed LlaL agair, ard agair. Dravr by LlaL idea, le serL
lis besL orceLle Reublicar CuardirLo KuvaiL vlicl is
mosLly a deserL courLry.
1laL osiLior vas ursusLairable. 1le U.S. miliLary las iLs
orgarizaLiors made u by liglrarlirg eole, eiLler reLired
or soorLobe reLired; Lley lile Lo Lall abouL lisLorical Lo
ics. More Llar orce, some o Llem came Lo visiL Cuba, mairly
Lovards Lle erd o Lle 2U LverLieLl cerLury. Ve lile Lo ex
clarge vievs abouL Llose Loics Loo. 1ley vere vellLraired
eole vlo lrev Lleir Lrade.
I orce Lalled Lo ore o Lle clies vlo led lis orces agairsL
Lle Reublicar Cuard vler iL vas viLldravirg over Lle vide
deserL LlaL searaLes KuvaiL ard Bagldad. 1le grou ve serL
Lo meeL viLl Saddam corveyed our viev LlaL Lle Cuard vas
Iraqs besL orgarized ard equied orce ard vas beirg ex
osed Lo LoLal desLrucLior. Vler Lle Yarlees laurcled Lle
167
air raids Lley occuied Lle LerriLory quiclly. 1le Reublicar
Cuard lad ro clarce Lo escae. UrdoubLedly, ard or vlaL
ever reasor, Lle aLLaclers vasLed Lime. Also, Saddam Lool Loo
lorg Lo viLldrav rom KuvaiL. Ir Lle middle o Lle deserL,
Lley vere ir acL deerseless beore Lle eremy lares. Hov
ever, lad Llose Lroos beer sLrorgly osiLiored aL Lle caiLal
ciLy Lley vould lave beer a Lougl adversary or ary irvadirg
orce. As ve lrov, miliLary Leclrology clarges very quiclly,
buL sucl vas Lle siLuaLior Ller. Aryvay, ir LlaL absurd var,
Lle Cuard suered mary casualLies ard iLs Larls vere aLLacled
viLl erricled urarium ammuriLior, someLlirg LlaL lad very
serious corsequerces.
IL vas a cosLly adverLure. VlaL laered laLer, ve al
ready lrov. Busl serior vas roL reelecLed. ClirLor Lool o
ice. 1ler, ar alcololicroL vell LreaLed medicallycame Lo
over ir Lle UriLed SLaLes.
A bruLal aLLacl claimed Lle lives o Llousards o irrocerL
U.S. ciLizers. IL vas ro less Llar vlaL dads sor reeded. He
declares aL Lle VesL FoirL graduaLior ceremory LlaL Lle UriL
ed SLaLes slould be ready Lo sLrile ir 6U or more darl corrers
o Lle vorld.
1le big adverLure sLarLed viLl Lle irvasior o Aglari
sLar, vlere Lle UriLed SLaLes lad Lraired ard armed Lle eo
le vlo larred Lle aLLacl. Some Lime laLer Lley came u
viLl ridiculous lies, ard viLl Llose alse reLexLs le ordered
Lle secord Iraq irvasior. He occuied Lle courLry mercilessly;
Lley illaged iLs lisLorical LreasuresvlaL Lle colorialisLs lad
roL beer able Lo Lale avayard Lley caLured Saddam ard
larged lim. He vas really courageous, desiLe lis misLales.
He did roL give ir Lo Lle irvaders.
VlaL las beer Lle cosL o Lle Yarlee irvasior: Some
seal o a millior civiliars lilled ir addiLior Lo Llose vlo vere
orced Lo migraLe, or leL viLlouL a |ob ard ood, ard Lle sicl
LlaL lad ro medical assisLarce, ard Llose vlo disaeared,
ard Lle Iraqis vlo sacriiced Lleir lives ir arorymiLy.
Nov, aLer so mary acLs o barbarism, Llere isrL ard
Llere carL be eace. Lvery rov ard Ller Llere is a suicide
bomb aLLacl. 1le LrarsraLioral comaries goL lold o all Lle
168
oil. 1ley are exLracLirg as mucl o Lle rorrerevable re
sources as ossible.
1ley imosed or Saudi Arabia a roducLior LargeL o
IU millior barrels er day, ard lave reared iL Lo roduce u
Lo IS millior ard ever more i recessary. IL vill roL be Loo lorg
beore iL rurs ouL o gas ard oil, ard is leL viLl roLlirg; Ller,
ro ore lrovs vlaL LlaL courLry vill live or.
As or AglarisLar, Lley car reiLler leave ror sLay; Lle Lu
roear allies carL sLard Lle siLuaLior ary lorger. 1leir eoles
are demardirg ar exlaraLior or so mary useless deaLls.
Ir FalisLara ruclearveaor courLryLle siLuaLior is
arLicularly diiculL. 1le bruLal oerses Lo Lleir raLioral ard
religious serLimerLs seem rever Lo erd. Ard Lo male maLLers
ever vorse, iL is a ruclearveaor courLry.
LverLs laer regardless o Lle vill o oliLiciars. 1le
leasL ve car do is Lo lel irormaLior be readily available.
Sirce ve sLarLed I suggesLed LlaL ve male a bool viLl
your sLaLemerLs, revised ard recLiied by yourselves. IL is roL
Lle same as a mariesLo; eole lesiLaLe a loL vler iL comes Lo
sigrirg someLlirg, i Llere is a coma viLl vlicl Lley disagree.
1o ublisl a bool viLl all o your osiLiors as exressed ir Llis
meeLirg Lo leL everyore say vlaLever le or sle visles. 1lis
is vlaL I lave discussed viLl Abel.
Somebody osed me LlaL quesLior, aslirg me abouL my
vievs. I do roL visl Lo dislearLer arybody, buL I car say LlaL iL
is very diiculL, really very diiculL. 1lere is someLlirg I dare
say, i you lrev LlaL Lle vorld is goirg Lo lasL or Ler years
orly, iL is your duLy Lo sLruggle ard do someLlirg ir Llose Ler
years.
I somebody Lells you, You car be cerLair LlaL Lle lareL
is goirg Lo disaear ard Llis Llirlirg secies is goirg Lo be
exLircL, vlaL vould you do: SiL dovr ard cry: I Llirl ve
musL sLruggle, ard LlaLs vlaL ve lave alvays dore.
Ard, vly do mer sLruggle: 1ley sLruggle or someLlirg.
VlaL do Lley sacriice Lleir lives or: 1ley sacriice Lleir lives
or someLlirg.
I am sure abouL LlaL, because I lrov mary eole vlo
urdersLard Llose roblems vler you exlair Llem, ard LlaL
169
is vlaL ve car do, LlaL is vlaL I suggesL LlaL ve do, ard roL leL
ourselves be overLaler by essimism.
I vas remirdirg Frei BeLLo LlaL, years ago, le lad re
serLed me viLl Lle irsL bool by Havlirg abouL Lle big ex
losior LlaL occurred some I8.7 billior years ago, accordirg Lo
Lle mosL emirerL scierLisLs. 1ley called iL Lle Big Barg. 1laL
is Lle sLardard lrovledge urLil a rev Lleory is elaboraLed. As
o laLe, Lleres Lall abouL Higgs bosor, a arLicle LlaL vould
exlair Lle origir o maLLer.
ScierLisLs are rov ursure abouL vleLler Lle uriverse
is exardirg or reducirg iLsel. 1ley Lell us abouL sLars LlaL
emiLLed Lleir liglL IU billior years ago. Nobody lrovs vlaL
laered Lo Llem.
As you car see, ve lrov roLlirg, ard Lle liLLle LlaL ve
lrov clarges corsLarLly. NoreLleless, sLudyirg is someLlirg
vorderul.
I Lleres someLlirg comlicaLed ard you varL Lo serd
your ree Lime ir a leasarL ard useul vay, you could read
abouL Llose issues.
I carroL romise vler I vill see you agair because i I do, I
vould be bourd by LlaL romise. I do roL lile Lo male commiL
merLs vlaL i I carL lee my vord: So I am roL commiLLirg
mysel buL, i I am able, I vill meeL viLl you agair, because I
Llirl LlaL ir a year rom Loday I vill be able Lo Lell you abouL
mary Llirgs LlaL are urlrovr Lo me rov.
(Alause).
I aologize or Lle Lime LlaL I lave Laler rom you.
Heres a aer Lley assed u Lo me, Veve already beer
aL Llis or eiglL ard a lal lours (LauglLer). Vell, i you could
measure good vill by Lle lours you serd doirg someLlirg
I am more Llar lay LlaL Lley be courLed; I visl ve could
serd IU, I2 I vould gladly serd Llem Llis vay. I eel beLLer
lere, sealirg viLl you, Llar aryvlere else (Alause).
Ol A big lug Lo you all. I serL you Lle bool viLl a card;
lease, read iL vler you lave Lle Lime, ard I vill read every
Llirg LlaL vas leL viLl me lere.
Ill see you soor.
(OvaLior)
ferseaa||t|es that fart|c|pate4
|a the 0|a|egae 4ar|ag the Meet|ag
Zulcica komay Gucrra (Cuba)
President of the Cuban Book Institute. Recipient of
the Casa de las Amricas Special Prize 2012 on the
black presence in the contemporary Americas and
the Caribbean, with her book Elogio de la altea o
las paradojas de la racialidad.
Abcl Pricto }imncz (Cuba)
Writer. Former Minister of Culture (1997-2012).
President of UNEAC (Union of Cuban Artists and
Writers) (1988-1997). Currently, Advisor of the
President of the Council of State and Ministers.
172
Fidcl Castro kuz (Cuba)
Commander in Chief of the Cuban Revolution.
lgnacio kamonct (Spain)
Journalist and writer. Specialist in Geopolitics and
International Strategy and UN consultant. One of
the promoters of the Porto Alegre World Social Fo-
rum. Doctor Honoris Causa of the universities of
Santiago de Compostela (Spain), Cordoba (Argen-
tina), and Havana (Cuba).
Franois Houtart (Bclgium)
Priest and sociologist. Well-known figure in the an-
ti-globalization movement. He is one of the fathers
of the Other Davos and the Porto Alegre World So-
cial Forum. UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the
Promotion of Tolerance and Non-violence 2009.
Doctor Honoris Causa of the University of Havana.
Stclla Calloni (Argcntina)
Journalist and writer. Jos Mart Latin American
Journalist Award (1986). Correspondent in South
America, Buenos Aires headquarters of La Jornada
newspaper (Mexico). Her book Operacin Cndor.
Pacto Criminal is one of the most important de-
nunciations of the dictatorships in the southern
cone of Latin America.
173
Marilia Guimarcs (Brazil)
Outstanding social activist and intellectual. Coor-
dinator of the Rio de Janeiro Branch of the Network
of Networks In Defense of Humanity.
Harry Grunbcrg (Gcrmany)
President of the German Network of Solidarity with
Cuba.
Adolfo Prcz Isquivcl (Argcntina)
Nobel Peace Prize 1980. President of the Honora-
ry Council of the Latin American Peace and Justice
Service Foundation and the International League for
Human Rights and Liberation of Peoples, and mem-
ber of the Permanent Peoples Tribunal and the
Honor Committee of the Decade of Peace and Non-
violence International Cordination.
Pctcr Martin Phillips (U.S.)
Historian and professor. President of the Media
Freedom Foundation. One of the leaders of the
Project Censored, Sonoma State University, Cali-
fornia, that publishes a list with the 25 more cen-
sured news by the U.S. corporate media.
174
Atilio Boron (Argcntina)
Researcher and professor at the University of Bue-
nos Aires since 1986. UN International Jos Mart
Award 2009 for Education, Science and Culture
(UNESCO). Recipient of the Honorable Mention in
the Ezequiel Martnez Estrada Essay Contest of
the Casa de las Amricas (2004) for his book Em-
pire and Imperialism. A Critical Reading of Michael
Hardt and Antonio Negri.
Alcjandro Carpio (Pucrto kico)
Professor, playwright, novelist, and essayist. Re-
cipient of the Second Prize for the Latin American
Novel-Alba Narrative Competition (2011) for El pa-
pel de lija (Sandpaper).
Danicl Chavarra (Uruguay)
Writer and professor of the University of Havana.
National Prize of Literature 2010. Recipient of the
following prizes: Dashiell Hammett Award (1992),
Planeta (1993), Casa de las Amricas (2000),
Edgar Allan Poe (2002) and Alejo Carpentier (2004)
for some of his works.
Carlo Frabctti (ltalia)
Writer, TV scriptwriter, comic critic and mathema-
tician. Author of more than thirty tittles related
to science, children and youth literature. He has
been granted the Jan de Navarra Juvenil Award for
El gran juego (1998) (The Big Game).
175
Carlos Francisco Baucr (Argcntina)
Philosopher and historian. University professor.
In 2011 he received the Pensar a Contracorriente
Award (Thinking against the Stream Award) for
his La huella de Hait entre el latino-americano-
centrismo y la historia universal. Otro camino para
descolonizar nuestra historia, cultura y Estado.
Notas para un proceso de liberacin permanente
(The Mark of Haiti among Latin American Centrism
and Universal History. Another Path to De-colonize
Our History, Culture, and State. Notes for a perma-
nent liberation process).
kosa Maria Cruz c Silva (Angola)
Minister of Culture.
Viccntc Battista (Argcntina)
Narrator, essayist, and playwright. Permanent col-
laborator in the culture section of Clarn newspaper
(Buenos Aires). Received the Casa de las Amricas
Award for his first book of short stories Los muer-
tos (The Dead) and in 1995 the Planeta Award for
his novel Sucesos argentinos (Argentine Events).
Santiago Alba (Spain)
Writer, essayist, and philosopher. He has published
several books of essays on topics dealing with Phi-
losophy, Anthropology, and Politics; he also collab-
orates as editor on several journals and the media
(Gara, Pblico, Archipilago: Cuadernos de crtica
de la cultura, LDNM and Rebelin, among others).
He lives in Tunisia.
176
Francisco Scsto (Vcnczucla)
Minister of State for the reconstruction of Caracas.
Architect and poet. Former Minister of the Peoples
Power for Culture.
lisa Hanna (}amaica)
Minister of Culture. She has been Member of Par-
liament during two terms by PNP.
Irika Silva (Icuador)
Minister of Culture. Sociologist. University pro-
fessor.
}orgclina Ccrritos (Il Salvador)
Actress, poet, and playwright. In 2004, she received
the title of Gran Maestre in Childrens Theater in her
country. For her writing, she received the National
Dramaturgy Award in 2007 and 2008, and the Lit-
erary Latin American Award from the Casa de las
Amricas in the theater category in 2011, as well as
the Fifth George Woodyard Latin American Theater
Prize from the University of Connecticut (U.S.).
177
Migucl Bonasso (Argcntina)
Politician, journalist, and writer. He has collaborat-
ed on a regular basis with the newspaper Pgina/12
and Crtica (Argentina). He received the Rodolfo
Walsh Prize for his eye-witness novel Recuerdo de
la muerte (Remembrance of Death) (1988) and for
Don Alfredo (1999).
Francisco komcro (Argcntina)
Secretary of Culture of the Chaco province.
Katja Klubcndorf (Gcrmany)
Member of the left-wing newspapers staff Junge
Welt, in solidarity with Cuba. This newspaper is in-
dependently organized and it has its bases in the
Democratic Republic of Germany.
178
Istcban llorach kamos (Cuba)
Writer and editor, specialist in childrens literature.
National Editing Prize (2003). Vice-president of the
Childrens and Youth Literature Section of the As-
sociation of Writers of UNEAC. Associated Professor
at the Faculty of Communication.
Frci Bctto (Brazil)
Dominican friar. Theologist and writer of progres-
sive ideas who has supported Latin American lib-
eration movements. He has written more than
50 books. In 1985 and 2005, he received the Jabuti
Award, the most important literary prize in Brazil.
Consultant to social movements such as the Base
Ecclesiastical Communities and the Rural Land-
less Workers Movement. He was Special Advisor of
President Lula and Coordinator of the Social Mobi-
lization of Zero Hunger Program (2003-2004).
1le NeLvorl o NeLvorls Ir Deerse o HumariLy vas creaLed
ir 2UU8 due Lo Lle iriLiaLive o ouLsLardirg Mexicar irLellecLu
als as a demorsLraLior o Lle siriL o resisLarce ard solidariLy
agairsL Lle arLiCubar camaigr, aL Lle laurclirg o Lle A
eal Lo Lle Corscierce o Lle Vorld vlicl vas read LlaL same
year by Fablo Corzalez Casarova aL Lle MayFirsL celebraLiors
ir Havaras RevoluLior Square. IL vas urLler corsolidaLed ir
December 2UU4 aL Lle Vorld MeeLirg o IrLellecLuals ard ArL
isLs Ir Deerse o HumariLy leld ir Caracas, \erezuela.
1le reLvorl brirgs LogeLler ouLsLardirg vriLers, arLisLs,
academics, lavyers, Leaclers, ecoromisLs, religious ersoral
iLies, sLuderLs, social movemerLs, alLerraLive media, uriversi
Lies, ard oLler irsLiLuLiors ard orgarizaLiors LlaL male u Lle
NaLioral Brarclesorly ir a ev casesor |oir Lle solidariLy
camaigrs eiLler direcLly or Llrougl social orgarizaLiors, ir
sLiLuLiors ard alLerraLive media.
1le NeLvorl cooeraLes viLl oLler reLvorls ard diererL
rorLs, camaigrs, social movemerLs, ard orgarizaLiors viLl
vlicl iL mairLairs a ermarerL exclarge o ideas ard coordi
raLe bilaLeral or mulLilaLeral acLiors. IL also arLiciaLes as a NeL
vorl or via iLs members, be Lley irdividuals or orgarizaLiors,
APPINDlXIS
Ihe 8etuerk ef 8etuerks |a 0efease
ef 8amaa|ty
180
ir social ora ard oLler irLerraLioral everLs alorg viLl oLler
camaigrs ard reLvorls LlaL ursue similar goals.
Civer iLs broadbased, diverse, ard rogressive laLorm,
Lle issues LlaL Lle reLvorl addresses as vell as Lle acLiors
LlaL derive rom Llem cover a broad secLrum, buL Lley alvays
abide by iLs ourdirg rirciles.
fr|ac|pa| 0bject|res (estab||she4 at |ts feaa4|ag meet|ags)
1o suorL Lle sLruggles o Lle eoles o Lle vorld or
Lleir riglLs. 1o exress solidariLy viLl Lle rocesses o
social clarge; Lo susLair ard romoLe culLural diversiLy
ard culLural riglLs, as vell as advocaLe Lle deerse o Lle
ervirormerL.
1o oose imerialism ard iLs reoliberal olicies, socio
culLural uriormiLy ro|ecLs ard Lle moroolizaLior
o lrovledge LlaL ouglL Lo be laced aL Lle service o
lumariLy as a vlole, ard Lle imerialisL vars ard Ler
rorism.
1o combaL ard derource imerialisL aggressiors ard
Lleir causes. 1o combaL lurger, overLy ard resLricLive
access Lo educaLior, ard lealLl alicLirg Lle ma|oriLy o
lumar beirgs.
1o combaL ard derource all orms o racism ard dis
crimiraLior. 1o dissemiraLe, romoLe, ard ercourage
Lle exercise o auLoromy by irdigerous eoles ard
Lle urdamerLal riglLs o easarL orgarizaLiors, or
Lle urose o esLablislirg ard validaLirg Lle auLoro
mous overs o commuriLies, resisLarce ard alLerraLive
grous rom Lle grassrooLs.
1o corLribuLe legal ard lisLorical argumerLs Lo de
rource cases o gerocide, eLlrocide, ard crimes agairsL
lumariLy.
1o develo acLiors ard alLerraLive Llirlirg viLl a viev
o Lle vorld o iLs ovr based or Lle rircile LlaL A
BeLLer Vorld Is Fossible.
181
Ihe fabaa 8raach ef the 8etuerk ef 8etuerks |a 0efease ef 8amaa|ty
IL vas ourded or February IU, 2UU4 ir Lle corLexL o Lle 1lir
LeerLl IrLerraLioral Bool Fair o Havara. IL las a FermarerL
Oice ir Cuba leaded by a NaLioral CoordiraLor. 1le MirisLry
o CulLure o Cuba suorLs Lle vorl o Lle Brarcl.
IL ursues seciic goals LlaL also erLail a commiLmerL
Lovards Lle revoluLiorary ard rogressive movemerLs ir Lo
days vorld. IL vorls Lo corrorL ard dismarLle all lirds o
aggressive lars ard acLiors agairsL Cuba, givirg rioriLy Lo
Lle sLruggle agairsL Lle ur|usL bloclade imosed by imerial
ism agairsL Lle Cubar eole.
1ogeLler viLl iLs eers or Lle NeLvorl ard all oLler ro
gressive movemerLs, iL deerds all Lle |usL causes o Lle vorld,
ircludirg Lle liberaLior o Lle ive Cubar arLiLerrorisL leroes,
vlo are ur|usLly leld ir U.S. risors.
1le Cubar Brarcl o Lle NeLvorl Ir Deerse o HumariLy
suorLs ard dissemiraLes irormaLior abouL Cubas irLerra
Lioral solidariLy ir Lle areas o lealLl care ard educaLior Lo Lle
disossessed o Lle vorld, ir siLe o Lle devasLaLirg eecLs
o Lle bloclade, vlicl slovs LlaL Lleres a real ossibiliLy Lo
alliaLe lumariLys roblems Llrougl a oliLical vill ir Lrue
solidariLy.
IL also mobilizes ublic irLerraLioral oirior ir Lle ace o
slarderous, illirLerded, ard dargerous camaigrs vleLler
agairsL our courLry or ary oLler courLry ir Lle vorld, LlaL
may LlreaLer Lo violaLe Lleir riglL Lo seldeLermiraLior ard
irLerere ir Lleir irLerral corlicLs.
Ir order Lo eecLively aclieve Llese goals, Lle Cubar Brarcl
o Lle NeLvorl irLerds Lo ursue Lle ollovirg ob|ecLives
1o guararLee, irsL ard oremosL, Lle NeLvorls vorl
irside Lle courLry Llrougl various acLiors ard coor
diraLiors.
1o romoLe mobilizaLiors ard camaigrs Llrougl a
corvergerce o acLiors or Lle NeLvorls.
1o obLair Largible resulLs viLl ar imacL or Lle me
dia, Lle ublic oirior ard Lle olicies LlaL ulold
Lle ideas vlicl led Lo Lle ourdaLior o Lle NeLvorl.
182
1o suorL Lle develomerL o ALBA as a ormula or re
gioral irLegraLior Lo Lle bereiL o eoles as oosed Lo
Lle divisive maroeuvres by Lle oligarclies ard Lle le
gemoric cerLers LlaL avor Lle eliLes.
1o exard Lle lisL o addressees o our NeLvorl ir Cuba
ard Lle vorld, ircludirg ouLsLardirg irsLiLuLiors ard
ersoraliLies rom diererL raLioral secLors.
1o reirorce our relaLiors viLl oLler raLioral brarcles
ard vorl LogeLler viLl all Lle brarcles Lo creaLe rev
ores.
1o broader Lle relaLiors beLveer Lle NeLvorl ard oLler
orgarizaLiors ard diererL reLvorls ir oLler courLries
adoLirg similar osiLiors.
1o ersure LlaL, Llrougl commuricaLior via Lle NeLvorl
ard Lle orgarizaLior o everLs, corLacLs are esLablisled
amorg ouLsLardirg ersoraliLies ard oirior leaders Lo
erlarce Lleir iriLiaLives ard caaciLy or irluerce viLl
Lle aim o avorirg Lle develomerL o ar arLilege
moric Llirlirg ard, ir gereral, a criLical relecLior ard
a discussior o rogressive ard revoluLiorary ideas.
1le ulLimaLe ob|ecLive is Lo gereraLe ard clarrel mes
sages ir Lle mass ard alLerraLive media viLl Lle urose o
irluercirg ard mobilizirg Lle ublic oirior Lo lave a oliLi
cal ard social imacL LlaL could be more or less direcL Llrougl
Lle use o rev Leclrologies, digiLal media (Veb ages, social
reLvorls, bulleLirs, message services, Lelelore commurica
Lior sysLems, debaLeora, ard calls Lo acLior ir diererL lar
guages), as vell as Lle celebraLior o raLioral ard irLerraLioral
everLs esecially corceived by Lle NeLvorl or as scleduled.
0atstaa4|ag 8etuerk tct|eas, frem |ts |acept|ea aat|| the freseat
Some imorLarL irLerraLioral everLs
MeeLirg Ir Deerse o HumariLy, Mexico, OcLober 24 Lo
2S, 2UU8. 1le NeLvorl bases vere esLablisled ard Lle
rirciles LlaL vould goverr iL vere made lrovr. 1le
DeclaraLior o Mexico vas sigred by S9 ersoraliLies
183
rom arourd Lle vorld, ircludirg Lvo Morales, Fablo
Corzalez Casarova, Alorso SasLre, Frarois HouLard,
Harry BelaorLe, ard ALilio Boror.
Vorld MeeLirg o IrLellecLuals Ir Deerse o HumariLy
ir Caracas, December I Lo S, 2UU4. Oicial ourdaLior o
Lle NeLvorl viLl Lle arLiciaLior o irLellecLuals ard
arLisLs rereserLirg S2 courLries ard diererL culLures,
vlo agreed or Lle reed o buildirg a barrier o resis
Larce agairsL ar aLLemLed vorlds domiraLior.
IrLerraLioral MeeLirg agairsL 1errorism, or 1ruLl ard
|usLice ir Havara, |ure 2 Lo 4, 2UUS. ImorLarL acLiors
vere aroved, amorg Llem, Lle esLablislmerL o ar
ObservaLory agairsL 1errorism ir Lle lemislere, Lle
creaLior o a daLa base collecLirg irormaLior or Llis
gerocidal olicy ard Lle draLirg ard ublicaLior o ar
Lrcycloaedia o 1errorism ir Lle lemislere, irclud
irg esserLial corceLs ard caLegories, Lle baclgrourd o
ersors vlo are guilLy o acLs o gerocide ard reres
sior ard oLler relaLed LerrorisLs, as vell as a clrorol
ogy o Llese crimiral acLs ard Lle claracLerizaLior o Lle
raLioral ard suraraLioral comorerLs o Lle Lerror
ism maclirery. 1lis meeLirg vas claired by our Com
marder ir Clie Fidel CasLro Ruz.
Vorld MeeLirg o IrLellecLuals ard ArLisLs Ir Deerse o
HumariLy, Rome, 2UU6, OcLober II Lo I4, 2UU6.
SeverLl IrLerraLioral Vorlslo or LmarciaLior Fara
digms ir Havara, Aril 27 Lo 8U, 2UU7. Lxerierces vere
exclarged amorg rereserLaLives rom 8S orgariza
Liors, movemerLs, ard social reLvorls, mairly rom
LaLir America ard Lle U.S.
MeeLirg Armed viLl Ideas, IrLellecLuals ard ArLisLs
or Feace, ard SovereigrLy ir LaLir America ard Lle
Caribbear ir Caracas, Aril I2 Lo I8, 2UUS. Claired by
FresiderL Hugo Clavez ard Cubar MirisLer o CulLure
Abel FrieLo, aLLerded by S2 irLellecLuals ard arLisLs rom
several courLries.
MeeLirg o IrLellecLuals ard ArLisLs o Lle Vorld or Uri
Ly ard SovereigrLy ir Bolivia, La Faz, |uly 2S Lo 8U, 2UUS.
184
NaLioral ard oreigr academics raLiied Lleir suorL Lo
Lle rocess o clarge ir Bolivia ard sigred Lle Declara
Lior o La Faz.
LiglLl Vorld MeeLirg o IrLellecLuals ard ArLisLs Ir De
erse o HumariLy ard Cereral Assembly o Lle Vorld
Forum o AlLerraLives ir Caracas, OcLober I8, 2UUS.
IrLerraLioral Vorlslo ir Havara Uriversal DeclaraLior
o Humar RiglLs 6U Years LaLer, December IU, 2UUS.
1lis meeLirg vas corvered by Lle Cubar ard \erezu
elar Brarcles o Lle NeLvorl o NeLvorls Ir Deerse o
HumariLy ard Lle NaLioral Cubar UNLSCO Commissior.
IrLellecLuals, arLisLs, |ourralisLs, religious ersorali
Lies, social acLivisLs, ard arliamerLariars, amorg Llem
Raael Carcel Mirarda ard Cirdy Sleelar aLLerded.
LiglLl IrLerraLioral Vorlslo or LmarciaLior Fara
digms ir Havara, SeLember 8 Lo S, 2UU9.
Social Forum o Lle Americas ir Asurcior, Faraguay,
AugusL 2UIU.
FourdaLior o Lle Faraguayar Brarcl o Lle NeLvorl,
AugusL 2UIU.
NirLl Vorlslo or LmarciaLior Faradigms, Aril
2UII.
Sessiors o Lle LaLir Americar CeooliLical Observa
Lory, Havara, Marcl 2UII.
MeeLirgVorlslo o Lle NeLvorl CoordiraLors, Ha
vara, |uly 2S, 29 ard 8U, 2UII.
fa||s te tct|ea aa4 0ec|arat|eas
From iLs irceLior, Lle NeLvorl las lad imorLarL ard rel
evarL momerLs ir vlicl calls Lo acLior, declaraLiors ard
sLaLemerLs lave beer issued ir suorL o all |usL causes o Lle
vorld. Mary o Llese vere gereraLed ard aroved aL irLerra
Lioral meeLirgs; oLlers vere laurcled or Lle Veb ir Lle ace
o Lle immirerL derurciaLiors ard cordemraLiors o delor
able acLs sucl as Lle U.S. aggressive acLiors agairsL Cuba as
a resulL o Lle everLs occurred ir 2UU8, Lle aLLemLed cou
deLaL ir \erezuela, Lle aLLemLs Lo divide Bolivia, Lle LerLl
185
year o imrisormerL o our ive Cubar leroes ir U.S. |ails, Lle
cou deLaL ir Horduras, Lle imerialisL varmorgerirg oli
cies ir LaLir America ard Lle Caribbear ard, mosL recerLly,
Lle aLLacl or Lle FleeL o SolidariLy ard Feace ir FalesLire
ard Lle courLeroersive Lo Lle media camaigr agairsL
Cuba. Ir mosL o Llese causes ve lave maraged Lo mairLair a
LlemaLic vebsiLe viLl Lle sigraLures o ersors vlo suorL
Lle documerL ard Lle irormaLior.
Tni CAnAcAs CAii 1o Ac1io. Wonio Mii1ic oi l1iiiic1cAis
Ao An1is1s l Diiisi oi HcmAi1v. Dicimsin 1OO(
MeeLirg ir Caracas, Lle birLllace o Lle LiberaLor Simor
Bolvar, irLellecLuals ard arLisLs rom iLyLvo courLries ard
diverse culLures agreed or Lle reed o buildirg a barrier o re
sisLarce agairsL Lodays aLLemLed vorld domiraLior.
Ve live ir ar era vlere Lle UN ClarLer is roL beirg re
secLed irLerraLioral lav las beer violaLed ard rirciles
sucl as rorirLerererce ir Lle irLerral aairs o SLaLes ard
Lle very corceL o sovereigrLy lave beer abolisled. 1le Ce
reva CorverLiors or risorers o var ard Lle roLecLior o ci
viliar oulaLiors lave beer violaLed; risorers o boLl sexes
are beirg LorLured ard lumiliaLed ard deLerLior cams lave
beer creaLed ouLside Lle lav ir Lle usured LerriLory o Cuar
Laramo ard ir Iraq.
1le irvasior ard devasLaLior o Iraq, Lle LlreaLs agairsL
oLler raLiors ir Lle Middle LasL, Lle marLyrdom o Lle Fales
Liriar eole, Lle irLerverLiors by Lle greaL overs ir Arica,
reveal Lle decisior Lo imose Llrougl violerce a regime LlaL is
based or Lle use o orce.
1le urose o mary o Llese aggressiors is Lo gair corLrol
over Lle reserves o lydrocarbors, mirerals, biodiversiLy, ard
vaLer o Lle leasL develoed courLries. Ve suorL Lle riglL
o Lle eoles Lo reserve Lle corLrol over Llese resources ard
re|ecL exroriaLirg irLerverLiors.
1le crimes agairsL Lle Iraqi eole demorsLraLe Lle ex
Lremes Lo vlicl media ard Lle goverrmerLs LlaL are selro
claimed advocaLes o lumar riglLs car go. 1le ciLy o Fallu|al,
186
rov razed Lo Lle grourd, slall remair as a symbol o leroic re
sisLarce ir a Lragic momerL o lisLory. FarL o Llis domiraLior
ro|ecL is Lle collecLior o ar illegiLimaLe exLerral debL ard Lle
aLLemLed ecoromic arrexaLior o LaLir America ard Lle Ca
ribbear Llrougl Lle F1AA ard oLler lars ard agreemerLs Lo
Lle deLrimerL o Lleir irdeerderce ard Lleir real oorLuri
Lies or develomerL. 1lere is a grovirg risl o rev orms o
irLerverLior ard aggressior ir Lle ace o ar usurge o so
cial sLruggles ard rocesses o clarge LlrouglouL Lle regior.
NoLiors sucl as reemLive vars ard clarge o regime
roclaimed by Lle oicial docLrire o Lle goverrmerL o Lle
UriLed SLaLes are raisirg u Lo LlreaLer ary courLry LlaL does
roL bov Lo imerial irLeresLs or las some sLraLegic imorLarce.
Ore examle is Lle recerL irLerverLior ir HaiLi.
1oday, more Llar ever beore, iL is recessary Lo mobilize
solidariLy viLl \erezuela, Cuba, ard all oular causes ir Lle
corLirerL.
Ve also exress our solidariLy viLl Lle eoles o Iraq,
FalesLire, AglarisLar, ard all Llose resisLirg imerialisL oc
cuaLior ard aggressior.
A crucial comorerL o Lle global sLruggle ir Lle ace o
imerialisL adverLures, alorgside viLl Llose orces ir Luroe,
LaLir America, ard oLler arLs o Lle vorld LlaL are agairsL
var, is urdoubLedly Lle mobilizaLior o Lle mosL oliLically
corscious secLors o Lle U.S. eole.
Ve cordemr Lerrorism, buL ve oose Lle oliLical ma
riulaLior o Lle socalled var or Lerrorism ard Lle raudu
lerL aroriaLior o values ard corceLs sucl as democracy,
reedom, ard lumar riglLs. Ve reuse ary aLLemL Lo label
Lle eoles resisLarce sLruggles, Lle combaL agairsL Lerrorism
ard Lle aggressiors by Lle oressors as Lerrorism.
Vlile iresLimable resources are beirg squardered by Lle
miliLary irdusLry, aroLler silerL ard devasLaLirg exLermira
Lior Lales lace or a daily basis because o lurger, social rob
lems, exLreme overLy, curable diseases, ard eidemics. 1le
suerirg beseLLirg Lle eoles o Arica, Asia, LaLir America,
ard Lle Caribbear, as Lle resulL o olicies romoLed by irLer
raLioral irarcial irsLiLuLiors, is beirg igrored by Llose vlo
187
vould lile Lo domiraLe Lle vorld ard by Lle global eliLe ro
iLirg rom reocolorial illage. 1le abserce o rograms aimed
aL Lle Lrue soluLior o Llese roblems is yeL aroLler sigr o Lle
delumarizaLior LlaL claracLerizes our Limes.
Ve embrace Lle sLruggles o vorlers, easarLs, Lle |ob
less, Lle disadvarLaged, Lle exloiLed, Lle excluded, vom
er, irdigerous eoles, ArodescerderLs, migrarLs, sexual
miroriLies, abardored clildrer, ard Lle vicLims o Lle sex
Lrade. Ve suorL ard commiL ourselves Lo virdicaLiors o
Llose vlo deerd Lleir riglLs ard Lleir iderLiLies ir Lle ace
o Lle LoLaliLariar ard lomogerizirg ambiLiors o reoliberal
globalizaLior.
1le ma|oriLy o lumariLy, laclirg a basic ruLriLioral,
medical care, elecLriciLy, lousirg, ard oLable vaLer, is be
irg sacriiced by a sysLem LlaL deleLes raLural resources, de
sLroys Lle ervirormerL ard erdargers Lle very survival o lie
viLl iLs irraLioral corsumer vasLe. 1le greaL ma|oriLies lave
very limiLed access Lo educaLior ard Lley are excluded rom
Lle bereiLs Lley receive rom Lle use o Lle rev irormaLior
Leclrologies ard Lle maruacLure o gereric medicires. 1le
domirarL ecoromic sysLem gereraLes Lle marleLirg o mosL
o Lle irLellecLual roducLior by rivaLizirg iL ard Lrarsorm
irg iL irLo ar irsLrumerL Lo ereLuaLe Lle corcerLraLior o
vealLl ard Lle domesLicaLior o corscierces. 1lere is ar ur
gerL reed Lo reverL LlaL Lle V1O olicy Lo Lrarsorm Lle
vorld irLo merclardise could desLroy culLural diversiLy.
1le corcerLraLior o Lle roerLy over Lle mass media
Lurrs reedom o irormaLior irLo a allacy. Media over, aL
Lle becl ard call o Lle legemoric ro|ecL, disLorLs realiLy,
mariulaLes lisLory, ercourages discrimiraLior ir all iLs di
ererL guises, ard romoLes resigraLior Lo Lle currerL sLaLus
quo by orLrayirg iL as Lle orly ossibiliLy.
Ve lave Lo sLe u Lo Lle oersive viLl corcreLe acLiors.
1le irsL o Llese, adoLed aL Llis meeLirg, corsisLs o creaLirg
ar irormaLior reLvorl o reLvorls o irormaLior, culLural
ard arLisLic acLiors, solidariLy, coordiraLior ard mobilizaLior
associaLirg irLellecLuals ard arLisLs viLl social ora ard ou
lar sLruggles, Llus guararLeeirg Lle corLiruiLy o Llese eorLs
188
ard Lleir LrarsormaLior irLo ar irLerraLioral movemerL, Ir
Deerse o HumariLy.
IL is urdamerLal or us Lo courLer Lle roagarda o Lle
legemoric cerLers by circulaLirg emarciaLior ideas Llrougl
all ossible rouLes radio ard 1\ sLaLiors, Lle IrLerreL, alLer
raLive ress, cirema, commuriLy media, ard oLlers, ard dis
semiraLe irormaLior abouL develomerL ro|ecLs ard Lle
exerierces or oular arLiciaLior ard educaLior so LlaL
Lley may become a berclmarl ir Lle recorsLrucLior o Lle
uLoias LlaL romLs lisLory.
1le \erezuelar realiLy demorsLraLes LlaL oular mobi
lizaLior is caable o corquerirg ard reservirg over or Lle
eole ard romoLirg ard deerdirg greaL LrarsormaLiors Lo
iLs advarLage. Our graLiLude goes Lo Lle Bolivariar goverrmerL,
Lle eole o \erezuela ard iLs FresiderL Hugo Clavez or Lleir
commiLmerL viLl Lle uLure o Llis irLerraLioral movemerL.
AL Llese arLicularly dargerous Limes, ve rerev our
corvicLior LlaL aroLler vorld is roL orly ossible, buL irdis
ersable, ard ve commiL ourselves ard call Lo Lle sLruggle Lo
aclieve iL viLl more solidariLy, uriLy ard deLermiraLior. Ir
Deerse o HumariLy, ve reairm our cerLairLy LlaL eoles
slall lave Lle lasL say.
Ihemat|c |ssaes
As a resulL o Lle meeLirg ir Caracas, Lle NeLvorl o NeLvorls
Ir Deerse o HumariLy is vorlirg or Ler LlemaLic issues
Ir deerse o our lareL or all I.
Ir deerse o Lle irLegraLior o eoles 2.
Ir deerse o ar emarciaLirg solidariLy ecoromy 8.
Ir deerse o sovereigrLy ard irLerraLioral lav 4.
Ir deerse o uriLy ir diversiLy ard culLure or all S.
Ir deerse o lrovledge or all 6.
Ir deerse o oular arLiciaLior 7.
Ir deerse o veraciLy ard luraliLy o irormaLior S.
Ir deerse o memory 9.
Ir deerse o eace IU.
Ihe femmea fee4 ef 8amaa|ty,
fara4|gm ef !ec|a||sm aa4 the 0a|fy|ag
feacept fer !ec|a| !tragg|es
lzaxes 8eotazt
1le gereral arorama or Lle siLuaLior or Lle lareL ard lu
mariLy ir Lle lorg Lerm is disLurbirg. Ve are roL |usL dealirg
viLl a irarcial crisis LlaL may ird midLerm soluLiors viLlir
Lle logic o caiLalism. 1lus, a combiraLior o reoliberal mea
sures ard a Louglerirg o class sLruggle, by Lle domirarL sec
Lor, vould ermiL malirg Lle subalLerraLe ard middle classes
ay or Lle crisis. 1lereore, caiLalism could Lriuml, slov
irg iLs aculLy or surassirg Lle crisis ir Lle midLerm, laugl
irg aL Lle roLesLs o vorlers ard Lle IrdigrarLs. Or Lle
oLler lard, iL is robable LlaL i Lle recommerdaLiors o
Lle SLigliLz
I
Commissior or Lle vorld irarcial ard moreLary
crisis vere Lo be acceLed, Lle vorserirg o Lle 2UII siLuaLior
vould roL lave Laler lace.
NeverLleless, various aralyses o Lle evoluLior o Lle
vorld ecoromy oirL Lovards a rogressive erosior o Lle
caiLalisL develomerL model. 1ley airm LlaL caiLalism
las irisled iLs lisLoric role ir Lle develomerL o roducLive
orces, buildirg sucl corLradicLiors LlaL iL leads Lovards ar
arrourced deaLl (Samir Amir, |orge BersLeir, Immaruel
VallersLeir, ard oLlers).
I. The Stiglitz Report, 1le Nev Fress, Nev YorlLordor, 2UIU.
190
1le relecLior demards us Lo Lale irLo accourL Lle er
semble o realiLy, viLl a lolisLic viev, corLrary Lo Lle visior
o caiLalism LlaL corcerLraLed or accumulaLior. Accordirg
Lo Karl Folaryi, caiLalism deLacled Lle ecoromy rom socieLy
ir order Lo subsequerLly imose iLs ovr logic o value, ir oLler
vords, goods as a uriversal ersecLive. Orly reirLegraLior o
Lle ecoromy irLo socieLy vill be able Lo resolve Lle corLra
dicLiors. 1laL requires ar ersemble visior, boLl or reasors o
LleoreLical colererce ard or corvergerce o Lle sLruggles.
AL Lle reserL Lime, a acLor irLerverirg ir a cerLral mar
rer is Lle relaLiorsli viLl raLure; Llis vas Lle avored Loic
durirg Lle meeLirg o Lle Commarder Fidel CasLro viLl irLel
lecLuals irviLed Lo Lle 2UI2 Bool Fair ir Havara. Beirg avare
o Lle acL LlaL Lle LarLl is roL ar irexlausLible resource, es
ecially ir erergy maLLers, more recise lrovledge o Lle ir
reversible larm Lo ecosysLems due Lo irdusLrial acLiviLy, Lyes
o agriculLure ard irraLioral corsumLior, corsLiLuLe rev
acLors LlaL quesLior Lle model o lumar develomerL re
vailirg LlrouglouL Lle lasL SUU years. IL is also vlaL vas ex
ressed by Bolvar Lcleverra, sealirg abouL Lle illusiors o
moderriLy.
2
kega|at|eas rersas t|teraat|res
Dealirg viLl Llis siLuaLior, iL seems more ard more clear LlaL
regulaLiors are roL erougl. IL is Lle logic o Lle sysLem LlaL is
ir quesLior. ViLlouL doubL, ar aocalyLic seecl does roLl
irg or acLior. IL is Lle rigor o Lle aralysis LlaL car guide Lle
uLure ard creaLe a serse o Lle urgercy or radical soluLiors.
1le mulLile asecLs o Lle crisis come LogeLler ard all o Llem
irally lave Lleir origir ir Lle logic o caiLalism.
Mary regulaLiors vere roosed aL irLerraLioral level,
sucl as LlaL o Lle UriLed NaLiors, buL Lle sysLem las ro ca
aciLy Lo acceL Llem. Mucl less iL car acceL alLerraLives. 1le
SLigliLz Commissior reserLed a reorm o irLerraLioral irar
cial agercies (Vorld Barl, IMF) ard Lle V1O ard Lle orma
2. Bolvar Lcleverra, Las ilusiones de la modernidad (QuiLo LdiLorial 1ra
masocial, 2UUI).
191
Lior o a ermarerL Crou o LxerLs Lo reverL crisis (Lle orly
measure acceLed by Lle UriLed NaLiors Corererce). IL also
recommerded Lle creaLior o a Clobal Lcoromic Coordira
Lior Courcil aL ar viLl Lle SecuriLy Courcil (buL urcLiorirg
democraLically); Lle orgarizaLior o a global reserve sysLem Lo
go agairsL Lle legemory o Lle dollar as a currercy o reer
erce; Lle irsLiLuLior o irLerraLioral LaxaLior; Lle aboliLior o
Lax lavers ard Lle barlirg secrecy, ard irally reorm o Lle
cerLiicaLior agercies.
Or Lle corLrary, Lle V1O ard Lle Luroear Urior, as
mary courLries ollovirg caiLalisL logic, corLirued romoL
irg rocyclic measures (decreasirg social olicies, or exam
le), accerLuaLirg Lle ecoromic disasLer. 1laL is Lle resulL o
morooly gereralizaLior caiLalism, as Samir Amir
8
vriLes,
imosirg iLs oliLical soluLiors. Ir Lle SouLl, exLracLive acLivi
Lies ard sirglecros viLl lard loardirg seed u, accoma
ried by crimiralizaLior o roLesLs. IL is seer ir Lle erLire LaLir
Americar corLirerL (ever ir rogressive courLries)
4
buL also
ir Arica ard Asia.
CorrorLirg Lle climaLic crisis, Lle UN orgarized sev
eral corererces Rio de |areiro, KyoLo, Coerlager, Carcur,
Durbar, roL Lo merLior seciic corererces or Lle ocears,
biodiversiLy, eLc. Frecise measures vere roosed Lo reduce
greerlouse gas emissiors ard decrease ervirormerLal de
sLrucLior. 1le irdusLrialized raLiors lalLed Lle decisiors or
re|ecLed all lirds o irLerraLioral commiLmerL (Lle USA ir
arLicular). NeverLleless, ir Llis secLor as vell, acceLable reg
ulaLiors lave Lleir limiLs Lley lave Lo be marleL rierdly.
1le ood crisis, as |ear Ziegler
S
uLs iL, is Lle ruiL o Lle
logic o Lle ecoromic sysLem. Ir a vorld LlaL las rever beore
roduced sucl vealLl, ore carroL ird Lle recessary oliLical
vill Lo aly eicierL measures. QuiLe Lle corLrary; Lle UriLed
SLaLes, or examle, viLl less agriculLural surlusroducLior,
8. Samir Amir, Audacia, mas audacia, FMA vebsiLe, 2UII.
4. LLaL des resisLarces dars le Sud Amerique LaLire, Alternatives Sud, \ol. S
(2UII), ro. 4.
S. |ear Ziegler, Destruction massive. Gopolitique de la faim (Faris Le Seuil,
2UII).
192
is dimirislirg iLs aid Lo Lle UN Food Frogram (VFF). IrLe
graLirg agriculLure irLo moroolisLic caiLalism logic requires
a grovirg corcerLraLior o lard, Lle develomerL o sirgle
cros, Lle disaeararce o amily arms ard iL accerLuaLes
Lle ood roblem ir Lle lorg Lerm.
1le social crisis due Lo Lle grovLl o irequaliLies asls or
sLrucLural reormsagrariar, irarcial, oliLicalas soluLiors
LlaL go urLler Llar Lle ossibiliLy o bourgeoisie acceLarce.
1le sysLem Lley domiraLe is so dogmaLic LlaL iL LoleraLes orly
liglL, rovisioral regulaLiors rograms or Lle iglL agairsL
overLy Lo reduce social ressure, ecological measures vler
ervirormerLal desLrucLior aecLs Lle roiL raLe (greer caiLal
ism). 1le domirarL classes are corvirced LlaL viLl liglL regu
laLiors, grovLl vill lave iLs sLrergLl resLored; eviderLly grovLl
ir Lle orm o a clamagre glass, as Lle gral or Lle disLribu
Lior o vealLl ir Lle vorld reveals, carried ouL by Lle UNDF,
slovirg iLs grovirg corcerLraLior ir Lle liglesL caLegories.
t 8eu fara4|gm fer the fe||ect|re l|fe ef 8amaa|ty ea the f|aaet
BuL, mearvlile, Llere is a rice Lo ay. 1lis could be so ligl
as Lo be socially ard ecologically urLerable. 1laL is vly, ir a
lorg Lerm lisLorical viev, ve are roosirg Lle reed or al
LerraLives. Ir oLler vords, a rev aradigm or lumar devel
omerL musL be deired. 1odays siLuaLior aecLs Lle basics
o lie or Lle lareL ard ir arLicular lumar lie; Llese are (I)
Lle resorsibiliLy o Lle lumar gerus ir dealirg viLl survival
or LarLl, (2) Lle marrer o roducirg maLerial basics or lie,
(8) collecLive social ard oliLical orgarizaLior, ard (4) read
irg realiLy ard iLs social buildirg eLlics (culLure). 1o redeire
a rev aradigm asses Llrougl reviev o Llese our elemerLs
ir order Lo creaLe Lle cordiLiors or Lle Commor Cood o Hu
mariLy, or, roducLior ard reroducLior o lie.
i. kioiiiic kiiA1iosnirs wi1n NA1cni: inom Ixrioi1A1io
1o kisric1 As A Socnci ion liii
Moderr civilizaLior viLl iLs imorLarL corLrol over raLure,
iLs ligl degree o urbarizaLior las made lumar beirgs orgeL
193
LlaL aL Lle erd, Lley LoLally deerd or raLure Lo live. ClimaLe
clarge remirds Llem, oLer viLl greaL bruLaliLy, abouL Llis
realiLy. 1lus, iL is a maLLer o deirirg Lle relaLiorsli, roL as
exloiLaLior o Lle earLl vlile beirg a source o raLural re
sources caable o beirg reduced Lo Lle sLaLus o merclardise,
buL as Lle source o all lie, ir ar aLLiLude o resecL or iLs ca
aciLy or lysical ard biological regereraLior. 1laL eviderLly
sigriies a radical lilosolical clarge. IL is a quesLior o criLi
cizirg Lle urely uLiliLariar raLure o Lle relaLiorsli LlaL ir
caiLalism comes Lo corsider ecological damage as collaLeral
damage (everLually Lo reduce as mucl as ossible), buL irevi
Lable, or ever vorse, as exLerral elemerLs because Lley do
roL erLer irLo Lle marleL calculaLiors ard, corsequerLly, ir
Lle accumulaLior o caiLal. Ir ary case, Lle rircile Lo de
erd is Lle ossibiliLy or Lle lareL Lo be susLairable, mear
irg, corservirg Lle irLegriLy o iLs biodiversiLy ard Lle abiliLy
Lo rerev iLsel ir Lle ace o lumar acLiviLies.
Amorg Lle irdigerous eoles o Lle Americar corLi
rerL, Lle corceL o MoLler LarLl (Facla Mama) is a cerLral
ore. Novadays several o Lle LradiLioral corceLs are beirg
used agair (Sumak kawsay) as irsLrumerLs o lisLorical mem
ory, culLural recorsLrucLior, ard airmaLior o iderLiLy. BuL
also Llese roLiors car be useul or Lle criLicism o Lle logic o
caiLalism. Ir Llis vay, Lley car acquire a mearirg LlaL Lrar
scerds LradiLioral cosmovisior ard las uriversal value.
Freviously ve reerred Lo Lle corLribuLior o Karl Marx. For
lim, caiLalism rovoled ar arLiicial ard meclarical seara
Lior beLveer raLure ard lumar beirgs. 1le breal o balarce
ir Lle meLabolism, or Lle maLerial exclarge beLveer Lle earLl
ard Lle saLisacLior o Lle reeds o lumar beirgs, |usL as iL vas
deired by Lle rocess o accumulaLior o caiLal, oered u
orLo irraLioral scledules, illage, ard desLrucLior (6U er cerL
o lumar roducLior goes over ocears). For LlaL reasor, ve
musL reduce Lle erergyraLural lovs, ir a socially air mar
rer, ir order Lo ircrease Lle qualiLy o lie. Accordirg Lo Marx,
orly socialism could reesLablisl Lle balarce o Lle meLabolism
ard uL ar erd Lo Lle devasLaLior o raLure. Ir all LruLl, socialisL
194
regimes vere roL arLicularly sersiLive Lo LlaL asecL o MarxisL
LlouglL.
1le airmaLior o a rev corceLior o relaLiors viLl ra
Lure brirgs viLl iL mary racLical corsequerces. Ore irsL a
licaLior corsisLs o roL acceLirg rivaLe ovrersli o vlaL
is Lermed raLural resources; by Llis ve mear Lle mirerals,
ossil erergies, Lle oresLs. IL is a maLLer o Lle commor leri
Lage o lumariLy LlaL carroL be Laler over by irdividuals ard
cororaLiors, ollovirg Lle logic o Lle ecoromy o Lle cai
LalisL marleL, or, or belal o rivaLe irLeresLs igrorirg Lle
exLerral elemerLs ard orierLed by Lle maximizaLior o roiL.
ViLlir Llis same viev, Lle demards or irLroducirg ecologi
cal cosLs or all lumar acLiviLy ir ecoromic calculaLiors vould
allov or Lleir reducLior ard go agairsL Lle irsLrumerLal ra
LioraliLy excludirg Lle exLerral elemerLs, ore o Lle bases or
Lle desLrucLive raLure o caiLalism.
AroLler asecL is Lle re|ecLior o Lle merclardisirg o Lle
elemerLs recessary or Lle reroducLior o lie, sucl as vaLer
ard seeds. 1ley are commor goods LlaL musL come ouL o Lle
logic o merclardise ard erLer irLo a viev Lalirg ir commor
maragemerL accordirg Lo various Lyes LlaL do roL recessar
ily imly sLaLe ovrersli buL collecLive corLrol. Ir a sLill more
corcreLe aslior, Llis rircile vould imly uLLirg ar erd Lo
sirgle cros LlaL Lle uLure irlabiLed regiors are rearirg.
1axirg Lle lilomeLers Lravelled by irdusLrial or agriculLural
roducLs vould ermiL boLl reduced erergy use ard olluLior
o Lle seas.
1le reserves o biodiversiLy vould lave Lo be exLerded Lo
more LerriLories. 1le romoLior o orgaric agriculLure vould
be a arL o Llis ro|ecL, |usL as Lle imrovemerL o easarL ag
riculLure, more eicierL ir Lle lorg Lerm Llar caiLalisL ro
ducLivisL agriculLure. FromoLior o irLerraLioral coverarLs is
aroLler very imorLarL secLor. Ve could merLior as examles
Lle agreemerLs or climaLe (KyoLo, Bali, Carcur, Durbar) ir
siLe o Lleir relaLive ailures, or biodiversiLy (Borr ard Na
goya), or Lle roLecLior o vaLer (rivers ard ocears), or isl
irg, or vasLe (esecially ruclear vasLe), ard several oLlers.
1le degree o sersiLiviLy Lo Llis dimersior vould be or Lle
195
basis o irLerraLioral eiciercy o Lle rogressive sLaLes ard
miglL slov u or Lle agerda o Lleir oreigr olicies.
1. kiDinic1 Pnoocc1io oi 1ni BAsis ion liii, FAvonic
1ni UsAci VAici ovin 1ni IxcnAci VAici
1le aradigm LrarsormaLior ir iLs relaLiorsli viLl Lle
ecoromy corsisLs o avorirg Lle usage value irsLead o Lle
exclarge value as caiLalism does. Ve seal o usage value
vler goods or a service acquire useulress Lo saLisy Lle reeds
o lie o ar irdividual or a grou. 1ley acquire a exclarge val
ue vler iL is Lle ob|ecL o a LrarsacLior. 1le claracLerisLic o a
mercarLile ecoromy is Lo avor Lle exclarge value. For cai
Lalism, Lle mosL develoed orm o mercarLile roducLior, Lle
laLLer is Lle orly value. Coods or a service LlaL is roL cor
verLed irLo merclardise las ro value because iL does roL cor
LribuLe Lo Lle accumulaLior o caiLal, Lle goal ard moLor o
Lle ecoromy (M. Codelier, I9S2). Ir Llis viev, Lle usage value
is secordary ard, as IsLvar Meszaros vriLes, iL car acquire Lle
riglL Lo exisL i iL ad|usLs Lo Lle imeraLives o Lle exclarge
value.
6
Coods car sLill be roduced viLl ro useulress as lorg
as Lley are aid or (Lle exlosior ir miliLary exerses, or ex
amle, or Lle vliLe elelarLs o irLerraLioral cooeraLior).
ArLiicial reeds are creaLed (by adverLisirg); irarcial services
are broadered ir seculaLive bubbles. Or Lle corLrary, uL
Lirg Lle accerL or usage value males Lle marleL a server o Lle
sysLem o lumar reedscaaciLies.
Ir acL, Lle corceL o reeds is relaLive. IL clarges viLl
Lle lisLorical circumsLarces ard Lle develomerL o roduc
Live orces. 1laL is vly Marx sole o caaciLies, or, Lle os
sibiliLy o comlyirg viLl saLisacLior. 1le rircile is LlaL
all lumar beirgs lave Lle riglL Lo saLisy Lleir viLal reeds. IL
is vlaL Lle Uriversal DeclaraLior o Humar RiglLs emlaLi
cally sLaLes. Hovever, LlaL is roL realized ir Lle absLracL serse,
buL ir ecoromic, social, ard oliLical circumsLarces LlaL are
vell deLermired. RelaLiviLy carroL sigriy urair irequaliLies,
6. I. Meszaros, El desafo y la carga del tiempo histrico. El Socialismo del Si-
glo (Bueros AiresCaracas CLACSO, \adell, 2UUS), . 4S.
196
some lavirg more reeds Llar oLlers because o Lleir class
siLuaLior, gerder, or eLlriciLy. SaLisacLior o basic reeds las
Lo be deired by Lle commuriLy or diererL levels, viLlir a
democraLic rocess ard by comeLerL bodies (raLioral ard ir
LerraLioral arliamerLs, rereserLaLive assemblies). IL is vlaL
could be called Lle esLablislirg o a moral ecoromy, or sub
miLLed Lo eLlical imeraLives LlaL corLradicL Lle redomi
rarce o Lle exclarge value vlile source o accumulaLior o
caiLal ard Lle ob|ecLive o Lle ecoromy.
1laL is roL ossible viLlouL quesLiorirg Lle rivaLe ovr
ersli o Lle rircial mears o roducLior, someLlirg LlaL
recisely ermiLs Lle exercise o over o decisior ir avor o
Lle lolders o Lle goods o caiLal ard a subordiraLior o Lle
vorl Lo Lle caiLal, ir a real vay (direcLly by salaries) or or
mal (irdirecLly by oLler meclarisms sucl as moreLary oli
cies, SLaLe deiciLs ard debLs, seculaLior or Lle rices o ood
ard erergy, rivaLizaLiors o ublic services, eLc.).
7
IL is Lle
exclusive corLrol o caiLal over Lle rocess o roducLior LlaL
is also Lle origir o Lle degradaLior o vorl iLsel ard Lle ror
evaluaLior o Lle vorl o vomer, esserLial, o course, ir Lle
reroducLior o lie ir all iLs dimersiors. Ir LruLl, comleLe
sLaLeovrersli as courLeroirL Lo LoLal marleL is roL a saL
isacLory soluLior, as Lle socialisL exerierces o Lle asL lave
roved. 1lere exisLs a mulLiLude o orms o grou corLrol,
rom cooeraLives Lo ciLizer associaLiors.
Ard Llere ve lave a LoLally diererL deiriLior o Lle
ecoromy. No lorger are ve dealirg viLl roducirg ar aggre
gaLe value ir bereiL o Lle ovrers o Lle goods o roducLior
or irarcial caiLal, buL o Lle collecLive acLiviLy desLired Lo
assure Lle bases or lysical, culLural, ard siriLual lie or all
lumar beirgs or Lle lareL. Ve carroL acceL a vorld ard
raLioral ecoromy based or Lle exloiLaLior o vorl Lo maxi
mize Lle raLe o roiLs, or o roducLior, o goods ard ser
7. IL is esLimaLed LlaL 7U er cerL o vorl ir Lle vorld is irormal; Llis males
iL diiculL Lo orgarize vorlers. Hovever, aL Lle reserL Lime several LesL
cases exisL sucl as ir Nicaragua, Lle CorederaLior o SelLmloyed
Vorlers (C1CFFN1), ailiaLed Lo Lle NaLioral Vorlers FederaLior o
Nicaragua (FN1) ard SLreeLreL IrLerraLioral (Orlardo Nufez, 2UII).
197
vices desLired or 2U er cerL o Lle vorlds oulaLior LlaL
las corsiderably ligl urclase over, leavirg Lle resL ex
cluded rom Lle slarirg because Lley do roL roduce ar ag
gregaLe value ard do roL lave suicierL ircome. Redeirirg
Lle ecoromy Llis vay sigriies a urdamerLal clarge. Lvi
derLly avorirg Lle usage value imlies develomerL o Lle
roducLive orces ard iL musL be carried ouL accordirg Lo Lle
irsL basis, Lle resecL or raLure ard also viLl Lle oLler Lvo
ve slall be subsequerLly coverirg gereralized democracy ard
irLerculLuralism. Lxclarges are roL excluded, recessary also
Lo saLisy rev usage values, buL or Lle cordiLior o roL creaL
irg irequaliLies ir local access Lo usage value ard o ircludirg
Lle exLerral elemerLs ir Lle rocess.
Favorirg Lle usage value over Lle exclarge value also sig
riies rediscoverirg Lle LerriLory. ClobalizaLior made us or
geL roximiLy ir order Lo avor global exclarges, igrorirg Lle
exLerral elemerLs ard givirg rioriLy Lo irarcial caiLal, Lle
mosL globalized o Lle elemerLs o Lle ecoromy because o iLs
virLual claracLer. 1erriLory as Lle sace or ecoromical acLiviLy
buL also or oliLical resorsibiliLy ard culLural exclarge is Lle
lace or aroLler raLioraliLy. Ir Lle viev o caiLalism, Lle lav
o value imoses Lle rioriLy o mercarLilizaLior ard Llereore
Lle culLures o exorLaLior, or examle, or Lle roducLior o
ood or local corsumLior is avored.
1laL Lales us Lo corcreLe measures; Lley are mary ard ve
slall orly give a ev examles. From a regaLive oirL o viev,
ve carroL acceL Lle rioriLy o irarcial caiLal ir all iLs va
rieLies, as barlirg secrecy, Lvo overul irsLrumerLs ir Lle
class sLruggle. Also esLablislirg a Lax or irLerraLioral irarcial
lovs (1obir 1ax) could reduce Lle over o irarcial caiLal.
1le laLeul debLs musL be derourced aLer audiLs, as iL vas
dore ir Lcuador. Ve carroL admiL seculaLior or ood ard
erergy. Frolorgirg lie execLarcy o irdusLrialized rod
ucLs vould ermiL greaL savirgs o rav maLerials ard erergy,
dimirislirg Lle arLiicial roiL o caiLal orly because o Lle
seed o iLs Lurrover.
Social ecoromy, as ve lrov, is builL or oLler logical bas
es Llar Llose o caiLalism. Ir LruLl, iL is sLill margiral vler
198
acirg Lle immerse corcerLraLior o oligoolisLic caiLal, buL
iL is ossible Lo rovide ircerLives or several o iLs orms. Res
LoraLior o commor goods rivaLized by reoliberalism is also a
urdamerLal rouLe or rev social buildirg, ir mary domairs
ublic services sucl as vaLer, erergy, LrarsorLaLior, com
muricaLior, lealLl, educaLior, culLureeveryLlirg rov er
Lerirg irLo Lle sysLem o reedscaaciLies.
. kioncAizic Coiiic1ivi liii sv 1ni GiinAiizA1io
oi DimocnAcv i SociAi kiiA1iosnirs Ao ls1i1c1ios
A Llird cerLral Lleme ir Lle reviev o Lle ourdaLiors o col
lecLive lie, or Lle rev aradigm o Lle Commor Cood o Hu
mariLy, is corsLiLuLed by gereralizaLior o democracy, roL
|usL alied Lo Lle oliLical secLor, buL also Lo Lle ecoromic
sysLem, ir relaLiorslis beLveer mer ard vomer, ard ir all
irsLiLuLiors. Ir oLler vords, ormal democracy, oLer used as
a vay Lo esLablisl arLiicial equaliLy, Llus reroducirg urrec
ogrized social irequaliLies, musL Lrarsorm irLo Lle oliLical
ormulaLior o solidariLy. 1laL imlies, ir arLicular, reviev
irg Lle corceL o Lle SLaLe ard Lle recovery o lumar riglLs
ir all Lleir dimersiors, boLl irdividual ard collecLive. IL is a
quesLior o malirg every lumar beirg, viLl ro disLircLior as
Lo race, sex, or class, a sub|ecL o social buildirg ard so Lo re
evaluaLe sub|ecLiviLy.
S
CereralizaLior o democracy is valid as vell or Lle dia
logue beLveer oliLical ard social movemerL alicaLiors.
OrgarizaLior o alicaLiors o corsulLaLior ard dialogue be
lorgs Lo Lle same corceLior, resecLirg muLual auLoromy.
1le ro|ecL o a courcil o social movemerLs ir Lle gereral
arcliLecLure o ALBA is ar origiral aLLemL ir Llis direcLior.
1le corceL o civil socieLy requerLly used or Llis urose
corLirues Lo be ambiguous because iL is also Lle locaLior or
class sLruggles ir realiLy Llere is a lover civil socieLy ard a
ligler civil socieLy ard urqualiied uLilizaLior o Lle Lerm o
Ler ermiLs corusior Lo be creaLed ard Lo reserL social solu
S. F. HirlelammerL, El sujeto y la ley. El retorno del sujeto (Caracas MirisLry
o CulLure, 2UUS).
199
Liors igrorirg Lle class diererces.
9
Or Lle oLler lard, orms
o arLiciaLive democracy, lile Llose ourd ir several LaLir
Americar courLries, also erLer irLo Lle same logic o gereral
ized democracy.
OLler irsLiLuLiors relaLe Lo Lle same rircile. NoLlirg is
less democraLic Llar Lle caiLalisL ecoromic sysLem, viLl iLs
corcerLraLior o decisiormalirg over ir |usL a ev lards.
1le same is Lrue or Lle social media ard is also alied Lo all
Lle social, Lrade urior, culLural, sorLs, ard religious irsLiLu
Liors.
1le desLrucLior o democracy by caiLalism, esecially ir
iLs reoliberal lase, las beer sucl LlaL socieLies, or all lev
els, are orgarizirg or Lle advarLages o a miroriLy, rovolirg
a degree o irequaliLy ir Lle vorld LlaL las rever beer seer
beore ir Lle lisLory o Lle vorld. ReesLablislirg democraLic
urcLiorirg as a uriversal aradigm Llereore corsLiLuLes a
illar o Lle Commor Cood o HumariLy.
(. To Is1Asiisn l1inCci1cnAiism i1o Bciioic
1ni UivinsAi Commo Gooo
Civirg everybody Lle lrovledge, all culLures, lilosolies,
religiors, Lle ossibiliLy o corLribuLirg Lo Lle Commor Cood
o HumariLy is Lle aim o Lle reviev o Llis culLural ourda
Lior. 1laL carroL be Lle exclusive role o Lle vesLerr culLure,
vlicl is ir realiLy iderLiied Loday viLl Lle corceL o devel
omerL, elimiraLirg or margiralizirg all oLler vievs. Ore las
Lo decolorize Lle imagirary.
IU
1laL imlies Lle readirg o Lle
realiLy, iLs irLerreLaLior or iLs arLiciaLior as Lle recessary
eLlic or Lle dravirg u o Lle Commor Cood o HumariLy,
Lle aecLive dimersior recessary or Lle selimlicaLior o
Lle acLors, ard Lle aesLleLic ard racLical exressiors.
Hovever, mulLiculLuralism is roL erougl. Ve are dealirg
viLl Lle romoLior o oer irLerculLuralism, or culLures ir
9. Ir a oor reiglborlood o BogoLa, a ev years ago, Llere aeared a slo
gar or a vall sayirg Ve Loo lave Humar RiglLs.
IU. See Raul ForreL, La philosophie interculturelle (Faris LHarmaLLar, 2UII).
200
dialogue, viLl ossible exclarges. CulLures are roL ob|ecLs ir
a museum, buL Lle livirg elemerLs o a socieLy.
CulLure ircludes a siriLual dimersior, a disLircLly lumar
qualiLy LlaL Lales iL beyord daily exisLerce. 1lis is a leiLmoLi
ir a Lime o crisis or civilizaLior. Ir Lle erLire vorld Llere ex
isLs a searcl or mearirg comirg ouL o Lle reed o redeirirg
Lle very goals o lie. SiriLualiLy is a orce LlaL Lrarscerds
maLLer ard gives iL mearirg. 1le sources o siriLualiLy are
rumerous ard are alvays ourd viLlir a social corLexL ard
Lley carroL exisL viLlouL a lysical ard biological base. 1le
lumar beirg is ore Lleir siriLualiLy resuoses maLLer,
ard Lleir maLerialism las ro mearirg viLlouL Lle siriL. A
culLuralisL viev o siriLualiLy igrorirg Lle maLerialism o Lle
lumar beirg, ir oLler vords, Lle body or Lle irdividual ard
Lle ecoromicoliLical realiLy or socieLy, is a corceLual de
Lour, Lalirg us Lo reducLiorism (culLure as Lle sole acLor or
clarge) or Lo alieraLior (igrorarce o social sLrucLures).
Ihe femmea fee4 ef 8amaa|ty as f|eba| 0bject|re
O everyLlirg ve lave |usL sLaLed, ve corclude LlaL Lle Com
mor Cood o HumariLy is Lle ruiL o a suiLable realizaLior
o Lle ersemble o Lle our basic cerLral Llemes o collec
Live lie o lumar beirgs or Lle lareL (vlicl esserLially are
our social relaLiorslis). |usL as Lley are deired by caiLal
ism, guararLeed by Lle oliLical orces ard LrarsmiLLed by Lle
domirarL culLure, Lley are roL susLairable ard Llereore Lley
carroL ersure Lle Commor Cood o HumariLy. Or Lle oLler
side o Lle coir, iLs alicaLiors corLradicL Lle reroducLior
o lie. 1le corceL o Lle Commor Cood o HumariLy is a
dyramic roLior, because iLs corLerLs musL be ermarerLly
redeired.
Ore miglL ob|ecL LlaL is a uLoia. Besides Lle acL LlaL
lumar beirgs reed uLoias ard LlaL caiLalism las desLroyed
uLoiar Llirlirg, arrourcirg Lle erd o lisLory (Llere are
ro alLerraLives), ore car sLaLe LlaL Lle searcl or Lle Com
mor Cood o HumariLy is really a uLoia, roL ir Lle serse o
ar illusior, buL ir LlaL iL does roL exisL Loday, buL iL could
201
exisL Lomorrov. AL Lle same Lime, uLoias also corserve Lleir
dyramic dimersior Llere vill alvays be a Lomorrov. Lvery
oliLical regime or religious movemerL iderLiyirg iLsel viLl
uLoia erds ir caLasLrole. Ve are dealirg viLl a call Lo vall.
II

Ir Llis serse, ve are roL dealirg viLl ar iroersive uLoia.
1lis may be rover by Lle lurdreds o Llousards o social
movemerLs, ciLizer orgarizaLiors, oliLical grous, eacl ir
Lleir seciic locaLior, sLrugglirg or imroved relaLiors viLl
raLure ard or iLs roLecLior, or easarL ard orgaric agricul
Lure, or social ecoromy, aboliLior o illegal debLs, collecLive
aroriaLior o roducLior mears, rimacy o vorl over
caiLal, deerse o lumar riglLs, or arLiciaLive democracy
ard or givirg value Lo culLures. 1le Vorld Social Forums al
lov us Lo visualize Llis realiLy, ard Llis gradually creaLes rev
global social avareress.
NeverLleless, iL is a dyramic rocess LlaL requires a co
lererL ersemble visior as Lle basis or corvergerce ir acLior,
viLl Lle goal o buildirg a orce caable o reverLirg Lle cor
Lemorary domirarL sysLem boLl ir iLs ecoromic dimersiors
as vell as ir iLs social, culLural, ard oliLical dimersiors. IL is
recisely vlaL Lle corceL o Commor Cood o HumariLy
varLs Lo exress LleoreLical colererce brirgirg LogeLler Lle
our cerLral Llemes o collecLive lie or Lle lareL ard ore vi
sior LlaL allovs eacl o Lle social ard oliLical movemerLs ard
iriLiaLives Lo locaLe Llemselves viLlir Lle ersemble.
LviderLly, oLirg or alLerraLives Lo Lle currerL sysLem
ard roosirg a rev aradigm or lumar develomerL does
roL reverL adoLirg measures Lo resolve immediaLe rob
lems, roblems LlaL are Lle roducLs o caiLalisL logic. 1lus,
iL vas Rosa Luxemburg vlo roosed a dialecLic visior o Lle
relaLiorsli beLveer reorms ard revoluLior. So, ore carroL
urderesLimaLe Lle social olicies LlaL Lry Lo remedy Lle eecLs
II. Lduardo Calearo vriLes or Llis sub|ecL, I Lale Lvo sLes closer, iL Lales
Lvo sLes avay. I move orvard IU sLes ard Lle lorizor escaes IU more
sLes irLo Lle disLarce. I miglL alvays go or advarcirg ard I slall rev
er reacl iL. So vlaL good is uLoia: Frecisely LlaL Lo vall. (Maurice
Lemoire Le Monde Diplomatique, December 2UIU).
202
o reoliberalism. 1o ird boLl a LleoreLical ard a racLical so
luLior, ore musL deal agair viLl Lle maLLer o LrarsiLior.
Iraas|t|ea
As ve lrov, Karl Marx alied Lle corceL o LrarsiLior Lo
Lle assage beLveer eudalism ard caiLalism, demorsLraL
irg lov, liLLle by liLLle, Lle orms o Lle ormer vere ircaable
o ersurirg cordiLiors or social survival ard iLs rogress ard
lov rev orms vere borr urLil Lley Lrarsormed Lle body o
roducLior meLlods ard social ormaLior. Novadays Lle siLu
aLior is diererL because i caiLalism las develoed rev cor
LradicLiors ard i some orms o socialism aear, Lle rocess
musL be larred ir order Lo acceleraLe iL. Ve lave ro Lime or
gradual evoluLior. 1rarsiLior musL be orgarized, Lalirg irLo
accourL Lle relaLiorslis o exisLirg overs ard Lle sLaLe o
Lle roducLior orces, buL roL |usL as a rocess, as a sLruggle.
For LlaL reasor, Lle basic maLLer is Lle deiriLior o Lle
goal ve are dealirg viLl a LrarsiLior Lovards a rev aradigm
Lo carry ouL Lle Commor Cood o HumariLy, or roducLior,
reroducLior ard imrovemerL o lie. 1laL urdamerLally
corLradicLs Lle goal o caiLalism, roL orly ir ecoromic maL
Lers (uriversaliLy o Lle lav o value) buL also ir oliLics (Lle
SLaLe aL Lle service o Lle marleL) ard ir culLure (corsumer
irdividualism). 1rarsiLior is recessarily a rocess LlaL Lales
iLs Lime. NoL orly LlaL, caiLal as Lle moroolisLic ecoromic
over is caable o irciLirg var (ever Lo ruclear LlreaLs) o
sacriicirg milliors o ersors by lurger ard o corruLirg Lle
oliLical orces LlrouglouL Lle vorld Lo ersure iLs redomi
rarce, buL iLs logic las ereLraLed culLure, ever LlaL o Lle
lover classes ard vorlers orgarizaLiors ard LlaL ersures
Lle exercise o Lrue legemory.
1o corLirue relecLirg or LrarsiLior, iL is imorLarL Lo ar
alyze Lle rocesses Lalirg lace riglL rov. Ir acL, Lle mea
sures LlaL Loday are called LrarsiLioral are LlouglL o ir Lvo
diererL vays eiLler as sLes Lovards a rev aradigm or as ar
adaLaLior o Lle exisLirg sysLem Lo rev ecological ard social
demards. IL is roL Lle vocabulary ve use LlaL males Lle dier
203
erce beLveer Lle Lvo Lrerds; iL is real olicies LlaL male Lle
diererce. Ir Lle Lvo cases, ve car use corceLs o LrarsiLior
Lo socialism, 1verLyirsL CerLury Socialism, Lle Socialism o
Buer \ivir (Lle arL o livirg vell), ever revoluLior, buL lavirg
diererL corLerLs ir Lle oliLical lar.
VlaL is beirg exerierced ir LaLir America, viLl Lle
rogressive regimes, clearly sLaLes Lle roblem, viLl dier
erces deerdirg uor Lle cases. 1lere are courLries oLirg
or a clearly social democraLic soluLior, vlere caiLalism is Lle
Lool or ecoromic grovLl, ircludirg raLioral ard irLerraLior
al irarcial caiLalism ard vlere social |usLice is LrarslaLed by
social redisLribuLior rograms, oLer imorLarL ard eecLive
ores, o arL o Lle caiLal gair (Brazil, ArgerLira, Nicaragua).
OLlers, viLl more radical larguage, also lave imorLarL
social rograms, dedicaLirg Lo Llem u Lo IS or I7 er cerL o
Lle raLioral budgeLs; Lley ircrease Lax collecLior buL do roL
seel a rev aradigm or develomerL. 1lrougl corvicLior
or by orce, Lley seel ar exLracLive model Lo creaLe vealLl,
Leclrological ard irarcial deerderce or mulLiraLioral cor
oraLiors, avorirg sirglecros, esecially Lo roduce agro
uels, ollovirg olicies advarLageous or social grous lavirg
Lle baclirg o Lle barls ard irLerral ard exLerral busiress
verLures. FragmaLism guides mary decisiors. Ferlas, as \ice
FresiderL Alvaro Carca Lirera o Bolivia used Lo say, because
caiLalism sLill las aL leasL IUU years o lie leL.
Ir acL, a osLreoliberal adaLaLior o caiLalism is a
roaclirg, acirg rev demards Llrougl a recorsLrucLed SLaLe
ard viLl several degrees o oular arLiciaLior (Lcuador,
Bolivia, ard ir arL, \erezuela). Comared Lo Lle asL or Lo
urely rocaiLalisL courLries (Mexico, Clile, Colombia) ve
car see liglly areciable rogress ard acirg Lle oLiors o
Lle riglLs ard Lle LlreaLs o Lle emire, ve carroL male ary
misLales ir our oliLical osiLiors.
All LlaL ve lave aclieved, arLly Llarls Lo Lle irLerra
Lioral ecoromic siLuaLior (rices or raLural resources, a siLu
aLior vlicl o course sLrergLlers Lle corLirerLs lace ir Lle
irLerraLioral divisior o labor) ard arLly due Lo audacious so
cial ard culLural olicies, carroL be deried. Milliors o eole
204
are beirg leled Lo exiL rom overLy, ard LlaL is a osiLive
resulL because Lle lurgry do roL suer or die ir Lle mid or
lorg Lerm; Lley are dyirg Loday. NeverLleless, LlaL does roL
recessarily mear adoLirg a rev aradigm. 1lose lirds o
olicies car be regisLered viLlir Lle logic o caiLalism, lile
arLicyclic reoKeyresiar acLiors. 1laL lird o realiLy vas
aclrovledged by Lcuadorear leaders aL Lle erd o Lle irsL
iveyear eriod o Lle CiLizer RevoluLior, Ve lave roL
aclieved roourd clarges ir Lle model o accumulaLior ard
Lle sLrucLure o ovrersli.
I2
AroLler viev is Lo associaLe social olicies viLl eecLive
osLcaiLalisL sLrucLural LrarsormaLiors agrariar reorm,
resecL or raLure, oular arLiciaLior, ard arLiciaLive
democracy; recovery o sovereigrLy o raLural resources, su
orL or amily arms, oular corLrol o Lle mair roducLior
mears, ood sovereigrLy, eecLive aclrovledgemerL o ir
digerous culLures ard iderLiLies, regioralizaLior o Lle ecoro
mies, eLc. Ir Llis case, LrarsiLior Lales or aroLler mearirg.
IL is obvious LlaL \erezuela carroL be asled Lo immedi
aLely close dovr iLs oil vells, ever Llougl ve lrov LlaL Llis
acLiviLy corLribuLes Lo Lle roducLior o more greerlouse e
ecL gases; ror car ve asl Irdoresia Lo desLroy all Lle alm
larLaLiors Lomorrov; ror Bolivia Lo close iLs mires; ror Lc
uador Lo Llirl LlaL develoirg mirirg acLiviLy could deray
Lle romL decrease ir oil roducLior as a source or Lle social
olicies.
BuL vlaL ve slould demard is Lle deiriLior o Lrarsi
Lior, ircludirg ar ecoromy based or Lle usage value ard roL
Lle exclarge value, radical measures Lo roLecL raLure, ever
rolibiLirg exLracLive acLiviLies ir cerLair regiors (Lle basic
Yasur lilosoly is movirg ir LlaL direcLior), resecL or Lle
riglLs o local commuriLies, roLably Lle irdigerous commu
riLies ard a corsLrucLive dialogue viLl Llem. 1le comle
merLirg o sucl olicies vill be Lle acceleraLior o corLirerLal
regioralisaLior Lo build sLrorger alliarces Lo deal viLl mulLi
I2. FreserLaLior o Lle reorL or Lle iveyear eriod by Farder Falcor,
QuiLo, |aruary I9, 2UI2.
205
raLiorals, Loday Lies Lo a sysLem LlaL is alvays more irLegraLed
ard vlicl laugls aL raLioral lavs, rever comlyirg viLl com
miLmerLs ard imosirg Lleir logic or goverrmerLs ircaable
o reacLirg correcLly.
1le exerierce ir Lle Fliliires durirg Lle lasL IU years
is corclusive desiLe a mirirg lav, ecological desLrucLior las
beer lorriyirg; erLire commuriLies vere driver rom Lleir
LerriLories, Lle rumbers o |obs romised vere roL resecLed
ard ir Lle irsL S years, Lle SLaLe recovered orly II er cerL o
Lle royalLies iL slould lave received durirg Lle decade.
I8
Several o Llese elemerLs are reserL ir Lle rev LaLir
Americar corsLiLuLiors ard ir some real olicies LlaL, ac
cordirg Lo Samir Amir car be corsidered as revoluLiorary
advarces, buL u Lo rov ve carroL see a Lrue clarge o ara
digm. BuL, ir a cerLair vay, ore car vorder i or Lle rogres
sive courLries or Lle corLirerL, Lle irsL ir Lle vorld vlere
Llere vere rev arLireoliberal direcLiors, Llere exisLed ar
oLler viev, sub|ecLively ard ob|ecLively.
Ir acL, Lle deiriLior o develomerL las roL clarged
mucl ard iL is summarized ir Lle grovLl o roducLive orc
es, roducLior, ard corsumLior, viLl LradiLioral measures.
Mary o Lle oliLical acLors lave roL leL Lle culLure o caiLal
isL develomerL, ever vler Lley vould lile Lo iglL agairsL iLs
mosL regaLive eecLs ard ever Llougl Lley male u social ard
culLural vievs o corsiderable sizes. Ir realiLy, Lley slare Lle
idea LlaL roducLive orces carroL be develoed viLlouL go
irg Llrougl Lle logic o Lle caiLalisL marleL. 1laL is also vlaL
leaders o Lle Clirese ard \ieLramese CommurisL arLies are
also Llirlirg, viLl a very secial Lleory o Lle LrarsiLior Lo
vards socialism. Ir several arLs o Lle vorld, rom Irdoresia
Lo Sri Larla, rom Argola Lo Mozambique, exerierces viLl a
socialisL berL irisled by adoLirg reoliberalism, robably Lo
a greaL exLerL urder Lle irLerraLioral orce o Lle sysLem. 1le
socialisL courLries o Luroe losL Lle Cold Var ard adoLed
I8. Alyarsa 1igil Mira, A Legacy of Disasters. The Mining Situation in the Philip-
pines, 2UII.
206
Lle vorsL orm o develomerL o Lle caiLalisL model raid
buL viLl irequaliLies.
AL irsL glarce, Lle Cubar exerierce seems Lo subsLar
LiaLe Llose vlo are doubLirg socialism, sirce a rigid SovieL
Lye sysLem adoLed ard imosed aL Lle erd o Lle I96Us did
roL allov ull socialisL develomerL o Lle maLerial bases or
lie. 1ruly revoluLiorary social ard culLural aclievemerLs vere
aLLaired, solid erougl Lo resisL Lle LesL o Lime, buL roL sus
Lairable ir Lle lorg Lerm viLlouL Lle arallel develomerL o
roducLior orces viLl Lle arLiciaLior o Lle vorlers, as Cle
lad ervisiored.
I4
1o correcL Llis siLuaLior, as Lle measures or
clarge adoLed ir 2UII irdicaLe, iL roL ar easy Lasl iL deals roL
orly viLl Lle ecoromic order buL also viLl oliLical ard cul
Lural orders. NeverLleless, Lle arLial diiculLies o ore exe
rierce are clearly roL suicierL argumerL Lo corLirue adoLirg
a model LlaL is alvays more desLrucLive o Lle lareL ard Lle
lives o a large arL o lumariLy. 1le origiraliLy o Lle Cubar
siLuaLior is LlaL clarges are comirg rom abroad.
Froo o Lle exisLerce o Lle ossibiliLy Lo carry ouL ar
oLler orm o lumar develomerL is eviderLly Lle mair Lasl
o a socialisL ro|ecL. 1le rev aradigm or Lle collecLive lie o
lumariLy or Lle lareL, made corcreLe ir Lle guidelires o iLs
urdamerLal elemerLs, seems Lo be Lle suiLable aLl. Ve are
roL dealirg viLl ar illusior because Llere are mary success
ul arLial Lrials ard mary sLruggles Lo broader Llem. Ir sev
eral social movemerLs, lile Llose viLlir Lle rogressive LaLir
Americar goverrmerLs, Llere are ersors ard grous sLrug
glirg so LlaL Llis rev aradigm slould be Lle goal.
1le culLure o ecoromic grovLl ard Lle abserce o a su
icierLly clear socialisL viev o Lle develomerL o roducLive
orces vere Lle irsL Lvo obsLacles or LrarsiLiors o Lle ro
gressive courLries o LaLir America, Lovards a rev aradigm.
BuL Llere is a Llird elemerL Lle relaLiorsli o sLrergLl be
Lveer Llese courLries ard Lle moroolisLic caiLalism vlicl
is alvays more corcerLraLed ir Lle mulLiraLioral corora
I4. Carlos 1ablada, El marxismo del Che y el socialismo del siglo (Farama
RuLl Casa LdiLorial, 2UU7).
207
Liors. 1lese mulLiraLiorals ossess Leclrical suerioriLy ard
corsiderable irarcial over. 1ley lave legal irsLrumerLs LlaL
are caable o imosirg Llemselves viLlouL ary corsideraLior
or local lavs. 1le suorL Lleir resecLive oliLical cerLers re
ceive, esecially ir Lle UriLed SLaLes ard Lle Luroear Urior,
ard Lle domirarL logic o irLerraLioral orgarizaLiors sucl as
Lle V1O, Lle Vorld Barl, Lle IMF, lace Llese SLaLes, ese
cially Lle small ores, ir a siLuaLior o irerioriLy. Orly a ro
cess o regioral irLegraLior vill allov or a real courLerveiglL
Lo be corsLiLuLed.
Hovever, ir LaLir America, Llere is ar iriLiaLive LlaL sLes
beyord Lle logic o caiLal ALBA. ILs rirciles comlemer
Lariress, solidariLy, ard rorcomeLiLior, alied Lo corcreLe
social ecoromic relaLiors. Lver Llougl iL is limiLed Lo less Llar
IU courLries, iL is o rime imorLarce because iL is regisLered ir
Lle logic o Lle rev aradigm. 1le oLerLial role o Lle social
movemerLs, recogrized as ar irLegral arL o Lle rocess, car
lel ollovirg Llrougl, ir Lle urdamerLal direcLior. IL is or
a regioral scale LlaL rogress Lovards a rev aradigm las iLs
besL clarce o beirg carried ouL ard ALBA las Llis oLerLial.
1le oLler iriLiaLives or irLegraLior or Lle subcorLi
rerL, romoLed by Lle rogressive regimes, ever Llougl Lley
do roL slare Lle ALBA lilosoly, are Lalirg a roLable sLe
Lovards discorrecLirg, accordirg Lo Lle corceL o Samir
Amir. VleLler iL is Mercosur, Lle sucre as currercy or ex
clarges, UNASUR as Lle coordiraLirg body or SouLl America
ard, recerLly, CLLACvlicl |oirs CerLral America ard Lle
Caribbear viLlouL Lle reserce o Lle U.S. ard Carada;
all Llese eorLs mariesL Lle desire Lo disassociaLe rom Lle
ecoromic ard oliLical irluerce o Lle NorLl. IL is roL ar exiL
rom Lle logic o Lle caiLalisL marleL, buL iL is ar imorLarL
sLe Lovards a breal ir moroolisLic corcerLraLior ard ir Llis
vay ve are dealirg viLl a lase LlaL could sigriy LrarsiLior
Lovards a rev model.
Similar ideas exisL ir Asia (Slarglai Crou, Clierg Mai
iriLiaLive) ard ir Arica, irdicaLirg a rev dyramic. NeverLle
less, Llese slall orly be a urdamerLal sLe i Lley oer u orLo
a rev aradigm; LlaL vill roL be dore viLlouL rev avareress,
208
orLuraLely accerLuaLed by Lle crisis, orgarized ard susLaired
social sLruggles ard darirg oliLical iriLiaLives. 1lose are Lle
cordiLiors or Lle survival o MoLler LarLl ard HumariLy.
For Llese realiLies ard uLure ouLlools, ve are roos
irg Lle rearaLior o a Uriversal DeclaraLior o Lle Commor
Cood o HumariLy arallel Lo Lle Uriversal DeclaraLior or Hu
mar RiglLs, Lalirg u agair Lle rirciles o a rev aradigm
caable o guidirg Lle osLcaiLalisL era. IL vould serve as a
collecLive memory or a clarge o aradigm, roL as a alse cor
sersus amorg oosiLes, buL Lle irsLrumerL or sLruggle ard
Lle source o loe or Lle uLure.