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thiu ra mt danh t uc nhc n ln u tin trong mt cuc ni i thoi
MhH A@D A M]AY`]Z F &t gi,5 $in $ b/] M]AY`]Z cng 2 &t gi,5 $in, nhng bn ch; n7i V AM A M]AY`]Z Ct0i 2 gi,5
$inE chQ kh0ng b(5 gi n7i V AM b/] M]AY`]Z $6 chng 2 bn c7 th" 2 ÀV gi,5 $in h(y s(5 & c)n ph*i nhIn &nh b/] chQ
kh0ng ph*i c5n s# n5 kh,c fn hi"u 4di, 'ng kh0ng Ry ch'ng t( hy phPn bi-t khi n5 AJng A t41c A(nh t? & +c s# Ht $ khi
n5 AJng A/ t41c A(nh t? & +c s# HtD
Dng A truc danh t m uc s t bt u bng AM PHJ AM. Mi s(5 ch'ng t( c)n nhIn &nh M [` M 8 Py R6 ( s# ch
c,i ph@ P& >u c7 P& ph@ P&, nhng &t s# t? b9t )u bing ch c,i ph@ P& 2i +c c nh nguyn P& $6 ch c,i 7 2 P& cP& kh0ng
c /g+c 2i, &t s# ch c,i 2 4( 2 nguyn P& nhng 2i +c ngi b*n xQ c nh &t ph@ P&
MhH A@D A fb F &t Q( c5n t4(i, A wVZ\ F U Q( c5n g,i, A MZ]]M F U c5n ng, A oA/ F U c,i <ut &,y, A MbMbZYY\] F U
chic x3 g9n &,y, A Mc:]/M F U hc $in, A V/w]Z F U c( sL, A b/w F U bi h,t, A \]b/ F U bi hc, A MAf\] F U c,i bn,
A `cfA/: F U ngi chdng, A oAMV\ F U gi( 6nh, A MV/cM] F U ph't, A ]Yb/: F U wV, A ]AZ F U n%&, A Mb/M` F
U th,ng , A ]]l F U tu)n,
MhH A@ t4ng h+p ng5i 2-D A c/VobZM F U b dng ph@c Cfn thIy kh0ng, c/VobZM b9t )u bing c, &t nguyn P& nhng
c/VobZM +c c nh {:VcG/VGobZM{ thnh 4( c 2 M [` M 4di
Dng AN truc danh t m uc s t bng u bng AM NGUYN AM. M.ng tn, t( nhIn &nh M /wc-/ M $6 &t s# t?
b9t )u bing ch c,i ph@ P& nhng c nh nguyn P&
MhH A@D A/ A[[\] F U t4,i t,5, A/ ]AZ F U t(i, A/ cMfZ]\\A F U c,i AJ, A/ b| F U c5n b nc, A/ AZM F U c,nh t(y, A/ ]]
F U c5n &9t, A/ ]ww F U <u* t4Qng
MhH A@ t4ng h+p ng5i 2-D A/ `bcZ C`bcZ b9t )u bing `, U ch c,i ph@ P& nhng t45ng t4ng h+p ny ngi b*n xQ c
`bcZ y nh bcZ nn t( ph*i n7i A/ `bcZ chQ l`/w th" n7i A `bcZE
lhi A(nh t? +c bK nghL( b8i &t tHnh t? h5c &t A(nh t? kh,c Qng t41c n7, t( An( $5 P& b9t )u ce( t? b nghL( ch5 A(nh t? chHnh
" x,c Tnh AJng A h(y A/
MhH A@D t( c7 ]/w\V` M]AY`]ZF gi,5 $in ting Anh Yh ]/w\V` Qng t41c A(nh t? M]AY`]Z bK nghL( ch5 M]AY`]Z Ry
t( thIy P& )u ting ce( ]/w\V` 2 nguyn P& nn t( AJng A/ GG A/ ]/w\V` M]AY`]Z
M.ng tn, t( c7D f]cMVoc\ F p, bMA/ F ngi n b GG f]AcMVoc\ bMA/ F ngi n b p f]AcMVoc\ b9t )u bing
P& ph@ P& CfE $y t( n7i A f]AcMVoc\ bMA/ F U ngi n b p
M45ng bi s(u, ch'ng t( s hc c,ch t cPu $1i tIt c* nhng g6 ch'ng t( hc
DNG T "TO BE" -THI HIJN TAI DON VI TO BE
!Py 2 ng t? c. b*n nhIt t45ng ting Anh, nhng 2i 2 &t ng t? c bi-t `c x5ng ng t? Mb f], bn s b9t )u bit c,ch t 4( $0
s# cPu n7i $1i nhng g6 t( hc t? )u n gi nh !i M? /hPn |ng, MHnh M? 8 ù, !i M? 8 ù, :(nh M? # t, :(nh M? #
/hi>u, M5 M? fIt !Tnh A $ A/ cJng $1i &t s# tHnh t? c. b*n bn s +c cung cIp 8 cu#i bi ny

M45ng th6 hi-n ti .n, ng t? Mb f] c7 tIt c* s bin th" 2 AM, IS v ARE M( AJng c,c bin th" 7 t.ng Qng $1i che ng nhIt Tnh ,
nh s(uD
` AM: Dng cho chu ng duy nht l I
I AM... (vit tt I'M...)
` IS: Dng cho chu ng l ngi th ba s t, bao gm HE, SHE, IT v bt c danh t s t no
SHE IS... (vit tt SHE'S...)
HE IS...(vit tt HE'S...)
IT IS...(vit tt IT'S...)
THE DOG IS.
PETER IS.
THE TABLE IS .
` ARE: Dng cho chu ng l YOU, WE, THEY, v bt c chu ng s nhiu no
YOU ARE... (vit tt YOU'RE...)
WE ARE...(vit tt WE'RE...)
THEY ARE...(vit tt THEY'RE...)
YOU AND I ARE.
HE AND I ARE .
THE DOG AND THE CAT ARE...
` Khi no ta phi dng th hin ti n cua ng t TO BE?
G lhi t( &u#n gi1i thi-u tn h5c T( i"&, h5c tHnh chIt, t4ng th,i ce( &t ngi, c5n $t h5c sn ki-n t45ng hi-n ti
` Vi Th Hin Ti Dn cua ng t TO BE, ta c th }t uc nhng cu nhu th no?
G R#n t? cng nhi>u, bn cng t +c nhi>u cPu R> ki"u cPu, bn s t +c nhng cPu nh $i thH A@ s(uD
M0i 2 b,c sL
Y0 Iy 2 sinh $in
f t0i 4It gi
Y,i cPy $it 8 t4n bn
]& &-t kh0ng
/7 kh0ng thnh tht

Y5n g,i bn 4It p
`Cng thc Th Hin Ti Dn cua ng t TO BE:
T gi tro i bn hy nh, khi hc cng thc mt th no, ta lun hc 3 th cua n:
Mh" khng TnhD 2 &t cPu n7i x,c Tnh, kh0ng c7 ch _l`/wa t45ng 7
Chu ng + AM / IS / ARE + B ng
MhH A@D V AM A M]AY`]Z CM0i 2 gi,5 $inE
`] V A Mc:]/M CAnh Iy 2 sinh $inE
`] V A V/w]Z CY0 t( 2 c( sLE
Mh" phe TnhD 2 &t cPu n7i phe nhn i>u g6 7, c7 ch _l`/wa ng(y s(u che ng
Chu ng + AM / IS / ARE + NOT + B ng
Y,ch $it t9tD
V AM /bM F VM /bM
V /bM F V/M
AZ] /bM F AZ]/M
MhH A@D `] V /bM À/:bM] CAnhIy kh0ngp t4(iE
bc AZ] /bM Mc[V: Cfn kh0ng c7 nguE
Mh" nghi $InD 2 &t cPu hi D
AM / IS / ARE + Chu ng + B ng ?
MhH A@D V `] À/:bM] F Anh Iy p t4(i kh0ng
AM V Mbb oAM F M0i c7 <u, &p kh0ng $y
V `] [Z]MM F Y0 Iy p kh0ng h*
V `] ZVY` F ng t( giu kh0ng $y
AZ] bc bl F fn c7 s(5 kh0ng $y
\u hD fK ng c7 th" 2 &t ng A(nh t?, c7 th" 2 &t tHnh t?, c7 th" 2 &t t4ng ng
MhH A@D fK ng 2 A(nh t?D V AM A bc/w M]AY`]Z F t0i 2 &t gi,5 $in t4N CA bc/w M]AY`]Z 2 &t ng A(nh t?E
fK ng 2 tHnh t?D V AM bc/w F t0i t4N Cbc/w 2 tHnh t?E
fK ng 2 t4ng ngD V AM AM `bM] F t0i (ng 8 nh CAM `bM] 2 t4ng ng, ch; n.i ch#nE
/h $y bn hc x5ng Mh6 ì-n Mi !.n ce( ng t? Mb f] 4di 7 (u Py 2 &t s# t? c. b*n " bn tp t cPuD

A/: F $
bZ F h(y, h5c
fcM F nhng
V/ F 8 t45ng
b/ F 8 t4n
c/:]Z F 8 A1i
Mo t xc nh THE
\ t? 25i Auy nhIt t45ng ting Anh ch; c7 U t? /g(y c* nhi>u ngi hc ting Anh 2Pu n%& cng kh0ng ph*i 2'c n5 cng AJng 'ng
&5 t? M`] M5 t? x,c Tnh M`] thng +c AJng s(i, h5c kh0ng AJng khi c)n AJng M45ng khi 7, Py 2 &t t? kh0ng th" kh0ng
bit $6 tHnh <u(n t4ng $ c)n thit ce( n7 Mt ngi b*n xQ kh0ng th" &8 &i-ng 4( n7i <u, Ur cPu ting Anh & kh0ng AJng n &5 t?
M`] n5
Nhu vy, ta phi dng mo t xc nh THE nhu th no v khi no ?
`THE lun ng truc danh t.
R:D M`] c/ F &t t4i
M`] Mbb/ F &t t4%ng
` Khi THE ng truc mt s tnh t, tnh t uc bin thnh mt danh t ni v mt tng lp, mt th loi lin quan n tnh
t . Cbn kh0ng th" 2Iy bIt cQ tHnh t? n5 4,p $0, nhng tHnh t? +c AJng th35 ki"u ny c7 hnE
R:D M`] ZVY` F nhng ngi giu
M`] [bbZ F nhng ngi nghg5
M`] ]Al F nhng kN yu
` Dng THE truc bt c mt danh t no khi ngui ni v ngui nghe u bit v danh t ang uc ni ti ho}cuc xcnh
r rng:
[A `VM fAYl THE MONEY bc fbZZb]: oZbM `VM F `y t4* 2i ch5 n7 s# ti>n (nh &+n n7 C/gi n7i bit $> s#
ti>n ny &1i n7i 4( cPu ny $ ngi ngh3 cng bit n s# ti>n ny $6 (nh t( &+n ce( U ngi thQ sE
[\]A] wVR] M] M`] l] Mb M YAZ F Rui 2ng ( t0i ch6( kh7( x3 h.i ce( t0i
M`] bMA/ V/ f\AYl V `V Vo] F /gi n b &c d 3n 2 $+ (nh t(
` Dng THE truc nhng danh t thng thung uc xem l duy nht, khng c ci th hai.
R:D Mh3 sun F &t t4i, th3 &55n F &t t4%ng, th3 s3( F bi"n, th3 sky F b)u t4i
` Dng THE truc s th t:
R:D V (& the Wi4st p34s5n t5 c5&3 h343 t5A(y C`0& n(y, t0i 2 ngi )u tin n Py E
Ur
:Jng M`] " thnh 2p b t/` /`M
M`V V M`] f]M :VYMVb/AZ V ÀR] ]R]Z À: F !Py 2 t? i"n t#t nhIt & t41c gi t0i c7 +c
` Mt s tn quc gia phi c THE (a s khng c):
M`] [`V\V[[V/], M`] cA, M`] c/VM]: lV/w :bM
` Trong mt s thnh ng, phi c THE (hc thuc lng):
:b/M f]AM AfbcM M`] fc` F !?ng c7 $ng $5 t(& <u#c
Nhu vy, chng ta KHNG dng mo t THE khi no?
` KHNG dng THE khi danh t uc tip theo sau bng mt ch s ho}c ch ci.
R:D Mh3 Yhic(g5 t4(in is (b5ut t5 A3p(4t W45& track 5.
`34 W2ight 23($3s W45& gate 32
`3 W322 (s233p 5n page 5W War and Peace"
h3 is st(ying in room .
` Khng dng THE khi c7 ng ng t? i t41c &t t45ng nhng A(nh t? bed CgingE, church Cnh thE, court Ct( ,nE, hospital Cb-nh
$i-nE, prison Cnh tJE, school Ct4ng hcE, college Ct4ng i hcE, university Ct4ng i hcE nu nh che ng s A@ng nhng n.i 7
'ng nh chQc n%ng ce( n7
R:D /u t0i n t4ng hc 2 " hc, tQc 2 'ng $1i chQc n%ng ce( t4ng hc, $y t0i kh0ng c)n AJng M`] t41c A(nh t? Y`bb\ D V
McM wb Mb Y`bb\ /b CfPy gi t0i ph*i i hc 4diE
` Khng dng THE khi ni 3 ba n: n sng, n trua, n ti
V /]R]Z ÀR] fZ]AloAM F M0i kh0ng b(5 gi %n s,ng
` Khng dng THE trong nhiu thnh ng.
fVZ: bo M`] AM] o]AM`]Z o\bYl Mbw]M`]Z F /gu t)& ngu, & t)& &
Yng hc ch'ng t( s cng bit nhi>u h.n $> &5 t? M`] ny M41c &9t bn c7 th" (n tP& s A@ng M`] s(u bi hc ny
SO SNH NHT
5 s,nh nhIt 2 cIu t4'c t( AJng khi c)n s5 s,nh &t che th" $1i t5n b nh7&, tp th" & che th" c7 t45ng 7
` Cu trc so snh nht vi tnh t/trng t ngn: MHnh t? h5c t4ng t? ng9n 2 tHnh t?{t4ng t? c7 &t P& tit MHnh t?{t4ng t? h(i P&
tit tn cJng bing cng +c x3& 2 tHnh t?{t4ng t? ng9n t45ng cIu t4'c ny
M`] M/` Mk{MZ/w Mk /w/ M`-M ]M
G MhH A@D
`] V M`] MAZM]M V/ `V Y\A F Anh Iy th0ng &inh nhIt 21p
UU
M`V fbbl V M`] Y`]A[]M V YA/ oV/: F Yu#n s,ch ny 2 cu#n 4N nhIt & t0i c7 th" t6& thIy
`] Zc/ M`] oAM]M F Anh t( chy nh(nh nhIt
G \u hD
lhi tHnh t? ng9n tn cJng bing , t( Ki thnh V 4di &1i th& ]M
À[[ GGM`] À[[V]M
YZA GG M`] YZAV]M
oc// GG M`] oc//V]M
lhi tHnh t? ng9n tn cJng bing U [` M U /wc-/ M U [` MD t( $it ph@ P& cu#i cJng th& U 2)n 4di &i th& ]M
fVw GG M`] fVww]M
`bM GG M`] `bMM]M
MA\\ GG M`] MA\\]M
` Cu trc so snh nht vi tnh t/trng t di: MHnh t?{t4ng t? Ai 2 tHnh t?{t4ng t? c7 h(i P& tit t48 2n
M`] MbM M/` Mk{MZ/w Mk :vV
bc AZ] M`] MbM f]AcMVoc\ \A: V ÀR] ]R]Z M]M F ]& 2 ngi ph@ n p nhIt & (nh t?ng gp t? t41c n n(y
\b/:b/ V M`] MbM ]|[]/VR] YVM V/ ]/w\A/: F \uPn !0n 2 thnh ph# 9t nhIt n1c Anh
` Ngoi l: &t s# tHnh t?{t4ng t? khi s A@ng t45ng cIu t4'c s5 s,nh nhIt c7 Ang c bi-t, kh0ng th35 c0ng thQc t4n Py, b9t buc t(
ph*i nh1 ni& 2ngD
M/` Mk{MZ/w Mk :/w b t/` /`M
fA: M`] bZM
wbb: M`] f]M
]\\ M`] f]M
MA/ M`] MbM
McY` M`] MbM
G MhH A@D
VM A M`] bZM :A V/ M \Vo] F /gy 7 2 c,i ngy tdi t- nhIt t45ng i t0i
`] V M`] f]M M]AY`]Z V ÀR] ]R]Z À: F ng Iy 2 ngi th)y t#t nhIt & t0i t?ng c7
M`]] [A/M oVM M] M`] f]M F pu)n ny $?( $n $1i t0i nhIt
`b À M`] MbM Mb/] V/ M`] bZ\: F Ai c7 nhi>u ti>n nhIt t4n th gi1i
UX
Cu hi WH vi TO BE
YPu hi ` 2 cPu hi b9t )u bing t? c7 $ ` /hng t? ny gd& c7D ÀM, `b, `]Z], `]/, ` $ `b M45ng bi
ny t( t& gi ch'ng 2 t? `
`c x5ng ng t? Mb f] 4di, gi t( c7 th" ,p A@ng Mb f] $1i nhng t? ` " t 4( $0 s# cPu hi
` Ngha cua cc t WH:
ÀM F c,i g6
`b F (i
`]Z] F 8Pu
`]/ F khi n5
` F ti s(5
`b F nh th n5, bing c,ch n5
`Cng thc cu hi WH vi ng t TO BE:
M? ` Mb f] Yhe ng fK ng
GLuu :
Mb f] ph*i +c chi( 'ng bin th" CAM h(y V h(y AZ]E tJy th35 che ng
fK ng c7 th" 2 A(nh t?, tHnh t?, t4ng t?, t4ng ng ch; n.i ch#n, t4ng ng ch; thi gi(n Y7 th" kh0ng c7 bK ng
G RH A@D
ÀM V \bR] F t6nh yu 2 g6
`b AM V F M0i 2 (i
`b AZ] bc F fn 2 (i
`]Z] V M l] F Yh6( kh7( ce( t0i 8 Pu
` AM V `]Z] F Mi s(5 t0i 2i 8 Py
`b AZ] bc F fn nh th n5 CMQc 2 fn kh3 kh0ngE
`b V VM MA:] F /7 +c 2& 4( bing c,ch n5
Trung hp }c bit HOW:
G R1i t? `b, t( cn c7 c0ng thQc s(uD
`b MHnh t? Mb f] Yhe ng fK ng Cnu c7E
Us
G R:D
`b MA\\ AZ] bc F fn c(5 b(5 nhiu
`b McY` V VM /7 b(5 nhiu $y Cì gi, ti>nE
`b oAZ V VM oZbM bcZ `bc] Mb Y`bb\ M? nh bn n t4ng b(5 x(
!i t? ch; Tnh M`V, MÀM, M`]], M`b]
!" c7 th& c0ng c@ " t cPu, t( c)n bit $> nhng t? ny
` Ngha:
M`V F ny, c,i ny, Py
M`]] F s# nhi>u ce( M`V
MÀM F7, c,i 7, i>u 7
M`b] F s# nhi>u ce( MÀM
` Cch dng:
- Di t chi nh lun ng truc danh t
- Di t chi nh c th khng cn danh t, t thn n c th lm chu ng
` V d:
M`V YAZ V R]Z oAM F Yhic x3 h.i ny 4It nh(nhCchy 4It nh(nhE
M`V V A fAVY \]b/ F !Py 2 &t bi hc c. b*n
M`]] \]b/ AZ] ]A Mb c/:]ZMA/: F /hng bi hc ny Am hi"u
M`]] AZ] fAVY \]b/ F /hng c,i ny 2 nhng bi hc c. b*n
MÀM :bw V RVYVbc F Y5n ch7 7 A 29&
MÀM V M :Acw`M]Z F !7 2 c5n g,i t0i
M`b] [V\\ AZ] A[VZV/ F MIy $in thu#c 7 2 (spi4in
M`b] AZ] M Y`V\:Z]/ F MIy Q( 7 2 c5n ce( t0i
Cu trc THERE IS.../THERE ARE...
YIu t4'c ny AJng " gi1i thi-u 4ing c7 c,i g6, (i 7, 8 Pu t45ng hi-n ti = Py, t( 2i c)n ,p A@ng ng t? Mb f] hc
` Cng thc th xc nh:
U
M`]Z] V :(nh t? s# Ht M4ng ng Cnu c7E
G \u hD
M41c A(nh t? s# Ht & +c, c)n AJng A h5c A/ h5c b/] Cx3& 2i bi M5 t? bIt Tnh A{A/ nu c)nE
M41c A(nh t? s# Ht kh0ng & +c kh0ng th& A{A/ nhng c7 th" th& /b Ckh0ngE, A \VMM\] C&t HtE, \VMM\] CHtE , McY`
Cnhi>uE, A \bM bo C4It nhi>uE
M`]Z] V c7 th" $it t9t 2 M`]Z]
G R:D
M`]Z] V A/ A[[\] b/ M`] MAf\] F Y7 U t4,i t,5 t4n bn
M`]Z] V /b AM]Z V/ M`] MA/l F lh0ng c7 tH n1c n5 t45ng bdn
M`]Z] V A \bM bo cwAZ V/ RV]M/AM]] `VM] Yboo]] F Y7 4It nhi>u ng t45ng c ph s( ki"u Ri-t /(&
M`]Z] AZ] :(nh t? s# nhi>u M4ng ng Cnu c7E
G \u hD
M41c A(nh t? s# nhi>u, thng c7 s# t? t? h(i t48 2n CMb, M`Z]], obcZE h5c kh0ng c7 s# t? & c7 MA/ Cnhi>uE, A o] C&t
s#E, bM] C$iE A \bM bo C4It nhi>uE
M`]Z] AZ] c7 th" $it t9t 2 M`]Z]Z]
G R:D
M`]Z] AZ] M]/M M]Mf]Z b/\V/] /b F Y7 Xr thnh $in (ng t4nc tuyn hi-n gi
M`]Z] AZ] wbb: []b[\] A/: fA: []b[\] ]R]Z`]Z] F Y7 ngi t#t $ ngi xIu 8 &i n.i C= Pu cng c7 ngi t#t,
kN xIuE
M`]Z] AZ] A \bM bo f]wwAZ V/ RV]M/AM F Y7 4It nhi>u ngi %n xin 8 Ri-t /(&
` Cng thc th phu nh:
M`]Z] V /bM A/ :(nh t? s# Ht Cnu c7E
M`]Z] V /bM $it t9tD M`]Z] V/M
G \u hD
= th" phe Tnh, AJng Ang $it t9t nhi>u h.n
G R:D
M`]Z] V /bM A/ oAM V/ lVM MV\l F lh0ng c7 chIt b5 t45ng s( kh0ng b5
M`]Z] V/M A/ Mb/] V/ M A\\]M F M45ng b7p ti>n ce( t0i, kh0ng c7 2Iy U xu
M`]Z] AZ] /bM :(nh t? s# nhi>u Cnu c7E
Uq
M`]Z] AZ] /bM $it t9tD M`]Z] AZ]/M
G R:D
M`]Z] AZ]/M MA/ |VY` \b V/ :VMZVYM U F = <un U, kh0ng c7 nhi>u x3 xHch 20
` Cng thc th nghi vn:
V M`]Z] A/ :(nh t? s# Ht M4ng ng Cnu c7E
G Y7 th" th(y A/ bing bM] C&t HtE
G R:D
V M`]Z] A/ MV\l V/ M`] oZV:w] M45ng te 2nh c7 s( kh0ng
V M`]Z] A/b/] `bM] F Y7 (i 8 nh kh0ng C2u h 2 (ny5n3 gi#ng nh (nyb5Ay $it 2i>n nh(u, kh0ng c7 kh5*ng t4#ng
gi( (ny $ 5n3E
V M`]Z] A A Mb oV| M`V YbM[cM]Z F Y7 c,ch s( &,y $i tHnh ny kh0ng
AZ] M`]Z] A/ :(nh t? s# nhi>u M4ng ng Cnu c7E
AZ] M`]Z] A/ ]w V/ M`] lVMY`]/ F M45ng bp c7 t4Qng kh0ng
Cu hi YES - NO vi ng t TO BE
fi ny ceng c# th& c,ch ,p A@ng ng t? Mb f] " t &t 25i cPu hi c thJ G cPu hi 3s G/5 YPu hi 3sG /5 $1i ng t? Mb f]
b9t )u bing bin th" ce( ng t? Mb f] t.ng Qng $1i che ng s(u n7 /gi t( gi Py 2 cPu hi 3s G /5 $6 " t4* 2i cPu hi ny, t(
ph*i b9t )u bing ] h5c /b
` CNG THC YES-NO VI DNG T TO BE:
Mb f] Yhe ng fK ng
G \u hD
Mb f] ph*i 2 bin th" t.ng Qng $1i che ng i 2i>n s(u n7 CAM h(y V h(y AZ]E
fK ng c7 th" 2 tHnh t?, A(nh t?, ng A(nh t?, t4ng ng
G R:D
AZ] bc MVZ]: F fn c7 &-t kh0ng
AZ] bc A :bYMbZ F fn c7 ph*i 2 b,c sL kh0ng
V `] A oAMbc V/w]Z F Anh Iy c7 ph*i 2 &t c( sL nKi ting kh0ng
V `] `]Z] F Y0 Iy c7 8 Py kh0ng C`]Z] 2 t4ng t?E
V VM b/ M`] MAf\] F /7 c7 ph*i8 t4n bn kh0ng
U
` CCH TR LI CAU HOI YES-NO:
G /u t4* 2i ] th6 t4* 2i th35 c0ng thQcD ], che ng Mb f]
G /u t4* 2i /b, th6 t4* 2i th35 c0ng thQcD /b, che ng Mb f] /bM
fn hy nh1 2 Mb f] ph*i +c chi( 'ng th35 che ng
G R:D
AZ] bc M`VZM F fn c7 kh,t n1c kh0ng
M4* 2i ]D ], V AM
M4* 2i /bD /b, V AM /bM
V `] bcZ wVZ\oZV]/: F YK 2 bn g,i ce( (nh h*
M4* 2i ]D ], `] V
M4* 2i /bD /b, `] V /bM C$it t9t F /b, `] V/ME
AZ] M`] bcZ oZV]/: F ` 2 bn ce( (nh h*
M4* 2i ]D ], M`] AZ]
M4* 2i /bD /b, M`] AZ] /bM C$it t9tD /b, M`] AZ]/ME
M45ng $%n n7i hng ngy, t( thng AJng Ang $it t9t :ng )y e thng " Anh khi t( &u#n nhIn &nh h &u#n n7i
Cu hi OR vi ng t TO BE
!Py 2 cPu hi cng b9t )u bing ng t? Mb f] nhng kh0ng th" t4* 2i bing ] h(y /b
` CNG THC CAU HOI OR VI DNG T TO BE:
Mb f] Yhe ng fK ng U bZ fK ng X
G \u hD
fK ng c7 th" 2 tHnh t?, A(nh t?, t4ng t?, t4ng ng
G R:D
AZ] bc `c/wZ bZ A/wZ F fn (ng 7i h(y (ng gin
AZ] bc A :]/MVM bZ A :bYMbZ F Anh 2 nh( sL h(y 2 b,c sL
` CCH TR LI CAU HOI OR VI DNG T TO BE:
Yhe ng Mb f] fK ng U h5c fK ng X Cngi t4* 2i ph*i chn U t45ng XE
U
GR:D
AZ] bc `c/wZ bZ A/wZ
M4* 2iD V AM A/wZ Cnu(ng ginE
V AM `c/wZ Cnu (ng 7iE
AZ] bc A :]/MVM bZ A :bYMbZ
M4* 2iD V AM A :]/MVM Cnu 2 nh( sLE
V AM A :bYMbZ Cnu 2 b,c sLE
THI HIJN TAI DON VI DNG T THNG
!Py 2 &t t45ng nhng th6 +c AJng nhi>u nhIt t45ng cuc s#ng hng ngy lhi hc x5ng th6 ny, bn s c7 th& kin thQc ng ph,p "
t cPu !" t +c cng nhi>u cPu, bn cng ph*i bit nhi>u ng t? fn ch; c)n nh1 ng t? 8 Ang nguyn &û ce( n7 lhi che ng
th(y Ki, ng t? s ph*i th(y Ki ch5 phJ h+p $ th(y Ki nh th n5, bi ny s ch; ch5 bn c,c <uy t9c c)n bit !ng t? thng 25i t4?
ng t? Mb f] $ ng t? khi& khuyt
Mt 2)n n(, khi hc th6 n5 t( 2u0n x3& xt c0ng thQc ce( n7 8 s th"D khngTnh, phe Tnh $ nghi $In
` Cng thc th khng nh:
Yhe ng !ng t? phJ h+p fK ng
G\u hD
!ng t? phJ h+p ph*i 8 Ang t.ng Qng $1i Yhe ng
lhi che ng 2 V, ], bc, M`] h5c khi che ng 2 &t A(nh t?, ng A(nh t?, ng i t? s# nhi>uD MA :/w :/w /wc-/
Mc YA !/w Mk
lhi che ng 2 `], `], VM h5c 2 bIt cQ A(nh t? s# Ht n5 7, MA M`-M `bY ] /wA Ac !/w Mk
lhi n5 th& , khi n5 th& ] s(u ng t? M( c7 <uy t9c 4It Am nh1 nh s(uD
!/w Mk M~/ Y/w \v Y`, b, , `, |, M` MA M`-M ] RH A@D
AMY` GG`] AMY`]
wb GG `] wb]
:b GG `] :b]
MV GG `] MV]
A` GG `] A`]
MV| GG `] MV|]
:b] GG `] :b]
U
l`V !/w Mk M~/ Y/w f/w , MA !}V M`v/` V ZV M`-M ]D o\ GG VM o\V]
MM Yx YtY !/w Mk Y/ \V, MA M`-M
G MhH A@D
V \Vl] VY]GYZ]AM F M0i thHch k3&
bc A\A w]M c[ \AM] F fn 2u0n 2u0n Ay t4m
M`] V/w lAZAbl] ]R]Z c/:A F ` h,t k(4(5k3 &i che nht
`] \bR] :cZVA/ F Y0 Iy & &7n s)u 4ing
`] A/: V V/w R]Z ]\\ F Anh t( $ t0i h,t 4It h(y
MÀM :bw fAZl A\\ :A \b/w F Y5n ch7 7 se( t#i ngy
`] YZV] `]/ `] MV] `]Z `bM]Mb/ F Y0 Iy kh7c khi nh1 nh
G /g5i 2-D
ÀR] GG À
V ÀR]
bc ÀR]
`] À
Yhe ng :b h5c :b] /bM !ng t? nguyn &û fK ng
G \u hD
lhi che ng 2 V, ], bc, M`] h5c khi che ng 2 A(nh t?, ng A(nh t? s# nhi>u, t( AJng :b
lhi che ng 2 `], `], VM h5c bIt cQ A(nh t? s# Ht n5, t( AJng :b]
:b /bM $it t9t 2 :b/M
:b] /bM $it t9t 2 :b]/M
Mh0ng thng, khi n7i, t( AJng Ang $it t9t, Ang )y e " Anh khi &u#n nhIn &nh
G MhH A@D
V :b/M \Vl] `VM F M0i kh0ng thHch (nh t(
bc :b/M c/:]ZMA/: M`] MAMM]Z F fn kh0ng hi"u $In > 8 Py
`] :b]/M Z][]YM b\: []b[\] cM []b[\] M`] AZ] b\: F Y0 t( kh0ng kHnh t4ng ngi 21n tuKi ch; $6 h 21n tuKi
U
MÀM :bw fAZl A\\ :A \b/w f]YAc] VM :b]/M A/M Mb f] YÀV/]: F Y5n ch7 7 se( su#t ngy b8i $6 n7
kh0ng &u#n bT xHch 2i
:b h5c :b] Yhe ng !ng t? nguyn &û fK ng
G \u hD
:Jng :b khi che ng 2 V, ], bc, M`] h5c bIt cQ A(nh t?, ng A(nh t? s# nhi>u n5
:Jng :b] khi che ng 2 `], `], VM h5c bIt cQ A(nh t?, ng A(nh t? s# Ht n5
G MhH A@D
:b bc \Vl] Yboo]] F fn c7 thHch c ph kh0ng
:b] `] \Vl] M] Y0 Iy c7 thHch t0i kh0ng
:b M`] l/b M`] :VMcZf bM`]Z []b[\] `]/ M`] V/w lAZAbl] Mbb \bc: F lhi h h,t k(4(5k3 <u, 21n,
h c7 bit 4ing h 2& phi>n ngi kh,c kh0ng
` Khi no dng th hin ti n:
G lhi c)n Aimn t* &t hnh ng chung chung, thng 2p i 2p 2i t45ng hi-n ti
G lhi n7i $> &t A ki-n kh5( hc h5c &t chPn 2h 2u0n 2u0n 'ng C&t t4i &c 8 h1ng !0ngE
G lhi ( 4( ch; A^n C!n ng t, <u5 t4,iE
G lhi n7i $> &t sn $i-c Aimn 4( th35 thi kh7( bi"u nhIt Tnh
G lhi n7i $> &t th7i <u3n t45ng hi-n ti
G R:D
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. = Mt tri !"c # h$%ng&'ng () *n # h$%ng T+,.
-.u walk d.wn this street and turn *e/t at the sec.nd cr.ssr.ads. = 01n 2i 2$ng n), () r3 tri # ng4 t$ th5 hai.
The bus leaves at 6 .7c*.c8. F |3 buht kh8i hnh 2'c gi
9 a*wa,s g. t. bed be/.re :; F M0i 2u0n i nge t41c UX gi
` Nhng trng t thung dng trong th hin ti n:
/]R]Z F kh0ng b(5 gi
bM]MVM] F th;nh th5*ng
boM]/ F thng
ccA\\ F thng C&Qc thng c(5 h.n boM]/E
A\A F 2u0n 2u0n
Xr
]R]Z :A F &i ngy Cc7 th" th(y :A bing Mb/M` Cth,ngE, ]]l Ctu)nE, ]AZ Cn%&EE
` 3 Loi cu hi vi th hin ti n cua ng t thung:
- YPu hi ] G /bD
+ Cu trc D gi#ng nh th" nghi $In t4n Py
+ Cch tr li:
/u t4* 2i ]D ], Yhe ng :b h5c :b] CtJy th35 che ng, <uy t9c 8 t4n c7 > cpE
/u t4* 2i /bD /b, Yhe ng :b /bM h5c :b] /bM CtJy th35 che ng, <uy t9c 8 t4n c7 > cpE
+ Th d:
:b bc c/:]ZMA/: ÀM V AV: F fn c7 hi"u i>u t0i $?( n7i kh0ng
M4* 2i ]D GGG ], V :b
M4* 2i /bD GGG /b, V :b/M
G YPu hi bZD
YIu t4'cD
:b h5c :b] Yhe ng !ng t? nguyn &û fK ng U bZ fK ng X fK ng s Cnu c7E
+ Cch tr li:
Yhe ng !ng t? phJ h+p fK ng U h5c X h5c s CtJy th35 ngi t4* 2iE
Luu :
!ng t? phJ h+p 2 ph*i +c chi( t.ng Qng th35 che ng, ph)n t4n Py c7 gi*i thHc
M( c7 th" 4't ng9n cPu t4* 2i bing c,ch b che ng $ ng t?, ch; t4* 2i $1i bK ng U h5c X h5c s
+ Th d:
ìD :b bc \Vl] Yboo] bZ M]A F fn thHch c ph h(y t4
M4* 2iD V \Vl] Yboo]] Cnu thHch c phE GGGGGGGG Y,ch t4* 2i gn h.nD Yboo]]
M4* 2iD V \Vl] Yboo]] Cnu thHch t4E GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Y,ch t4* 2i gn h.nD M]A
- YPu hi ` :
+ Cu trc:
XU
M? ` :b h5c :b] Yhe ng !ng t? nguyn &û fK ng Cnu c7E
Y,ch t4* 2iD th35 ni Aung cPu hi, c0ng thQc gi#ng nh c0ng thQc th" khng Tnh 8 t4n
+ Th d:
ìD ` :b bc :V\Vl] `VM F Mi s(5 bn ght (nh t(
M4* 2iD f]YAc] `] V AZZbwA/M FMi $6 (nh t( kiu c%ng
Di t tn ng, i t phn thn
!i t? tPn ng cng 2 i t? nhPn xng nhng ch'ng kh0ng +c 2& che ng & ch; +c 2& tPn ng h(y bK ng !i t? ph*n thPn 2
i t? c bi-t ph*i AJng khi che ng $ bK ng 2 &t
Di t tn ng
Di t chu ng Di t tn ng
I ME
YOU YOU
WE US
THEY THEM
HE HIM
SHE HER
IT IT
` Th d:
bc l/b M] F Anh bit t0i Cbc 2 che ng, M] 2 tPn ngE
V :V\Vl] `VM F M0i kh0ng thHch (nh t(
V \bR] `]Z F M0i yu c0 Iy
Di t phn thn
Di t chu ng Di t phn thn
I MYSELF
WE OURSELVES
YOU (s t) YOURSELF
YOU (s nhiu) YOURSELVES
THEY THEMSELVES
HE HIMSELF
SHE HERSELF
IT ITSELF
` Th d:
XX
G V\\ :b VM M]\o F M0i s tn &6nh 2&
G V YcM M]\o `]/ V ÀR]: M`V MbZ/V/w F M0i tn 2& t4)y A( &t &6nh khi c5 4Pu s,ng n(y
G MÀM MA/ V MA\lV/w Mb `VM]\o V `] V/A/] F /gi n 0ng 7 (ng tn n7i chuy-n &t &6nh ng t( c7 bT tP& thPn
kh0ng
G `] `bM `VM]\o F Anh Iy tn b9n &6nh C" tn $^nE
THI HIJN TAI TIP DIN
Mh6 hi-n ti tip Aimn AJng Aimn t* hnh ng (ng Aimn 4( t45ng hi-n ti /g5i 4( n7 cn +c AJng " Aimn t* nhng hnh ng &(ng tHnh
t& thi Mh6 ny 2 th6 &t t45ng nhng th6 c. b*n
Yhe ng Mb f] !ng t? nguyn &û th& V/w fK ng Cnu c7E
G \u hD
Mb f] ph*i +c chi( 'ng th35 che ng CAM h(y V h(y AZ]E Gnu c)n, bn x3& 2i bi !ng t? Mb f]
!ng t? nguyn &û khi kh0ng n7i g6 kh,c +c hi"u 2 ng t? nguyn &û kh0ng c7 Mb
lhi th& V/w ng(y ing s(u ng t? nguyn &û, c)n nh1 $i <uy t9c s(uD
/u ng t? tn cJng bing U ch c,i ], b ] i 4di &1i th& V/w C ZV:] GG ZV:V/wE
/u ng t? tn cJng bing X ch c,i ], th& V/w b6nh thng, kh0ng b ] C ]] GG ]]V/wE
/u ng t? tn cJng bing V], Ki V] thnh 4di &1i th& V/w C:V] GG :V/wE
/u ng t? .n P& tn cJng bing U $ ch; U t45ng q nguyn P& CA, ], V, b, cE $1i &t $ ch; &t ph@ P&, t( $it ph@ P& 7 th& U 2)n
n( 4di &1i th& V/w C Mb[ GG Mb[[V/w, ZA[ GG ZA[[V/w, `b[ GG `b[[V/wE
Y,c ng t? ng5i c,c <uy t9c t4n t( th& V/w b6nh thng
G MhH A@D
V AM M[V/w A \]b/ F M0i (ng ,nh &,y U bi hc
bc AZ] Z]A:V/w M`V AZMVY\] F fn (ng c bi ny
`] V \]][V/w F Anh t( (ng nge
`] V VMMV/w F Y0 Iy (ng b.i
M`] :bw V fAZlV/w F Y5n ch7 (ng se(
Yhe ng Mb f] /bM !ng t? nguyn &û th& V/w fK ng Cnu c7E
Xs
G \u hD
Mb f] ph*i +c chi( t.ng Qng $1i che ng CAM h(y V h(y AZ]E
AM /bM kh0ng $it t9t nhng c7 th" $it t9t V M F VM
V /bM $it t9t F V/M
AZ] /bM $it t9t F AZ]/M
G MhH A@D
VM /bM blV/w, V AM ]ZVbc F M0i kh0ng ph*i (ng J( Pu, t0i n7i nghi& ch;nh Iy
`] V /bM :ZV/lV/w AM]Z, `] V :ZV/lV/w Rb:lA F Y0 t( kh0ng ph*i (ng u#ng n1c, c0 t( (ng u#ng 4+u $5Ak(
Mb f] Yhe ng !ng t? nguyn &û th& V/w fK ng Cnu c7E
G \u hD
Mb f] ph*i chi( 'ng th35 che ng CAM h(y V h(y AZ]E
G MhH A@D
AZ] bc lV::V/w F M)y (ng J( h*
V `] YZV/w Y7 ph*i c0 Iy (ng kh7c
` Khi no th dng th hin ti tip din:
G lhi Aimn t( hnh ng (ng x*y 4( t45ng hi-n ti ng(y khi n7i
V AM MZV/w Mb ]|[\AV/ fAVY wZAMMAZ Mb bc F M0i (ng c# gi*i thHch ng ph,p c. b*n ch5 bn
G lhi Aimn t* hnh ng (ng x*y 4( t45ng hi-n ti, nhng kh0ng nhIt thit 2 t45ng 2'c (ng n7i /7i c,ch kh,c, t6nh hu#ng ny &0 t* &t
hnh ng hi-n t45ng <u, t46nh thnc hi-n t45ng hi-n tiD
V AM bZlV/w b/ A ]fVM] F M0i (ng 2& U 3bsit3 Clhi t0i n7i cPu ny, t0i c7 th" (ng u#ng c ph $1i bn, nhng t0i (ng
t45ng <u, t46nh thnc hi-n hnh ng 2& 3bsit3E
G lhi Aimn t( hnh ng & b6nh thng kh0ng x*y 4(, hi-n gi ch; x*y 4( t& thi th0i, $6 &t 2h A5 n5 7
V AM /bM bZlV/w Mb:A f]YAc] V ÀR] A fA: o]R]Z F `0& n(y t0i kh0ng 2& $i-c $6 t0i bT s#t c(5 Cf6nh thng t0i
2& $i-c, t& thi h0& n(y kh0ng 2& $i-c $6 bT s#tE
G lhi Aimn t* &t hnh ng s x*y 4( t45ng t.ng 2(i 4It g)n, c7 k h5ch sn, ph*i nu 4 t4ng ng ch; thi gi(n t45ng cPu
V AM ]]V/w M :]/MVM MbMbZZb F /gy &(i t0i i gp nh( sL ce( t0i C c7 hn sn $1i nh( sLE
AZ] bc :bV/w A/M`V/w Mb/Vw`M F M#i n(y 3& c7 2& g6 kh0ng Chi x3& ngi t( c7 2n k h5ch g6 ch5 t#i n(y h(y
ch(E
` Cu hi WH vi th hin ti tip din:
X
G Y0ng thQc cPu hiD th& t? ` t41c c0ng thQc th" nghi $In ce( th6 hi-n ti tip Aimn
G MhH A@D
ÀM AZ] bc :bV/w Anh (ng 2& g6 $y
`]/ AZ] bc YbMV/w `bM] lhi n5 (nh $> nh
Y)n bit th&D
G R6 tHnh chIt ce( th6 hi-n ti tip Aimn 2 Aimn t* hnh ng (ng x*y 4( nn t( thng AJng c,c t4ng t? s(u $1i th6 nyD
/b F bPy gi
ZVw`M /b F ng(y bPy gi
AM M`] MbM]/M F hi-n thi
obZ M`] MVM] f]V/w F t45ng thi i"& hi-n ti
G Mt s# ng t? $1i b*n chIt ng nghL( ce( ch'ng kh0ng th" AJng $1i th6 tip Aimn +c, nhD
l/b F bit
f]\V]R] F tin
c/:]ZMA/: F hi"u
ÀM] F ght
\bR] F yu
\Vl] F thHch
bc/: F ngh3 c7 $N
/]]: F c)n Cting Ri-t c7 th" n7i M0i (ng c)n nhng ting Anh kh0ng th" AJng th6 hi-n ti tip Aimn $1i ng t? ny, nu &u#n n7i
M0i (ng c)n bn ph*i n7i V AM V/ /]]: bo h5c ch; 2 V /]]:E
A[[]AZ F t40ng c7 $N
]]M F c7 $N
b/ F s8 hu Cting Ri-t c7 th" n7i M0i (ng c7 nhng ting Anh kh0ng AJng tip Aimn $1i b/ & ch; c)n n7i V b/ F M0i
s8 hu
THI HIJN TAI HON THNH
/hu c)u Aimn t ce( ch'ng t( 4It 21n $ nu ch; $1i nhng bi hc t41c, ch'ng t( s kh0ng th" Aimn t &t s# h nhD n7i (i 7 $?( &1i
2& g6, k" 2i t4*i nghi-& ce( t(, th0ng b,5 t( b9t )u 2& $ $^n cn (ng 2& &t $i-c g6 7,$$/hng kh0ng s(5, hc x5ng bi ny,
bn s t +c nhng cPu nh $y
Xq
Chu ng + HAVE ho}c HAS + Dng t o dng qu kh phn t.
G wi*i thHchD
/u che ng 2 V, ], bc, M`] h5c 2 A(nh t?, ng A(nh t? s# nhi>u t( AJng ÀR]
/u che ng 2 `], `], VM h5c 2 A(nh t?, ng A(nh t? s# Ht, t( AJng À
:ng <u, khQ h5n thnh ce( &t ng t? a s +c t5 4( bing c,ch th& ]: ing s(u Ang nguyn &û ce( ng t? 7
A/M]: GG A/M]:
/]]:]: GG /]]:]:
Muy nhin, thm ED sau ng t cng c nhng quy tc cn bitD
U !ng t? tn cJng bing ] $ c7 U ph@ P& Qng t41c ], t( ch; c)n th& : C :AM] GG :AM]:, \VR] GG \VR]:E
X !ng t? tn cJng bing ph*i Ki thnh V 4di &1i th& ]: CMZ GG MZV]:, YZ GG YZV]:E
s !ng t? tn cJng bing U nguyn P& U ph@ P& ng5i $ , t( $it ph@ P& cu#i 7 th& U 2)n n( 4di &1i th& ]: CMb[ GG
Mb[[]:, MA[ GGMA[[]:, YbMMVM GG YbMMVMM]:E
MIt c* nhng ng t? kh,c kh0ng 4.i $5 t4ng h+p t4n ch; c)n th& ]: b6nh thng
Y` D Y7 &t s# ng t? c7 Ang <u, khQ h5n thnh fM pc MY, tQc 2 ch'ng t( ph*i hc thuc 2ng A(nh s,ch nhng ng t?
7 $6 c,ch chuy"n ch'ng t? Ang nguyn &û s(ng Ang <u, khQ h5n thnh kh0ng th35 <uy t9c n5 c* /u bn th(& kh*5 f*ng !ng
M? fIt puy M9c, Ang <u, khQ h5n thnh ce( &t ng t? ni& 8 ct thQ s Cct thQ U 2 Ang nguyn &û, ct thQ X 2 Ang <u, khQ G t(
s hc th6 <u, khQ 8 bi s(uG $ ct thQ s 2 Ang <u, khQ h5n thnhE MhH A@ $i ng t? bIt <uy t9cD
:b GG :V:
wb GG wb/]
[]Al GG [bl]/
ZVM] GG ZVMM]/
Yu#i bi ny, t( s c7 A(nh s,ch c,c ng t? bIt <uy t9c
G MhH A@D
V ÀR] oV/V`]: :V//]Z F M0i &1i %n t#i x5ng
`] À cM YbM] fAYl F Y0 Iy $?( &1i <u(y 2i
Yhe ng ÀR] h5c À /bM !ng t? 8 Ang <u, khQ phPn t?
G Y,ch $it t9tD
ÀR] /bM $it t9t F ÀR]/M
À /bM $it t9t F À/M
X
G \u hD
/u t( th(y /bM t45ng c0ng thQc t4n bing /]R]Z, h nghL( phe Tnh s &nh h.n Ct? YÀ thnh YÀ fAb wVE
G MhH A@D
bc ÀR]/M A/]Z]: M pc]MVb/ F Anh $^n ch( t4* 2i cPu hi ce( t0i
`] À/M f]]/ `]Z] f]obZ] F M41c gi (nh t( ch( n Py
ÀR] h5c À Yhe ng !ng t? 8 Ang <u, khQ phPn t?
G MhH A@D
ÀR] bc ]R]Z o]\M \b/]\ V/ A YZb: F fn c7 b(5 gi c*& thIy c0 .n t45ng ,& 0ng
À `] Z][\V]: Mb bcZ ]MAV\ F Y0 Iy t4* 2i 3&(i2 bn ch(
` Khi no ta dng th hin ti hon thnh:
G /7i $> sn t4*i nghi-& t4*i <u( 4di h(y ch(
ÀR] bc ]R]Z ]AM]/ c`V F M41c gi bn %n &7n sushi ch(
V ÀR] /]R]Z f]]/ Mb V/wA[bZ] F M0i ch( b(5 gi i ing(p543
G :imn t* &t hnh ng b9t )u t45ng <u( khQ $ $^n cn tip t@c n hi-n ti
V ÀR] f]]/ A M]AY`]Z obZ oVR] ]AZ F M0i 2& gi,5 $in +c q n%& C b9t )u 2& gi,5 $in $ $^n cn 2& gi,5
$inE
`] À/M YbM] `]Z] obZ A \b/w MVM] G \Pu 4di c0 Iy ch( n Py C b9t )u ngng n Py $ $^n ch( n PyE
G :imn t* &t hnh ng x*y 4( t45ng hi-n ti $ c7 " 2i kt <u* h(y hu <u* t45ng hi-n ti
V ÀR] À: :V//]Z F M0i %n t#i x5ng Cgi t0i cn n5E
`] À \bM `V A\\]M F Anh Iy bT &It b7p ti>n Cgi (nh Iy kh0ng c7 b7p ti>nE
G Yh' h phPn bi-t X cPu s(uD
`] À wb/] Mb V/wA[bZ] F Anh Iy i ing(p543 4di C n7i (nh t( kh0ng c7 8 Py Pu, (nh t( i ing(p543 ch( $>E
`] À f]]/ Mb V/wA[bZ] F Anh Iy i ing(p543 4di C n7i (nh t( +c ATp i ing(p43 t41c Py, hi-n ti (nh t( kh0ng
nhIt thit ph*i (ng 8 ing(p43E
` Danh sch mt s ng t bt quy tc thng dng:
Dng nguyn mu Dng qu kh Dng qu kh phn t
((k3 F ,nh thQc (5k3 (5k3n
X
b3 Cx3& bi ng? Mb f]E (s, 343 b33n
b3(t F,nh, th9ng b3(t b3(t3n
b3c5&3 F t48 thnh b3c(&3 b3c5&3
b3gin F b9t )u b3g(n b3gun
b3nA F bN c5ng b3nt b3nt
b3t F c,, ,nh cuc b3t b3t
biA FIu gi, biA biA
bit3 F c9n bit bitt3n
b25 F thKi b23 b25n
b43(k F 2& $ b45k3 b45k3n
b4ing F3& 2i b45ught b45ught
b45(Ac(st F t4uy>n h6nh, t4uy>n th(nh b45(Ac(st b45(Ac(st
bui2A F xPy Anng bui2t bui2t
bu4n F 2& bng, #t ch,y bu4n3A{bu4nt bu4n3A{bu4nt
buy F &u( b5ught b5ught
c(tch F b9t 2Iy c(ught c(ught
ch55s3 F chn ch5s3 ch5s3n
c5&3 Fn c(&3 c5&3
c5st F t#n c5st c5st
cut F c9t cut cut
Aig F5 C5 2KE Aug Aug
A5 F 2& AiA A5n3
A4( F 4't 4( A43 A4(n
A43(& F &., &. 1c A43(&3A{A43(&t A43(&3A{A43(&t
A4i$3 F 2,i x3 b,nh t48 2n A45$3 A4i$3n
A4ink F u#ng A4(nk A4unk
3(t F %n (t3 3(t3n
X
W(22 F 4.i W322 W(223n
W332 F c*& thIy W32t W32t
Wight F chin Iu W5ught W5ught
WinA F t6& thIy, thIy c,i g6 7 nh th n5 W5unA W5unA
W2y F b(y W23 W25n
W54g3t F <un W54g5t W54g5tt3n
W54gi$3 F th( thQ W54g($3 W54gi$3n
W4333 F0ng 2nh, 0ng thnh , W453 W453n
g3t F 2Iy Ct4( t? i"n th&E g5t g5tt3n
gi$3 F ch5 g($3 gi$3n
g5 Fi 3nt g5n3
g45 F t48ng thnh, t4dng g43 g45n
h(ng F t435 hung hung
h($3 F c7 h(A h(A
h3(4 F ngh3 h3(4A h3(4A
hiA3 F giIu, t4#n hiA hiAA3n
hit F,nh hit hit
h52A F n9&, c)&, gi h32A h32A
hu4t F 2& tKn th.ng hu4t hu4t
k33p F gi k3pt k3pt
kn5 F bit kn3 kn5n
2(y Ft, ", s9p t Ct4( t? i"n th&E 2(iA 2(iA
23(A F A^n )u, 2nh 5 23A 23A
23(4n F hc, hc +c 23(4n3A{23(4nt 23(4n3A{23(4nt
23($3 F 4i khi 23Wt 23Wt
23nA F ch5 &+n 23nt 23nt
23t F" C" ch5 (i 2& g6 7E 23t 23t
X
2i3 F n7i A#i 2(y 2(in
25s3 F &It, ,nh &It, thu( cuc 25st 25st
&(k3 F 2& 4( &(A3 &(A3
&3(n F &u#n n7i, c7 nghL( 2 &3(nt &3(nt
&33t F gp &t &3t &3t
p(y F t4* gi,, t4* ti>n p(iA p(iA
put F t," Ct4( t? i"n th&E put put
43(A Fc 43(A 43(A
4iA3 F ci, chy x3 X b,nh 45A3 4iAA3n
4ing F 435, gi i-n th5i 4(ng 4ung
4is3 F &c, 2n c(5 45s3 4is3n
4un F chy 4(n 4un
s(y F n7i s(iA s(iA
s33 F thIy s( s33n
s322 F b,n s52A s52A
s3nA F gi s3nt s3nt
sh5 F ch5 x3& sh53A sh53A{sh5n
shut F7ng shut shut
sing F h,t s(ng sung
sit F ngdi s(t s(t
s233p F nge s23pt s23pt
sp3(k F n7i sp5k3 sp5k3n
sp3nA F xi, t4*i <u( Ck ngh;, <u*ng thi gi(nE sp3nt sp3nt
st(nA FQng st55A st55A
si& F b.i, 2i s(& su&
t(k3 F 2Iy, nhn Ct4( t? i"n th&E t55k t(k3n
t3(chF Ay t(ught t(ught
sr
t3(4 F x t543 t54n
t322 F ch5 (i bit t52A t52A
think F nghL, suy nghL th5ught th5ught
th45 F <u%ng, $Qt th43 th45n
unA34st(nA F hi"u unA34st55A unA34st55A
(k3 F thQc Ay 5k3 5k3n
3(4 F &cC<u)n ,5E,iCn7nE, xQc Cn1c h5(E 543 54n
in F chin th9ng 5n 5n
4it3 F $it 45t3 4itt3n
THI QU KH DON
Mh6 ny 2i 2 &t th6 4It c. b*n $ 4It Am hi"u M45ng bi ny, t( s hc th6 <u, khQ .n $1i ng t? Mb f] $ th6 <u, khQ .n $1i ng t?
thng
pct lù !/ RV Mb f]
Yhe ng A h5c ]Z] fK ng nu c7
\u hD
/u che ng 2 V, `], `] VM h5c 2 ng0i thQ s s# Ht n7i chung, t( AJng A
G V A :VA[[bV/M]: Mb l/b M YbZ]
G `] A À[[ Mb ]] M]
/u che ng 2 bc, ], M`] h5c 2 s# nhi>u n7i chung, t( AJng ]Z]
` Cng thc th phu nh: thm NOT sau WAS ho}c WERE
\u hD
A /bM $it t9t F A/M
]Z] /bM $it t9t F ]Z]/M
+ Cng thc th nghi vn: 3& A h5c ]Z] 4( t41c che ng
G ]Z] bc :Zc/l \AM /Vw`M F M#i <u( (nh s(y 4+u ph*i kh0ng
sU
pct lù !/ RV !/w Mk M`/w
Yhe ng !ng t? 8 Ang <u, khQ fK ng Cnu c7E
G wi*i thHchD
|t th35 ( s#, Ang <u, khQ ce( &t ng t? +c t5 4( bing c,ch th& ]: ing s(u Ang nguyn &û ce( ng t? 7
A/M]: GG A/M]:
/]]:]: GG /]]:]:
Muy nhin, thm ED sau ng t cng c nhng quy tc cn bitD
U !ng t? tn cJng bing ] $ c7 U ph@ P& Qng t41c ], t( ch; c)n th& : C :AM] GG :AM]:, \VR] GG \VR]:E
X !ng t? tn cJng bing ph*i Ki thnh V 4di &1i th& ]: CMZ GG MZV]:, YZ GG YZV]:E
s !ng t? tn cJng bing U nguyn P& U ph@ P& ng5i $ , t( $it ph@ P& cu#i 7 th& U 2)n n( 4di &1i th& ]: CMb[ GG
Mb[[]:, MA[ GGMA[[]:, YbMMVM GG YbMMVMM]:E
MIt c* nhng ng t? kh,c kh0ng 4.i $5 t4ng h+p t4n ch; c)n th& ]: b6nh thng
Y` D Y7 &t s# ng t? c7 Ang <u, khQ fM pc MY, tQc 2 ch'ng t( ph*i hc thuc 2ng A(nh s,ch nhng ng t? 7 $6 c,ch
chuy"n ch'ng t? Ang nguyn &û s(ng Ang <u, khQ kh0ng th35 <uy t9c n5 c* /u bn th(& kh*5 f*ng !ng M? fIt puy M9c, Ang
<u, khQ ce( &t ng t? ni& 8 ct thQ X Cct thQ U 2 Ang nguyn &û, ct thQ X 2 Ang <u, khQ $ ct thQ s 2 Ang <u, khQ h5n
thnhE MhH A@ $i ng t? bIt <uy t9cD
:b GG:V:
wb GG]/M
[]Al GG [bl]
ZVM] GG ZbM]
Yu#i bi ny, t( s c7 A(nh s,ch c,c ng t? bIt <uy t9c
G MhH A@D
V A []M]Z \AM ]]l F Mu)n t41c t0i c7 nh6n thIy [3t34
`] \]oM VM`bcM AV/w A bZ: F Y0 Iy b i kh0ng n7i &t 2i n5
Yhe ng :V: /bM !ng t? nguyn &û fK ng Cnu c7E
G \u hD
Yhe ng c7 th" 2 bIt k che ng n5, s# Ht h(y s# nhi>u kh0ng c)n <u(n tP&
G Rit t9tD
sX
:V: /bM $it t9t 2 :V:/M Cch; t45ng $%n $it t4(ng t4ng h5c khi nhIn &nh &1i AJng Ang )y e, b6nh thng khi n7i t( AJng
Ang ng9n gnE
M( c7 th" th(y :V: /bM t45ng c0ng thQc t4n bing /]R]Z " nhIn &nh h phe Tnh C&nh h.n c* khi n7i 8 Ang )y eE
G MhH A@D
`] :V:/M c/:]ZMA/: ÀM bc AV: F Anh Iy kh0ng hi"u nhng g6 bn n7i
V /]R]Z [ZbMV]: bc A/M`V/w F Anh ch( b(5 gi hQ( $1i 3& i>u g6 c*
:V: Yhe ng !ng t? nguyn &û fK ng Cnu c7E
G \u hD
Y,ch t4* 2i cPu hi ] G /b th6 <u, khQ .nD
M4* 2i ]D ], Yhe ng :V:
M4* 2i /bD /b, Yhe ng :V:/M
Y7 th" th& t? ` t41c c0ng thQc t4n " c7 cPu hi ` $1i th6 <u, khQ .n
G MhH A@D
:V: bc :b MÀM Y7 ph*i bn 2& i>u 7 CM4* 2iD ], V :V: h5c /b, V :V:/ME
ÀM :V: bc :b F fn 2& g6
` Khi no chng ta s dng Th Qu Kh Dn?
G lhi &u#n Aimn t* hnh ng x*y 4( x5ng t45ng <u, khQ
V \AM A `]Z AM `]Z `bc] Mb Mb/M` Awb F \)n cu#i cJng t0i nh6n thIy c0 t( 8 nh c0 t( 2 c,ch Py X th,ngE
G lhi &u#n Aimn t* hnh ng x*y 4( x5ng t45ng &t gi(i 5n n5 7 t45ng <u, khQ
V \VR]: V/ Y`V/A obZ Mb/M` F M0i s#ng 8 M4ung pu#c th,ng C7 2 chuy-n <u, khQ, gi t0i kh0ng s#ng 8 MpE
` Trng t thung dng cho Th Qu Kh Dn:
]M]Z:A F h0& <u(
\AM /Vw`M F t#i h0& <u(
\AM ]]l F tu)n t41c Cc7 th" th(y ]]l bing Mb/M` Cth,ngE, ]AZCn%&E, :]YA:]Cthp ninE, Y]/McZE
Mb :A Awb F c,ch Py X ngy Cc7 th" th(y Mb :A bing &t ng A(nh t? $> thi gi(n n5 kh,c D A/ `bcZ Awb F Y,ch
Py U tingdng hd, srr ]AZ Awb F c,ch Py srr n%&E
` Cc ng t bt quy tc thng dng:

ss
Dng nguyn mu Dng qu kh Dng qu kh hon thnh
((k3 F ,nh thQc (5k3 (5k3n
b3 Cx3& bi ng? Mb f]E (s, 343 b33n
b3(t F,nh, th9ng b3(t b3(t3n
b3c5&3 F t48 thnh b3c(&3 b3c5&3
b3gin F b9t )u b3g(n b3gun
b3nA F bN c5ng b3nt b3nt
b3t F c,, ,nh cuc b3t b3t
biA FIu gi, biA biA
bit3 F c9n bit bitt3n
b25 F thKi b23 b25n
b43(k F 2& $ b45k3 b45k3n
b4ing F3& 2i b45ught b45ught
b45(Ac(st F t4uy>n h6nh, t4uy>n th(nh b45(Ac(st b45(Ac(st
bui2A F xPy Anng bui2t bui2t
bu4n F 2& bng, #t ch,y bu4n3A{bu4nt bu4n3A{bu4nt
buy F &u( b5ught b5ught
c(tch F b9t 2Iy c(ught c(ught
ch55s3 F chn ch5s3 ch5s3n
c5&3 Fn c(&3 c5&3
c5st F t#n c5st c5st
cut F c9t cut cut
Aig F5 C5 2KE Aug Aug
A5 F 2& AiA A5n3
A4( F 4't 4( A43 A4(n
A43(& F &., &. 1c A43(&3A{A43(&t A43(&3A{A43(&t
A4i$3 F 2,i x3 b,nh t48 2n A45$3 A4i$3n
s
A4ink F u#ng A4(nk A4unk
3(t F %n (t3 3(t3n
W(22 F 4.i W322 W(223n
W332 F c*& thIy W32t W32t
Wight F chin Iu W5ught W5ught
WinA F t6& thIy, thIy c,i g6 7 nh th n5 W5unA W5unA
W2y F b(y W23 W25n
W54g3t F <un W54g5t W54g5tt3n
W54gi$3 F th( thQ W54g($3 W54gi$3n
W4333 F0ng 2nh, 0ng thnh , W453 W453n
g3t F 2Iy Ct4( t? i"n th&E g5t g5tt3n
gi$3 F ch5 g($3 gi$3n
g5 Fi 3nt g5n3
g45 F t48ng thnh, t4dng g43 g45n
h(ng F t435 hung hung
h($3 F c7 h(A h(A
h3(4 F ngh3 h3(4A h3(4A
hiA3 F giIu, t4#n hiA hiAA3n
hit F,nh hit hit
h52A F n9&, c)&, gi h32A h32A
hu4t F 2& tKn th.ng hu4t hu4t
k33p F gi k3pt k3pt
kn5 F bit kn3 kn5n
2(y Ft, ", s9p t Ct4( t? i"n th&E 2(iA 2(iA
23(A F A^n )u, 2nh 5 23A 23A
23(4n F hc, hc +c 23(4n3A{23(4nt 23(4n3A{23(4nt
23($3 F 4i khi 23Wt 23Wt
sq
23nA F ch5 &+n 23nt 23nt
23t F" C" ch5 (i 2& g6 7E 23t 23t
2i3 F n7i A#i 2(y 2(in
25s3 F &It, ,nh &It, thu( cuc 25st 25st
&(k3 F 2& 4( &(A3 &(A3
&3(n F &u#n n7i, c7 nghL( 2 &3(nt &3(nt
&33t F gp &t &3t &3t
p(y F t4* gi,, t4* ti>n p(iA p(iA
put F t," Ct4( t? i"n th&E put put
43(A Fc 43(A 43(A
4iA3 F ci, chy x3 X b,nh 45A3 4iAA3n
4ing F 435, gi i-n th5i 4(ng 4ung
4is3 F &c, 2n c(5 45s3 4is3n
4un F chy 4(n 4un
s(y F n7i s(iA s(iA
s33 F thIy s( s33n
s322 F b,n s52A s52A
s3nA F gi s3nt s3nt
sh5 F ch5 x3& sh53A sh53A{sh5n
shut F7ng shut shut
sing F h,t s(ng sung
sit F ngdi s(t s(t
s233p F nge s23pt s23pt
sp3(k F n7i sp5k3 sp5k3n
sp3nA F xi, t4*i <u( Ck ngh;, <u*ng thi gi(nE sp3nt sp3nt
st(nA FQng st55A st55A
si& F b.i, 2i s(& su&
s
t(k3 F 2Iy, nhn Ct4( t? i"n th&E t55k t(k3n
t3(chF Ay t(ught t(ught
t3(4 F x t543 t54n
t322 F ch5 (i bit t52A t52A
think F nghL, suy nghL th5ught th5ught
th45 F <u%ng, $Qt th43 th45n
unA34st(nA F hi"u unA34st55A unA34st55A
(k3 F thQc Ay 5k3 5k3n
3(4 F &cC<u)n ,5E,iCn7nE, xQc Cn1c h5(E 543 54n
in F chin th9ng 5n 5n
4it3 F $it 45t3 4itt3n
THI TONG LAI DON
Mh6 t.ng 2(i .n c7 2 2 th6 .n gi*n $ Am hi"u nhIt t45ng ting Anh
Chu ng + WILL + Dng t nguyn mu + B ng.
G Rit t9t Yhe ng V\\D
V V\\ F V\\
] V\\ F ]\\
bc V\\ F bc\\
M`] V\\ F M`]\\
`] V\\ F `]\\
`] V\\ F `]\\
VM V\\ F VM\\
G MhH A@D
V V\\ `]\[ bc F M0i s gi'p bn
`] V\\ YA\\ bc `]/ `] AZZVR] CY0 Iy s gi i-n ch5 bn khi c0 Iy n n.iE
s
Chu ng + WILL + NOT + Dng t nguyn mu + B ng
G Rit t9t
V\\ /bM F b/M
G /hIn &nh phe TnhD
M( c7 th" th(y /bM bing /]R]Z " nhIn &nh h phe Tnh
G MhH A@D
V V\\ /bM `]\[ `VM AwAV/F M0i s kh0ng gi'p n7 n(
V V\\ /]R]Z `]\[ `VM AwAV/ F M0i s kh0ng b(5 gi gi'p n7 n(
WILL + Chu ng + Dng t nguyn mu + B ng ?
G MhH A@D
V\\ bc f] AM M`] [AZM Mb/Vw`M F M#i n(y bn s c7 &t 8 buKi ti-c h(y kh0ng
G YPu hi `D
M( ch; c)n th& ? ` t41c c0ng thQc t4n " t cPu hi `
`]/ V\\ bc wb fAYl Mb bcZ Ybc/MZ F lhi n5 bn s t48 $> n1c
` Khi no dng th tung lai n ?
G lhi &u#n Aimn t* &t hnh ng & ngi n7i <uyt Tnh thnc hi-n ng(y khi n7i
V AM b `c/wZ V V\\ MAl] M]\o A A/:VY` F M0i 7i b@ng <u, M0i s tn i 2& ch5 &6nh c,i b,nh &6 s(nAich
G lhi &u#n Aimn t* &t 2i hQ(
CV [ZbMV]E V V\\ /bM M]\\ A/b/] ]\] AfbcM bcZ ]YZ]M F CM0i hQ(E t0i s kh0ng n7i ch5 (i bit $> bH &t ce(
bn
G lhi &u#n Aimn t* &t An 5,n $> t.ng 2(i
VM V\\ ZAV/ MbMbZZb F /gy &(i t4i s &(
` Luu :
G M45ng &t cPu, nu c7 &-nh > ph@ ch; thi gi(n t.ng 2(i, &-nh > ph@ 7 l`/w AJng th6 t.ng 2(i .n, ch; AJng th6 hi-n ti .n
t45ng &-nh > chHnh t( &1i c7 th" AJng th6 t.ng 2(i .n
`]/ bc YbM] `]Z] MbMbZZb, ] V\\ :VYc VM ocZM`]Z F /gy &(i khi bn n Py, ch'ng t( s bn th&
C/gy &(i khi bn n Py 2 &-nh > ph@ ch; thi gi(n, t( AJng th6 hi-n ti .n, ch'ng t( s bn th& 2 &-nh > chHnh, t( AJng th6
t.ng 2(i .nE
s
G /gy x(, khi hc th6 t.ng 2(i .n, gi,5 $in s Ay bn $> t? À\\, 4ing À\\ +c AJng th(y ch5 V\\ khi che ng 2 V h5c
] Muy nhin, ngy n(y, tIt c* che ng >u AJng V\\ À\\ ch; cn +c AJng t45ng $%n b*n t4(ng t4ng nh $%n b*n 2ut $ c,c
h+p dng Mh& chH, ngi t( cn (ng &u#n th(y th À\\ bing V\\ t45ng nhng $%n b*n t4(ng t4ng 7 fn ch; c)n nh1 &t
t4ng h+p Auy nhIt & À\\ cn +c AJng t45ng thnc t 2D
À\\ ] wb /b F fPy gi ch'ng t( i chQ
Cc cch din t quan h so hu
!" Aimn t <u(n h- s8 hu, t( hc tHnh t? s8 hu $ i t? s8 hu Muy nhin, nhi>u khi <u(n h- s8 hu kh0ng .n gi*n ch; 2 gi( c,c
i t? nhPn xng $ A(nh t? & n7 cn c7 th" 2 gi( ng A(nh t? $ A(nh t? fi ny s ch; ch5 bn th& c,c c,ch cn 2i " Aimn t
<u(n h- s8 hu
/g5i c,ch AJng tHnh t? s8 hu " Aimn t <u(n h- s8 hu, t( cn c7 c,c c,ch s(uD
` Cch th nht: DNG OF
G bo c7 nghL( 2 YA khi +c AJng " Aimn t <u(n h- s8 hu Ct45ng ting Ri-t, c7 th" kh0ng c)n $it YA cng c7 th" hi"u +c,
nhng t45ng ting Anh ph*i c7 boE
G lhi AJng bo th6 A(nh t? bT s8 hu Qng )u 4di n bo 4di &1i n A(nh t? che s8 hu
G M( thng AJng bo " Aimn t <u(n h- s8 hu khi A(nh t? bT s8 hu 2 A(nh t? t4?u t+ng
G MhH A@D
M`] f]wV//V/w bo M`] MbRV] F ph)n )u ce( b phi& Cph)n )u b phi&E
M`] V] bo M`] [bZMZAVM F lHch th1c ce( tI& chPn Aung
` Cch th hai: khng cn dng g c, chi cn sp xp hai danh t cnh nhau
G M( AJng c,ch s9p xp h(i A(nh t? cnh nh(u " Aimn t <u(n h- s8 hu khi c* h(i A(nh t? ny >u 2 A(nh t? c@ th"
G !" Aimn t <u(n h- s8 hu th35 c,ch ny th6 thQ tn s9p xp A(nh t? 4It <u(n t4ngD :A/` Mk Y` = `c !u/w MZY :A/`
Mk f = `c
G MhH A@D
M`] YAZ ZA:Vb F M,y 4(Ai5 ce( x3 h.i
M`] MZ]] MZc/l F MhPn ce( cPy CthPn cPyE
` Cch th ba: dng So Hu Cch vi 'S
G M( bit c7 th" 2 $it t9t ce( V h5c À wi Py t( c)n bit th& ng(y s(u &t A(nh t? c7 khi kh0ng ph*i 2 Ang $it t9t ce( (i
& n7 2 &t ph.ng c,ch " Aimn t <u(n h- s8 hu gi( h(i CngE A(nh t?
G Y,ch AJng " Aimn t <u(n h- s8 huD
Mh0ng thng, t( chn c,ch AJng " Aimn t <u(n h- s8 hu khi h(i CngE A(nh t? n7i $> ngi h5c c5n $t Muy nhin, c7 th"
AJng ch5 sn $t khi n7 +c nhPn c,ch h7( Ct( c5i n7 nh c5n ngiE h5c ch5 c,c .n $T thi gi(n h5c t45ng nhng cPu thnh ng
MhH A@D
s
M`] fb ÀM F c,i n7n cJ( thing nh
[]M]Z YAZ F |3 h.i ce( [3t34
M`] ]AZM` cZoAY] F f> &t ce( t4,i It
A :A bZl F Y0ng $i-c ce( &t ngy
- Vi iu cn luu D
lhi AJng , t( ph*i th35 thQ tn s(uD
Danh t lm chu so hu'S + Danh t b so hu
/u A(nh t? 2& che s8 hu 2 &t ng A(nh t? Ai cng kh0ng s(5, cQ th& ng(y s(u ch cu#i cJng t45ng ng A(nh t? 7, $H A@D
M VM]ZGV/G\A Y`V\:Z]/ F /hng ngi c5n ce( chT APu t0i Ch5c 3& APu t0i $6 sist34 c7 th" 2 chT g,i h5c 3& g,i, b45th34
c7 th" 2 (nh t4(i h5c 3& t4(iE
/u b*n thPn A(nh t? 2& che s8 hu tn cJng bing 4di th6 t( ch; c)n th& ing s(u n7 th0i, khi th&
M`] Mc:]/M fbbl F nhng cu#n s,ch ce( c,c sinh $in{hc sinh
M`] MVM` `bc] F Y%n nh ce( gi( 6nh h MVM`
:VYl]/ /bR]\ F /hng cu#n ti"u thuyt ce( 0ng :VYl]/ Ctn 0ng t( c7 ing s(uE
Tung lai vi GOING TO
!" Aimn t hnh ng t45ng t.ng 2(i, t( hc th6 t.ng 2(i .n Muy nhin, t45ng &t s# t4ng h+p, t( c)n AJng cIu t4'c Mb f]
wbV/w Mb M45ng bi ny, t( s hc c0ng thQc $ c,ch AJng cIu t4'c 4It phK bin ny
Yhe ng Mb f] wbV/w Mb !ng t? nguyn &û fK ng
G \u hD
Mb f] ph*i +c chi( t.ng Qng $1i che ng CAM h(y V h(y AZ]E
wbV/w Mb t45ng $%n n7i +c 4't gn thnh wb//A
G MhH A@D
V AM wbV/w Mb ]] `]Z Mb/Vw`M F M#i n(y t0i s gp c0 Iy
`] V wbV/w Mb MA: AM M] F Y0 t( s 4It gin t0i
VM V wbV/w Mb ZAV/ F M4i s &( Py
Y)n phPn bi-t Mb wbV/w Mb !ng t? nguyn &û $1i th6 hi-n ti tip Aimn Mb f] !ng t? nguyn &û th& V/w
V AM wbV/w Mb wb Mb Y`bb\ F M0i s i hcC M.ng 2(i $1i wbV/w MbE
r
V AM wbV/w Mb Y`bb\ F M0i (ng i hc CMh6 hi-n ti tip AimnE
Yhe ng Mb f] /bM wbV/w Mb !ng t? nguyn &û fK ng
G \u hD
Mb f] ph*i chi( 'ng th35 che ng
Mb f] /bM c7 th" $it t9t Cx3& 2i bi $> ng t? Mb f] nu c)nE
wbV/w Mb c7 th" 4't gn thnh wb//A t45ng $%n n7i
G MhH A@D
V AM /bM wbV/w Mb `]\[ `VM F M0i s kh0ng gi'p n7
M`] AZ] /bM wbV/w Mb \VM]/ Mb M] F ` s kh0ng ngh3 t0i n7i Pu
Mb f] Yhe ng wbV/w Mb !ng t? nguyn &û fK ng
G \u hD
Mb f] chi( t.ng Qng $1i che ng
wbV/w Mb c7 th" 4't gn thnh wb//A t45ng $%n n7i
Y7 th" th& t? ` t41c Mb f] t45ng c0ng thQc t4n " t5 4( cPu hi `
G MhH A@D
AZ] bc wbV/w Mb f] fAYl f]obZ] Urp& F fn c7 $> t41c Ur gi t#i kh0ng
ÀM AZ] bc wbV/w Mb :b Mb/Vw`M F M#i n(y bn s 2& g6
` Khi no ta dng cu trc GOING TO:
G lhi &u#n Aimn t k h5ch, An Tnh ch5 t.ng 2(i & t( c7 sn 4di C= th6 t.ng 2(i .n $1i V\\, ngi n7i 4( <uyt Tnh s 2&
ng(y khi n7iE
] AZ] wbV/w Mb Y]\]fZAM] `V fVZM`:A M`V ]]l]/: F Yh'ng t( s tK chQc %n &?ng sinh nht ce( cu Iy $5 cu#i
tu)n ny
G lhi &u#n tin 5,n &t hnh ng s x*y 4( An( t4n bing chQng t45ng hi-n ti CMh6 t.ng 2(i .n An 5,n &(ng tHnh che <u(n h.n,
kh0ng An( $5 bing chQng c@ th", ch9c ch9n nh M.ng 2(i $1i wbV/w MbE
\bbl AM M`b] Y\bc: VM V wbV/w Mb ZAV/ F /h6n nhng ,& &Py 7 k6( M4i s &( Py
SO SNH HON
U
M45ng bi ny, ch'ng t( s hc c,ch s5 s,nh h.n CAh.n fE
` Th no l so snh hn?
G 5 s,nh h.n 2 cIu t4'c s5 s,nh gi( h(i che th"
G lhi t45ng &t cPu n7i c7 h& h s5 s,nh, &imn c7 ch `/ th6 7 2 s5 s,nh h.n, AJ h nghL( s5 s,nh c7 th" 2 thu(, k&
`] À \] Mb/] MÀ/ V F Anh Iy c7 Ht ti>n h.n t0i
`] V \] AMMZAYMVR] MÀ/ M Vo] F Y0 Iy k& <uyn 4 h.n s5 $1i $+ t0i
` Cng thc cu trc so snh hn: khi so snh, ta thung em tnh t ho}c trng t ra lm i tung xem xt.
`` Cng thc vi tnh t/trng t ngn: tHnh t?{t4ng t? ng9n 2 tHnh t?{t4ng t? c7 &t P& MHnh t?{t4ng t? c7 h(i P& tit nhng tn
cJng bing cng +c x3& 2 tHnh t? {t4ng t? ng9n
M/` Mk{MZ/w Mk /w/ M`-M ]Z MÀ/
G MhH A@D
RV]M/AM V ZVY`]Z MÀ/ YAMfb:VA F Ri-t /(& giu h.n Y(&puchi(
V AM MA\\]Z MÀ/ `] F M0i c(5 h.n (nh t(
V Zc/ oAM]Z MÀ/ `]
- Luu :
/u tHnh t? ng9n tn cJng bing , Ki thnh V 4di &1i th& ]ZD À[[ GG À[[V]Z
/u tHnh t? ng9n tn cJng bing ], t( ch; c)n th& Z th0i \AM] G \AM]Z
/u tHnh t? ng9n tn cJng bing U [` M U /wc-/ M U [` M, t( $it [` M YcV th& U 2)n 4di &1i th& ]Z fVw
GG fVww]Z,
`` Cng thc vi tnh t/trng t di: tHnh t?{t4ng t? Ai 2 tHnh t? c7 b( P& tit t48 2n h5c tHnh t? {t4ng t? c7 h(i P& tit kh0ng tn
cJng bing
MbZ] M/` Mk{MZ/w Mk :vV MÀ/
G MhH A@D
`] V MbZ] AMMZAYMVR] MÀ/ `V Vo] F Y0 Iy c7 sQc cu#n h't h.n $+ (nh t(
V AM /bM MbZ] V/M]\\Vw]/M MÀ/ bc AZ] V cM bZl ÀZ:]Z MÀ/ bc F M0i kh0ng c7 th0ng &inh h.n bn
M0i ch; sing n%ng h.n bn th0i
`` Ngoi l:
G wbb: GG f]MM]Z
G ]\\ GG f]MM]Z
G fA: GG bZ]
X
G MA/ GG MbZ]
G McY` GG MbZ]
G \VMM\] GG \]
G oAZ GG oAZM`]Z{ocZM`]Z CoAZM`]Z AJng khi n7i $> kh5*ng c,ch c@ th", ocZM`]Z AJng " n7i $> kh5*ng c,ch t4?u t+ngE
G pcV]M GG pcV]M]Z h5c MbZ] pcV]M>u +c
G Y\]R]Z GG Y\]R]Z]Z h5c MbZ] Y\]R]Z >u +c
G /AZZb GG /AZZb]Z h5c MbZ] /AZZb >u +c
G VM[\] GG VM[\]Z h5c MbZ] VM[\] >u +c
`` Khi i tung em ra so snh l danh t, ta c cng thc D
MbZ] h5c \] :A/` Mk MÀ/
G :Jng MbZ] khi &u#n n7i nhi>uh.n
G :Jng \] khi &u#n n7i Hth.n
G /u A(nh t? 2 A(nh t? & +c, n7 ph*i 8 Ang s# nhi>u
G MhH A@D
V ÀR] MbZ] Mb/] MÀ/ bc F M0i c7 nhi>u ti>n h.n (nh
bc ÀR] \] Mb/] MÀ/ V
`] À MbZ] Y`V\:Z]/ MÀ/ V F Y0 t( c7 nhi>u c5n h.n t0i
`` Khi ngha so snh l "A km... hn B, ta chi vic thay MORE bng LESS, ta c:
\] M/` Mk{MZ/w Mk MÀ/
G MhH A@D
V ]AM \] MÀ/ `] :b] F M0i %n Ht h.n n7
V\R]Z V \] ]|[]/VR] MÀ/ wb\: F fc th6 Ht 9t ti>n h.n $ng
`` Luu :
G = tIt c* &i t4ng h+p, i t? nhPn xng 2i>n s(u MÀ/ ph*i 2 i t? che ng M45ng $%n n7i, t( c7 th" AJng i t? tPn ng ng(y s(u
MÀ/ nhng t#t h.n $^n nn AJng i t? che ng
`] V ZVY`]Z MÀ/ V Cc7 th" n7i `] V ZVY`]Z MÀ/ M] t45ng $%n n7iE
G = $ 2i>n s(u MÀ/, t( kh0ng b(5 gi 2p 2i $T ng c7 8 $ t41c MÀ/, /u &u#n 4 nghL(, t( ch; c)n AJng MZ !/w Mk t.ng
Qng R1i ng t? Mb f], $ s(u MÀ/ c7 th" 2p 2i Mb f] t.ng Qng, nhng i>u ny cng kh0ng b9t buc
G MhH A@D
s
`] V ZVY`]Z MÀ/ V Ct( c7 th" 2p 2i Mb f] s(5 ch5 t.ng QngD `] V ZVY`]Z MÀ/ V AME
V bZl ÀZ:]Z MÀ/ bc Ct( c7 th" AJng t4+ ng t? t.ng Qng 8 $ s(u MÀ/D V bZl ÀZ:]Z MÀ/ bc :bE
`] Zc/ oAM]Z MÀ/ `] Ct( c7 th" AJng t4+ ng t? t.ng Qng 8 $ s(u MÀ/D `] Zc/ oAM]Z MÀ/ `] :b]E
`] MA:] MbZ] Mb/] MÀ/ V F Anh Iy ki& +c nhi>u ti>n h.n t0i Ct( c7 th" AJng t4+ ng t? t.ng Qng 8 $ s(u MÀ/D
`] MA:] MbZ] Mb/] MÀ/ V :V:, tuy-t #i kh0ng b(5 gi n7i `] MA:] MbZ] Mb/] MÀ/ V MA:] Mb/]E
SO SNH BNG
YIu t4'c s5 s,nh bing +c AJng " th" hi-n sn gi#ng nh(u h5c kh0ng gi#ng nh(u $> &t n5 7 khi 3& h(i che th" 4( s5 s,nh
` Cu trc so snh bng vi tnh t ho}c trng t:
A M/` Mk{MZ/w Mk A
G MhH A@D
bcZ À/: AZ] A Yb\: A VY] F `(i t(y ce( bn 2nh nh n1c , $y
`] V A MA\\ A `V oAM`]Z F Anh t( c(5 bing b# (nh t(
`] :b]/M Zc/ A oAM A V :b F /7 chy kh0ng nh(nh bing t0i
G \u hD
!" Aimn t th& c,c &Qc kh,c nh(u ce( sn s5 s,nh, t( c7 th" th& &t t4ng t? t41c t? A )u tin, thH A@D
cM F $?( CbingE, chHnh x,c
/]AZ\ F g)n nh
À\o F phPn n(
MVY] F gIp0i
M`Z]] MVM] F b( 2)n

` Khi mun so snh bng vi danh t, ta dng AS MANY...AS ho}c AS MUCH...AS
G A MA/ :A/` Mk !jM !Y A
G MhH A@D
V bZl A MA/ `bcZ A `] :b] F M0i 2& $i-c s# gi bing $1i (nh t(
G A McY` :A/` Mk l`/w !jM !Y A
G MhH A@D
V :b/M MAl] A McY` Mb/] A `] :b] F M0i kh0ng ki& +c nhi>u ti>n bing (nh t(
SO SNH NHT
5 s,nh nhIt 2 cIu t4'c t( AJng khi c)n s5 s,nh &t che th" $1i t5n b nh7&, tp th" & che th" c7 t45ng 7
` Cu trc so snh nht vi tnh t/trng t ngn: MHnh t? h5c t4ng t? ng9n 2 tHnh t?{t4ng t? c7 &t P& tit MHnh t?{t4ng t? h(i P&
tit tn cJng bing cng +c x3& 2 tHnh t?{t4ng t? ng9n t45ng cIu t4'c ny
M`] M/` Mk{MZ/w Mk /w/ M`-M ]M
G MhH A@D
`] V M`] MAZM]M V/ `V Y\A F Anh Iy th0ng &inh nhIt 21p
M`V fbbl V M`] Y`]A[]M V YA/ oV/: F Yu#n s,ch ny 2 cu#n 4N nhIt & t0i c7 th" t6& thIy
`] Zc/ M`] oAM]M F Anh t( chy nh(nh nhIt
q
G \u hD
lhi tHnh t? ng9n tn cJng bing , t( Ki thnh V 4di &1i th& ]M
À[[ GGM`] À[[V]M
YZA GG M`] YZAV]M
oc// GG M`] oc//V]M
lhi tHnh t? ng9n tn cJng bing U [` M U /wc-/ M U [` MD t( $it ph@ P& cu#i cJng th& U 2)n 4di &i th& ]M
fVw GG M`] fVww]M
`bM GG M`] `bMM]M
MA\\ GG M`] MA\\]M
` Cu trc so snh nht vi tnh t/trng t di: MHnh t?{t4ng t? Ai 2 tHnh t?{t4ng t? c7 h(i P& tit t48 2n
M`] MbM M/` Mk{MZ/w Mk :vV
bc AZ] M`] MbM f]AcMVoc\ \A: V ÀR] ]R]Z M]M F ]& 2 ngi ph@ n p nhIt & (nh t?ng gp t? t41c n n(y
\b/:b/ V M`] MbM ]|[]/VR] YVM V/ ]/w\A/: F \uPn !0n 2 thnh ph# 9t nhIt n1c Anh
` Ngoi l: &t s# tHnh t?{t4ng t? khi s A@ng t45ng cIu t4'c s5 s,nh nhIt c7 Ang c bi-t, kh0ng th35 c0ng thQc t4n Py, b9t buc t(
ph*i nh1 ni& 2ngD
M/` Mk{MZ/w Mk :/w b t/` /`M
fA: M`] bZM
wbb: M`] f]M
]\\ M`] f]M
MA/ M`] MbM
McY` M`] MbM
G MhH A@D
VM A M`] bZM :A V/ M \Vo] F /gy 7 2 c,i ngy tdi t- nhIt t45ng i t0i
`] V M`] f]M M]AY`]Z V ÀR] ]R]Z À: F ng Iy 2 ngi th)y t#t nhIt & t0i t?ng c7
M`]] [A/M oVM M] M`] f]M F pu)n ny $?( $n $1i t0i nhIt
`b À M`] MbM Mb/] V/ M`] bZ\: F Ai c7 nhi>u ti>n nhIt t4n th gi1i
CAU DIU KIJN LOAI

YIu t4'c cPu i>u ki-n 25i r AJng " Aimn t nhng sn tht tKng <u(n, nhng A ki-n kh5( hc 2u0n 2u0n x*y 4( $1i &t i>u ki-n nhIt
Tnh M( cn c7 th" gi cPu i>u ki-n 25i r 2 cPu i>u ki-n hi-n ti 2u0n c7 tht M45ng &t cPu i>u ki-n 2u0n c7 h(i &-nh >D &-nh >
/jc $ &-nh > chHnh
` Cng thc cu iu kin loi :
Vo Yhe ng U !ng t? chi( 8 th6 hi-n ti .n fK ng, Yhe ng X !ng t? chi( 8 th6 hi-n ti .n fK ng Cnu c7E
G /7i c,ch kh,c, 8 cPu i>u ki-n 25i r, c* h(i &-nh > Vo C/jcE $ &-nh > chHnh >u s A@ng th6 hi-n ti .n
G Yhe ng U $ che ng X c7 th" t4Jng nh(u
G fK ng c7 th" kh0ng c7, tJy h nghL( ce( cPu
G M-nh > Vo $ &-nh > chHnh c7 th" Qng t41c h(y s(u >u +c
G MhH A@D
Vo bc ]|[b] [`b[bZc Mb AVZ, VM fcZ/ F /u bn " ph#tGph5 4( ng5i kh0ng khH, n7 s ch,y
[`b[`bZc fcZ/ Vo bc ]|[b] VM Mb AVZ F [h#tGph5 s ch,y nu bn " n7 4( ng5i kh0ng khH
Vo bc `]AM VY], VM M]\M F /u bn 2& n7ng n1c ,, n7 s t(n 4(
CAU DIU KIJN LOAI
YPu i>u ki-n 25i U cn c7 th" +c gi 2 cPu i>u ki-n hi-n ti c7 th" c7 tht
M( s A@ng cPu i>u ki-n 25i U" t 4( &t i>u ki-n c7 th" thnc hi-n +c t45ng hi-n ti $ nu kt <u* c7 th" x*y 4(
` Cng thc cu iu kin loi :
Vo Yhe ng U !ng t? chi( 8 th6 hi-n ti .n fK ng, Yhe ng X V\\ !ng t? nguyn &û fK ng Cnu c7E
G /7i c,ch kh,c, 8 cPu i>u ki-n 25i U, &-nh > Vo AJng th6 hi-n ti .n, &-nh > chHnh AJng th6 t.ng 2(i .n
G fK ng c7 th" kh0ng c7, tJy h nghL( ce( cPu
G M-nh > Vo $ &-nh > chHnh c7 th" Qng t41c h(y s(u >u +c
G MhH A@D
Vo V ÀR] M`] Mb/], V V\\ fc MÀM \Y: Mb/VMbZ F /u t0i c7e ti>n, t0i s &u( c,i &n h6nh \Y: 7
V V\\ f] A: Vo bc \]AR] F Anh s budn nu 3& b i
CAU DIU KIJN LOAI 2

YPu i>u ki-n 25i X 2 cIu t4'c AJng " t 4( &t i>u ki-n kh0ng c7 tht t45ng hi-n ti $ nu kt <u* ce( n7 !.ng nhin, kt <u* x*y
4( th35 &t i>u ki-n kh0ng c7 tht cng ch; 2 &t kt <u* t8ng t+ng M( cn c7 th" gi cPu i>u ki-n 25i X 2 cPu i>u ki-n hi-n ti
kh0ng tht
` Cng thc cu iu kin loi 2:
Vo Yhe ng U !ng t? chi( 8 th6 <u, khQ .n fK ng, Yhe ng X bc\:{ Ybc\: !ng t? nguyn &û fK ng
G /7i c,ch kh,c, 8 cPu i>u ki-n 25i X, &-nh > Vo AJng th6 <u, khQ .n, &-nh > chHnh AJng ng t? khi& khuyt bc\: h5c
Ybc\:
` Luu :
= &-nh > Vo, nu ng t? 2 Mb f] th6 t( AJng ]Z] ch5 tIt c* c,c che ng
bc\: F s CAng <u, khQ ce( V\\E
Ybc\: F c7 th" CAng <u, khQ ce( YA/E
G MhH A@D
Vo V ]Z] bc, V bc\: w]M A :VRbZY] F /u t0i 2 bn, t0i s np .n 2y AT
Vo :bw À: V/w, M`] bc\: f] Af\] Mb o\ F /u ch7 c7 c,nh, ch'ng s bit b(y
CAU DIU KIJN LOAI 3
YPu i>u ki-n 25i s cn c7 th" +c gi 2 cPu i>u ki-n <u, khQ kh0ng tht
YIu t4'c ny +c AJng khi t( &u#n t &t gi* thit ng+c 2i $1i i>u g6 7 x*y 4( t45ng <u, khQ
` Cng thc cu iu kin loi 3:
Vo Yhe ng U !ng t? chi( 8 th6 <u, khQ h5n thnh fK ng, Yhe ng X bc\:{Ybc\: ÀR] [[
G /7i c,ch kh,c, 8 cPu i>u ki-n 25i s, &-nh > Vo AJng th6 <u, khQ h5n thnh, &-nh > chHnh AJng c0ng thQc bc\: h5c Ybc\:
ÀR] [[
` Luu :
G [[ 2 Ang <u, khQ h5n thnh ce( ng t? = ng t? bIt <uy t9c, 7 chHnh 2 ct thQ s t45ng b*ng ng t? bIt <uy t9c = ng t? c7 <uy
t9c, 7 chHnh 2 ng t? nguyn &û th& ]:
G fK ng c7 th" kh0ng c7, tJyh nghL( ce( cPu
G M-nh > Vo c7 th" Qng t41c h5c s(u &-nh > chHnh
THI QU KH HON THNH

!Py 2 th6 t.ng #i kh7 $ i hi bn bn hc thuc 2ng cng nhi>u t? cng t#t t45ng b*ng ng t? bIt <uy t9c /7i th6 ny kh7 $6 kh,i
ni-& ce( n7 x( 2 $1i ngi Ri-t /(& ch'ng t( Mht 4( t( c7 th" hi"u th6 <u, khQ h5n thnh &t c,ch 4It .n gi*n nh s(uD
Mh6 <u, khQ h5n thnh AJng " Aimn t* &t hnh ng x*y 4( t41c &t hnh ng kh,c $ c* h(i hnh ng ny >u x*y 4( t45ng
<u, khQ `nh ng n5 x*y 4( t41c th6 AJng th6 <u, khQ h5n thnh `nh ng x*y 4( s(u th6 AJng th6 <u, khQ .n
Y0ng thQc th6 <u, khQ h5n thnhD
Y0ng thQc th" khng TnhD
Yhe ng À: :ng <u, khQ h5n thnh ce( ng t? fK ng Cnu c7E
G \u hD
:ng <u, khQ h5n thnh ce( ng t? th0ng thng 2 ng t? nguyn &û th& ]: !#i $1i ng t? bIt <uy t9c th6 t( ph*i AJng ct s
ce( b*ng ng t? bIt <uy t9c
G MhH A@D
V À: ]AM]/ f]obZ] V YAM] `]Z] F M0i %n t41c khi n Py
Y0ng thQc th" phe TnhD
Yhe ng À: /bM :ng <u, khQ h5n thnh ce( ng t? fK ng Cnu c7E
G \u hD
À: /bM c7 th" $it t9t 2 À:/M
G MhH A@D
`] À:/M [Z][AZ]: obZ M`] ]|AM fcM `] MV\\ [A]: F Y0 t( kh0ng c7 chun bT ch5 k thi nhng c0 t( $^n
u
Y0ng thQc th" nghi $InD
À: Yhe ng :ng <u, khQ h5n thnh ce( ng t? fK ng Cnu c7E
G MhH A@D
À: bc \bYl]: M`] :bbZ f]obZ] bc \]oM M`] `bc] F fn kh7( c( t41c khi 4i khi nh chQ
THI QU KH TIP DIN
Mn gi ce( th6 ny c7 2 cng g+i h ch5 bn c,ch AJng ce( n7 Mh6 ny +c AJng " Aimn t* &t hnh ng (ng Aimn 4( ti &t thi
i"& nhIt Tnh t45ng <u, khQ
Yhe ng Mb f] = :/w pct lù !ng t? nguyn &û th& V/w fK ng Cnu c7E
G \u hD

Mb f] 8 Ang <u, khQ ch; c7 X bin th" A $ ]Z], tJy th35 che ng & AJng A h(y ]Z]
A +c AJng ch5 che ng 2 V, `], `], VM h5c bIt cQ che ng s# Ht n5
]Z] +c AJng ch5 che ng 2 ], bc, M`] h5c bIt cQ che ng s# nhi>u n5
G MhH A@D
V A AMY`V/w MR `]/ bc YA\\]: F \'c bn gi i-n th5i n, t0i (ng x3& Mi$i
`]/ M`] ]Z] [\AV/w bYY]Z, VM MAZM]: Mb ZAV/ F ` (ng , b7ng th6 t4i b9t )u &(
` Cng thc th phu nh: THM NOT sau TO BE o cng thc th khng nh.
G Rit t9tD
A /bM F A/M
]Z] /bM F ]Z]/M
G MhH A@D
V A /bM \]][V/w V A ÀRV/w M ]] Y\b] Mb Z]\A| F \'c 7 t0i Pu c7 nge, t0i nh9& &9t " th gin
` Cng thc th nghi vn: Dem TO BE ra truc chu ng.
G Y7 th" th& t? ` t41c Mb f] " t5 4( cPu hi `
G MhH A@D
ÀM ]Z] bc :bV/w AM Ur bY\bYl \AM /Vw`M F M#i <u( 2'c Ur gi (nh (ng 2& g6
` Khi no ta dng th qu kh tip din?
G !" Aimn t* hnh ng (ng x*y 4( ti &t thi i"& c@ th" t45ng <u, khQ
`] A MAlV/w A `b]Z `]/ M`] fcw\AZ fZbl] V/ F \'c tn t4& t nhp $5 nh, b t( (ng t9&
G lhi Aimn t* h(i h5c nhi>u h.n h(i hnh ng (ng x*y 4( cJng 2'c t45ng <u, khQ
M`] fb A :bV/w `V `bM]bZl `V\] `V [AZ]/M ]Z] AMY`V/w MR F Yu b (ng 2& bi tp t45ng khi b#
& cu t( (ng x3& Mi$i
G lhi &u#n Aimn t* &t hnh ng (ng x*y 4( th6 c7 hnh ng kh,c x*y n hnh ng (ng x*y 4( AJng th6 <u, khQ tip Aimn, hnh
ng x*y n c7 th" c9t ng(ng hnh ng (ng x*y 4( +c chi( 8 th6 <u, khQ .n
`] Mbb: c[ A/: \]oM M`] ZbbM `]/ M`] [Zbo]bZ A wVRV/w A \]YMcZ] F \'c gi,5 s (ng gi*ng bi th6
(nh t( Qng Ay $ 4i khi phng
Cu trc HAVE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING
!Py 2 &t cIu t4'c .n gi*n, hu A@ng $ 4It thng AJng " Aimn t h Ai nh (i 2& $i-c g6
qr
fn c)n 2u h 2 t45ng ting Ri-t, c7 4It nhi>u $i-c t( nh ngi kh,c 2& nhng t( kh0ng n7i chHnh x,c nh $y, thH A@D
/gy &(i t0i i h1t t7c Cfn kh0ng tn h1t t7c & bn nh th+ h1t t7c ch5 &6nh, 'ng kh0ngE
|3 (nh A. 4di, (nh i 4( x3 i C/gi n7i tht sn c7 h b*5 bn i 4( ti-& 4( x3, nh th+ 4( x3 4( giJ&, kh0ng ph*i b*5 bn tn 4(E
M7& 2i, $1i nhng t4ng h+p gi#ng nh t4n, t( c)n AJng cIu t4'c +c gi1i thi-u 8 bi ny
` Cng thc cu trc:
Yhe ng ÀR] !i t? tPn ng h5c A(nh t? !ng t? nguyn &û fK ng
G \u hD
MJy h5n c*nh n7i, ÀR] ph*i +c chi( th35 'ng th6 /u c)n, bn x3& 2i bi hc $> tIt c* c,c th6 t45ng ting Anh
!i t? tPn ngD bn x3& 2i bi !i t? tPn ng nu c)n
:(nh t?D nu kh0ng AJng i t? tPn ng, bn c7 th" th(y A(nh t? 4ing ch; tn ngi $5 ch ny C[3t34, M5&, 5hnE h5c ng A(nh t?
ch; ngh> nghi-p C&y 2(y34, &y A5ct54E
!ng t? nguyn &ûD 2 ng t? ch; hnh ng +c nh 2& t45ng cPu n7i ny
` Ta dng cng thc ny khi ta cn ni r ngui uc nh lm l ai.
G MhH A@D
V À: M AVMA/M M[] M`] Z][bZM F M0i nh t4+ 2h 4ing ,nh &,y b*n b,5 c,5
V\\ ÀR] M \A]Z \bbl V/Mb VM F M0i s nh 2ut s ce( t0i x3& xt $In > ny
M YbM[cM]Z fZbl] :b/ M fZbM`]Z V A YbM[cM]Z M]Y`/VYVA/ V\\ ÀR] `VM oV| VM F M,y $i tHnh t0i
bT h ]& t4(i t0i 2 kS thut $in &,y tHnh M0i s nh n7 s( giJ&
` Cng thc cu trc o th b ng:
Yhe ng ÀR] fK ng !ng t? 8 Ang <u, khQ h5n thnh
G \u hD
ÀR] ph*i +c chi( 'ng th6
fK ng 2 c,i +c 2&, c,i +c x 2h
!ng t? 8 Ang <u, khQ h5n thnh 2 ng t? nguyn &û th& ]: #i $1i ng t? c7 <uy t9c, #i $1i ng t? bIt <uy t9c, Ang <u,
khQ h5n thnh chHnh 2 Ang 8 ct thQ b( t45ng b*ng ng t? bIt <uy t9c
` Ta thung dng cu trc th b ng ny hn v thung th ngui uc nh lm khng cn uc nhc ti ngui nghe cng hiu
C thH A@D i h1t t7c th6 AL nhin ngi +c bn nh h1t t7c ph*i 2 ngi th+ h1t t7cE
G MhH A@D
V À: M ÀVZ YcM ]M]Z:A F `0& <u( t0i i h1t t7c Cng t? YcM 8 b( AngG nguyn &û, <u, khQ, <u, khQ h5n
thnhG >u nh nh(u YcM G YcM G YcME
VM wbV/w Mb ÀR] M YAZ oV|]: MbMbZZb F /gy &(i t0i s 3& x3 h.i i s(
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DNG T KHIM KHUYT
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c,c th6 $ b*n thPn ch'ng cJng $1i che ng kh0ng th" t5 4( &t cPu h5n ch;nh & c)n ph*i c7 &t ng t? chHnh Ct4? &t s# t4ng h+p
ng5i 2-E
!ng t? khi& khuyt tIt c* gd& c7D À\\, V\\, bc\:, YA/, Ybc\:, MA, MVw`M, `bc\:, McM, bcw`M Mb MIt c*
c,c ng t? khi& khuyt ph*i i $1i ng t? /wc-/ Mc (u Py, ch'ng t( s hc t?ng ng t? &t $> c,ch AJng cng nh nhng
i>u c)n 2u h ce( ch'ng À\\ $ V\\ +c gi*i thHch t45ng bi $> M` M/w \AV !/
CAN
G Th khng nhD
Yhe ng YA/ !ng t? nguyn &û fK ng Cnu c7E
`] YA/ []Al ]/w\V` A/: Y`V/]] F Anh t( c7 th" n7i ting Anh $ ting M4ung pu#c
G Th phu nh:
Yhe ng YA//bM !ng t? nguyn &û fK ng Cnu c7E
\u h 2 YA//bM t( ph*i $it AHnh 2i>n nh(u
YA//bM $it t9t 2 YA/M
G Th nghi vnD
YA/ Yhe ng !ng t? nguyn &û fK ng Cnu c7E
YA/ bc []Al ZcVA/ F fn c7 th" n7i ting /g( kh0ng
G Cu hi WH vi CAND
M? ` YA/ Yhe ng !ng t? nguyn &û fK ng Cnu c7E
ÀM YA/ bc :b fn c7 th" 2& g6
G :Jng " Aimn t* kh* n%ng ce( che ng
V YA/ VM F M0i c7 th" b.i F M0i bit b.i
G :Jng " Aimn t* kh* n%ng &t hnh ng, sn $i-c c7 th" x*y 4( h(y kh0ng
V M`V/l b, fcM V YA/ f] Zb/w F M0i nghL nh $y, nhng & t0i c7 th" s(i
G :Jng " xin php, yu c)u gi( h(i ngi <u3n thPn, kh0ng kh,ch s,5, t4(ng t4ng bing Ybc\: h5c MA
YA/ V fbZZb bcZ YAZ Mb/Vw`M F M#i n(y t0i c7 th" &+n x3 h.i ce( (nh +c kh0ng
COULD
V cng thc, t( cQ th(y YA/ bing Ybc\: t45ng c,c c0ng thQc 8 bi $> YA/
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V cch dngD
G Ybc\: 2 Ang <u, khQ ce( YA/, A5 7 t( c7 th" AJng Ybc\: " Aimn t* kh* n%ng ce( che ng t45ng <u, khQ
V Ybc\: []Al Y`V/]] `]/ V A bc/w F lhi t0i cn t4N, t0i n7i +c ting M4ung pu#c Cc7 2 gi 4di, kh0ng AJng n(
nn <unE
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`] Ybc\: f] M`] b/] `b Mb\] M Mb/] F /7 c7 th" 2 ngi t4& ti>n ce( t0i
G Ybc\: AJng " yu c)u, xin php &t c,ch 2Tch sn, t4(ng t4ng h.n YA/
Ybc\: V fbZZb bcZ []/ [\]A] Y7 th" ch5 t0i &+n cPy $it ce( (nh +c kh0ng
G Ybc\: AJng " ( 4( U g+i h, AJng t45ng hi-n ti
bc Ybc\: []/: bcZ RAYAMVb/ V/ !v \M F fn c7 th" i ngh; &,t 8 ! \t
\u hD
G YA//bM ng5i nghL( kh0ng c7 kh* n%ng C2& i>u g6E cn c7 nghL( 2 kh0ng +c C2& g6E
bc YA//bM wb bcM AM M`V `bcZ F wi ny c5n kh0ng +c i ch.i
G Ybc\: /bM AJng $1i nghL( hi-n ti c7 nghL( 2 kh0ng th" n5 Cc7 chuy-n 7 x*y 4(E
`] Ybc\: /bM f] M`] b/] `b Mb\] bcZ Mb/] V l/b `VM R]Z ]\\ F Anh Iy kh0ng th" n5 2 ngi
t4& ti>n ce( (nh M0i bit (nh Iy 4It 4
MUST
` V cng thc:
G M( cQ th(y YA/ bing McM t45ng c,c c0ng thQc 8 bi $> YA/
` V cch dng:
G McM c7 nghL( 2 [`xV, AJng Aimn t* &t yu c)u b9t buc
obZ]Vw/]Z McM ÀR] A bZl []ZMVM V/ bZ:]Z Mb w]M A bf V/ RV]M/AM F /gi n1c ng5i ph*i c7 giIy php
2(5 ng &1i c7 th" xin $i-c 2& ti Ri-t /(&
G McM Aimn t* sn ch9c ch9n ce( &t nhn Tnh
bc McM f] `c/wZ F Yh9c hn 2 bn 7i 4di
` Luu :
G McM /bM $it t9t 2 McM/M
G McM /bM Aimn t* sn cI& 5,n, kh0ng +c php 2&, nghi& t4ng h.n YA//bM nhi>u
bc McM /bM VM V/ MÀM ZVR]Z VM oc\\ bo YZbYb:V\] F Anh kh0ng +c b.i A1i c5n s0ng 7 :1i 7 t5n 2
c, sIu
qs
G McM dng nghL( $1i ÀR] Mb McM 2 ng t? khi& khuyt, kh0ng c7 Ang <u, khQ, t.ng 2(i ÀR] Mb 2 ng t? thng, c7
e c,c Ang R6 $y khi c)n Aimn t nhng h nghL( thng AJng $1i McM t4n Py t45ng <u, khQ h(y t.ng 2(i, t( AJng ÀR] Mb
G M45ng hi-n ti, McM $ ÀR] Mb kh,c nh(u nh th n5
McM t4(ng t4ng h.n ÀR] Mb
McM Aimn t* sn b9t buc ni ti, ngi n7i tn ch5 2 &6nh ph*i 2& i>u g6 7
ÀR] Mb Aimn t* sn b9t buc ng5i ti, ngi n7i ch5 2 &6nh ph*i 2& g6 7 A5 h5n c*nh bn ng5i p buc
McM $ ÀR] Mb thng +c th(y th 2^n nh(u, tuy nhin, McM c7 ph)n t4(ng t4ng h.n ÀR] Mb
McM /bM F l`/w !Y CcI& 5,nE
/bM ÀR] Mb F kh0ng nhIt thit ph*i CtJy chnE
bc McM /bM ]AZ `bZM Mb wb Mb Y`bb\ F fn kh0ng +c &c <u)n sh54t i hc
bc :b/M ÀR] Mb ]AZ \b/w [A/M Vo bc :b/M A/M Mb F /u bn kh0ng &u#n, bn kh0ng nhIt thit ph*i &c
<u)n Ai
MAY
V cng thc, t( cQ th(y YA/ bing MA t45ng c,c c0ng thQc 8 bi $> YA/
V cch dngD
G MA c7 nghL( 2 c7 th", +c AJng " xin php &t c,ch 4It 2Tch sn, t4(ng t4ng
MA V c] bcZ M]\][`b/] Mb MAl] A [`b/] YA\\ F M0i c7 th" AJng i-n th5i ce( (nh " gi i-n th5i +c kh0ng
G MA +c AJng " Aimn t kh* n%ng &t hnh ng, sn $i-c c7 th" h5c kh0ng c7 th" x*y 4(, kh* n%ng ny kh0ng ch9c ch9n 29&
bc YA/ MZ YA\\V/w `VM `] MA /bM f] AM `bM] F fn c7 th" th gi i-n th5i ch5 (nh t( Anh t( c7 th" kh0ng c7 8
nh Pu
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G MAf] F c7 2, 2 t4ng t? ch; &Qc ch9c ch9n
MAf] V V\\ wb bcM Mb/Vw`M F Y7 2 t#i n(y t0i s i ch.i
G MA f] 2 ng t? khuyt khuyt MA AJng $1i ng t? Mb f]
`] \bbl c/À[[ V :b/M M`V/l `] V c/À[[ `] MA f] MVZ]: F Anh t( t40ng kh0ng +c $ui M0i kh0ng nghL 2
(nh t( (ng budn Anh t( c7 th" (ng &-t
MIGHT
V cng thc, t( cQ th(y YA/ bing MVw`M t45ng c,c c0ng thQc 8 bi $> YA/
V cch dngD
G MVw`M 2 <u, khQ ce( MA, khi n5 c)n AJng MA 8 <u, khQ, t( AJng MVw`M Cc7 nhng ng t? khi& khuyt kh0ng c7 Ang <u,
khQ, t45ng bi kh,c bn s bit khi n5 c)n AJng Ang <u, khQ ce( c,c ng t? khi& khuytE
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ce( c0 Iy (ng bT t4@c t4c g6 7
G M45ng hi-n ti, MVw`M c7 th" +c AJng " ( 4( g+i h, nhng kh0ng ch9c 2 ngi ngh3 s thHch g+i h ny
bc MVw`M MZ bM] Mbb/YAl] F fn c7 th" th %n b,nh t4ung thu
G MVw`M c7 th" +c AJng " xin php 2Tch sn t45ng ting Anh ce( ngi Anh Ckh,c $1i ting Anh ce( ngi MSE, nhng kh0ng th0ng
A@ng 29&
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G `bc\: c7 nghL( 2 /-/
G `bc\: AJng " ( 4( &t 2i khuyn
bc `bc\: MAZM ]AMV/w f]MM]Z F fn nn b9t )u %n u#ng e chIt h.n
G `bc\: +c AJng " Aimn t i>u g6 7 th35 nh 2Tch t46nh, k h5ch, An 5,n ce( ngi n7i ph*i +c x*y 4( Cnhng c7 khi 2i
kh0ng x*y 4( nh hE
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WOULD
V cng thcD t( cQ th(y YA/ bing bc\: t45ng c,c c0ng thQc 8 bi $> YA/
V cch dng:
G bc\: 2 Ang <u, khQ ce( V\\
G M45ng hi-n ti, bc\: +c AJng " yu c)u C2Tch sn h(y kh0ng tJy th,i , ni Aung cPu n7iE
bc\: bc [\]A] [cM bcM MÀM YVwAZ]MM] F Anh c7 th" $ui 2ng Ap iu thu#c (nh (ng h't
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bc\: bc \Vl] bM] Yboo]] Anh u#ng c ph chQ
bc\: bc \Vl] Mb MZ M`]M b/ Anh c7 &u#n th kh0ng Cth <u)n ,5 t45ng ti-&E
G l" 2i hnh ng thng 2p i 2p 2i t45ng <u, khQ
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OUGHT TO
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c7 Mb n( Muy nhin ng phe Tnh ce( bcw`M Mb 4It hi& khi +c AJng
` V cch dng:
G bcw`M Mb Aimn t &t 2i khuyn
bc bcw`M Mb ]|]ZYV] MbZ] F fn nn tp th" A@c nhi>u h.n
`] bcw`M Mb Mb[ MblV/w F Anh t( nn b h't thu#c 2,
G :Vmn t* &t kh* n%ng hnh ng sn $i-c c7 th" x*y 4( $1i &Qc ch9c ch9n c(5
`] bcw`M Mb w]M M`] [ZbMbMVb/ `] bZl Z]A\\ ÀZ: F Anh t( ch9c ph*i +c th%ng chQc Anh t( 2& $i-c tht sn
sing n%ng
` OUGHT TO phn bit vi SHOULD nhu th no khi c hai u dng ua ra li khuyn?
G bcw`M Mb 2 2i khuyn nng kh h.n `bc\:
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G M45ng ting Anh ce( ngi MS, bcw`M Mb Ht +c AJng
/h $y 2 bn hc x5ng c. b*n $> tIt c* c,c ng t? khi& khuyt
Dng t WISH, mt dng cu iu kin
lhi t cPu V` $1i h nghL( (5 1c &t i>u g6 7, t( c)n nh1 X 25i nh s(uD
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` Cng thc:
M-nh > V` chi( 8 th6 hi-n ti .n M-nh > chHnh chi( 8 th6 <u, khQ .n
Luu :
G R1i ng t? Mb f], t45ng $%n n7i c7 th" AJng A ch5 ng0i thQ b( s# Ht $ ch5 V, nhng t45ng $%n $it, ph*i AJng ]Z] ch5 tIt c* che
ng, kh0ng phPn bi-t ng0i, kh0ng phPn bi-t s# Ht h(y s# nhi>u
` Th d:
V V` V À: A /VY] `bc] F M0i 1c g6 t0i c7 &t c%n nh p,
`] V`] `] ]Z] M`] MbM f]AcMVoc\ \A: V/ RV]M/AM F Y0 Iy 1c g6 c0 Iy 2 ngi ph@ n p nhIt Ri-t /(&
V V` V ]Z] M`] [ZVM] MV/VM]Z F M0i 1c g6 t0i 2 the t1ng

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` Cng thc:
M-nh > V` chi( 8 th6 hi-n ti .n M-nh > chHnh chi( 8 th6 <u, khQ h(n thnh
` Th d:
V V` V À: [A]: MÀM ]|AM F M0i 1c g6 t0i u t45ng k thi 7
`] V`] `] À: b\: A\\ `]Z MbYl f]obZ] M`] MAZl]M ]/M :b/F Y0 t( 1c g6 &6nh b,n tIt c* c,c cK
phiu t41c khi thT t4ng xu#ng gi,
THI HIJN TAI HON THNH TIP DIN
wi#ng nh th6 hi-n ti h5n thnh , th6 hi-n ti h5n thnh tip Aimn cng Aimn t* &t hnh ng b9t )u 8 <u, khQ, tip t@c n hi-n ti
$ c7 th" tip t@c n t.ng 2(i Muy nhin, th6 hi-n ti h5n thnh tip Aimn c7 kh,c 8 ch n7 nhIn &nh tHnh 2in t@c ce( hnh ng
(u Py 2 c0ng thQc ce( th6 hi-n ti h5n thnh tip AimnD
` Cng thc:
Yhe ng ÀR] h5c À f]]/ !ng t? nguyn &û th& V/w
` Th d:
G V ÀR] f]]/ AVMV/w obZ bc V/Y] ]AZ\ MbZ/V/w F Anh +i 3& t? s,ng s1& n gi
G M`] M]\][`b/] À f]]/ ZV/wV/w obZ Mb MV/cM] F !i-n th5i 435 h(i ph't 4di C$ cn 435 n(E
` Luu :
G lhi che ng 2 `], `], VM h5c 2 ng0i thQ s s# Ht n7i chung, t( AJng À
G lhi che ng 2 V, ], bc, M`] h5c 2 ng0i thQ s s# nhi>u n7i chung, t( AJng ÀR]
THI QU KH HON THNH TIP DIN
wi#ng nh th6 <u, khQ h5n thnh , th6 <u, khQ h5n thnh tip Aimn AJng " Aimn t hnh ng x*y 4( t41c &t hnh ng kh,c t45ng
<u, khQ !i"& kh,c bi-t 2 th6 <u, khQ h5n thnh tip Aimn nhIn &nh tHnh 2in t@c ce( hnh ng h5c nhIn &nh 4ing hnh ng x*y 4(
t41c hnh ng kh,c t45ng <u, khQ $^n tip t@c x*y 4( s(u khi hnh ng s(u x*y 4(
(u Py 2 c0ng thQc ce( th6 <u, khQ h5n thnh tip AimnD
` Cng thc:
G Mh" khng TnhD
Yhe ng À: f]]/ !ng t? nguyn &û th& V/w
q
- Th d:
M`V MbZ/V/w, `]/ V wbM c[, VM À: f]]/ ZAV/V/w F ,ng n(y, khi t0i thQc Ay, t4i &( CAy 4di & t4i $^n cn
(ng &(E
G Mh" phe TnhD Mh& /bM s(u À:
Yhe ng À: /bM f]]/ !ng t? nguyn &û th& V/w
À: /bM $it gn 2 À:/M
G Mh" nghi $InD3& À: 4( t41c che ng
À: Yhe ng !ng t? nguyn &û th& V/w
CAU HOI DUI (TAG -QUESTIONS)
YPu hi u0i 2 &t Ang cPu hi 4It th0ng A@ng t45ng ting Anh Mc AJ cPu t4* 2i ch5 cPu hi u0i cng gi#ng nh cPu t4* 2i ch5 cPu
hi ]G/b, nhng cPu hi u0i c7 s9c th,i h nghL( 4ing bi-t
YPu hi u0i +c thnh 2p s(u &t cPu n7i khng Tnh h5c phe Tnh, +c ng%n c,ch bing AIu phy C,E $6 $y ngi t cPu hi c7
th0ng tin $> cPu t4* 2i Muy nhin, thng th6 ngi hi kh0ng ch9c ch9n 29& $> th0ng tin ny /u ngi hi ch9c ch9n, tn tin 4ing &6nh
c7 th0ng tin $> cPu t4* 2i nhng $^n hi th6 khi chI& AQt cPu hi u0i, ngi hi s 2n ging
(u Py 2 c,ch thnh 2p cPu hi u0i ch5 c,c tIt c* c,c th6 t( hcD
` Nguyn tc chung khi lp cu hi ui:
G /u cPu n7i t41c AIu phy 2 cPu khng Tnh, cPu hi u0i ph*i 8 th" phe Tnh
G /u cPu n7i t41c AIu phy 2 cPu phe Tnh, cPu hi u0i ph*i 8 th" khng Tnh
` Cu to cua cu hi ui:
G YPu hi u0i gd& &t t4+ ng t? t.ng Qng $1i th6 +c AJng t45ng cPu n7i t41c AIu ph)y, c7 /bM h5c kh0ng c7 /bM $ &t i t?
nhPn xng t.ng Qng $1i che ng ce( cPu n7i t41c AIu phy
MhH A@D
G bc AZ] AoZAV:, AZ]/M bc CAnh (ng s+, 'ng kh0ngE
G bc :V:/M :b bcZ `bM]bZl, :V: bc Cfn kh0ng 2& bi tp nh, 'ng kh0ngE
` Cch thnh lp cu hi ui cho cc tt c cc th ta hc:
U ì-n ti .n $1i Mb f]D
G `] V À/:bM], V/M `] F Anh Iy p t4(i, 'ng kh0ng
G bc AZ] bZZV]:, AZ]/M bc F fn (ng 25 29ng, ph*i kh0ng
G !c bi-t $1i V AM, cPu hi u0i ph*i 2 AZ]/M VD
q
V AM ZVw`M, AZ]/M V
G R1i V AM /bM, cPu hi u0i s 2 AM V nh <uy t9c
V AM /bM wcV\M, AM V
X ì-n ti .n ng t? thngD &+n t4+ ng t? :b h5c :b] tJy th35 che ng Cx3& 2i bi Mh6 hi-n ti .n $1i ng t? thng nu
c)nE
G M`] \Vl] M], :b/M M`]
G `] \bR] bc, :b]/M `]
s Mh6 <u, khQ .n $1i ng t? thngD &+n t4+ ng t? :V:, <u, khQ.n $1i Mb f]D A h5c ]Z]D
G bc \V]: Mb M], :V:/M bc
G `] :V:/M YbM] `]Z], :V: `]
G `] A oZV]/:\, A/M `]
Mh6 hi-n ti h5n thnh h5c hi-n ti h5n thnh tip AimnD &+n t4+ ng t? ÀR] h5c À
G M`] ÀR] \]oM, ÀR]/M M`]
G M`] ZAV/ À Mb[[]:, À/M VM
q Mh6 <u, khQ h5n thnh h5c <u, khQ h5n thnh tip AimnD &+n t4+ ng t? À:D
G `] À:/M M]M bc f]obZ], À: `]
Mh6 t.ng 2(i .nD
G VM V\\ ZAV/, b/M VM
G bcZ wVZ\oZV]/: V\\ YbM] Mb M`] [AZM, b/M `]
` Nhng trung hp }c bit cn luu :
`` USED TOD t?ng CAimn t* th7i <u3n, hnh ng thng 2p i 2p 2i t45ng <u, khQE
G M4ng h+p ny, t( cQ $i-c x3& c]: Mb 2 &t ng t? chi( 8 th6 <u, khQ :5 7, cPu hi u0i t.ng Qng ch; c)n &+n t4+ ng t?
:V:
G MhH A@D
`] c]: Mb \VR] `]Z], :V:/M `]
`` HAD BETTER:
G À: f]MM]Z thng +c $it ng9n gn thnh : f]MM]Z, nn Am khin t( 2'ng t'ng khi ph*i 2p cPu hi u0i t.ng Qng lhi thIy :
f]MM]Z, ch; c)n &+n t4+ ng t? À: " 2p cPu hi u0i
G MhH A@D
q
`]: f]MM]Z MA, À:/M `]
`` WOULD RATHER:
G bc\: ZAM`]Z thng +c $it gn 2 : ZAM`]Z nn cng Am gPy 2'ng t'ng ch5 bn Yh; c)n &+n t4+ ng t? bc\: ch5
t4ng h+p ny " 2p cPu hi u0i
G MhH A@D
bc: ZAM`]Z wb, bc\:/M bc
TNH T - NHNG TRNG HP DC BIJT
MHnh t? 2 t? ch; tHnh chIt, AJng " &iu t* h5c bK nghL( ch5 &t A(nh t? h5c &t i t? lhi kt h+p $1i &t A(nh t? " t5 thnh &t
ng A(nh t?, tHnh t? Qng t41c A(nh t? lhi tHnh t? 2& $T ng t45ng cPu th6 tHnh t? ph*i Qng s(u ng t? Mb f] +c chi( 'ng th35
che ng cng nh th35 thi gi(n Cth6E
]x(&p23D
G A f]AcMVoc\ bMA/ C&t ngi n b pE
G MÀM bMA/ V f]AcMVoc\ C/gi n b 7 pE
M45ng &t s# t4ng h+p c bi-t, tHnh t? c7 th" i s(u &t ng t? Muy nhin, ng(y c* 8 t45ng nhng t4ng h+p ny, tHnh t? $^n kh0ng
2& nhi-& $@ ce( t4ng t?, tQc 2& nhi-& $@ bK nghL( ch5 ng t?, & tHnh t? ch; bK nghL( ch5 che ng h5c 2 &t b phn ce( &t Tnh
ng CiAi5&E (u Py 2 A(nh s,ch nhng ng t? i t41c tHnh t?D
G \bblD t40ng c7 $N
`] \bbl bc/w]Z MÀ/ `]Z Aw] CY0 Iy t40ng t4N h.n tuKi ce( &6nhE
G o]]\D s c7 $N
M`V oAfZVY o]]\ boM C\5i $*i ny &>& Gs $5 c7 $N &>&GE
G bc/:D ngh3 c7 $N
MÀM bc/: \Vl] A wbb: [\A/ Cl h5ch 7 ngh3 h(y IyE
G MAM]D n& c7 $N
M`V MV\l MAM] bcZ CYh s( ny n& c7 &Ji chu(E
G M]\\D ngi c7 $N
M`] obb: `] Ybbl A\A M]\\ wbb: C!d %n c0 Iy nIu 2'c n5 cng th.&E
G f]YbM]D t48 nn
V A/M]: Mb f]YbM] V/:][]/:]/M f]obZ] V A U CM41c tuKi U, t0i &u#n +c tn 2p G &u#n t48 nn tn 2pE
G w]MD t48 nn
r
M fZbM`]Z wbM ZVY` ]AZ\ f]YAc] `] MAZM]: `V b/ fcV/] CAnh t0i t48 nn giu c7 s1& b8i $6 (nh Iy 4(
kinh A5(nh 4ingE
G ]]MD Ang nh, c7 $N nh
AM oVZM, \]AZ/V/w `b Mb VM ]]M]: VM[bVf\] Mb M] CM1i )u, $i-c hc b.i +c #i $1i t0i c7 $N nh &t i>u
kh0ng th" thnc hi-n +cE
G McZ/D t48 nn, chuy"n s(ng
`] YZb]: M`] MZ]]M f]obZ] M`] \Vw`M McZ/]: wZ]]/ Cng Iy b%ng <u( ng t41c khi gn gi(5 th0ng chuy"n s(ng
x(nhE
G A[[]AZD c7 $N CAi-n &5 b> ng5i c7 $NE
`] A[[]AZ Mb f] Yb/oV:]/M, fcM V M`V/l `] V /]ZRbc CY0 t( c7 $N b> ng5i tn tin nhng t0i nghL c0 t( (ng hdi hpE
G wZbD t48 nn, chuy"n s(ng
V wZ] A/wZ A V \VM]/]: Mb M`] MbZ CM0i thIy gin 2n khi ngh3 <u( cPu chuy-nE
G [ZbR]D h7( 4(
`V ]oobZM [ZbR]: oZcVM\] C/hng n 2nc ce( (nh Iy h7( 4( $0 HchE
G Z]MAV/D gi, Auy t46
`] MZV]: Mb Z]MAV/ YA\M CAnh Iy c# g9ng gi b6nh tLnhE
G MAD gi, Auy t46
bM]/ :b A\\ lV/: bo M`V/w Mb MZ Mb MA bc/w C[h@ n 2& e &i thQ " c# Auy t46 $N t4N t4ungE
Mt s# MZ/w `[ !Y fVMD
G `] \bbl AM M] oc//CY0 Iy nh6n t0i $1i c,i nh6n k 2E
G `] MA\l oc// C(nh Iy n7i ging k kE
G `] A\l oc// C(nh Iy i t1ng i s(5 s(5 IyE
G V \Vl] M ]ww ZA Chm %n t4Qng th6 t0i thHch %n s#ngE
G bcZ :Z]AM YA/ COME TRUE Vo bc ÀR] M`] YbcZAw] Mb [cZc] M`]M C/hng giIc &. ce( bn c7 th" thnh
hin thc nu bn c7 Ang khH " th35 uKi ch'ngE
TRANG T NI CHUNG V TRANG T DC BIJT VERY
M4ng t? 2 t? AJng " bK nghL( ch5 &t ng t?, &t tHnh t? h(y &t t4ng t? kh,c
]x(&p23D
G `] Zc/ oAM (nh Iy chy nh(nh CoAM 2 t4ng t? bK nghL( ch5 ng t? Zc/E
U
G MV ZcVA M`V ]AZ V ]|MZ]M]\ ]| Ch5( hu /g( n%& n(y cnc k g+i c*&E Ct4ng t? ]|MZ]M]\ bK nghL( ch5 tHnh
t? AMMZAYMVR]E
G `] []Al ]/w\V` R]Z ]\\ CAnh Iy n7i ting Anh 4It gii G t4ng t? R]Z bK nghL( ch5 t4ng t? ]\\E
MZ/w Mk !Y fVM VERYD
G /gi Ri-t /(& khi hc ting Anh 4It h(y &9c &t 2i chung khi AJng t4ng t? R]Z C4ItE
G \i rUD lhi n7i Yh( & t0i 4It th.ng t0i, 4It nhi>u hc $in ngi Ri-t s n7i M [AZ]/M R]Z \bR] M] !Py 2 &t t45ng
nhng 2i ng ph,p c. b*n thng gp nhIt YPu 'ng nn n7i 2D M [AZ]/M \bR] M] R]Z McY`
G \i rXD `] A R]Z [ZAV]: f `V fb YPu 'ng nn n7i 2 `] A R]Z McY` [ZAV]: f `V fb CAnh Iy
+c sp kh3n ng+i 4It nhi>uE
G /7i chung, R]Z ch; nn +c AJng " bK nghL( nhng t4ng t? kh,c h5c nhng tHnh t? kh0ng ph*i 2 p(st p(4ticip23 CAng <u, khQ
phPn t?E !#i $1i tHnh t? 2 <u, khQ phPn t?, cng c7 $i ng5i 2- Cchng hn nh t( c7 th" n7i V AM R]Z [\]A]: Mb ]] `]ZE
Muy nhin, nn hn ch AJng R]Z $6 n7 2& cPu $%n bT yu i
MJNH D QUAN HJ
M-nh > <u(n h- c7 khi +c gi 2 &-nh > tHnh t?, c7 2 $6 n7 bK nghL( ch5 A(nh t? Muy nhin, &-nh > <u(n h- kh0ng .n gi*n nh
&t tHnh t? $ $T t4H ce( n7 cng kh0ng nh $T t4H ce( tHnh t?
Y7 tIt c* s 25i &-nh > <u(n h-D hn Tnh, phi hn Tnh $ 2in kt
` Mnh quan h hn nh:
G lh0ng c7 AIu phyC,E Qng t41c
G /i Aung ce( &-nh > <u(n h- bK nghL( ch5 A(nh t? $ c7 $(i t4 <u(n t4ng t45ng $i-c 2& 4 nghL( ch5 A(nh t? Qng t41c n7
The cup which is on the table is /u** ./ sugar. <=i tch tr>n b)n c? 2@, 2$ng tr.ng 2?A
` Mnh quan h phi hn nh:
G Y AIu phyC,E Qng t41c
G /i Aung ce( &-nh > <u(n h- bK nghL( ch5 A(nh t? $ c7 $(i t4 l`/w <u(n t4ng t45ng $i-c 2& 4 nghL( ch5 A(nh t? Qng t41c
n7
B.hnC WDE is g.ing t. !arr, Bi** s..nC is an engineer C5hn, ngi s( s5n c1i i22, 2 &t kS sE
` Mnh quan h lin kt:
G Y AIu phyC,E Qng t41c
G !Qng 8 cu#i cPu " n7i tip th& h ch5 c* cPu h5c bK nghL( ch5 c* cPu
The, as8ed !e t. g. awa,C WD9=D was (er, rude. <D" b. t'i 2i chF 8hcC 2iGu n), thHt th' *FIA
YtY !V Mk pcA/ `D &-nh > <u(n h- thng Qng s(u &t t45ng nhng i t? <u(n h- s(uD `VY`, `bM, `b, `b],
`]/, `]Z], `, MÀM
X
`VY` AJng ch5 A(nh t? 2 d $t, sn $t, h5c c5n $t
The n.(e* which ,.u ta*8ed A0EJT is (er, g..d.
`bM AJng ch5 ngi nhng ngi ny kh0ng ph*i 2 che ng t45ng &-nh > <u(n h-
Mhis is :4 [34kins, h5& 3 &3t (t ( c5nW343nc3 in Y(n(A( 2(st y3(4
`b AJng ch5 ngi $ ngi ny 2 che ng t45ng &-nh > <u(n h- `b h5n t5n c7 th" +c AJng th(y ch5 `bM, nhIt 2 t45ng
$%n n7i
A c25n is s5&35n3 who makes you laugh
`b] AJng ch5 ngi h5c c5n $t " n7i $> $t s8 hu ce( A(nh t? Qng t41c `b]
The /i*! is ab.ut a man wh.se children are kidnapped. C[hi& ny n7i $> &t ngi n 0ng c7 c5n bT b9t c7cE
`]/ AJng ch5 thi gi(n, c7 th" th(y th ch5 b/ `VY` ch; thi gi(n ngy h5c V/ `VY` ch; thi gi(n th,ng{n%&
UX (s th3 y3(4 h3n h3 g4(Au(t3A W45& c5223g3
`]Z] AJng ch5 n.i ch#n, c7 th" th(y th ch5 AM `VY` C& ti 7E h5c V/ `VY` ch; n.i ch#n C& t45ng7E
\3ts g5 t5 ( c5unt4y where the sun always shines
` AJng ch5 2h A5
Mh(ts th3 43(s5n hy V A5nt 2ik3 this h5us3
MÀM c7 th" th(y ch5 `bM, `b, `]/, `]Z] $ ` nhng Y` t45ng &-nh > <u(n h- `/ !/`
An 323ph(nt is (n (ni&(2 that lives in hot countries
Mh3 p2u&s that were in the fridge 343 A32ici5us
MÀM 4It thng +c AJng th(y ch5 `VY` s(u nhng t? s(uD all, any(thing), every (thing), few, little, many, much,
no(thing), none, some(thing), and sau SO SNH NHT.
It was everything that he had ever wanted.
There were only a few that really interested him.
` CCH RT GN DAI T QUAN HJ:
G Y,ch 4't gn i t? <u(n h- >u gi#ng nh(u ch5 c* s 25i i t? <u(n h- Yh; c7 th" 4't gn &-nh > <u(n h- khi &-nh > <u(n h- kh0ng
c7 che ng n5 kh,c ng5i che ng Qng t41c i t? <u(n h-
MhH A@D
The man who reported the crime has been gi(en a reward CKLT MNN &OP=Q chR ng cRa rep.rted the cri!e chSnh *) TDT MANA
The man ho as killed in the accident (s ( W543ign34 CKLT MNN &OP=Q chR ng cRa WAU V9WWTX 9N TDT A==9XTNT cYng *)
TDT MANA
s
The man who I saw at the party is Banet7s /ather. <VDZNM KLT MNN &OP=Q chR ng cRa UAW AT TDT PAKT- *) 9C 8h'ng phi *) TDT
MANA
The /i*! is ab.ut a man whose children are kidnapped. <VDZNM KLT MNN &OP=Q chR ng cRa AKT V9XNAPPTX *) =D9WXKTNC
8h'ng phi A MANA
The cup which I bought in Venice is .n the tab*e<VDZNM KLT MNN &OP=Q chR ng cRa 0EJMDT 9N [TN9=T *) 9C 8h'ng phi TDT
=JPA.
G /u &-nh > <u(n h- c7 h che ng, MA f !V Mk pcA/ ` C/jc YE, \ !/w Mk Y`/` !A R /wc-/ Mc ZV
M`-M V/w
MhH A@D
The man who reported the crime has been gi(en a reward F M`] MA/ Z][bZMV/w M`] YZVM] À f]]/ wVR]/ A Z]AZ:
G /u &-nh > <u(n h- c7 h bT ng, MA f !V Mk pcA/ ` C/jc YE, f fVj/ M` YA Mb f], Y` wV \V [`/ Mk
pct lù [`/ Mk C[[EMZ= !V
MhH A@D
The man ho as killed in the accident (s ( W543ign34 F M`] MA/ lV\\]: V/ M`] AYYV:]/M A A obZ]Vw/]Z
G /u &-nh > <u(n h- 2 Mb f] C+c chi( th35 th6E &t A(nh t? h5c U gi1i t?, MA f !V Mk pcA/ ` Rv [`/ Mb f], Y`
wV \V [`/ Ac Mb f]D
MhH A@D
The cup which is .n the tab*e is /u** ./ sugar F M`] Yc[ b/ M`] MAf\] V oc\\ bo cwAZ
0i** =*int.nC wh. is a /.r!er A!erican presidentC is sti** p.*itica**, acti(e. F fV\\ Y\V/Mb/, A obZM]Z AM]ZVYA/ [Z]V:]/M, V
MV\\ [b\VMVYA\\ AYMVR]
BJ DNG CCH (PASSIVE VOICE)
M? t41c gi t( ch; &1i hc c,ch n7i che ng !i>u ny cng Am hi"u b8i c,ch n7i che ng 2 c,ch n7i +c AJng nhi>u h.n Muy nhin
0i 2'c t( kh0ng th" kh0ng AJng cPu bT ng M45ng bi ny t( s hc c,ch n7i bT ng
` MT VI LU :
G Mh0ng thng ch'ng t( AJng che ng c,ch khi s A@ng ng0n ng !0i khi ch'ng t( 2i c7 nhu c)u AJng bT ng c,ch
MhH A@D
Y5n ch7 7 c9n t0i CY` !/wE
M0i b c5n ch7 7 c9n Cf !/wE
Yh( n7 tng n7 &t chic x3 h.i nhPn ngy sinh nht thQ XU ce( n7 CY` !/wE
/7 uc ch( n7 tng &t chic x3 h.i nhPn ngy sinh nht thQ XU ce( n7 Cf !/wE
G /h $y, t45ng ting Ri-t, cPu bT ng thng c7 AIu hi-u nhn bit 2 c7 ch BJ h5c DC t45ng 7 Ry, c7 ph*i hm thIy f, !Y
t45ng cPu ting Ri-t 2 t( ph*i AJng cPu bT ng khi chuy"n s(ng ting Anh YPu t4* 2i 2 l`/w `/

MhH A@D
M0i bT nhQc )u FF V ÀR] A `]A:AY`] CR/ \v Yc Y` !/wE
M0i +c gp fi22 Y2int5n 8 Ri-t /(& FFF V wbM Mb M]]M fV\\ Y\V/Mb/ V/ RV]M/AM CR/ \v Yc Y` !/wE
G Mh th6 /` M`j /vb MV \v Yc f !/w M45ng ting Anh h(y ting Ri-t cng $y, Yc f !/w [`xV \v Yc Y M`
Y`c/ A/w Yc /V Y` !/w Mv /wÀ R/ l`/w MÀ !}V /w`V-M MZ/w
MhH A@D
G Y5n ch7 bT chic x3 h.i c,n FF Yhic x3 h.i c,n c5n ch7 CnghL( cng g)n gi#ng nh(uE
G M`] :bw A Zc/ bR]Z f M`] YAZ FFF M`] YAZ ZA/ bR]Z M`] :bw CnghL( cng g)n gi#ng nh(uE
G Y0ng (n b9t n7 FF /7 bT c0ng (n b9t CnghL( cng gi#ng nh(uE
G M`] [b\VY] AZZ]M]: `VM FF `] A AZZ]M]: f M`] [b\VY] CnghL( cng gi#ng nh(uE
G /h $y, t( t &t cPu bT ng nh th n5 fn hy x3& c0ng thQc s(uD
` CNG THC CHUNG CHO CAU BJ DNG O TT C CC THI:
Mb f] +c chi( th35 th6 c)n thit [[ ce( ng t? bT ng Cc7 th" th& fE
G wi*i thHchD
SD Yhe ng
DNG T TO BE chia theo th cn thit lD AM h5c V h5c AZ] nu 2 th6 hi-n ti .n, AM{V{AZ] f]V/w nu 2 th6 hi-n ti tip
Aimn, V\\ f] nu 2 th6 t.ng 2(i .n, AM{V{AZ] wbV/w Mb f] nu 2 cIu t4'c t.ng 2(i g)n, ch9c ch9n h5c An Tnh A h5c
]Z] nu 2 th6 <u, khQ .n, A{]Z] f]V/w nu 2 th6 <u, khQ tip Aimn ÀR] f]]/ h5c 2 À f]]/ nu 2 th6 hi-n ti
h(n thnh À: f]]/ nu 2 th6 <u, khQ h(n thnh!7, ch; bIy nhi>u th6 t4n 2 th0ng A@ng nhIt, nu bn ch( $ng c,c th6 t4n 8
Ang che ng th6 cng nn 0n 2i lhi n5 AJngth6 n5 2 che yu An( $5 thi gi(n hnh ng x*y 4(, bn nn x3& 2i c,ch AJng c,c th6
th0ng A@ng $?( n7i t4n
P.P (vit tt cua PAST PARTICIPLE) : QU KH PHAN T 2 ct s t45ng b*ng ng t? bIt <uy t9c h5c ng t? nguyn &û
th& u0i ]: #i $1i c,c ng t? c7 <uy t9c
DNG T BJ DNG 2 ng t? c7 th" +c AJng " Ki s(ng cPu che ng CthH A@D t0i bT ch7 c9n th6 !/w Mk f !/w 2 c9n, c7
th" AJng " Ki s(ng che ng 2 c5n ch7 c9n t0iE
BY D f c7 nghL( 2 f=V, t( c7 th" th& f " ch5 bit th& hnh ng thnc hi-n b8i (i 7 Mhng th6 Ht khi c)n f nhng 2Pu 2Pu
$^n c7 nhu c)u AJng
G MhH A@D
=\J 0] &^NM TD_ D9`N Ta9 &bN: V/] V MA:] oZbM wZA[] C4+u $(ng +c 2& t? nh5E
=\J 0] &^NM TD_ D9`N Ta9 T9cP X9dND YA/ M`b fZV:w] V f]V/w fcV\M Cc)u Y)n Mh. (ng +c xPyE
=\J 0] &^NM TD_ TObNM WA9 &bN: YA/ M`b fZV:w] V\\ f] oV/V`]: V/ XrUr Cc)u Y)n Mh. s +c 2& x5ng t45ng n%&
XrUrE
=\J 0] &^NM TD_ TObNM WA9 MeNC =Df= =DfN DbND YA/ M`b fZV:w] V wbV/w Mb f] oV/V`]: V/ XrUr CY)u Y)n
Mh. s +c 2& x5ng t45ng n%& XrUrE
q
=\J 0] &^NM TD_ gJh VDi &bND `] A lV\\]: V/ M`] AZ C(nh Iy bT git cht t45ng chin t4(nhE
=\J 0] &^NM TD_ gJh VDi T9cP X9dND `] A f]V/w pc]MVb/]: f M`] [b\VY] AM MÀM MVM] C$5 2'c 7 (nh t(
(ng bT c*nh s,t t4( hiE
=\J 0] &^NM TD_ D9`N Ta9 DEjN TDjNDD M`V ]fVM] À f]]/ c[:AM]: MA/ MVM] V/ M`] [AM X ]AZ
C3bsit3 ny +c cp nht nhi>u 2)n t45ng X n%& <u(E
=\J 0] &^NM TD_ gJh VDi DEjN TDjND: M`] `bc] À: f]]/ fcZ/M Mb M`] wZbc/: `]/ M`] oVZ]G
oVw`M]Z AZZVR]: Cc%n nh 7 bT thiu 4@i khi 2Hnh cQu h( nE
` CCH CHUYEN CAU CHU DNG SANG CAU BJ DNG:
G Yh'ng t( hy 2Iy U cPu che ng 2& thH A@D
MÀM :bw fVM M] Cc5n ch7 7 c9n t0iE
FF /h $y chuy"n s(ng bT ng 2 MV f Y/ f=V Yb/ Y` !D V A fVMM]/ f MÀM :bw
G /h $y, khi chuy"n s(ng cPu bT ngD
MPn ng t45ng cPu che ng s thnh Y` /w t45ng cPu bT ng CM] 2 tPn ng, khi chuy"n M] thnh che ng t( ph*i AJng Ang i
t? che ng t.ng Qng 2 VE
FFFF V
!ng t? chHnh t45ng cPu che ng s bT bin thnh Ang pct lù [`/ Mk " t s(u Mb f] +c chi( thHch h+p th35 th6 ce( cPu
che ngC8 thH A@ t4n, fVM 2 <u, khQ .n, $y nn Mb f] chi( 8 <u, khQ .n 2 A h5c ]Z] & che ng 8 cPu bT ng 2 V, nn
t( AJng AE
FFFFF V A fVMM]/
Yhe /g t45ng cPu Y` !/w 2 t,c nhPn ni& ing s(u ch f
FFFFFFFFFFFFFF V A fVMM]/ f MÀM :bw
G M45ng &t s# t4ng h+p, che ng 8 cPu che ng c7 th" kh0ng +c nh9c t1i t45ng cPu bT ng, tQc 2 MA l`/w Y/ :/w f
CthH A@ nh khi che ng 2 []b[\], M`], M`] [b\VY], E
MhH A@D
Y` !/wD []b[\] A MÀM \bR] V f\V/: Cngi t( n7i 4ing t6nh yu 2 &J <u,ngE
FFFFF f !/wD VM V AV: MÀM \bR] V f\V/:
Y` !/wD M`] [b\VY] AZZ]M]: `VM
FFFF f !/wD `] A AZZ]M]: C(nh t( bT b9t th6 (i cng hi"u 2 bT b9t b8i c*nh s,t nn t( kh0ng c)n ph*i n7iE
GII T TING ANH
M45ng ting Anh, gi1i t? 2 &t Ang t? 25i c7 4It Ht t? nhng 2i 2 &t Ang t? 25i phQc tp M45ng bi ny t( s hc tIt c* nhng g6 nn
bit $> gi1i t? t45ng ph& $i ting Anh c. b*n

` Dnh ngha gii t:
Gwi1i t? 2 t? gi1i thi-u <u(n h- kh0ng gi(n, thi gi(n h5c <u(n h- 25gic gi( c,c A(nh t? t45ng cPu
` Danh sch cc gii t c bn:
G wi1i t? kh0ng nhi>u 29& nhng kh0ng nhIt thit ph*i bit ht tIt c* Yh'ng t0i b b1t &t s# gi1i t? Ht gp h.n t45ng ting Anh c. b*n
Y,c gi1i t? c. b*n b(5 gd&D
TOO/SO v EITHER/NEITHER
`(i cp t? Mbb{b $ ]VM`]Z{/]VM`]Z 4It thng +c AJng t45ng $%n n7i Muy nhin, nhi>u ngi hc c*& thIy kh7 phPn bi-t c,ch
AJng &i t? s(5 ch5 'ng fi ny ch'ng t( s hc $> t? c bi-t ny
Mbb{b, ]VM`]Z{/]VM`]Z tIt c* >u c7 chung nghL( 2 cng, nhng ]VM`]Z{/]VM`]Z &(ng nghL( phe Tnh, tQc 2 cng kh0ng
` TOO/SO: c}p ny chi dng cho cu mang ngha khng nh.
G MbbD AJng cu#i cPu
AD V \bR] bc C(nh yu 3&E
fD V \bR] bc, Mbb C3& cng yu (nhE
G bD 2u0n Qng )u cPu $ n7 ph*i &+n t4+ ng t? phJ h+p i 2i>n s(u n7 $ Qng 2i>n t41c che ng
GG R: UD
AD V \bR] ]/w\V` Ct0i yu thHch ting AnhE
fD b :b VCt0i cng $yE CA5 cPu A n7i AJng hi-n ti .n ph*i ng t? thng, A5 7 t4+ ng t? 2 :b ch5 che ng 2 VE
GGR: XD
AD V AM A Mc:]/M Ct0i 2 sinh $inE
fD b V M bc/w]Z fZbM`]Z C3& t4(i t0i cng $yE CA5 cPu ngi n7i t41c AJng AM, nn ph*i &+ng V Qng s(5 b ch5
h+p $1i M bc/w]Z fZbM`]Z, 2 A(nh t? s# HtE
GG R: sD
AD V ]/M Mb \] `b/w [`b/w `Vw` Y`bb\ Ct0i hc t4ng \ `dng [h5ngE
fD b :V: V Ct0i cng $yE C$6 cPu ngi n7i t41c AJng th6 <u, khQ .n, nn t4+ ng t? t.ng Qng t s(u b ph*i 2 :V:E
GGR: D
AD V ÀR] f]]/ Mb MÀV\A/: Ct0i +c i Mh,i \(nE
fD b ÀR] V Ct0i cng $yE C:5 cPu ngi n7i t41c AJng th6 hi-n ti h5n thnh nn t4+ ng t? c)n &+n " t s(u b ph*i 2
ÀR]E
` EITHER/NEITHER: c}p ny chi dng trong cu mang ngha phu nh
G ]VM`]ZD Qng cu#i cPu
AD V :b/M \Vl] oV` Ct0i kh0ng thHch c,E
fD V :b/M, ]VM`]Z Ct0i cng kh0ngE

G /]VM`]Z Qng )u cPu, &+n t4+ ng t?, t4+ ng t? Qng 2i>n s(u /]VM`]Z $ Qng 2i>n t41c Yhe ng
AD V :b/M \Vl] oV` Ct0i kh0ng thHch c,E
fD /]VM`]Z :b V Ct0i cng kh0ngE
CU TRC SO...THAT
YIu t4'c ny 4It phK bin, ch5 php bn t cPu phQc gd& X &-nh >, &-nh > t41c MÀM $ &-nh > s(u MÀM YIu t4'c ny c7 nghL(
2 pct!j/ /V
` CNG THC:
b M/` Mk h5c MZ/w Mk MÀM Yhe ng RT /g
` V DJ:
Tnh t ng sau khng c danh t: khi dng tnh t th truc SO phi l TO BE CAM{V{AZ] h(y A{]Z] h(y À f]]/
ÀR] f]]/ h(y À: f]]/E
G `] V b ZVY` MÀM `] YA/ AoobZ: Mb fc `V b/ AVZ[\A/] CAnh Iy giu n ni (nh Iy c7 th" &u( nKi &,y b(y
4ingE
G MÀM MA/ V b oAM MÀM `] YA/M A\l Cngi n 0ng Iy &p n ni kh0ng th" i 2i +cE
Tnh t ng sau c danh tD khi ing s(u tHnh t? c7 A(nh t? th6 thng 2 t41c b 2 ng t? ÀR] Cc7E
G `] À b McY` Mb/] `] YA/ AoobZ: Mb fc `V b/ AVZ[\A/] C(nh Iy c7 nhi>u ti>n n ni (nh Iy c7 th" &u( &,y
b(y 4ingE
G `] À b MA/ Y`V\:Z]/ MÀM `] YA//bM Z]M]Mf]Z M`]VZ /AM] C(nh Iy c7 nhi>u c5n n &Qc (nh Iy kh0ng th"
nh1 ht tn ce( ch'ngE
Trng t: khi dng trng t sau SO tc l truc SO phi l ng t (trng t b ngha cho ng t)
G `] []Al ]/w\V` b ]\\ MÀM V M`bcw`M `] A A /AMVR] []Al]ZC(nh Iy n7i ting Anh h(y n ni t0i
t8ng (nh Iy 2 ngi b*n xQE
G V \bR] bc b McY` MÀM V YA/ :V] obZ bc C(nh yu 3& nhi>u n &Qc (nh c7 th" cht $6 3&E CMcY` c7 th" $?( 2 tHnh t?
$?( 2 t4ng t?E
CU TRC ...TOO ... TO ...
Mn( nh cIu t4'c b MÀM , cIu t4'c ny cng c7 nghL( 2 <u, n ni nhng & 2 <u, kh0ng th"+c h5c <u,
" Mhng th6 cIu t4'c MbbMb &(ng nghL( tiu cnc, c7 ni Aung kh0ng +c ngi n7i t,n thnh Y#t 2i ce( cIu t4'c ny 2 t?
Mbb, ni& t45ng cIu t4'c ny c7 nghL( 2 pct C<u, th35 ki"u th,i <u,, & ph& nhng g6 th,i <u, >u kh0ng t#tE
` CNG THC:
Mbb M/` Mk h5c MZ/w Mk Mb !/w Mk /wc-/ Mc

` V DJ:
+ Tnh t:
G `] V Mbb bc/w Mb w]M MAZZV]: C(nh Iy <u, t4N " kt h0nE
G M`V Yboo]] V Mbb `bM Mb :ZV/l C2y c ph ny <u, n7ng kh0ng th" u#ng +cE
+ Trng t: lhi s(u Mbb 2 t4ng t? th6 ngi t( thng kh0ng c)n Mb cng e nghL(
G bc bZl Mbb ÀZ: C(nh 2& $i-c <u, $It $* GG& nh $y 2 kh0ng t#tE
` Luu : ng(y c* khi s(u Mbb 2 tHnh t?, ngi t( cng kh0ng nhIt thit ph*i c7 Mb
G M`V `bc] V Mbb ]|[]/VR] Cc%n nh ny <u, 9t ti>nE
G `]/ A pc]MVb/ ]]M Mbb ]A, VM MA f] A MZA[ Ckhi cPu hi c7 $N <u, Am th6 n7 c7 th" 2 &t c,i b^yE
THE END


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