IC-TMT 2012

PESTLE Analysis on Toyota Hybrid Vehicles

JitHuat Tan, Wen Ling Chua, Chee Kong Chow, Mei Ching Chong, Boon Cheong Chew Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering UniversitiTeknikal Malaysia Melaka Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia.
kyo_3344@hotmail.com, wenlinn88@hotmail.com, vincentchow_ck6891@hotmail.my, mc_paige@hotmail.com, bcchew@utem.edu.my

Abstract The development of an advance and safer hybrid car technology is necessary in todays market due to the shortage of fossil fuel and global warming problem. The objectives of this paper are to investigate and identify the factors and rationales that move Toyota into hybrid vehicle production. PESTLE analysis is used to analyze the collected secondary data. According to PESTLE analysis, there are several reasons that affect Toyota to produce hybrid car. Based on the PESTLE analysis, all the factors are reasonable to support Toyota move to hybrid vehicle production. Key word-Toyota, hybrid car, PESTLE analysis 1. Introduction In the last couple of years, automotive industry was coming up with great innovations nowadays in order to fulfill the demand of the market [1]. The most recent innovation was mainly focus on the aspect of environmental and energy utilization issues. Therefore, hybrid car has been introduced. Hybrid car technology is type of technologies that made the vehicle utilize at least two different power sources in order to move the car. In general, the hybrid car type which available in the market is hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) such as Toyota Prius Hybrid and Honda Civic Hybrid. A HEV is using the combination of the internal combustion engine with electrical motors to make the vehicle move. Its dual engine characteristic will improve the fuel efficiency and even help in increasing the performance of the vehicle. However, the conventional cars run on a single fuel resource namely gasoline, petrol and diesel. Due to the arising issues regarding the shortage of the natural resource in world-wide recently, the conventional cars are not longer to meet for the future demand. In fact,

researchers have invented some alternative energy technology like the electric car. Despite to its disadvantages where the electric car was found that it was unable to carry out long distance driving and the problem regarding the frequent recharges issue. Thus, the hybrid electric car technology is actually combine the benefits of both conventional fuel powered car and electric car. But, there will involve large amount of money in order to invent and develop a new technology. So, what are the rationales that move automakers, such as Toyota to into hybrid vehicle production? The research objective of this paper is to investigate the rationales that move Toyota into hybrid vehicle production and to identify its related factors by using PESTLE analysis. 2. Literature Review PESTLE analysis is a structure for planning, presenting, and report writing, it is also an analytical tool to consider external factors and help in the analysis of the impacts. Basically, PESTLE is mainly used to identify and summarize environmental influences on an organization to help it assess actual and future strategic contexts [2]. Besides that, it is also a useful tool for understanding the external macro environment in which involved. PESTLE helps organization adapt proactively to ever changing environment and allows forward thinking so that issues are anticipated in advance [3]. Moreover, PESTLE analysis can help to take advantages of the opportunities and minimize the threats. PESTLE can help to avoid strategies that may be doomed to failure for reasons beyond control. A recent study which conducted by Jarzabkowskiet al.,(2011) regarding the use of strategic management tools which included PESTLE among the group of tools that were most widely used by practitioners in the world of business. Although the authors comment that given its relatively high current use (47% of respondents usage or have used this tool) it is, at the same time, considered a statistical outlier in that 30% of respondents claiming unawareness [4]. 1

IC-TMT 2012

2.1 Political Factors may be altered by the governments influence on a countrys infrastructure. Factors include the current and potential influences from political pressures and hence, the stability of the industrys environment and the cost of operating will be affected. Political factors often impose costs upon organization such as taxes. The governments are often trying to protect firms in their countries from foreign competition through tariffs and import restrictions, and to encourage their development through cheap loans and large government contracts. 2.2 Economic Factors include local, national and world economic impact. Rates of economic growth, unemployment and interest rates will affect the spending power of consumers and businesses which bring the impact on the nature of competition in an industry. Other important economic factors relate to the supply of and demand for key inputs, such as oil, metals, minerals, and skilled labor. 2.3 Social Factors include the ways in which changes in society affect the project. The growing consumer assertiveness and intolerance of poor quality are the social factors. The increasing of average household income with corresponding reduction in the time available to spent it. The other social factor is cultural aspects, health and safety consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution. 2.4 Technological Factors include how new and emerging technology affects our project / organization. The technological factors are including maturity of technology, competing technological developments, research funding, technology legislation, and new discoveries. The information technology, internet, global and local communications can be easily access by user nowadays. 2.5 Legal Factors include how local, national and global legislation affects the project. All the organizations have adjusted their products and ways of operation to the different regulatory and legislative frameworks that can govern their product areas and countries in which they are active. 2.6 Environmental Factors include local, national and global environmental issues. The general environment problem such as global warming and pollution are the environmental factor in PESTLE analysis. The concern

on global warming has resulted in global agreement on emissions of greenhouse gasses. Another environmental effect of a project is on the community that surrounds it [5][6][7][8][9]. 3. Methodology

Figure 1: Proposed Research Process in Flow Chart First of all, we need to define the research problem. This will help us to determine the objective of the research. Once the project was defined, the research will proceed to review the concept and theories of the study. In this stage, the research will undertake extensive literature review from published journal, article, books, conference proceeding, and government reports because the validity of data collected are strong enough to make this research strong and firm. Besides that, in the secondary data collection, the data was collected from published work on website, newspaper, corporate profiles or official statistics. These data collected must ensure the validity before refer and take information from the website because some of the websites are invalid such as blogger and Wikipedia. Thus, it is wise to begin any research activity with a review of the secondary data [10]. After data was collected, the analysis was begun. In this study, the method of analysis used was PESTLE analysis. The results were then interpreted and written in report form. 4. Discussion and Analysis In this section, we will discuss each of the factors, PESTLE accordingly. 4.1 Political Factor In the last few years, the process of searching for the alternative energy source is not only restricting to the economic and environment concern. However, it also 2

IC-TMT 2012

consider as a national security concern. At 2007, the ex-president of United State, Bush, stated that Union was largely focused on the energy issue, and the mission the U.S. government faces is how to lessen our dependence on foreign petroleum from unstable region of the world. With gas prices at an all-time high at the price of $3.07 a gallon, which will be surpassed in upcoming years, we see the need for change, yet it is hard to plan out how to be free from our dependence when 97% of all energy consumed by vehicles is petroleum based [11]. However, the present president of U.S., President Obama stated that he wants to end the Americas addiction to foreign oil and reduce the governments focus on how to obtain oil from foreign countries [12]. By driving hybrid vehicle, everyone can contribute on reducing the burden of government and reliance on foreign country. On 26th January 2009, President Obama has started to reverse the climate policies of Bush administration and has set new rules to force all of the automakers in U.S. to produce more efficient and pollution free vehicle. This new rule will force manufacturers of car to make the switch over to hybrid vehicle production In addition, the U.S. Congress on 3rd October 2008 enacted a law which offers up to $7,500 in tax incentives for passenger plug-in car. This will help most of the buyer to reduce the initial cost when purchase a hybrid vehicle. Moreover, there are large possibilities that those incentives will included conversion of gas vehicles to plug-in/hybrid vehicles, meaning that people able to convert his or her current vehicle into hybrid. There are some policy has been executed by government has grad interest of Toyota to move into hybrid production. Energy policy act of 1992 is an act that focuses on encouragement of divestments in conservation and energy efficiency by electric utilities [35]. The fuel uses as a means for the Energy policy program to helping U.S. to reduce its dependence on important petroleum. In addition, it also provide more flexible way for fleet operator who already are burdened with the responsibility of complying with the requirement of this act by rearrange the existing incentives and requirement program to directly award the use of alternative fuel [36]. Besides that, the Californias Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) program also is one of the policies that do help to move Toyota into hybrid vehicle production. ZEV embarked in a plan to reduce vehicle emissions to zero through the gradual introduction of zero emission

vehicles. Specifically, the Air Resources Board mandated that at least 2 percent, 5 percent and 10 percent of new car sales be zero-emitting by 1998, 2001 and 2003 respectively [37]. Besides, current ZEV program will reward automakers who have significant contribution in production of the vehicles that incorporate better performance. The credit system of the ZEV was formed to reward automaker and to provide automakers more flexibility to produce difference type of vehicle that fulfill the requirement of ZEV [38]. Another Act affect the political factor is Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAF) standard that also executed in U.S.. Since 1975, the U.S. government has executed CAF policy in order to reduce the greenhouse gases emission and oil consumption, following the 1973.-1974 oil crisis. CAF did influence the decision of automotive firm by setting a minimum standard for the average fuel economy of a manufacturers fleet of vehicles sold in U.S. [39]. Thus, in order to fulfill the standard of CAF, the automaker has change a particular vehicle models characteristic to increase its fuel economy, such as reduce the power, redesign the engine or transmission and reduces the weigh [40]. Thus, hybrid car is one of the technologies developed in order to fulfill the standard of CAF. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 was signed into law by President Bush on August, 2005[14]. In this act, there is a section for individual that purchase or lease hybrid vehicles or other alternative motor vehicle state that the tax credit for hybrid vehicles, which was enacted by the Energy Policy Act of 2005, may be as much as $3,400 for those who purchase the most fuel-efficient passenger vehicles and light trucks[15]. In order to improve and encourage the production of hybrid vehicle, there were some policies executed by the U.S. government as the extension of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, such as Energy Independence and Security Act 2007, Energy and Improvement and Extension Act of 2008 and Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009[16][17][18]. 4.2 Economic Factor In our opinion, economic might be the main issue drive Toyota into hybrid vehicle production. In fact, a nation imports more products from foreign countries; it will lead to the more trade debt of nation. Therefore, the more Toyota Camry Hybrid was sold in the U.S., the more trade debt was make by U.S. and directly affect the economics of U.S. Based on the price of the oil is keeps increasing in the global market situation, it takes money away from the disposable 3

IC-TMT 2012

income. This will lead to less retail spending and small business investment. This situation will bring greatly negative effect on the nations gross domestic product. We conclude that because of the characteristic of high fuel efficiency of hybrid vehicle, the dependence of the country or even a family will be reduced, and thus more money is available in circulation of the economy. Besides that, automobile emissions contribute significant amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, which will lead to global warming. Hybrids could help in the effort of increasing fuel efficiency and thus lowering emissions. The economic effect of a warming planet has two phases: mitigation costs and adaptation costs. Based on the Cambridge dictionary, adaptation means the process of changing to suit the different condition. The adaptation costs include those cost that let human survive during the arrival of disaster, such the relocation of coastal population, decreased agricultural production, water shortages and increased defense spending as global changes cause unrest and conflict. In addition, based on Oxford dictionary, mitigation means the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something: the identification and mitigation of pollution. The mitigation cost includes those issues that related activities that tend to reverse or halt the problem and lead to the needed to invest in new clean energy technologies development, the overall energy prices could be raised by a tax of carbon emission and lead to slower gross domestic product growth due to the increase of difficulties to obtain a clean energy resources where it requires a huge sum of money [19]. In our opinion, due to the benefit of hybrid vehicles, both mitigation cost and adaptation cost can be reduced and result in positive effect on economic of a nation. Hybrid vehicle believe to bring benefit to the nation trade. According to RCF, a Chicago-based economic consulting company, the oil rose to $120 per barrel, making oil responsible for 75% of the U.S. trade deficit in 2008 [19]. This situation might lead to trade imbalance. Trade imbalance might occur if the dependence of a country have import excessive amount of oil, it was caused by domestic supplies have peaked. Thus, any products and any technologies (hybrid vehicle) that will help in reduce in oil import of a country will resolve the problem of trade imbalance. Based on the subsidies for environmental purposes, Honda developed a fuel-cell prototype and will start commercialization around 2002. However, Toyota also started to build hydro-car that need only water and Toyota Prius which is a hybrid-based car with an

electrical and conventional engine that both reduce energy needs to less than 5 liters per 100 kilometers is already a big success in Japan. According to the Budget of the United States of 2000, there is a section named Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles. This budget proposes $264 million, which is $24 more than in 1999, which is for investment in new generation vehicles. This cost is used for three research goal, which are to develop advanced manufacturing technique; to use new technologies for near-term emission improvements; and to develop production prototype vehicles three times more fuel-efficient than conventional cars [20]. According to the facts that mentioned above, hybrid vehicle is one of the solutions to solve all of these economic problems. So, this economic factor has attract Toyota to move into hybrid car production since it have great potential to solve economic problem that might facing by most of the country in future. 4.3 Social factor In modern world, people who are attracted and interested in hybrid car progressively increase because it able to bring benefit in various aspects compare to non-hybrid car. The social factor has includes some issues like health and custom of nation. In our opinion, the main factor is air pollution. Formerly, the cars were run only by combustion engine and certain amount of unwanted gas (like nitrous oxides) was emitted from those cars and those emitted gases will cause serious air pollution. After a long period, the pollution will cause some healths problem, such as respiratory tract infection, skin disease, heart disease with high risk of complication, and others; at which the percentage of the problem will be increased progressively and may lead to fatal. This harass condition was settled by substituting hybrid car to the conventional car, because the combustion engine of hybrid car is less exposed to acceleration and burns fuel under more stable conditions, thus it emit less carbon dioxide (CO2) than an engine of conventional fuelpowered vehicle [21]. Besides that, the noise emission from electric motor (noise pollution) also is a main disadvantage of conventional fuel-powered vehicle. Hybrid car is a vehicle that can bring the comfortable and relax feeling for the consumer during driving because the engine of the car able to operate with less noise emission, reduce the noise no matter at high speed or low speed. On the contrary, the non-hybrid cars tend to produce noise emission even at low speed, and also stronger engine vibration. Moreover, in a hustle and bustle city like 4

IC-TMT 2012

Kuala Lumpur, there were a lot of vehicles travels around, residents might get disturb by the sound pollution which caused by the emission noise from the engine of the conventional car. Thus, hybrid car is very attractive with this benefit and able to provide comfortable living environment [22]. Furthermore, the cost of fuel consumption also is the aspect that concerned by people nowadays. The price of petroleum was keep increasing recently due to the resources of petroleum was getting less and this make the condition even worse because majority of vehicle around the world is fuel-powered. All of these situations have made our living cost keep increasing. However, with the hybrid vehicle technology, the fuel efficiency can be optimized. As a result, this technology able to reduce living cost because less fuel is used [20]. In general, hybrid car is an advance technology that used to reduce pollution and balance the environment. All of these will lead us to healthy life for human being. 4.4 Technological factor Based on the history of the automobile vehicle, car reflects an evolution. Automobiles starting with the first steam, electrical, and gasoline engine cars. Few hundred years ago, the automobile vehicle such as gas powered car, steam powered car are very inconvenience to people. Thus, innovation and new technology need to be invented to replace the conventional automobile vehicle. Besides, currently these gasoline cars are widely used in the worldwide. As we know, there are many famous automotive makers and inventors have explored and developed the more advance technology in order to provide the better life style to the society. New ideas and innovation for the vehicles need to be introduced in order to improve and make the vehicles become safer and more efficient, Thus, hybrid car is introduced [24][25]. Generally, hybrid vehicle is combines power unit technology and traction engine technology. Power unit technology is an internal combustion engine (ICE), it is primary power source of most of the vehicle in the world and electric engine is one of the traction engine technologies. Basically, the hybrid car will have rechargeable energy storage system inside along with some fuel propulsion source. It is generally designated to operate the vehicles running with combination of petroleum and electricity engines, along with an internal combustion engine. Conventional fuel-powered cars will lose a lot of energy when drive because it need a lot of energy from ICE. The faster you drive, the more fuel you needed in

order to provide enough energy and the more energy will be wasted. However, in hybrid car, the electric motor inside will draws extra power from the battery storage system when you want to accelerate your car. Thus, a lot of fuel will be saved. Besides that, conventional fuel-powered cars will lose a lot of energy when stopping. The weight of a car is very heavy and it takes considerable amount of energy to speed up it. When you hit the brake, frictional force created when brakes pads press against a disk. This frictional force will turn into heat which goes off into the air. The energy is simply wasted. However, hybrid car is using regenerative braking, where the energy will be stored when braking. This is done by using generator and the same electrical energy will help you to power your hybrid car when you wish to accelerate it. With the hybrid car technology, the car is designed in such a way that its engine will become smaller in size for driving leisurely uses. The battery source inside the car will provides additional power likes going uphill or accelerating whenever needed. To couple things, the hybrid fuel will switches off to run off the electric motor when hybrid car is stopped. Since hybrid car has a lot of advantages, Toyota Prius was introduced in 2000. After that, Toyota began offering a hybrid version of Camry in 2007. This is because Camry has a long record of reliable and popularity from 1980 until now. Therefore, Toyota has combined the strong reputation with its Hybrid Synergy Drive technology to provide environmental benefits of hybrid without sacrificing the comforts or features [26][27]. In our opinion, hybrid car will have a great potential in automobile market in future. A lot of the fuel will be saved due to hybrid technology and our environment will be protected. The creative and innovation of hybrid car technology will keep on improving and evolving to fulfill the requirement and importance of safety and comfortable of living style. 4.5 Legal Factor When legal factor was issued, somehow it link to environmental regulation; because the laws or rules are used to prevent the environment from unbalancing and damaging. There was a case that accident happen might due to hybrid vehicles advantage-electrical motor. The legal issue is termed on the National Federation of Blind (NFB) of United States that claim the electrical motor in hybrid vehicle with no sound put all of the sight-impaired pedestrians in great risk because those people rely on hearing an approaching vehicle to judge its speed and proximity while navigating intersection 5

IC-TMT 2012

crosswalks and other traffic situations. In 2008, the University of California published a study that evaluated the effect of sound of hybrid vehicles. Study states that a person cant heard the sound of an electrical engine even though it was seven feet away [28][29]. While everyone is concern about how serious of environmental pollution, but no federal agencies of U.S. are concerned about the consequences with less sound emission. As a result, the problem caused by hybrid vehicles no sound electrical motor is unregulated with no protections afforded to public. Besides that, we think that the hybrid company has great responsibility in safety of own hybrid vehicle, the most obvious example is that Toyota has recalled millions of vehicles in year 2010 because of its design flaws, which are defective floor mats, sticky gas pedals and bad brakes, all of this failure will lead to serious injury and death. Due to its serious consequences, Toyota has recall back all the model of car that might has problems before the thing getting worse[30] and some compensation was given to customer that get involved in this incident. This is a legal influence on consumer protection on project. Another legal factor is intellectual property. Actually, that is a lawsuit that involves between a person call Alex Severinsky, his company Paice LLC and Toyota. Severinsky had claimed that Toyota has used this hybrid technology in Prius, Lexus RX450h, HS250h, and the hybrid version of Toyota Camby. But Toyota insists said that they have develop their own technology. This lawsuit end up with a pair agreement from both company decide to settle after six years of litigation. According to Paice, they agreed that although certain Toyota vehicles have been found to be equivalent to a Paice patent, Toyota invented, designed and developd the Prius and Toyotas hybrid technology independent of any inventions of Dr. Severinsky and Paice as part of Toyotas long history of innovation.[31]. Then, we also discussed about the international standard for hybrid car, which is SAE (Society of Automobile Engineers) standard. The cooperate societies or associations that work with SAE International were included ISO (International Standard Organization) and EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) in order to ensure the quality of vehicles. There are few sub-standards that more relate and focus to hybrid car in SAE standard, which are emission and fuel economy testing, battery pack and capacitor pack safety, and rechargeable energy storage system testing [32].

4.6 Environment Factor There are many rationales of environmental that moved Toyota into hybrid vehicles production because there are too many environments benefits. One of the benefits is hybrid car effectively reduce the sound pollution. The conventional fuel-powered car will produce a lot of noise because of loud sound comes out from its motor of the engine. However, because of hybrid vehicle is using electrical motor, the sound emission will be greatly reduced compared to fuelpowered cars [23][33][34]. Besides that, hybrid cars consume less oil compared to conventional fuel-powered car, thus it emits less gas that will lead to air pollution to our ozone layer. Normally, the fuel-powered cars will emit pollution gas, such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons. According to CNET, there is over 19 pound of carbon dioxide gets released into our earths ozone layer each time a car uses one gallon of gasoline. The most obvious consequence of this greenhouse gases emission is global warming and impacts the earths climate negatively [33][21]. Apart from that, hybrids cars substantially consume less petroleum than conventional cars. There is an issue regarding the environmental damage of the hybrid car battery. There are three major types of batteries use in hybrid cars, which are lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium-ion (Li-ion). Lead acid is the most toxic of the three and it extremely heavy. The other two nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) are regarded as more environmentally friendly than lead-based batteries which constitute the bulk of car batteries today. Though substantially less toxic than conventional car batteries, nickel-based batteries are known carcinogens, as well as can lead to a wide array of other health problems. Since they are the least toxic, many companies consider lithium-ion batteries to be the next step for hybrid car batteries [21]. Furthermore, the numbers of the vehicles are keep increasing causes the requirement of petrol is also keep increasing. To make profit, people will go to explore more oilfields. All these lead to petroleum extraction and transportation activities keep increasing. However, these activities will bring worst ecological disasters on our planet. When the Exxon-Valdez capsized it released millions of gallons of petroleum onto pristine coastlines, the environmental damage was monumental. The destruction of the rainforest is rarely associated with petroleum extraction. In addition, the discovery of vast oil reserves and the subsequent drilling of these reserves in Venezuela and other Latin 6

IC-TMT 2012

American countries near the equator, has led to the destruction of tropical rainforests [33]. In our opinion, the benefits of hybrid car will help greatly in reducing of petroleum extraction because the hybrid car consumes less gasoline as to compare with conventional fuel-powered car. 5. Conclusion In this paper, the brief explain of the hybrid car was introduced. Besides that, the concept, theory and usage of PESTLE analysis have been studied in detail where each country has different policy on development of hybrid car technology. In this paper, we have discussed about the policy in US. In our opinion, those policies will support the Toyota move into hybrid vehicle production. In addition, economic activity will affect the popularity and productivity of hybrid car in the world. Besides, hybrid car technology will affect the social because of its advantages which include reduce air pollution, noise pollution and the cost fuel consumption, therefore indirectly reduce the living cost. Furthermore, technology factor also will help a lot in development of less-fuel consumption vehicle due to the duo source engine. Moreover, legal factor will enable the quality of hybrid car fulfill the international automobile. Lastly, the environment will eventually save by hybrid car technology due to its environmental friendly characteristic. The environment also will affect the environment balancing. We consent that the PESTLE analysis is an efficient method to analyze the factors related to Toyota hybrid vehicle production. 6.
[1]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11] [12]

[2]

[3]

[4]

References Martin Hoelz. (2009). Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu. A New Era Accelerating toward 2020- An automotive industry transformed. Retrieved November 23, 2011 from http://www.deloitte.com/assets/DcomGlobal/Local%20Assets/Documents/A%20New% 20Era_Online_final.pdf. Williams, B.; Figueiredo, J.; , Strategy and technology management: An innovation-leader case study, Technology Management Conference (ITMC), 2011 IEEE International , vol., no., pp.806-811, 27-30 June 2011 Simon Teague LLP, The Ultimate Leadership Guide Secrets to success, Simon Teague LLP 2009, Buckland Press, Dover, Kent, UK, pg 13 14. Jarzabkowski, P. M. Giulietti, B Oliveira & N. Amoo (2010) We dont need no education: Or do we? Management education and alumni adoption of strategy tools. Advanced Institute of Management Working Paper Series, ISSN: 17440009, 076-May-2010

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

Peter Cheverton, forewordby Professor Maleolm McDonald, Key Marketing Skills (2nd edition) strategies, tools & techniques for marketing success, Kogan Page Limited, 2004, pg 72 76. Gillespia: Foundations of Economics Additional chapter on the Business Strategy, PESTLE analysis of the macro-environment, OxfordUniversity Press, 2007 America, Pierre,Rommes, Eelco, Obbink, Henk,van der Linden, Frank, Multi-view Variation Modeling for Scenario Analysis, Software Product-Family Engineering,2004, Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. Adrian Haberberg& Alison Rieple, Strategic Management Theory and Application, Oxford University Press Inc. New York, 2008, pg 105 111. James Cadle, Debra Paul and Paul Turner, Business Analysis Techniques 72 Essential Tools for Success, British Informatics Society Limited (BISL) 2010, pg 3 6. M.KatherineMcCaston. (June 2005). HLS Advisor Tips for Collecting, Reviewing, and Analyzing Secondary Data. Retrieved January 18, 2012 from http://pqdl.care.org/Practice/DME%20%20Tips%20for%20Collecting,%20Reviewing% 20and%20Analyzing%20Secondary%20Data.pdf. Romm, J., 2006, The Car and Fuel of the Future, Energy Policy, 34(1)pp.2609-2614. Ann M. Bartkowski. (Jun 7, 2010). Hybrid Car Advantages, Retrieved January 16, 2012 from http://www.livestrong.com/article/141716-hybridcar-advantages/. Eric Leech. (Jan 20, 2009). Top 6 Political Issues That May Affect Your Commute. Retrieved January 16, 2012 from http://planetgreen.discovery.com/techtransport/pol itical-issues affect-commute.html. Labs21. (n.d.). Lab For The 21st Century, The Energy Policy Act of 2005: Summary, Retrieved Januany 16, 2012 from http://epa.gov/lab21gov/pdf/energy_policy508.pdf Internal Revenue Service United States Department of the Treasury. (January, 2006) Media Relation Office, Washington, D.C., IRS Fact Sheet, Highlights of the energy Policy Act of 2005 for Individuals. Retrieved January 16, 2012 from http://www.irs.gov/newsroom/article/0,,id=15339 7,00.html Sissine, F. (2007). Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007:A Summary of Major Provisions. Energy Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 7

IC-TMT 2012

[17]

[18]

[19]

Washington State University Extension Energy Program. (July 9, 2010). Energy Improvement and extension Act of 2008 Division B of Public Law 110-343. Washington State University, Extension Energy Library. Local Climate and Energy Program. (February 27, 2009). Environmental Protection Agency United States. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009: A Guide to Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Opportunities for Local and Tribal Government. Retrieved January 16, 2012 from http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/documents/ pdf/local_guide_to_arra.pdf. Ian Kenney. (June 6, 2010). LiveStrong.com. How Do Hybrid Cars Affect The Economy?. Retrieved November 23, 2011 from http://www.livestrong.com/article/141175-howdo-hybrid-cars-affect-economy/ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON. (1999). BUDGET OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT OF YEAR 2000. Retrieved January 16, 2012 from http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy00/pdf/bud get.pdf John Fuller. (n.d.). howstuffworks. Do Hybrid Cars Cause Pollution. Retrieved November 23, 2011 from http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuelefficiency/hybrid-technology/hybrid-cars-causepollution.html. Ben Nuckols. (October 3, 2007). The New York Times. Hybrid cars criticized for being too quiet. Retrieved November 23, 2011 from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/03/business/wor ldbusiness/03iht-hybrid.4.7737551.htm. Environmental Protection uk. (n.d.). Car Pollution. Retrieved November 22, 2011 from http://www.environmentalprotection.org.uk/transport/car-pollution/#wa632. Mary Bellis. (n.d.). About.com Inventors. Automobile History the History of Cars and Engines. Retrieved November 23, 2011 from http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/C ar_History.htm. Discovery Communications, Inc (n.d.). Discovery Channel. History of Cars Timeline. Retrieved November 23, 2011 from http://www.yourdiscovery.com/cars/timeline/. Dennis Hartman. (n.d.). eHow, Demand Media, Inc. Toyota Vs. Honda Hybrid. Retrieved November 23, 2011 from http://www.ehow.com/about_5460338_toyota-vshonda-hybrid.html. CNN. (May 17, 2005). Cable News Network. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc..

[28]

[29]

[30]

[20]

[31]

[21]

[32]

[33]

[22]

[34]

[23]

[24]

[35]

[25]

[36]

[26]

[37]

[27]

Camry goes hybrid. Retrieved November 23, 2011 from http://articles.cnn.com/2005-0517/business/camry_hybrid_1_camry-hybrid-lexusrx-400h-toyota-prius?_s=PM:AUTOS. David L. Fender. (January, 2011). Emerging Hazards Peer-Reviewed. Electric Vehicle Noise Are They Too Quite?. Retrieved October 27, 2011 from http://www.asse.org/professionalsafety/docs/Fend er_0111.pdf. Kevin Massy. (February 11, 2008). CNET Reviews. National Federation of the Blind outlines dangers of hybrid cars. Retrieved November 22, 2011 from http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-13746_7-986915748.html Parker Waichman Alonso LLP. (n.d.). YourLawyer.com. Toyota Class Action Lawsuit. Retrieved November 1, 2011 from http://www.toyota-class-action-lawsuit.com. Josie Garthwaite. (July 19, 2010). GIGAOM. Who Invented the Hybrid Car? Toyota, Ford Finally Settle Patent Battles. Retrieved November 1, 2011 from http://gigaom.com/cleantech/whoinvented-the-hybrid-car-toyota-ford-finally-settlepatent-battles/. SAE Organizer. (n.d.). SAE International Standard. Standards. Retrieved November 23, 2011 from http://www.sae.org/ Sadie Bell. (November 26, 2011). LiveStrong.com. What are the benefits of the environment?.Retrieved November 22, 2011 from http://www.livestrong.com /article/129150benefits-hybrid-cars- environment/. David Herron. (February 19, 2010). Examiner.com. Hybrid and Electric cars can solve noise pollution, and may be more dangerous for the deaf. Retrieved November 23, 2011 from http://www.examiner.com/greentransportation-in-national/hybrid-and-electriccars-can-solve-noise-pollution-andmay-bemore-dangerous-for-the-deaf. U.S Government. (October 24, 1992). ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 1992. Retrieved November 23, 2011 from http://www.usbr.gov/power/legislation/epa92.pdf Alternative Bio Diesel Liquid Fuel Industries (n.d.). EPAct Summary. Retrieved January 16, 2012 from http://www.alfindustries.com/pdf/epact%20summ ary.pdf California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resource Board. ( October 12, 2001). Fact Sheet, Zero Emission Vehicle Program Changes. Retrieved January 16, 2012 from http://wwwpord.ucsd.edu/~sgille/esys10/carb_changes.pdf 8

IC-TMT 2012

[38]

[39]

[40]

Simon Mui, Alan Baum. ( May 2010). The Zero Emission Vehicle Program, An Analysis of Industrys Ability to Meet the Standards. Retrieved January 16, 2012 from http://docs.nrdc.org/energy/files/ene_10070701a.p df Katie Whitefoot, Meredith Fowlie, Steven Skerlos (October 30, 2010). Evaluating U.S. Reformed Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards using an Engineering Attribute Selection Model. Retrieved January 16, 2012 from http://ei.haas.berkeley.edu/pdf/seminar/WhitefootFowlie-Skerlos.pdf Thomas Klier and Joshua Linn. (December 2010). Discussion Paper, Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards and the Market for New Vehicles. Retrieved January 16,2012 from http://www.rff.org/documents/RFF-DP-10-68.pdf