Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dengeleme Hesabı II
Dengeleme Hesabı II
DERS NOTLARI
Jeodezik Alarn Dengelenmesi
Do. Dr. Temel BAYRAK
2011 - GMHANE
DENGELEME HESABI-II
DERS NOTLARI
Jeodezik Alarn Dengelenmesi
Bu kitabn her hakk sakldr. Yazarn yazl izni olmakszn kitabn tamam
veya herhangi bir blm hibir ekilde oaltlp yaynlanamaz.
2011 GMHANE
ISBN: 978-605-61712-1-5
NSZ
Dengeleme Hesab-II ders notu niteliindeki bu kitap Harita Mhendislii Blm
rencilerinin kaynak ihtiyacn gidermek zere hazrlanmtr. Bu kitabn renciler iin bir
ders arac olmas ana ama olarak benimsenmitir. Konular kendiliinden renmeye uygun
bir biimde ele alnm ve kitapta yeterli sayda uygulama verilmeye allmtr.
Kitabn yararl olmasn temenni ederim.
NDEKLER
indekiler
Sayfa No
1.
GR
2.
3.
13
NDRGENMES
4.
18
5.
30
6.
37
7.
45
8.
56
8.1.
57
8.2.
64
9.
72
10.
GPS NVELMANI
83
11.
90
12.
101
13.
105
1. GR
2. DOLAYLI LLER DENGELEMES
Matris formatnda Fonksiyonel Model
v = A x
v1 a1
v a
2 = 2
vn an
b1
c1
b2
c2
bn
cn
dx 1
dy 2
du n
mij
mi m j
korelasyonlu ve duyarlklar (arlklar) farkl olan ller iin genel bir Varyans-Kovaryans
matrisi aadaki gibi kurulabilir.
m12
m12
K = m13
m
1n
m12
m22
m23
m2 n
m13 m1n
m23 m2 n
m32 m3n
m3n mn2
m22 r23 m2 m3
r12 m1 m2
K = r13 m1 m3 r23 m2 m3
m32
r m m r m m r m m
1n 1 n 2 n 2 n 3n 3 n
mij = rij mi m j
r1n m1 mn
r2 n m2 mn
r3n m3 mn
mn2
Q =
K
s02
q13 q1n
m12
q23 q2 n
m12
1
q33 q3n = 2 m13
s0
m
qn 3 qnn
1n
q11 q12
q
21 q22
Q = q31 q32
qn1 qn 2
p12
p22
p32
pn 2
p13
p23
p33
pn 3
m23
m2 n
1
pn1
m12
m22
p = Q
m13 m1n
m23 m2 n
m32 m3n
m3n mn2
(Stokastik Model)
p1n
p2 n
p3n
pnn
v Q v = v p v = min
T
A p A x A p = 0
N=A pA
Bilinmeyenler Vektr
Sabit terimler
n= A p
x = N n = A p A
T
) (A
1
x x0 dx
y y dy
= 0 +
u u0 du
y = y0 + dy
u = u0 + du
Dzeltmelerin Hesab
Elde edilen dx, dy, dz, , du dengeleme bilinmeyenleri, dzeltme denklem eitliklerinde
yerine konarak dzeltmelerin saysal deerleri elde edilir.
v = A x
v1 a1
v a
2 = 2
v n a n
b1
b2
c1
c2
bn
cn
dx 1
dy 2
du n
Dzeltmelerin Denetimi
A pv = 0
T
v p v = p v
T
v pv = p n x
T
Dengeli ller
Dzeltmeler llere eklenerek dengeli ller hesaplanr. Bu deerler dorusal olmalar
gerekmeyen ilk dzeltme denklemlerinde yerine konarak aadaki art saladklar
denetlenir. Bu ilem dengeleme ilemlerinin tmnn hesap hatalarndan arndrlm
olduunu gsterir.
= + v
i
i
i
1 1 v1
2 = 2 + v 2
n n vn
m0 =
v pv
nu
qxy
q yy
q yz
qxz
q yz
qzz
mz = m0 q zz
m y = m0 q yy
qn 3 qnn
q11 q12
q
21 q22
Q = q31 q32
qn1 qn 2
p11
p
p = 12
p13
p12
p13
p22
p23
p23
p33
m i = m0 Q
i i
p = Q
m i =
m0
pii
m = m0 Q
i
i i
Q vv = Q Q
1
Q vv = p Q
mvi = m0 Q v v
i i
Bu modele ait
Stokastik model iin veriler tabloda verilmitir. ncl karesel ortalama hata s0 = 1.6 mm
olduuna gre, duyarlklar farkl olan bu lleri dolayl ller yntemine gre
dengeleyiniz.
m1 = 0.94 mm
m2 = 0.69 mm
m3 = 0.90 mm
0.9979
1.58
v1 0.0639
v = 0.9902 0.1398 dx 3.26
dy
2
v3 0.9747
0.2232 5.99
m12
= r12 m1 m2
r13 m1 m3
r13 m1 m3
r23 m2 m3
m32
r12 m1 m2
m22
r23 m2 m3
K = s02 Q
Q =
K
m02
rij = 0.8
a1 j
a2 j
a3 j
e1 j
e2 j
e3 j
0.3452
0.2027
0.2644
-1
-0.5872
-0.7659
-2.8969
0.1860
0.1941
0.0670
0.0388
-0.5872
-1
-0.5800
8.7673
-14.9309
0.3164
0.0914
-0.4254
-0.5800
-1
4.5660
6.3487
-10.9460
-10.0255
6.0669
4.6560
p =
-18.6130
6.3487
-10.9460
p
10.0255 6.0669 4.6560
6.0669 18.6130 6.3487
A p
T
0.9979
0.0639
0.9902 0.1398
0.9747
0.2232
1.58
3.26
5.99
40.7380 8.0672
8.0672 10.9118
183.5611
40.4737
n = A p
N = A pA
A p
a1 j
a2 j
e1 j
e2 j
40.7380
8.0672
-1
-0.1980
-0.0245
10.9118
9.3143
-0.1980
-1
0.0213
-0.1074
-0.0288
0.0213
Q xx =
-0.1074
183.5611
T
n = A p =
40.4737
0.0288 0.0213
Q xx = N 1 =
0.1074
0.0213
dx 4.42
x= =
mm
dy 0.44
x x0 dx
y = y + dy
0
Dzeltmelerin Hesab v = A x
4.42
x=
0.44
0.9979
0.0639
A = 0.9902 0.1398
0.9747
0.2232
1.42
1.18
1.58
0.16 1.58
4.44 3.26
4.41 5.99
A x
v = A x
Dzeltmelerin Denetimi
v
1.42
1.18
1.58
0.00
AT pv =
0.00
v
1.42
1.18
1.58
v p v = [8.57]
T
v p v = p v
T
v
1.42
1.18
1.58
T pv = [8.57]
v pv = p n x
T
1.58
3.26
5.99
T p =
4.42
x=
0.44
n = [183.5611 40.4737]
T
n x=
T
Dengeli ller
= + v
i
i
i
1 1 v1
2 = 2 + v 2
v
3 3 3
m0 =
v pv
nu
8.57
= 2.93 mm
3 2
m 1 =
m0
2.93
=
= 9.28 mm
p1
10.0255
m 2 =
m0
2.93
=
= 12.64 mm
p2
18.6130
m 3 =
m0
2.93
=
= 9.69 mm
p3
10.9460
m i =
10
m0
pi
Q xx = N
0.0288 0.0213
0.0213
0.1074
0.9979
0.0639
0.9902 0.1398
0.9747
0.2232
0.0077
0.0017
0.1097
0.0077
0.0244 0.0235
0.0234
0.0017 0.0235
Q = A Q xx A
m = m0 Q
i
i i
1 1
m = m0 Q
2 2
m = m0 Q
3 3
Q vv = Q Q
Q vv = p Q
0.0077
0.0017
0.3452 0.2027 0.2644 0.1097
Q vv = 0.2027 0.1860 0.1941 0.0077
0.0244 0.0235
0.2644 0.1941 0.3164 0.0017 0.0235
0.0234
11
mvi = m0 Q v v
i i
12
v1 = a1 x + b1 y + cz 1
v2 = a2 x + b2 y + cz 2
vn = an x + bn y + cz n
[a ] x [b] y n c z [] = 0
n
[a ] [b]
[]
v1 = a1 x + b1 y + (c c )z 1
n
n
n
[]
[a ] [b]
v2 = a2 x + b2 y + (c c )z 2
n
n
n
[]
[a ] [b]
vn = an x + bn y + (c c )z n
n
n
n
13
[a ] = 0
'
[b ] = 0
'
[]
' = 0
v1 = 2 x + y z 1
v2 = x + y z + 2
v3 = x y z 2
v4 = 3 x + 2 y z + 3
7
4
3
2
x y
z =0
4
4
4
4
14
7
3
1
x y+z =0
4
4
2
0.25
v1 0.25
1.5
v 0.75
0.25 x 1.5
2 =
1.25
2.5
v 4 1.25
Kontrol
'
'
15
v1 = dz 10
v2 = dz 20.65 dx21 + 5.12 dy21 + 5
v3 = dz 21.69 dx22 + 1.64 dy22 4
16
3
.
41
7
.
23
0
.
55
2
dx
v3 6.88 1.71 14.46
1.09 22 1
dy 22
Kontrol
'
'
'
'
17
X
Sfr dorultusu
P2 ( x2 , y2 )
z1
r12
t12
r12 + v12
t12
x2 x1
s12
Y
y2 y1
P1 ( x1 , y1 )
t12 : P1 ve P2 noktalar arasndaki semt (P1P2 )
r12 : P1 den P2 ye llen dorultu
z1 : P1 noktasndaki yneltme bilinmeyeni
y y1
y y1
x1 = x10 + dx1
x2 = x20 + dx2
y1 = y10 + dy1
y1 = y10 + dy1
18
t
t
t
y 0 y10 t12
dx1 + 12 dy1 + 12 dx2 + 12 dy2 = 0
+
r12 + v12 = dz1 z + arctan 20
0
x2 x1 x1
y2
x2
y1
0
1
0
t12
2
2
0
x x1
x20 x10
x20 x10
= 2
=
=
2
2
2
y20 y10 + x20 x10
y20 y10
y 0 y10
1
+
1 + 20
2
2
0
x20 x10
x20 x10
x2 x1
t12
x1
) (
(
(
)
)
) (
(y y )
(y y )
=
(y y ) + (x x ) (s )
0
2
0
2
0 2
1
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
1
0 2
1
0
12
(x x )
(s )
( )
t
y 0 y 0 1 sin t120
a12 = 12 = 2 0 1 0 =
s12
s12
s120
x1
200
10000
sin t120
a12 =
s120
100
( )
t12
y1
cc
cm
2
2
0
x x
x20 x10
x20 x10
= 2 1 2 =
=
2
2
y20 y10 + x20 x10
y20 y10
y 0 y10
1
+
1 + 20
2
2
0
x20 x10
x20 x10
x2 x1
birim =
) (
(
(
)
)
) (
(x x )
(y y ) + (x x )
0
2
0
2
0 2
1
( )
t
x0 x0 1
cos t120
b12 = 12 = 2 0 1 0 =
s12
s12
s120
y1
200
10000
cos t120
b12 =
s120
100
( )
birim =
cc
cm
( )
t
sin t 0
a12 = 12 = 0 12
s12
x2
( )
t cos t120
b12 = 12 =
s120
y1
0
1
0
2
0 2
1
0
2
0
1
0 2
12
t
t
t
y 0 y10 t12
dx1 + 12 dy1 + 12 dx2 + 12 dy2 = 0
+
r12 + v12 = dz1 z + arctan 20
0
x2 x1 x1
y2
x2
y1
0
1
0
t12
v12 = dz1 + a12 dx1 + b12 dy1 a12 dx2 b12 dy2 + t120 r12 z10 = 0
12 = t120 r12 z10
Olmak zere dorusallatrlm dzeltme denklemi (Fonksiyonel Model) aadaki gibi yazlabilir.
v12 = dz1 + a12 dx1 + b12 dy1 a12 dx2 b12 dy2 12
Stokastik Model: Dorultu lleri korelsyonsuz ller olarak kabul edilir. Ayrca
dorultu llerinin arlklarnn eit olduu da farz edilir.
20
NN
Y (m)
X(m)
Kesin Koordinatlar
765.499
8855.329
100
719.689
7969.933
107
342.246
8404.180
108
Yaklak Koordinatlar
21
632.630
8476.102
22
635.211
8426.244
23
638.765
8351.331
BN
100
21
22
23
107
Dorultu
0.00000
36.57040
47.24520
63.26200
106.47780
100
r1
r2
21
108
r3
r4
22
r5
107
23
l says
n=5
Bilinmeyen says
Serbestlik Derecesi
f = n-u = 5-7<0
Dengeleme yok.
21
y 0 y10
t120 = arctan 20
0
x2 x1
s120 =
200
10000
sin t120
a12 =
0
s12
100
( )
DN
108
BN
100
21
22
23
107
(y
0
2
) (
2
200
10000
cos t120
b12 =
s120
100
( )
z10 =
[t
Dorultu
ri (g)
tik0 (g)
sik0 (m)
tik0 - ri
0.00000
36.57040
47.24520
63.26200
106.47780
47.96968
84.54332
95.21448
111.22866
154.44796
618.610
299.158
293.795
301.192
575.355
47.96968
47.97292
47.96928
47.96666
47.97016
0
ik
r1
n
ik (cc)
0
tik0 - ri - z108
-0.6
31.8
-4.6
-30.8
4.2
aik
bik
cc / cm
cc / cm
7.0412
20.6562
21.6077
20.8088
7.2587
-7.5053
-5.1161
-1.6273
3.7088
8.3511
0
= 47.96974
z108
=
=
=
=
=
dz108
dz108
dz108
dz108
dz108
+ 7.0412 dx108
+ 20.6562 dx108
+ 21.6077 dx108
+ 20.8088 dx108
+ 7.2587 dx108
+
+
7.5053
5.1161
1.6273
3.7088
8.3511
dy108
dy108
dy108
dy108
dy108
7.0412 dx100
20.6562 dx21
21.6077 dx22
20.8088 dx23
7.2587 dx107
+
+
+
7.5053
5.1161
1.6273
3.7088
8.3511
dy100
dy 21
dy 22
dy 23
dy107
0.6
+ 31.8
4.6
30.8
+ 4.2
100, 107 ve 108 numaral noktalar dayanak alnan noktalardr. Bu noktalara ait katsaylar
dzeltme denklemlerinden karalm ve denklemleri yeniden yazalm.
v108100
v10821
v10822
v10823
=
=
=
=
v108107
= dz108
dz108
dz108
dz108
dz108
20.6562
21.6077
20.8088
dx21
dx22
dx23
+ 5.1161
+ 1.6273
3.7088
dy21
dy22
dy23
0.6
+ 31.8
4.6
30.8
4.2
=
=
=
=
=
Toplam
dz108
1
1
1
1
1
-5
1
dx21
dy21
dx22
dy22
dx23
dy23
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.6
0
0
0
0
20.6562 5.1161
+ 31.8
0
0
0
0
21.6077 1.6273
4.6
0
0
0
0
20.8088 3.7088 30.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
+ 4.2
-20.8088 -3.7088
4.3215 -0.3255
4.1618
22
0.7418
0.00
0.00
n = 5 -n = -5 e blelim
4.3215
1.0232
4.0929
4.3215
1.0232 17.2861
4.3215
1.0232
4.3215
1.0232
v108100 4.1312
v
10821 16.5250
v10822 = 4.1312
v10823 4.1312
v108107 4.1312
dx21
4.1618
0.7418
0.3255
0.6
dy21
4.1618
0.7418
31.8
0.3255
dx22
1.3019
4.1618
0.7418
4.6
dy22
30.8
0.3255 16.6470 2.9670
dx23
4.1618
0.7418
0.3255
4.2
dy23
NN
Y (m)
X(m)
Kesin Koordinatlar
719.689
7969.933
107
342.246
8404.180
108
Yaklak Koordinatlar
23
638.765
8351.331
107
23
r1
108
Dorultu
0.00000
43.21580
0.00000
32.24480
0.00000
124.53835
BN
23
107
108
23
107
108
r6
23
r5
r2
r3
r4
107
l says
n=6
Bilinmeyen says
Serbestlik Derecesi
f = n-u = 6-5>0
Dengeleme var.
23
t120 = arctan 20
0
x2 x1
s120 =
200
10000
sin t120
a12 =
0
s12
100
( )
DN
108
23
107
0
2
) (
2
200
10000
cos t120
b12 =
0
s12
100
( )
Dorultu
ri (g)
BN
(y
0.00000
43.21580
z10 =
[t
0
ik
tik0 (g)
sik0 (m)
tik0 - ri
111.22866
154.44796
301.192
575.355
111.22866
111.23216
r1
n
]
ik (cc)
0
tik0 - ri - z108
-18
18
aik
bik
cc / cm
cc / cm
20.8088
7.2587
3.7088
8.3511
0
z108
= 111.23041
= dz108
= dz108
+ 20.8088 dx108
+ 7.2587 dx108
+ 3.7088 dy108
+ 8.3511 dy108
20.8088 dx23
7.2587 dx107
3.7088 dy 23
8.3511 dy107
18
+ 18
107 ve 108 numaral noktalar dayanak alnan noktalardr. Bu noktalara ait katsaylar
dzeltme denklemlerinden karalm ve denklemleri bilinmeyenlere gre yeniden yazalm.
v10823
v108107
= dz108
= dz108
Toplam
20.8088 dx23
+
dx23
0
3.7088 dy 23
+
dy 23
0
18
+ 18
-2
- 20.8088
-3.7088
0.00
10.4044
1.8544
0.00
n = 2 -n = -2
ye blelim
= 10.4044 dx23
= + 10.4044 dx23
1.8544 dy23
+ 1.8544 dy23
18
+ 18
24
DN
107
Dorultu
ri (g)
BN
108
23
0.00000
32.24480
tik0 (g)
sik0 (m)
tik0 - ri
ik (cc)
0
ik
0
107
t - ri - z
354.44796
386.68977
575.355
389.889
354.44796
354.44497
15
-15
aik
bik
cc / cm
cc / cm
-7.2587
-3.3890
-8.3511
-15.9727
0
z107
= 354.44647
= dz107
= dz107
7.2587 dx107
3.3890 dx107
8.3511 dy107
15.9727 dy107
+ 7.2587 dx108
+ 3.3890 dx23
8.3511 dy108
+ 15.9727 dy 23
+ 15
15
107 ve 108 numaral noktalar dayanak alnan noktalardr. Bu noktalara ait katsaylar
dzeltme denklemlerinden karalm ve denklemleri bilinmeyenlere gre yeniden yazalm.
v107108
v10723
= dz107
= dz107
Toplam
+
0
dx23
+ 3.3890 dx23
+
0
dy23
+ 15.9727 dy23
+ 15
15
-2
3.3890
15.9727
0.00
-1.6945
-7.9863
0.00
n = 2 -n = -2
ye blelim
= 1.6945 dx23
= + 1.6945 dx23
DN
BN
23
107
108
7.9863 dy 23
+ 7.9863 dy 23
+ 15
15
Dorultu
ri (g)
tik0 (g)
sik0 (m)
tik0 - ri
0.00000
124.53835
186.68977
311.22866
389.889
301.192
186.68977
186.69031
ik (cc)
0
tik0 - ri - z107
-3
3
aik
bik
cc / cm
cc / cm
3.3890
-20.8088
15.9727
-3.7088
0
z107
= 186.69004
= dz 23
= dz 23
+ 3.3890 dx23
20.8088 dx23
+ 15.9727 dy 23
3.7088 dy 23
25
3.3890 dx107
+ 20.8088 dx108
15.9727 dy107
+ 3.7088 dy108
3
+ 3
107 ve 108 numaral noktalar dayanak alnan noktalardr. Bu noktalara ait katsaylar
dzeltme denklemlerinden karalm ve denklemleri bilinmeyenlere gre yeniden yazalm.
v23107
v23108
= dz 23
= dz 23
Toplam
3.3890 dx23
20.8088 dx23
+ 15.9727 dy 23
3.7088 dy 23
3
+ 3
-2
-17.4189
12.2639
0.00
8.7099
6.1319
0.00
n = 2 -n = -2
ye blelim
Dzeltme denklemlerinden dz23 yneltme bilinmeyeninin yok edilmi halini aaya yazalm.
v23107
v23108
= + 12.0989 dx23
= 12.0989 dx23
+ 9.8407 dy23
9.8407 dy23
3
+ 3
1.8544 dy23
+ 1.8544 dy23
18
+ 18
Dzeltme denklemleri
v10823
v108107
= 10.4044 dx23
= + 10.4044 dx23
v107108
v10723
= 1.6945 dx23
= + 1.6945 dx23
7.9863 dy 23
+ 7.9863 dy 23
+ 15
15
v23107
v23108
= + 12.0989 dx23
= 12.0989 dx23
+ 9.8407 dy23
9.8407 dy23
3
+ 3
18
1.8544
108107
7.9863 dy 23 15
v10723 1.6945
v23107 12.0989
3
9.8407
3
v23108 12.0989 9.8407
515.0117 303.7773
T
N = A A=
303.7773 328.1201
N = A A=
T
Q xx = N
cm cc
= birimsiz
cc cm
249.1780
T
n= A =
227.1338
n= A =
T
0.0043 0.0040
=
0.0067
0.0040
26
cm
cc = birimi cm
cc
dx 2.0
x = Q xx n = 23 =
dy23 2.5
cm
23
Dzeltmeler
v = A x =
cc
cm cc = birimi cc
cm
18 1.75
1
.
8544
108107
3 1.75
v23108 12.0989 9.8407
Dengeli ller
r1 r1 v108 23
r r v
2 2 108 107
r3 r3 v107 108
= +
r4 r4 v107 23
r5 r5 v23107
r6 r6 v23108
ri = r i + vi
r1 0.00000 1.75 0.000175 0.00000
r 43.21580 1.75 43.215975 43.21615
2
r3 0.00000 1.75 0.000175 0.00000
=
=
+
=
r4 32.24480 1.75 32.244975 32.24515
r5 0.00000 1.75 0.000175 0.00000
r6 124.53835 1.75 124.538525 124.53870
Matris gsterimiyle
1.8544
10.4044
dz108
dz = 1.6945 7.9863 dx 23
dy
107
8.7099
dz 23
6.1319 23
27
1.8544
10.4044
15.79
dz108
dz = 1.6945 7.9863 dx 23 = 16.73 cc
dy
107
6.1319 23 32.52
8.7099
dz 23
107
z 23 186.69004 32.52 186.69329
DN
108
107
23
BN
23
107
108
23
107
108
ri (g)
vi (cc)
0.00000
43.21580
0.00000
32.24480
0.00000
124.53835
-1.75
1.75
-1.75
1.75
-1.75
1.75
ri = r i + v i
-0.00018
43.21598
-0.00018
32.24498
-0.00018
124.53853
z
111.23199
111.23199
354.44814
354.44814
186.69329
186.69329
tik = ri
z102
111.23181
154.44796
354.44796
386.69312
186.69312
311.23181
Dengeli
Koordinatlardan
Semt
Fark
tik
111.23181
154.44796
354.44796
386.69312
186.69312
311.23181
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
m0 =
v v
12.25
=
= 3.5 cm
nu
65
0.0043 0.0040
=
0.0067
0.0040
cm
cm
m i =
m0
pi
Dorultu alarnda arlklar eit olduu iin llerin ortalama hatalar karesel ortalama
hataya eittir.
28
0.1667
0.1667
0.3333 0.3333 0.1667
0.1667
T
Q = A Q xx A =
0
.
1667
0
.
1667
0
.
3333
0
.
3333
0
.
1667
0
.1667
0.1667
0.1667 0.1667
0.1667
0.3333 0.3333
m = m0 Q
i
i i
cm
Q vv = Q Q
Q vv = p Q
1
0
0
1
p= p =
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1667 0.1667
0.1667
0.6667 0.3333 0.1667
0.3333
0.6667
0.1667 0.1667
0.1667 0.1667
0.1667
0.1667
0.6667 0.3333 0.1667
0.1667
Q vv =
0
.
1667
0
.
1667
0
.
3333
0
.
6667
0
.
1667
0.1667
0.1667
0.1667 0.1667
0.1667
0.6667 0.3333
mvi = m0 Q v v
i i
cm
29
P2 ( x2 , y2 )
s12
x2 x1
P1 ( x1 , y1 )
y2 y1
Y
s12 + vs 12 =
(x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2
x2 = x20 + dx2
y1 = y10 + dy1
y 2 = y 20 + dy 2
s12 + vs 12
s
s
s
s
= x x + y y + 12 dx1 + 12 dy1 + 12 dx2 + 12 dy2 = 0
x1
y2
x2
y1
s0
0
2
) (
0 2
1
0
2
0 2
1
12
30
(
)
) + (x x )
(
)
(y y ) + (x x )
2 ( 1) x20 x10
s
a12 = 12 =
x1
2
(y
0
2
0 2
1
0
2
0 2
1
2 ( 1) y20 y10
s
b12 = 12 =
y1
2
0 2
1
0
2
0 2
1
0
2
(x
birimsiz
(y y )
(s )
birimsiz
0
2
x10
s120
0
2
0
1
0 2
12
s12
= a12
x2
s12
= b12
y2
s12 + vs 12 =
(x
0
2
) + (y
0 2
1
0
2
0 2
1
s
s
s
s
+ 12 dx1 + 12 dy1 + 12 dx2 + 12 dy2 = 0
x1
y1
x2
y2
Stokastik Model: Kenar lleri korelsyonsuz ller olarak kabul edilir. nk kenar
lleri iin korelasyon belirlemek olduka zahmetli bir itir. Kenar llerinin arlklar
farkldr. EU iin karesel ortalama hata aadaki forml ile hesaplanr. Her EU iin
yapmc firmalar bu banty vermektedir. Farkl EU ler iin bu bant farkl deerler
alabilir. b ppm ksm, karesel ortalama hatann uzunlua bal olduu ksmdr. ppm
ksmna uzunluun km cinsinden deeri yazlr.
ms0 = (a + b ppm )
ppm = 1.000.000 mm = 1 km
31
rnein bir EU iin karesel ortalama hata bants aadaki formlle verilmi olsun.
Srasyla 1000, 2000 ve 5000 m lik uzaklklar iin karesel ortalama hatalar hesaplayalm.
ms0 = (2 mm + 2 ppm )
1000 m = 1 km
ms1 = (2 mm + 2 1) = 4 mm
2000 m = 2 km
ms 2 = (2 mm + 2 2 ) = 6 mm
5000 m = 5 km
ms3 = (2 mm + 2 5) = 12 mm
Bir s0 ncl karesel ortalama hata ve arln tanmndan yararlanarak arlk matrisini
aadaki ekilde yazabiliriz.
pi =
s02
ms2i
s02
2
ms1
0
p=
s02
ms22
s02
ms2n
rnek: Aada kenar lleri verilmi a dolayl ller yntemine gre dengeleyiniz. Bu
ada kenar lmede kullanlan EU iin ms = (5 mm + 5 ppm ) lik ayar deeri yapmc
firma tarafndan verilmitir. ncl karesel ortalama hata s0 = 30 mm olarak alnacaktr.
NN
Y (m)
X(m)
Kesin Koordinatlar
101 17246.828 12812.718
102 25084.654 12106.522
5230.407
103 24360.602
6447.904
104 16756.594
Yaklak Koordinatlar
23
20058.570
8243.730
DN
23
32
BN
101
102
103
104
Kenar (m)
5364.876
6338.984
5252.410
3758.782
l says
n=4
Bilinmeyen says
Serbestlik Derecesi
Dengeleme var
Koordinat bilinmeyenleri: dx23 , dy 23
(y
(x
=
s120 =
a12
0
2
) (
)
0
2
x10
s120
b12 =
(y y )
(s )
0
2
0
1
0 2
12
DN
BN
x (m)
y (m)
sik0 (m)
sik
ik (mm)
aik
23
101
102
103
104
4568.988
3862.792
-3013.323
-1795.826
-2811.742
5026.084
4302.032
-3301.976
5364.843
6338.981
5252.389
3758.728
5364.876
6338.984
5252.410
3758.782
-33
-3
-21
-54
-0.8517
-0.6094
0.5737
0.4778
bik
0.5241
-0.7929
-0.8191
0.8785
vs23101
vs23102
vs23103
vs23104
= 0.8517
= 0.6094
= + 0.5737
= + 0.4778
dx23
dx23
dx23
dx23
+ 0.5241
0.7929
0.8191
+ 0.8785
dy 23
dy 23
dy 23
dy 23
+ 0.8517
+ 0.6094
0.5737
0.4778
dx101
dx102
dx103
dx104
0.5241
+ 0.7929
+ 0.8191
0.8785
dy101
dy102
dy103
dy104
33
3
21
54
101, 102, 103 ve 104 numaral noktalar dayanak alnan noktalardr. Bu noktalara ait
katsaylar dzeltme denklemlerinden karalm ve denklemleri yeniden yazalm.
vs23101
vs23102
vs23103
vs23104
= 0.8517
= 0.6094
= + 0.5737
= + 0.4778
dx23
dx23
dx23
dx23
0.5241
0.7929
0.8191
+ 0.8785
dy23
dy23
dy23
dy23
33
3
21
54
s23102 = 0.6094 0.7929 dx23 3
0.8785
54
vs23104 0.4778
33
ms = (5 mm + 5 ppm )
s0 = 30
pi =
s02
ms2i
30 2
31.82 2
0
p=
30 2
36.69 2
30 2
31.26 2
0.89
0
0
0
0 0
0
.
67
0
0
=
0
0
0.92
0
0
0
0
0
1
.
59
2
30
23.79 2
0
1.5587 0.1608
T
N = A pA =
0.1608 2.5089
Q xx = N
26.0000
T
n = A p =
73.5406
0.6458 0.0414
=
0.4012
0.0414
dx 14
x = Q xx n = 23 =
dy23 28
mm
0
23 y23 dy23
23
Dzeltmeler v = A x birimi mm
vs23101 0.8517
0.5241
33 29.43
v
0.8785
54 22.41
vs23104 0.4778
mm
34
si = s i + v s i
Dengeli ller
s1 s1 vs23101
s s v
2 = 2 + s23102
s3 s3 vs23103
s4 s4 vs23104
23
23
23
23
BN
101
102
103
104
Dengeli koordinatlardan
(m)
-4568.974
-3862.778
3013.337
1795.840
2811.770
-5026.056
-4302.004
3302.004
Dengeli kenarlardan
si = s i + v s i
(x ) + (y )
si =
(m)
5364.847
6338.950
5252.374
3758.760
5364.847
6338.950
5252.374
3758.760
vs i
(mm)
-29.43
-33.74
-35.96
-22.41
si
5364.876
6338.984
5252.410
3758.782
m0 =
v pv
nu
3519.85
= 42.0 mm
42
0.6458 0.0414
=
0.4012
0.0414
mx = m0 q xx = 42 0.6458 = 33.7
mm
m y = m0 q yy = 42 0.4012 = 26.6
0
.
67
0
0
p=
0
0
0.92
0
0
0
1.59
0
ms1 =
42
= 44.5
0.89
m s2 =
msi =
42
= 51.3
0.67
m0
mm
pi
ms3 =
0.4223
0.0574 0.4297 0.1163
35
42
= 43.7
0.92
ms4 =
(m)
42
= 33.3
1.59
msi = m0 Q s s
i i
mm
Q vv = p ss Q ss
0
0
0
1.1253
0
1.4961
0
0
1
p =
0
0
1.0859
0
0
0
0.6291
0
0.5291
0.5097 0.1537
0.1537
1
.
0441
0
.0330
Q vv =
0.5291 0.0330
0.5653
0
.
0574
0
.
4297
0.1163
mvi = m0 Q v v
0.0574
0.4297
0.1163
0.2067
i i
mm
36
rnek: Aada dorultu ve kenar lleri verilmi a dolayl ller yntemine gre
dengeleyiniz. Dorultular iin ncl karesel ortalama hatay
s0 = 10cc olarak alnz.
NN
Y (m)
X(m)
Kesin Koordinatlar
7849.474
164.526
102
7731.373
608.285
103
Yaklak Koordinatlar
107
7969.948
719.676
108
8404.160
342.243
DN
BN
Kenar (m)
ms (mm)
DN
DN
Dorultu
102
103
107
108
107
108
459.192
263.297
575.324
3
5
4
102
108
107
103
0.00000
66.65613
96.81793
md (cc)
10
10
10
l says
Bilinmeyen says
Serbestlik Derecesi
Dengeleme var
Bilinmeyenler: dz102 , dx107 , dy107 , dx108 , dy108
y 0 y10
t120 = arctan 20
0
x2 x1
200
10000
sin t120
a12 =
0
100
s12
( )
DN
102
BN
108
107
103
s120 =
(y
0
2
) (
2
200
10000
cos t120
b12 =
0
100
s12
Dorultu
ri (g)
0.00000
66.65613
96.81793
( )
z10 =
[t
tik0 (g)
sik0 (m)
tik0 - ri
19.73894
86.39556
116.55902
582.460
568.072
459.206
19.73894
19.73943
19.74109
0
z102
= 19.73982
37
0
12
r1
n
ik (cc)
0
tik0 - ri - z102
-8.8
-3.9
12.7
aik
bik
cc / mm
cc / mm
0.3335
1.0952
1.3397
-1.0409
-0.2377
0.3565
= dz102
= dz102
= dz102
+ 0.3335 dx102
+ 1.0952 dx102
+ 1.3397 dx102
1.0409 dy102
0.2377 dy102
+ 0.3565 dy102
0.3335 dx108
1.0952 dx107
1.3397 dx103
+ 1.0409 dy108
+ 0.2377 dy107
0.3565 dy103
8.8
3.9
+ 12.7
102 ve 103 numaral noktalar dayanak alnan noktalardr. Bu noktalara ait katsaylar
dzeltme denklemlerinden karalm ve denklemleri yeniden yazalm.
v102108
v102107
v102103
= dz102
= dz102
= dz102
0.3335
1.0952
dx108
dx107
+ 1.0409
+ 0.2377
dy108
dy107
8.8
3.9
+ 12.7
= dz102
= dz102
= dz102
v102108
v102107
v102103
=
=
=
Toplam
0
+
dx107
1.0952 dx107
0
+
dx107
0
+
dy107
+ 0.2377 dy107
0
+
dy107
1
1
dx108
dy108
-3
dz102
1
dx107
0
0.3335 dx108
0
+
dx108
0
+
dx108
dy107
0
0.3651 -0.0792
0.00
n = 3 -n = -3 e blelim
+ 1.0409 dy108
0
+
dy108
0
+
dy108
dx107
dy107
dx108
dy108
0.3651 0.0792 0.2223
0.6939 8.8
0.1584
0.1112 0.3470 3.9
= 0.7301
0.3651 0.0792
0.1112 0.3470 12.7
=
=
38
8.8
3.9
+ 12.7
s120 =
a12 =
(y
(x
0
2
0
2
) (
2
x10
s120
b12 =
(y y )
(s )
0
2
0 2
12
y (m)
DN
BN
x (m)
102
103
107
103
107
108
-118.101
238.575
434.212
0
1
443.759
111.391
-377.433
sik0 (m)
sik
ik (mm)
aik
459.206
263.298
575.322
459.192
263.297
575.324
13.7
1.3
-1.7
0.2572
-0.9061
-0.7547
bik
-0.9664
-0.4231
0.6560
= + 0.2572 dx102
= 0.9061 dx103
= 0.7547 dx107
0.9664 dy102
0.4231 dy103
+ 0.6560 dy107
0.2572 dx103
+ 0.9061 dx107
+ 0.7547 dx108
+ 0.9664 dy103
+ 0.4231 dy107
0.6560 dy108
+ 13.7
+ 1.3
1.7
102 ve 103 numaral noktalar dayanak alnan noktalardr. Bu noktalara ait katsaylar
dzeltme denklemlerinden karalm ve denklemleri yeniden yazalm.
vs102103
vs103107
vs107 108
=
= + 0.9061
= 0.7547
dx107
dx107
+ 0.4231
+ 0.6560
dy107
dy107
+ 0.7547
dx108
dy107
0
0.4321
dx108
0
0
dy108
0
0
13.7
1.3
vs102103
vs103107
=
=
vs107 108
0
0 107 1.3
vs103107 = 0.9061 0.4321
dx108
v s
39
0.6560
dy108
+ 13.7
+ 1.3
1.7
Fonksiyonel model
Dorultular ve kenarlar iin yazdmz v = A x matrislerini birletirelim.
0.6939
v102108 0.3651 0.0792 0.2223
8.8
v
dx
0.1584
0.1112 0.3470 107 3.9
102107 0.7301
v102103 0.3651 0.0792
0.1112 0.3470 dy107 12.7
0
0
0
0 dx108 13.7
vs102103
0.9661
vs
0.4321
0
0 dy108 1.3
103107
0.6560
0.7547 0.6560
1.7
vs107 108 0.7547
ps1 =
s02 10 2
= 2 = 11.11
3
ms21
s02 102
=
=1
md22 102
p s2 =
s02 10 2
= 2 = 4.00
5
ms22
s02 102
=
=1
md23 102
ps3 =
s02 10 2
= 2 = 6.25
4
ms23
pd1 =
s02 102
=
=1
md21 102
pd 2 =
pd 3 =
p=
s02 102
p= 2 = 2
mi
mi
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
birimsiz
0
0
0
0
1
0
0 11.11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.00
0
cc/mm
0
0
0
0
0
6.25
3.4745
7.6438 1.7347 3.6818
1.7347
3
.
4435
3
.
1210
2
.7724
T
N = A pA =
3.6818
3.1210
3.6342 3.3260
3.4122
3.4745 2.7724 3.3260
2.2332
0.1166
0.8078 1.5232
1.5232
4
.
2160
5
.
6451
0.5260
1
Q xx = N =
2.2332 5.6451 10.2535
3.1338
3.1338
2.8016
0.1166 0.5260
40
17.0137
5.7929
T
n = A p =
5.1599
2.1235
dx107 10.8
dy 20.1
x = Q xx n = 107 =
dx108 11.1
dy108 17.1
mm
0
dx107
x107 x107
y 0 dy
y
107 = 107 + 107
0
x108 x108
dx108
y
108 y108 dy108
Dzeltmeler v = A x birimi mm
0.6939
v102108 0.3651 0.0792 0.2223
8.8 0.00
v
0.1584
0.1112 0.3470 10.8 3.9 0.00
102107 0.7301
mm
v102103 0.3651 0.0792
0.1112 0.3470 20.1 12.7 0.00
0
0
0
0 11.1 13.7 13.72
vs102108
0.9661
vs
0.4321
0
0 17.1 1.3 0.00
103107
0.6560
0.7547 0.6560
1.7 0.00
vs107 108 0.7547
r = r + v
2 2 102107
r3 r3 v102103
ri = r i + vi
r1 0.00000 0 0.00000
r = 66.65613 + 0 = 66.65613
2
r3 96.81793 0 96.81793
Matris gsterimiyle
dz102
dx107
dy
= [0.3651 0.0792 0.1112 0.3470] 107
dx108
dy108
dz102
10.8
20.1
= 12.70 cc
= [0.3651 0.0792 0.1112 0.3470]
11.1
17.1
0
z102 = z102
+ dz102 = 19.74109 + 12.70cc/10.000 = 19.74109
41
DN
BN
102
108
107
103
ri (g)
vi (cc)
0.00000
66.65613
96.81793
0.00
0.00
0.00
ri = r i + v i
0.00000
66.65613
96.81793
tik = ri
z102
19.74109
19.74109
19.74109
z102
Dengeli
Koordinatlardan
Semt
19.74109
86.39722
116.55902
tik
19.74109
86.39722
116.55902
s = s + v
2 2 s103107
s3 s3 vs107 108
DN
102
103
107
BN
103
107
108
(m)
(m)
-118.101
238.564
434.212
443.759
111.411
-377.436
Dengeli koordinatlardan
si =
(x ) + (y )
2
459.206
263.297
575.324
m0 =
nu
2092.53
= 45.7 mm
65
0
.
1166
0
.
5260
3
.
1338
2
.8016
si = s i + v s i
459.206
263.297
575.324
Dengeli kenarlardan
mm
42
vs i
(mm)
13.72
0.00
0.00
Fark
si
(m)
459.192
263.297
575.324
0.00
0.00
0.00
p=
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
45.7
= 45.7
1
45.7
mr2 =
= 45.7
1
45.7
mr3 =
= 45.7
1
mr1 =
0
0
0
0
1
0
0 11.11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.25
45.7
= 13.7
11.11
45.7
m s2 =
= 22.9
4.00
45.7
ms3 =
= 18.3
6.25
cc
m0
mm
pi
mi =
ms1 =
cm
0.3333 0.3333
0.6667
T
Q = A Q xx A =
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.16
0
0
0
0
0.25
0
mi = m0 Q
cc
cm
Q vv = Q Q
Q vv = p Q
1
p =
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0 0.09
0
0
0 0.25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.16
43
0
0
0
0
0
0
mvi = m0 Q v v
0
0
0
0.09
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00
i i
mm
44
P1 ( x)
h1
h5
B
(H B )
h2
h4
A
(H A )
h3
P2 ( y )
h1 + v1 = x H A
v1 = x H A h1
h2 + v2 = H p 2 H p1
h2 + v2 = y x
v2 = x + y h2
h3 + v3 = H p 2 H A
h3 + v3 = y H A
v3 = y H A h3
h4 + v4 = H B H p
h4 + v4 = H B y
v4 = y + H B h4
h5 + v5 = H B x
v5 = x + H B h5
h5 + v5 = H B H p1
45
y = y0 + dy
v1 = dx + x0 H A h1
v2 = x0 dx + y0 + dy h2
v2 = dx + dy x0 + y0 h2
v3 = y0 + dy H A h3
v3 = dy + y0 H A h3
v4 = y0 dy + H B h4
v4 = dy y0 + H B h4
v5 = x0 dx + H B h5
v5 = dx x0 + H B h5
1 = x0 H A h1
v2 = 1 dx + 1 dy + y0 x0 h2
2 = y0 x0 h2
v3 = 0 dx + 1 dy + y0 H A h3
3 = y0 H A h3
v4 = 0 dx 1 dy + H B y0 h4
4 = H B y0 h4
v5 = 1 dx + 0 dy + H B x0 h5
5 = H B x0 h5
1
v1 1 0
v 1 1
2
dx 2
v3 = 0
1 3
dy
v
0
1
4
4
5
v5 1 0
46
pi =
0
0
0
0
1 / s1
0 1/ s
0
0
0
2
pi = 0
0 1 / s3
0
0
0
0 1 / s4
0
0
0
0
0
0 1 / s5
1
si (km)
H A = 80.673 m.
P1 ( x)
h1
h2
h5
h6
P2 ( y )
h3
A
(H A )
h4
P3 ( z )
hi
si (km)
1
2
3
4
5
6
43.156
19.218
33.524
57.440
23.962
14.267
0.65
0.80
1.00
1.40
1.50
1.95
l says
n=6
Bilinmeyen says
u=3
Serbestlik Derecesi
f = n-u = 6-3>0
Dengeleme var.
47
h1 + v1 = H p 1 H A
h1 + v1 = x H A
v1 = x H A h1
h2 + v2 = H p1 H p 2
h2 + v2 = x y
v2 = x y h2
h3 + v3 = H p3 H p 2
h3 + v3 = z y
v3 = z y h3
h4 + v4 = H p 3 H A
h4 + v4 = z H A
v4 = z H A h4
h5 + v5 = H p 2 H A
h5 + v5 = y H A
v5 = y H A h5
h6 + v6 = H p3 H p1
h6 + v6 = z x
v3 = z x h6
Yaklak deerler
x = x0 + dx
y = y0 + dy
x0 = H A + h1
y 0 = H A + h5
z0 = H A + h4
v1 = x H A h1
v2 = x y h2
v3 = z y h3
v4 = z H A h4
v5 = y H A h5
v3 = z x h6
z = z0 + dz
v1 = dx
v2 = dx dy 24
v3 = dy + dz 46
v4 = dz
v5 = dy
v3 = dx + dz + 17
v1 = 1 dx + 0 dy + 0 dz + 0
v2 = 1 dx 1 dy + 0 dz 24
v3 = 0 dx 1 dy + 1 dz 46
v4 = 0 dx + 0 dy + 1 dz + 0
v5 = 0 dx + 1 dy + 0 dz + 0
v3 = 1 dx + 0 dy + 1 dz + 17
48
0
0
24
dx
1 46
dy
1 0
dz
0 0
1
17
0
0
0
0
0
1 / 0.65
0 1 / 0.80
0
0
0
0
0
0 1 / 1.00
0
0
0
pi =
0
0
0 1 / 1.40
0
0
0
0
0
0 1 / 1.50
0
0
0
0
0
0 1 / 1.95
0
0
1.54
0 1.25
0
0
0 1.00
pi =
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.71
0
0 0.67
0
0
Q xx = N
0
0
0
0
0
0.51
38.72
T
n = A p = 76.00
37.28
dx 5.12
x = Q xx n = dy = 20.94
dz 8.52
pi =
mm
49
1
si (km)
z 138.113 8.52 138.122
x x0 dx
y = y + dy
0
z z 0 dz
Dzeltmeler v = A x
v1 1 0
v 1 1
2
v3 0 1
=
v4 0 0
v5 0
1
v6 1 0
0
0 5.12
24 2.06
5.12
46 16.54
1
=
20.94
1
0 8.52
8.52
0 20.94
0
1
17 20.39
hi = hi + v i
Dengeli ller
h1 h1 v1
h2 h2 v2
h h3 v3
3 =
+
h4 h4 v4
h h v
5 5 5
h6 h6 v6
h2 19.218 2.06 19.220
h 33.524 16.54 33.507
3 =
=
+
h4 57.440 8.52 57.449
h 23.962 20.94 23.941
5
h6 14.267 20.39 14.287
h1 + v1 = H p 1 H A
43.161 = 43.161
h2 + v2 = H p1 H p 2
19.220 = 19.220
h3 + v3 = H p3 H p 2
33.507 = 33.507
h4 + v4 = H p 3 H A
57.449 = 57.449
h5 + v5 = H p 2 H A
23.941 = 23.941
h6 + v6 = H p3 H p1
14.287 = 14.287
m0 =
v pv
nu
876.79
= 17.10 mm
63
50
mm
mh4 = 20.23
mh2 = 15.29
mh5 = 20.94
mh3 = 17.10
mh6 = 23.87
m i =
m0
mm
pi
0.04
0.21
0.58
0.33 0.25
0.37
T
Q = A Q xx A =
0
.
22
0
.
09
0
.
33
0
.
64
0
.
31
0.42
0.37
0.42
0.05
0.64
0.22 0.27
mh = m0 Q
mh = 11.28
mh = 13.67 mm
mh = 11.78
mh = 12.82
mh = 12.98
mh = 13.67
i i
Q vv = Q Q
Q vv = p Q
0
0
0
0
0
0.65
0 0.80
0
0
0
0
0
0 1.00
0
0
0
p 1 =
0
0
0
1
.
40
0
0
0
0
0
0 1.50
0
0
0
0
0 1.95
0
51
0.04
0.21 0.17
0.17
0
.
33
0.21
0.04 0.21
0.42
Q vv =
0.09 0.33
0.22
0.26
0.30
0.25
0.27 0.37
0.22
0.22 0.26
0.22
0.09
0.30
0.27
0.33
0.25 0.37
0.42 0.05
1.31
mvi = m0 Q v v
mv1 = 7.91
mv 4 = 14.91 mm
mv 2 = 9.75
mv5 = 16.56
mv3 = 11.13
mv6 = 19.57
i i
rnek: Bir yerel sistemde ykseklik koordinat bilinen 102 noktasna dayal olarak 103 ve
108 noktalarnn yksekliini nivelman alarnn dolayl ller dengelemesi yntemi ile
belirleyiniz.
P103 ( x)
Kesin Ykseklik
1034.306
102
Yaklak Ykseklik
1069.816
103
1161.352
108
h1
h3
ller
DN
102
102
103
BN
103
108
108
h (m)
35.510
127.046
91.545
s (m)
581.395
458.715
724.637
P102
h2
P108 ( y )
l says
n=3
Bilinmeyen says
u=2
Serbestlik Derecesi
f = n-u = 3-2>0
Dengeleme var.
h1 + v1 = H p103 H p102
h1 + v1 = x H p102
v1 = x H p102 h1
h2 + v2 = H p108 H p102
h2 + v2 = y H p102
v2 = y H p102 h2
h3 + v3 = H p108 H p103
h3 + v3 = y x
v3 = y x h3
52
Yaklak deerler
x = x0 + dx
y = y0 + dy
x0 = H p102 + h1
y0 = H p102 + h2
v1 = x H p102 h1
v1 = dx + x0 H p102 h1
v2 = y H p102 h2
v2 = dy + y0 H p102 h2
v3 = y x h3
v3 = dy dx + y0 x0 h3
v1 = dx
v2 = dy
v3 = dx + dy 0.9
v1 = 1 dx + 0 dy 0
v2 = 0 dx + 1 dy 0
v3 = 1 dx + 1 dy 0.9
Yukardaki denklemleri v = A x formatnda yazalm.
0
v1 1 0
v = 0 1 dx 0
dy
2
v3 1 1 0.9
0
0
1 /(581.395 / 1000)
pi =
0
1 /(458.715 / 1000)
0
0
0
1 /(724.637 / 1000)
0
0
1.72
pi = 0
2.18 0
0
0 1.38
53
pi =
1
si (km)
P2
Kesin Ykseklikler
508.081
P1
511.769
P2
502.714
P3
Yaklak Ykseklik
510.815
P4
P3
h2
P1
h3
h1
i
hi (m)
si (m)
1
2
3
2.716
0.934
8.121
210
210
425
P4 ( x)
l says
n=3
Bilinmeyen says
u=1
Serbestlik Derecesi
f = n-u = 3-2>0
Dengeleme var.
h1 + v1 = H p 4 H p1
h1 + v1 = x H p1
v1 = x H p1 h1
h2 + v2 = H p 2 H p 4
h2 + v2 = H p 2 x
v2 = x + H p 2 h2
h3 + v3 = H p 4 H p3
h3 + v3 = x H p3
v3 = x H p3 h3
v1 = dx + x0 H p1 h1
v2 = dx + H p 2 x0 h2
v3 = dx + x0 H p3 h3
v1 = dx + 1.8
v2 = dx + 2.0
v3 = dx 2.0
2
2.0
v3 1
54
0
0
1 /(210 / 1000)
pi =
0
1 /(210 / 1000)
0
0
0
1 /(425 / 1000)
pi =
0
0
4.76
pi = 0
4.76
0
0
0
2.35
55
1
si (km)
Z 1 2
D1 2
S1 2 cot Z 1 2
t
P2
S1 2
i
P1
Yeryz
H2
H1
56
H 2 = H 1 + S1 2 cot Z 1 2 + i t +
1 k 2
S1 2
2r
1 k
olarak
2r
cot Z 1 2 =
1
S1 2
H 2 H 1 K S12 2 i + t
H 2 H 1 K S122 i + t
Z12 = arc cot
S12
H 2 = H 20 + dh2
Z10 2
57
vZ 1 2 =
a=
sin 2 Z 10 2
sin 2 Z 10 2
dh1
dh2 + Z 10 2 Z 1 2
S1 2
S1 2
sin 2 Z 10 2
S1 2
b=
sin 2 Z 10 2
S1 2
= Z 10 2 Z 1 2
Hi
Kesin Ykseklik
1016.253
2
5
6
1117.001
1047.644
1101.859
Yaklak Ykseklikler
5
DN
BN
3
5
6
2
5
6
2
3
Dey A
Alet Ykseklii
Reflektr Ykseklii
Z i j
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.45
1.45
1.75
1.81
1.76
1.90
1.87
1.83
1.88
1.82
102.92374
102.28561
102.51359
97.08010
98.71777
96.35727
97.70589
101.27326
58
S i j
2194.193
1924.510
1875.414
2194.200
1562.956
1495.632
1924.500
1562.961
1
H 20 H 10 K S i2 j i + t
Z i0 j = arc cot
S i j
a=
sin 2 Z 10 2 200
10000
S1 2 100
1 k
1 0.13
=
= 0.0000000683
2 r 2 63700000
K=
DN
BN
S i j
H 0j H i0
K Si2 j
3
5
6
2
5
6
2
3
2194.193
1924.510
1875.414
2194.200
1562.956
1495.632
1924.500
1562.961
-100.748
-69.357
-15.142
100.748
31.391
85.606
69.357
-31.391
0.3288
0.2529
0.2402
0.3288
0.1668
0.1528
0.2529
0.1668
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.45
1.45
1.75
1.81
1.76
1.90
1.87
1.83
1.88
1.82
l says
n=8
Bilinmeyen says
u=3
Serbestlik Derecesi
f = n-u = 8-3>0
Z i0 j
Z i j
= Z 10 2 Z 1 2 10000
b = a
102.92100
102.28878
102.51060
97.08010
98.71777
96.35728
97.70083
101.27016
102.92374
102.28561
102.51359
97.08010
98.71777
96.35727
97.70589
101.27326
a (cc/cm)
(cc)
2.8953
3.3037
3.3943
2.8953
4.0715
4.2426
3.3037
4.0715
-27.4
31.7
-29.9
0
0
0
-50.6
-31.0
Dengeleme var.
vZ i j = a dhi + b dh j
59
0
2 5
vZ 26 3.3943
29.9
0 3.3943
dh2
0
0
0
vZ 3 2 = 2.8953
dh5
vZ 35
0 4.0715
0
0
dh6
0
0 4.2426
0
vZ 36
vZ 3.3037
50.6
3.3037
0
5 2
0
4.0715
0
31.10
vZ 53
50.1154 21.8287
T
N = A A = 21.8287
54.9834
11.5215
0.0000
11.5215
0.0000
29.5212
91.32
n = A = 398.06
101.30
T
60
Q xx = N
dh2 0.74
x = Q xx n = dh5 = 7.53 cm
dh6 3.14
5
H 6 1101.859 3.14 1101.8276
2 5
vZ 26 3.3943
29.9 16.70
0 3.3943
0.74
0
0
0 2.13
vZ 32 = 2.8953
=
7.53
vZ 35
0 4.0715
0
0 30.66
3.14
0
0 4.2426
0 13.36
vZ 36
vZ 3.3037
50.6 28.14
3.3037
0
5 2
0
4.0715
0
vZ 53
31.10 0.30
Dengeli ller
Z 23 Z 23 vZ 23
Z 25 Z 25 vZ 25
Z Z 26 vZ 26
2 6
Z 32 = Z 32 + vZ 3 2
Z Z vZ
3 5 3 5 3 5
Z 36 Z 36 vZ 36
Z Z vZ
5 2 5 2 5 2
Z 53 Z 53 vZ 53
Z i j = Z i j + vZ i j
Z 23 102.92374 25.24 102.92121
Z 25 102.28561 9.28 102.28653
Z 3 2 = 97.08010 + 2.13 = 97.07988
Z 98.71777 30.66 98.71470
3 5
Z 36 96.35727 13.36 96.35861
Z 97.70589 28.14 97.70308
5 2
Z 53 101.27326 0.30 101.27323
61
Z i j = Z i j + vZ i j = Z i j = arc cot
H j H i K S i2 j i + t
S i j
102.92121 102.92121
102.28653 102.28653
100.51192 100.51192
97.07988 = 97.07988
98.71470 98.71470
96.35861 96.35861
97.70308 97.70308
101.27323 101.27323
m0 =
v v
2917.60
=
= 24.16 cc
83
nu
cm
m i =
m0
cc
pi
Arllar eit alnd iin llerin ortalama hatas karesel ortalama hataya eittir.
Dengeli llerin Ortalama Hatas
0.23
0.16
0.16
0.23
T
Q = A Q xx A =
0.13
0.13
0.16
0.13
0.16
0.31
0.11
0.16
0.16
0.09
0.31
0.16
0.16
0.23
0.13
0.13
0.16 0.13
0.09
0.13
0.37
0.07 0.16 0.37
0.40
0.13
0.07
0.68
0.09 0.07
0.11
0.16 0.16
0.09
0.31
0.16
62
mZ = m0 Q
mZ = 11.51
mZ = 14.74 cc
mZ = 13.36
mZ = 19.98
mZ = 17.19
mZ = 13.36
mZ = 11.51
mZ = 14.74
i i
Q vv = Q Q
Q vv = p Q
p 1
1
0
0
=
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0.77
0.16
0.16
0.23
Q vv =
0.13
0.13
0.16
0.13
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.16
0.16 0.23
0.69
0.11 0.16
0.11
0.49 0.16
0.16 0.16
0.77
0.16 0.09
0.13
0.09
0.40
0.13
0.31 0.11
0.16
0.16
0.09 0.13
mvi = m0 Q v v
mv1 = 21.24
mv5 = 19.14 mm
mv 2 = 20.13
mv6 = 13.58
mv3 = 16.97
mv7 = 20.13
mv 4 = 21.24
mv8 = 19.14
i i
63
0.13
0.16
0.09
0.13
0.37
0.07
0.16
0.63
H 2 = H 1 + S1 2 cot Z 1 2 + i t +
H 2 H1 = S1 2 cot Z1 2 + i t +
1 k 2
S1 2
2r
1 k 2
S1 2
2r
H 1 2 = H 2 H 1
Bu yntemde yukardaki eitlikten hesaplanan ykseklik farklar l olarak ele alnr ve
problem nivelman alarnn dengelenmesi gibi zlr.
l + Dzeltme = Bilinmeyenlerin Fonksiyonu
H 1 2 + vH 1 2 = H 2 H 1
H 1 = H 10 + dh1
H 2 = H 20 + dh2
H 1 2 + vH 1 2 = H 20 + dh2 H 10 dh1
vH 1 2 = dh1 + dh2 + H 20 H 10 H 1 2
= H 20 H 10 H 1 2
64
pi =
1
s (km)
2
i
Hi
Kesin Ykseklik
1016.253
2
5
6
1117.001
1047.644
1101.859
Yaklak Ykseklikler
x
y
5
DN
BN
3
5
6
2
5
6
2
3
Dey A
Alet Ykseklii
Reflektr Ykseklii
Z i j
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.45
1.45
1.75
1.81
1.76
1.90
1.87
1.83
1.88
1.82
102.92374
102.28561
102.51359
97.08010
98.71777
96.35727
97.70589
101.27326
l says
n=8
Bilinmeyen says
u=3
Serbestlik Derecesi
f = n-u = 8-3>0
Dengeleme var.
65
S i j
2194.193
1924.510
1875.414
2194.200
1562.956
1495.632
1924.500
1562.961
H 23 + vH 23 = H 3 x
H 25 + vH 25 = H 5 H 2
H 25 + vH 25 = y x
H 26 + vH 26 = H 6 H 2
H 26 + vH 26 = z x
H 32 + vH 32 = H 2 H 3
H 32 + vH 32 = x H 3
H 35 + vH 35 = H 5 H 3
H 35 + vH 35 = y H 3
H 36 + vH 36 = H 6 H 3
H 36 + vH 36 = z H 3
H 52 + vH 52 = H 2 H 5
H 52 + vH 52 = x y
H 53 + vH 53 = H 3 H 5
H 53 + vH 53 = H 3 y
x = x0 + dx
y = y0 + dy
z = z0 + dz
vH 23 = H 3 x H 23
vH 23 = H 3 x0 dx H 23
vH 25 = y x H 25
vH 25 = y0 + dy x0 dx H 25
vH 26 = z x H 26
vH 26 = z0 + dz x0 dx H 26
vH 32 = x H 3 H 32
vH 32 = x0 + dx H 3 H 32
vH 35 = y H 3 H 35
vH 35 = y0 + dy H 3 H 35
vH 36 = z H 3 H 36
vH 36 = z0 + dz H 3 H 36
vH 52 = x y H 52
vH 52 = x0 + dx y0 dy H 52
vH 53 = H 3 y H 53
vH 53 = H 3 y0 dy H 53
vH 23 = dx + H 3 x0 H 23
1 = H 3 x0 H 23
vH 25 = dx + dy + y0 x0 H 25
2 = y0 x0 H 25
vH 26 = dx + dz + z0 x0 H 26
3 = z0 x0 H 26
vH 32 = dx + x0 H 3 H 32
4 = x0 H 3 H 32
vH 35 = dy + y0 H 3 H 35
5 = y0 H 3 H 35
vH 36 = dz + z0 H 3 H 36
6 = z0 H 3 H 36
vH 52 = dx dy + x0 y0 H 52
7 = x0 y0 H 52
vH 53 = dy + H 3 y0 H 53
8 = H 3 y0 H 53
66
K=
1 k
1 0.13
=
= 0.0000000683
2 r 2 63700000
DN
BN
S i j
Z i j
3
5
6
2
5
6
2
3
2194.193
1924.510
1875.414
2194.200
1562.956
1495.632
1924.500
1562.961
102.92374
102.28561
102.51359
97.08010
98.71777
96.35727
97.70589
101.27326
1 k 2
S12 yardmyla hesaplanr.
2r
S1 2 cot Z1 2
-100.841
-69.124
-15.130
100.709
31.484
85.673
69.381
-31.264
K Si2 j
H 0j H i0
H i j
(cm)
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.45
1.45
1.75
1.81
1.76
1.90
1.87
1.83
1.88
1.82
0.3288
0.2529
0.2402
0.3288
0.1668
0.1528
0.2529
0.1668
-100.748
-69.357
-15.142
100.748
31.391
85.606
69.357
-31.391
-100.843
-69.261
-15.230
100.748
31.391
85.606
69.204
-31.467
9.4
-9.6
8.8
0
0
0
15.3
7.6
vH 23 = dx + 9.4
vH 23 = 1 dx + 0 dy + 0 dz + 9.4
vH 25 = dx + dy 9.6
vH 25 = 1 dx + 1 dy + 0 dz 9.6
vH 26 = dx + dz + 8.8
vH 26 = 1 dx + 0 dy + 1 dz + 8.8
vH 32 = dx + 0.0
vH 32 = 1 dx + 0 dy + 0 dz + 0.0
vH 35 = dy + 0.0
vH 35 = 0 dx + 1 dy + 0 dz + 0.0
vH 36 = dz + 0.0
vH 36 = 0 dx + 0 dy + 1 dz + 0.0
vH 52 = dx dy + 15.3
vH 52 = 1 dx 1 dy + 0 dz + 15.3
vH 53 = dy + 7.6
vH 53 = 0 dx 1 dy + 0 dz + 7.6
vH 26 1 0
vH 3 2 = 1 0
vH 35 0
1
0
vH 36 0
vH 1 1
5 2
vH 53 0 1
0
9.5
9.6
8.8
1
dx
0
0
dy
0
0
dz
1
0
15.3
0
0
7.6
67
5 2
N = A A = 2
4
1
0
Q xx = N
6.66
n = A = 32.52
8.80
1
0
2
dx 1.49
x = Q xx n = dy = 8.87 cm
dz 3.65
z 1101.859 3.65 1101.8225
Dzeltmeler v = A x
vH 23 1 0
vH 1
1
2 5
vH 26 1 0
vH 3 2 = 1 0
vH 35 0
1
0
vH 36 0
vH 1 1
5 2
vH 53 0 1
0
9.5 7.97
9.6 2.22
8.8 3.66
1
1.49
0
0 1.49
=
8.87
0
0 8.87
3.65
1
0 3.66
15.3 7.93
0
0
7.6 1.27
Dengeli ller
H i j = H i j + vH i j
H 23 H 23 vH 23
H 25 H 25 vH 25
H H 26 vH 26
2 6
H 3 2 = H 3 2 + vH 3 2
H H vH
3 5
3 5 3 5
H 36 H 36 vH 36
H H vH
5 2
5 2 5 2
H 53 H 53 vH 53
H 2 5 69.261 2.22 69.283
H 2 6 15.230 3.66 15.193
H 3 2 = 100.748 + 1.49 = 100.763
H 31.391 8.87 31.480
35
H 3 6 85.606 3.66 85.569
H 69.204 7.93 69.283
5 2
68
15.193 15.193
100.763 = 100.763
31.480 31.480
85.569 85.569
69.283 69.283
31.480 31.480
m0 =
v v
240.58
=
= 6.94 cm
83
nu
Q xx = N
cm
m i =
m0
cm
pi
Arllar eit alnd iin llerin ortalama hatas karesel ortalama hataya eittir.
69
0.14
0.29
T
Q = A Q xx A =
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
mH
i j
mH
2 3
mH
2 5
mH
26
mH
3 2
0.14
0.32
0.07
0.14
0.18
0.07
0.32
0.18
0.14
0.29
0.14
0.14
0.14 0.14
0.07
0.14
0.32
0.07 0.18 0.32
0.43
0.14
0.07
0.57
0.07 0.07
0.07
0.14 0.18
0.07
0.32
0.18
= 3.71
mH
3 5
= 3.93
mH
3 6
= 5.24
mH
5 2
= 3.71
mH
53
= 3.93 cm
= 5.24
= 3.93
= 3.93
Q vv = Q Q
Q vv = p Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
p 1
1
0
0
=
0
0
0
Q vv
0.71
0.14
0.14
0.29
=
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.14
0.68
0.07 0.14
0.07
0.43 0.14 0.07
0.14 0.14
0.71
0.14
0.18 0.07
0.14
0.68
0.43 0.07
0.14
0.14
0.07 0.18
0.07
0.43
0.32 0.07
0.43
0.07
0.07
0.68
0.18
0.18
0.14
0.07
0.14 0.18
70
0.14
0.18
0.07
0.14
0.32
0.07
0.18
0.68
mvi = m0 Q v v
mv1 = 5.86
mv5 = 5.71 cm
mv 2 = 5.71
mv6 = 4.54
mv3 = 4.54
mv7 = 5.71
mv 4 = 5.86
mv8 = 5.71
i i
71
P2 ( X 2 , Y2 , Z 2 )
Z12 = Z 2 Z1
( X 1 , Y1 , Z1 ) P1
Y
X 12 = X 2 X 1
Y12 = Y2 Y1
Fonksiyonel Model: Bu problemde fonksiyonumuz iki nokta arasndaki llen baza ait
koordinat farklardr. Fonksiyonel modeli koordinat farklar iin yazalm ve dzenleyelim.
l + Dzeltme = Bilinmeyenlerin Fonksiyonu
X 12 + Vx12 = X 2 X 1
Vx12 = X 2 X 1 X 12
Y12 + Vy12 = Y2 Y1
Vy12 = Y2 Y1 Y12
Z12 + Vz12 = Z 2 Z1
Vz12 = Z 2 Z1 Z12
72
Y = Y 0 + dY
Z = Z 0 + dZ
Vx12 = dX 1 + dX 2 + X 20 X 10 X 12
dX 1
dY
1
Vx
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
12
dZ
1
Vy = 0 1 0 0 1 0
dX 2
12
Vz12 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 3
dY2
dZ 2
73
Stokastik Model: Bir GPS anda belirlenen bir baza ait varyans-kovaryans matrisinin
duyarlklar farkl ve korelsyonludur.
K12
m2X1 2
= mX1 2Y12
mX Z
12 12
K12
m2X1 2
mX1 2Z1 2
mY12Z12
m2Z12
mX1 2Y1 2
m2Y12
mY12Z12
Q12 =
K12
m02
p12 = Q112
Arlk matrisi
rnek: Aada verilmi GPS an dolayl ller yntemiyle dengeleyiniz. Birim lnn
ortalama hatasn m0 = 2 cm olarak alnz.
NN
4
7
11
X (m)
Y (m)
Z (m)
Kesin Koordinatlar
3710709.539 3084028.627 4157648.644
3710479.640 3084171.030 4157677.581
Yaklak Koordinatlar
3710442.600 3084257.800 4157623.100
DN
DN
X (m)
Y (m)
Z (m)
mX (cm)
mY (cm)
mZ (cm)
229.897
-142.404
-28.937
1.2
2.4
1.3
11
266.878
-229.233
25.473
2.3
1.5
1.0
l says
Bilinmeyen says
Serbestlik Derecesi
f = n-u = 6-3>0
Dengeleme var.
74
rXY =
rXZ =
rYZ =
0.2
0.4
0.3
X 74 + Vx74 = X 4 X 7
Vx74 = X 4 X 7 X 74
Y74 + Vy74 = Y4 Y7
Vy74 = Y4 Y7 Y74
Z 74 + Vz74 = Z 4 Z 7
Vz74 = Z 4 Z 7 Z 74
X 114 + Vx114 = X 4 X 11
Vx114 = X 4 X 11 X 114
Yaklak deerler
X 4 = X 40 + dX 4
Y4 = Y40 + dY4
Z 4 = Z 40 + dZ 4
X 7 = X 70 + dX 7
Y7 = Y70 + dY7
Z 7 = Z 70 + dZ 7
X 11 = X 110 + dX 11
Vx74 = dX 4 dX 7 + X 40 X 70 X 74
Vz74 = Z 40 + dZ 4 Z 70 dZ 7 Z 74
Vz74 = dZ 4 dZ 7 + Z 40 Z 70 Z 74
1 = X 40 X 70 X 74 = 0.2 cm
75
Vy74 = 0.1
Vz74 = 0.0
Vx114 = dX 11 + 6.1
Vy 0 0 0
74
dX 11 0.1
Vz74 0 0 0
0.1
=
dY11
Vx114 1 0 0 dZ 6.1
Vy114 0 1 0 11 6.0
7.1
Vz114 0 0 1
Stokastik Model
K 74
m2X 74
= rX 74Y74 mX 74 mY74
rX Z mX mZ
74
74
74 74
K 74
K 74
rX 74Y74 mX 74 mY74
m2Y74
rY74Z74 mY74 mZ74
76
rX 74Z74 mX 74 mZ74
K114
0
0
0
1.44 0.58 0.62
0.58 5.76 0.94
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
.
29
0
.
69
0
.
92
0
0
0 0.69 2.25 0.45
0
0 0.92 0.45 1.00
0
Baz saysnn ok fazla olduu GPS alarnda bu ekilde oluturulan stokastik modelin tersini
almak bilgisayar kullanarak bile ok zordur. Bu nedenle bazlarn kendi ierisinde tersini
alarak arlklar hesaplanr. Kegen bir blok matrisin tersi, bloklarn ayr ayr terslerine
eittir. Aadaki formllerden yararlanarak her baz iin arlklar hesaplanr.
K 74 = m02 Q74
Q74 =
K 74
m02
p74 = Q714
Q74
P74
P114
77
Arlk matrisi
0
0
0
3.33 0.15 1.15
0.15
0
.
77
0
.
37
0
0
0
1.15 0.37
3.00
0
0
0
P=
0
0
0
0.91 0.12 0.78
0
0
0 0.12
1.97 0.77
0
0
0 0.78 0.77
5.07
Q xx = N
0.74
n = A p = 5.58
26.57
T
dx11 6.1
x = Q xx n = dy11 = 6.0
dz11 7.1
cm
11
dZ11 4157623.100 7.1 4157623.171
Dzeltmeler v = A x
0.2 0.2
Vx74 0 0 0
Vy 0 0 0
74
6.1 0.1 0.1
Vz74 0 0 0 0.1 0.0
=
=
6.0
Vx114 1 0 0 7.1 6.1 0.0
Vy114 0 1 0
6.0 0.0
7.1 0.0
Vz114 0 0 1
Dengeli ller
X 7 4 X 7 4 Vx7 4
Y7 4 Y7 4 Vy7 4
Z Z 7 4 Vz 7 4
74 =
+
X 114 X 114 Vx114
Y Y Vy
114 114 114
Z114 Z114 Vz114
Y7 4 142.404 0.1 142.403
Z 7 4 28.937 0.0 28.937
=
+ =
X 114 266.878 0.0 266.878
Y 229.233 0.0 229.233
114
Z114 25.473 0.0 25.473
78
X 114 + Vx114 X 4 X 11
Y114 + Vy114 Y4 Y11
229.899 229.899
142.403 142.403
28.937 28.937
266.878 266.878
229.233 229.233
25.473 25.473
m0 =
v pv
nu
0.14
= 0.21 cm
63
cm
m i =
mX 74 = 0.12
mX114 = 0.22
mY74 = 0.24
mY114 = 0.15
mZ74 = 0.12
mZ114 = 0.09
m0
cm
pi
0
T
Q = A Q xx A =
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
79
= m0 Q
=0
mX
mY
=0
mY
= 0.16
mZ
=0
mZ
= 0.11
mX
i j
mX
74
74
74
i i
11 4
11 4
11 4
= 0.24
Q vv = Q Q
Q vv = p Q
0
0
0
0.36 0.14 0.16
0.14 1.44 0.23
0
0
0
0
0 1.32 0.17 0.23
0
0
0
0 0.17 0.56 0.11
0
0 0.23 0.11 0.25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
mvi j = m0 Q v v
mv74 = 0.13
mv114 = 0 cm
mv74 = 0.25
mv114 = 0
mv74 = 0.14
mv114 = 0
i i
80
P301
P302
NN
101
102
P101
P102
X (m)
Y (m)
Z (m)
Yaklak Koordinatlar
3710479.640 3084171.030 4157677.581
3710709.539 3084028.627 4157648.644
DN
101
DN
DN
102
DN
101
102
X (m)
229.897
mX (cm)
2
Y (m)
-142.404
mY (cm)
4
Z (m)
-28.937
mZ (cm)
3
Y = Y 0 + dY
Z = Z 0 + dZ
81
0
0
Vx101102 = dX 101 + dX 102 + X 102
X 101
X 101102
0
0
Vy101102 = dY101 + dY102 + Y102
Y101
Y101102
0
0
Vz101102 = dZ101 + dZ102 + Z102
Z101
Z101102
0
0
1 = X 102
X 101
X 101102 = 709.539 479.640 229.897 = 0.2
0
0
2 = Y102
Y101
Y101102 = 4028.627 4171.030 (142.404) = 0.1
0
0
3 = Z102
Z101
Z101102 = 648.644 677.581 (28.937) = 0.0
dX 101
dY
101
0.2
Vx101102 1 0 0 1 0 0
= 0 1 0 0 1 0 dZ101 0.1
Vy
dX
101102
Vz101102 0 0 1 0 0 1 102 0.0
dY102
dZ102
K12
m2X101102
K101102
2 2 0.5 2 4 0.5 2 3
4 2 0.5 4 3
= 0.5 2 4
0.5 2 3 0.5 4 3
32
K101102
82
4 4 3
= 4 16 6
3 6 9
83
N = aij x i y j
Derece
0
N = a00 x y
0
N = a10 x1 y 0
N = a01 x 0 y1
N = a20 x 2 y 0
N = a11 x1 y1
N = a02 x 0 y 2
N = a30 x 3 y 0
N = a21 x 2 y1
N = a12 x1 y 2
N = a03 x 0 y 3
N = a00
N = a10 x
N = a01 y
N = a20 x 2
N = a11 x y
N = a02 y 2
N = a30 x 3
N = a21 x 2 y
N = a12 x y 2
N = a03 y 3
84
x=
x1 + x2 + x3 + + xu
u
ortalama x koordinat
y=
y1 + y2 + y3 + + yu
u
ortalama y koordinat
xi =
x xi
1000
yi =
y yi
1000
x1 =
x x1
1000
x2 =
x x2
1000
x3 =
x x3
1000
x4 =
x x4
1000
y1 =
y y1
1000
y2 =
y y2
1000
y3 =
y y3
1000
y4 =
y y4
1000
85
1
1
Bu
x1
x2
x3
x4
y1
y2
y3
y4
x1 2
x22
x32
x42
x1 y1
x2 y2
x3 y3
x4 y4
denklem
lineer
a00
y1 2 N1
a10
y22 N 2
a01
y32 N 3 = 0
a20
y42 N 4
a11
a02
bir
denklem
sistemidir.
Lineer
denklem
artn
sistemi
salayan
zlerek
ve
NN
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
Saa
y
9121.569
4139.007
1965.772
5985.901
6321.854
Yukar
h
H
N=h-H
x
(m)
(m)
(m)
1060.477 1223.48 1188.61 34.87
749.228 986.84 952.23 34.61
7055.988 929.37 894.80 34.57
9645.566 888.53 853.82 34.71
4938.485 1008.75
?
?
86
zm: Bu problemde verilen 4 nokta iin N = a00 + a10 x + a01 y eitlii yazlr.
l says
n=4
Bilinmeyen says
u=3
Serbestlik Derecesi
f = n-u = 4-3>0
Dengeleme var.
x=
x1 + x 2 + x3 + x 4
= 4627.815
4
ortalama x koordinat
y=
y1 + y 2 + y 3 + y 4
= 5303.062
4
ortalama y koordinat
x1 =
x x1
= 3.5673
1000
x 2 =
x x2
= 3.8786
1000
x3 =
x x3
= 2.4282
1000
x 4 =
x x4
= 5.0178
1000
y1 =
y y1
= 3.8185
1000
y 2 =
y y2
= 1.1641
1000
y 3 =
y y3
= 3.3373
1000
y 4 =
y y4
= 0.6828
1000
87
3.8786
1.1641 34.61
=0
a10
1 2.4282
3.3373 34.57
a 01
1
5
.
0178
0
.
6828
34.71
0
0
4
N = AT A = 0
58.8432 13.7842
0 13.7842
27.5398
138.76
n = A = 0.52
1.19
T
Q xx = N
0
0
0.25
= 0 0.0193 0.0096
0 0.0096 0.0411
a00 34.69
x = N n = a10 = 0.0014
a01 0.0441
1
v = A x = 0
3.5673 3.8185
v1 1
34.87 0.02
34.69
v 1
3.8786
1.1641
34.61 0.02
2 =
=
0.0014
v3 1 2.4282
34.57 0.02
3.3373
0.0441
34.71 0.02
v4 1 5.0178 0.6828
88
x5 =
x x5
= 0.3107
1000
y5 =
y y5
= 1.0188
1000
[N 5 ] = [1
x5
a00
y5 ] a10
a01
[N 5 ] = [34.74]
34.69
[N 5 ] = [1 0.3107 1.0188] 0.0014
0.0441
m0 =
v v
0.0017
=
= 0.041 m
nu
43
Qxx = N
0
0
0.25
= 0 0.0193 0.0096
0 0.0096 0.0411
89
Datum parametre Tr
An Tanmlayclar
Nivelman
1 teleme
1 noktann ykseklii
Trigonometrik
1 teleme
1 noktann ykseklii
Dorultu
Dorultu-Kenar
2 teleme 1 dnklk
GPS A
3 teleme
hatalar yeni noktalarn konum hatalarn bytr. Bu balamda noktalarn konum doruluu
datum seimine bal olarak deiir. Bu durumdan etkilenmemek iin alar serbest a
dengelemesi (tm iz minimum yntemine gre dengeleme) ile dengelenir. Bu yntemde bir
ada yaplan tm llerden meydana gelen hatalar tm nokta koordinatlarna datlr.
Serbest a dengelemesi yntemi zellikle deformasyon aratrma almalarnda kullanlr.
Deformasyon izleme amacyla oluturulan jeodezik alarda noktalarn koordinatlar ve
koordinatlarn doruluklar deformasyon analizinde kullanlan giri deerlerdir. Deformasyon
analizi ve yorumu asndan bu deerlerin serbest a dengelemesiyle elde edilmi olunmas
tercih edilmektedir.
Serbest a dengelemesinde tm noktalar bilinmeyen noktalar olarak ele alnr. Bu nedenle
normal denklem katsaylar matrisinin determinant sfr olur. Yani bu matris singler bir
matristir.
Fonksiyonel Model
Stokastik Model
v = A x
p = Q
v Q v = v p v = min
T
A p A x A p = 0
N=A pA
Bilinmeyenler Vektr
Sabit terimler
n = A p
91
{ } = min ve
x T x = min
N = N + GG
T 1
GG
x = N n
AG = 0 ,
G n = 0,
N G = 0
Burada G matrisi an datumunu belirler. p adaki nokta says olmak zere baz alar iin
1
T
G =
p
1
p
p (1, p )
T
G =
1
p
0
0
0
1
p
0
0
0
1
p
1
p
0
0
0
1
p
0
.....
.....
.....
1
p
92
0
1
p
0
1
p (3,3 p )
G=
1
p
0
1
p
0
y1"
x1"
y "p
x "p
x1"
"
y1
x "p
y "p
(2 p , 4 )
G=
1
p
0
1
p
0
0
1
p
0
1
p
y1"
"
x1
y "p
x "p
(2 p ,3 )
xg =
[xi ]
p
yg =
[ yi ]
p
93
xi' = xi x g
y i' = y i y g
Normlandrma eleman
c=
(x ) + (y )
' 2
i
' 2
i
Normlandrlm koordinatlar
xi" = c xi'
y i" = c y i'
94
P1 ( x)
h1
h2
h5
h6
P2 ( y )
h3
P4 (k )
h4
P3 ( z )
hi
si (km)
1
2
3
4
5
6
43.156
19.218
33.524
57.440
23.962
14.267
0.65
0.80
1.00
1.40
1.50
1.95
pi
H i (m)
Yaklak Ykseklikler
1
123.829
2
104.635
3
138.115
4
80.673
l says
n=6
Bilinmeyen says
u=3
Datum defekt
d=1
Serbestlik Derecesi
h1 + v1 = H p H p4
h1 + v1 = x k
v1 = x k h1
h2 + v2 = H p1 H p 2
h2 + v2 = x y
v2 = x y h2
h3 + v3 = H p3 H p 2
h3 + v3 = z y
v3 = z y h3
h4 + v4 = H p 3 H p4
h4 + v 4 = z k
v 4 = z k h4
h5 + v5 = H p2 H p4
h5 + v5 = y k
v5 = y k h5
h6 + v6 = H p3 H p1
h6 + v6 = z x
v3 = z x h6
95
Yaklak deerler
x = x0 + dx
y = y0 + dy
x0 = 123.829 m,
v1 = x k h1
v2 = x y h2
v3 = z y h3
v 4 = z k h4
v5 = y k h5
v3 = z x h6
z = z0 + dz
y0 = 104.635 m
k = k 0 + dk
z0 = 138.115 m,
k 0 = 80.673 m
v1 = dx dk + x0 k 0 h1
v2 = dx dy + x0 y0 h2
v3 = dy + dz + z0 y0 h3
v4 = dz dk + z0 k 0 h4
v5 = dy dk + y0 k0 h5
v3 = dx + dz + z0 x0 h6
v1 = dx dk
v2 = dx dy 24
v3 = dy + dz 46
v4 = dz dk
v5 = dy dk
v3 = dx + dz + 17
v1 = 1 dx + 0 dy + 0 dz 1 dk + 0
v2 = 1 dx 1 dy + 0 dz + 0 dk 24
v3 = 0 dx 1 dy + 1 dz + 0 dk 46
v4 = 0 dx + 0 dy + 1 dz 1 dk + 0
v5 = 0 dx + 1 dy + 0 dz 1 dk + 0
v3 = 1 dx + 0 dy + 1 dz + 0 dk + 17
Yukardaki denklemleri v = A x formatnda yazalm.
v1 1 0 0 1
0
v 1 1 0
0 dx 24
2
v3 0 1 1 0 dy 46
=
0
0
1
1
4
dz 0
v5 0
1 0 1 dk 0
17
v6 1 0 1 0
96
0
0
0
0
0
1 / 0.65
0
1
/
0
.
80
0
0
0
0
0
0 1 / 1.00
0
0
0
pi =
0
0
0 1 / 1.40
0
0
0
0
0
0 1 / 1.50
0
0
0
0
0
0 1 / 1.95
0
0
1.54
0 1.25
0
0
0 1.00
pi =
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.92
1.54 0.67 0.71
1 /
1/
G=
1 /
1 /
0.25
0.25
T
GG =
0.25
0.25
p 0.5
p 0.5
=
p 0.5
p 0.5
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
38.72
76.00
T
n = A p =
37.28
0.00
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
3.17
1.29 0.42 0.46
(N + GG )
T 1
0.43
0.20
=
0.15
0.22
0.20
0.45
0.19
0.17
0.15
0.19
0.51
0.16
0.22
0.17
0.16
0.45
0.20
0.03 0.08 0.09
1
si (km)
0
0
0
0
0
0.51
0.71
0
0 0.67
0
pi =
97
dx 6.95
dy 19.12
x = Q xx n = =
dz 10.34
dk 1.83
mm
=
+
=
z 138.113 10.34 138.123
k 80.673 1.83 80.675
x x0 dx
y y dy
= 0 +
z z 0 dz
k k 0 dk
Dzeltmeler v = A x
v1 1 0 0 1
0 5.12
v 1 1 0
0 6.95 24 2.06
2
v3 0 1 1 0 19.12 46 16.54
0 1 1 10.34 0 8.52
v 4 0
v5 0
1 0 1 1.83 0 20.94
17 20.39
v6 1 0 1 0
Dengeli ller
h1 h1 v1
h2 h2 v2
h h3 v3
3 =
+
h4 h4 v4
h h v
5 5 5
h6 h6 v6
hi = hi + v i
h1 43.156 5.12 43.161
h2 19.218 2.06 19.220
h 33.524 16.54 33.507
3 =
=
+
h4 57.440 8.52 57.449
h 23.962 20.94 23.941
5
h6 14.267 20.39 14.287
h1 + v1 = H p H p4
43.161 = 43.161
h2 + v2 = H p1 H p 2
19.220 = 19.220
h3 + v3 = H p3 H p 2
33.507 = 33.507
h4 + v4 = H p 3 H p4
57.449 = 57.449
h5 + v5 = H p2 H p4
23.941 = 23.941
h6 + v6 = H p3 H p1
14.287 = 14.287
98
m0 =
v pv
nu + d
876.79
= 14.81 mm
6 3 +1
0.20
0.03 0.08 0.09
mm
mh4 = 17.52
mh2 = 13.24
mh5 = 18.13
mh3 = 14.81
mh6 = 20.67
m i =
m0
mm
pi
0
.
09
0.30 0.27
0.04
0.21
0.58
0.33 0.25
0.37
T
Q = A Q xx A =
0.33
0.64
0.31
0.42
0.22 0.09
0.26 0.30 0.25
0.31
0.56
0.05
0
.
22
0
.
27
0
.
37
0
.
42
0
.
05
0
.64
mh = m0 Q
mh = 9.77
mh = 11.84 mm
mh = 10.20
mh = 11.10
mh = 11.24
mh = 11.84
i i
99
Q vv = Q Q
Q vv = p Q
0
0
0
0
0
0.65
0 0.80
0
0
0
0
0
0 1.00
0
0
0
p 1 =
0
0 1.40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 1.50
0
0
0
0
0 1.95
0
0.04
0.21 0.17
0.17
0
.
33
0.21
0.04 0.21
0.42
Q vv =
0.09 0.33
0.22
0.26
0.30
0.25
0.27 0.37
0.22
0.22 0.26
0.22
0.09
0.30
0.27
0.33
0.25 0.37
0.42 0.05
1.31
mvi = m0 Q v v
mv1 = 6.85
mv 4 = 12.91 mm
mv 2 = 8.44
mv5 = 14.34
mv3 = 9.64
mv6 = 16.95
i i
100
{ } { }
Sfr hipotezi
{ } { }
Seenek hipotezi
H 0 : E m02 = E s02
H s : E m02 E s02
Sfr hipotezinde soncul ortalama hatann umulan (beklenen) deerinin ncl ortalama hata ile
ayn olaca varsaylr. Bu durumda kurulan dengeleme modeli geerlidir.
Sfr hipotezinde soncul ortalama hatann umulan (beklenen) deerinin ncl ortalama hata ile
ayn olmad durumlarda kurulan dengeleme modeli geerli deildir.
Geersizliin nedenleri;
a) llerde kaba hata (uyuumsuz l) olabilir.
b) Fonksiyonel model yanl kurulmu olabilir.
c) Stokastik model yanl kurulmu olabilir.
101
rnek: Bir nivelman anda gidi-dn llerinden birim lnn ortalama hatas
s0 = 2.36 cm ve llerin serbestlik derecesi f s = 10 olarak hesaplanmtr. Nivelman
ann dengelenmesi sonucunda soncul ortalama hata m0 = 6.67 cm ve dengelemenin
serbestlik derecesi
zm: ncelikle model hipotezinin testi iin bir test bykl hesaplarz. Test bykl
hesabnda ortalama hatalardan byk olan blmde st ksma yazarz.
olduu iin
m0 > s0
T=
m0 ste yazlr.
m02 6.67 2
=
= 7.98
m02 2.36 2
q=F
f m , f s ,1
=F
2 ,10 ,1
0.05
2
Test bykl
Snr deer
Excelde
Matlabda
q = finv(0.975,2,10) = 5.46
T >q
olduu iin
H0
hipotezi geersizdir.
Hs
hipotezi geerlidir.
102
Bir dengeleme hesab ileminde kurulan matematik model geerli deilse llerin biri ya da
bir ka kaba hatal olabilir. Kaba hatal llerin tespiti uyuumsuz ller testi ile yaplr.
Uyuumsuz ller testini yapabilmek iin dengeleme ilemi sonucunda llere ait
dzeltmelere v ve dzeltmelerin ters arlk matrisine Q vv ihtiya vardr. Bu deerlerden
yararlanarak bir test bykl ve bir de snr deer hesaplarz. Dzeltme deerlerinin negatif
iaretli olabilecei dncesiyle dzeltme deerlerinin mutlak deeri kullanlr.
T=
Test bykl
m0 Q vv
q=t
f m ,1
Snr deer
rnek: Bir nivelman ann dengelenmesi sonucunda soncul ortalama hata m0 = 6.67 cm
ve dengelemenin serbestlik derecesi
4.52
v = 0.70
10.58
T1 =
T2 =
T1 =
4.52
6.67 1.2254
0.70
6.67 1.6044
10.58
6.67 0.0465
0.0593
1.2254 0.5041
Q vv = 0.5041
1.6044 0.8629
0.0593 0.8629
0.0465
= 0.61
= 0.08
q=t
f m ,1
= t 2, 0.975 = 4.30
Excelde
= 7.35
T1 < q uyuumlu
103
T2 < q uyuumlu
T3 > q uyuumSUZ
Yorum: Bu durumda nc l dengeleme ileminden atlr ya da l bizim iin nemli
ise (atlma durumunda an ekli bozuluyorsa) yeniden llr. ller arasnda birden fazla
uyuumsuz l olabilir. Bu durumda dzeltme deeri en byk olan l dengeleme
ilemine alnmaz ya da yeniden llr. Dengeleme tekrarlanr. Model hipotezi testi
tekrarlanr. Model hipotezi hala geersiz ise baka uyuumsuz llerin varl aratrlr.
Uyuumsuz l kalmayncaya kadar dengeleme ilemi tekrar edilir.
104
gerektirir.
Benzerlik
dnmnde
iki
sistemdeki
geometrik
ekiller
benzerdirler. Ancak ekiller belli bir oranda ya klr ya da byrler. ekillerdeki alar bir
deiime uramazlar.
x sin
y sin
x cos
Xp
X0
y cos
Y0
Yp
b = sin
105
a 2 = 2 cos 2
b 2 = 2 sin 2
a 2 + b 2 = 2 cos 2 + 2 sin 2
a 2 + b 2 = 2 (cos 2 + sin 2 )
cos 2 + sin 2 = 1
2 = a 2 + b 2
= a2 + b2
lek katsays
b sin
=
a coc
tan =
b
a
= arctan
b
a
Dnklk as
106
VX p = X 0 b y + a x X p
VY p = Y0 + b x + a y Y p
Bu denklemleri dzenleyelim.
VX p = 1 X 0 + 0 Y0 + x a y b X p
VY p = 0 X 0 + 1 Y0 + y a + x b Y p
VY =
x a Y p
p 0 1 y
b
Fonksiyonel Model
rnek: ED50 koordinat sistemindeki nokta koordinatlar tabloda verilen her iki sistemdeki
ortak noktalar yardmyla ITRF96 koordinat sistemine dntrlmek isteniyor. Benzerlik
dnmn uygulaynz ve dnm parametrelerini hesaplaynz. Uyuumsuz koordinat
(l) olup olmadn belirleyiniz. Yeni noktalarn ITRF96 da ki koordinatlarn
hesaplaynz.
ED50 ( m )
NN
8
9
10
12
Yukar ( x )
54481.227
54278.188
55203.664
54734.544
Saa ( y )
56219.662
53056.137
52952.417
53754.865
16
17
18
54350.343
55800.011
54315.160
56110.555
53012.938
53205.945
ITRF96 ( m )
Yukar ( X )
40727.970
40498.206
41423.028
40960.581
zm:
l says
n = 4 nokta x 2 = 8
Bilinmeyen says u = 4
Serbestlik derecesi f = 8 - 4 = 4
107
Saa ( Y )
62084.098
58921.596
58810.095
59616.631
VX 8 = X 0 b y8 + a x8 X 8
VY8 = Y0 + b x8 + a y8 Y8
VX 9 = X 0 b y9 + a x9 X 9
VY9 = Y0 + b x9 + a y9 Y9
VX 10 = X 0 b y10 + a x10 X 10
VY10 = Y0 + b x10 + a y10 Y10
VX 12 = X 0 b y12 + a x12 X 12
VY12 = Y0 + b x12 + a y12 Y12
VX 8 = 1 X 0 + 0 Y0 + x8 a y8 b X 8
VY8 = 0 X 0 + 1 Y0 + y8 a + x8 b Y8
VX 9 = 1 X 0 + 0 Y0 + x9 a y9 b X 9
VY9 = 0 X 0 + 1 Y0 + y9 a + x9 b Y9
VX 10 = 1 X 0 + 0 Y0 + x10 a y10 b X 10
VY10 = 0 X 0 + 1 Y0 + y10 a + x10 b Y10
VX 12 = 1 X 0 + 0 Y0 + x12 a y12 b X 12
VY12 = 0 X 0 + 1 Y0 + y12 a + x12 b Y12
y8
X8
Y
x8
8
y9 X 0 X 9
x9 Y0 Y9
y10 a X 10
x10 b Y10
X
y12
12
x12
Y12
VX 8 1
VY 0
8
VX 9 1
VY9 = 0
VX 10 1
VY10 0
VX 1
12
VY12 0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
VX 8 1
VY 0
8
VX 9 1
VY9 = 0
VX 10 1
VY10 0
VX 1
12
VY12 0
0 54481.227 56219.662
40727.970
62084.098
1 56219.662
54481.227
1 53056.137
54278.188 Y0 58921.596
1 52952.417
55203.664 b 58810.095
40960.581
0 54734.544 53754.865
1 53754.865
54734.544
59616.631
x8
y8
x9
y9
x10
y10
x12
y12
4
0
218697..623
215983.081
0
4
215983.081
218697..623
T
N = A A=
218697..623 215983.081 23626788659.969
0
0 23626788659.969
215983.081 218697..623
108
163609.785
239432.420
T
n= A =
21881060560.514
4256526110.794
Q xx = N
0
0.00724
0.00734
792.49805
0 792.49805
0.00724
0.00734
=
0.00734 0.00724 0.0000001342
0
0 0.0000001342
0.00724 0.00734
X 0 14238.6155
Y
6311.5841
x = Q xx n = 0 =
a 1.000212805
b 0.0084269763
lek katsays
= a 2 + b 2 = 1.000248303
Dnklk as
= arctan = 0 g .5364
b
a
Dzeltmeler v = A x
VX 8 1
VY 0
8
VX 9 1
VY9 = 0
VX 10 1
VY10 0
VX 1
12
VY12 0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
54481.227
56219.662
54278.188
53056.137
55203.664
52952.417
54734.544
53754.865
[ v ] = 0.00
kontrol
56219.662
40727.970 0.0029
62084.098 0.0001
54481.227
54278.188
6311.5841 58921.596 0.0147
=
55203.664 0.0084269763 58810.095 0.0253
40960.581 0.0138
53754.865
54734.544
59616.631 0.0107
Yukar ( X )
40727.970
40498.206
41423.028
40960.581
Saa ( Y )
62084.098
58921.596
58810.095
59616.631
VX i
(m)
-0.0029
0.0199
-0.0032
-0.0138
VYi
ITRF96
(m)
Yukar ( X )
-0.0001 40727.967
0.0147 40498.226
-0.0253 41423.025
0.0107 40960.567
109
Saa ( Y )
62084.098
58921.611
58810.070
59616.642
8
X 9 + VX 9 1
Y9 + VY9 0
X 10 + VX 10 1
Y10 + VY10 0
X + VX 1
12
12
Y12 + VY12 0
x8
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
y8
x9
y9
x10
y10
x12
y12
y8
0
0
x8
y 9 X 0 0
x9 Y0 0
y10 a 0
x10 b 0
0
y12
x12
0
m0 =
v v
0.0016
=
= 0.02 m
nu
84
0
0.00724
0.00734
792.49805
0 792.49805
0.00724
0.00734
=
0.00734 0.00724 0.0000001342
0
0 0.0000001342
0.00724 0.00734
Gven Hesab
r i = ( I A Q xx A ) ii
T
0.081
0.081
0.610
0.610
ri =
0.566
0.566
0.742
0.742
110
Yorum: Btn llerin gvenirlii 0.50 nin zerindedir. Bu durum ortak noktalarn helmert
dnm iin uygun bir dalma sahip olduunu gstermektedir.
Q vv = I A Q xx A
Q vv
0.000
0.020 0.1413
0.075
0.081
0.000
0
.
081
0
.
143
0
.
020
0.131
0.020
0.143
0.610
0.000 0.353
0.1413
0.020
0.000
0.610
0.122
=
0.075 0.131 0.353
0.122
0.566
0.009
0.012 0.177 0.020 0.277
Uyuumsuz l testi
T=
NN
8
9
10
12
v
m0 Q vv
VX i
-0.0029
0.0199
-0.0032
-0.0138
0.177
0.012
0.277
0.020
0.288
0.009
0.742
0.000
TX
VYi
-0.0001
0.0147
-0.0253
0.0107
q=t
TY
0.01
0.95
1.69
0.63
2.78
f m ,1
Snr deer
ED50 ( m )
NN
16
17
18
0.012
0.177
0.020
0.277
0.009
0.288
0.000
0.742
Test bykl
0.52
1.28
0.21
0.81
0.131
0.075
0.122
0.353
0.000
0.566
0.009
0.288
ITRF96 ( m )
Yukar ( x )
Saa ( y )
Yukar ( X )
Saa ( Y )
54350.343
55800.011
54315.160
56110.555
53012.938
53205.945
40596.136
42020.009
40536.468
61976.071
58865.578
59071.139
111
fm = 4
KAYNAKLAR
1.
2.
3.
Bruce Raymond HARVEY, Practical Least Squares and Statistics for Surveyors,
Monograph 13, School of Surveying and Spatial nformation Systems, ISBN 0-73342339-6, 1993
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Hseyin DEMREL, Dengeleme Hesab, Y.T.. naat Fakltesi, niversite Yayn No:
YT.N.DK-05.0735, Yldz Teknik niversitesi Basm-Yaym Merkezi, stanbul,
2005.
9.
in
Saysal
zmleme
Basic
Program
13. Wolf, P. R., Ghilani, C. D., 1997, Ghilani: Adjustment Computation : Statistics and
Least Squares in Surveying and GIS, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., ISBN 0-471-16833-5.
TEMEL BAYRAK
zgemi
1968 ylnda Trabzonda dodu. lk, Orta ve Lise renimini Trabzonda tamamlad. 1992 ylnda
Lisans renimini KT Harita blmnde tamamlad. 1993 ylnda N AMF de asistan olarak
greve balad. 1996 ylnda Harita Yksek Mhendisi, 2003 ylnda Doktora unvann ald. 2005
ylnda askerlik grevini HGK da tamamlad. 2009 ylnda Doentlik unvann ald. 2010 ylndan
itibaren Gmhane niversitesi MF Harita Mhendislii Blmnde Lisans ve Yksek Lisans
programlarnda eitim-retim etkinliini (Dengeleme Hesab, statistik, saysal zmleme,
Jeodezi, , GNSS, Deformasyon izleme, Heyelan izleme) srdrmektedir. Evli ve ocuk babasdr.
ISBN: 978-605-61712-1-5